RAFAEL DE AZA

1. THE MOLE CONCEPT AND AVOGADROS CONSTANT

1.1.1 Apply the mole concept to substances
A mole is the amount of a substance that contains the same number of chemical species as there are atoms in exactly 12 g of the isotope carbon-12. The mole is a SI unit with the symbol mol. The mass of one mole of an element is called the Molar Mass. It is the relative atomic mass of the element and has units of g mol-1. The relative molecular mass (Mr) is calculated by adding the relative atomic masses of the atoms making up the molecule. Number of moles (n) = mass (m) / molar mass (M)

EXAMPLE: 6 g of Carbon contain 6/12 moles of carbon: 0,5 mol C 6 g of Magnesium contain 6/24 moles of magnesium: 0,25 mol Mg

1.1.2 Determine the number of particles and the amount of substance (in moles)
Avogadros number (L) = 6,02 x 1023 It is the number of particles in a mole. N (number of particles) = number of moles (n) x Avogadros Constant (L)

EXAMPLE: Calculate the amount of water, (H2O), that contains 1,80 x 1024 molecules. n (moles) = N (particles) / L (Avogadro) (1,80 x 1024) / (6,02 x 1023) = 2,99 mol H2O

2. FORMULAS
1.2.1 Define the terms relative atomic mass (Ar) and relative molecular mass (Mr).
The relative atomic mass (Ar) is the average of the masses of all the isotopes of an element. The relative molecular mass (Mr) is defined as the sum of the relative atomic masses of the atoms in the molecular formula.

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1.2.2 Calculate the mass of one mole of a species from its formula.
EXAMPLE: - Calculate the mass of one mole of HNO3: -1 M = (1x1,01) + (1x14,01) + (3x16) = 63,02 g mol

1.2.3 Solve problems involving the relationship between the amount of substance in moles, mass and molar mass.
n= m/M (n= number of moles, m= mass (g), M= Molar mass (g x mol )
-1

EXAMPLE: - Find the number of moles there are in 127,1 g of copper atoms.

Find the mass of 100 atoms of copper.

1.2.4 Distinguish between the terms empirical formula and molecular formula.
The empirical formula gives the ratio of the atoms of different elements in a compound, it is the molecular formula expressed as its simplest ratio. The molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms of each element present in a molecule.

1.2.5 Determine the empirical formula from the percentage composition or from other experimental data.
EXAMPLE: - Determine the empirical formula of Pirolusita (63,2% Mn - 36,8% O) 1. Mnx Oy 2. Manganese: Oxygen: 3. Mn = 1,15/1,15 = 1 O = 2,3/1,15 = 2 4. MnO2

1.2.6 Determine the molecular formula when given the both the empirical formula and experimental data.

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EXAMPLE: - Determine the molecular formula of MnO2 if the mass of the molecular formula is 261 g/mol. Mr of MnO2 = 55 + (16x2) = 87 g/mol 261/x = 87 x=3 (The molecular formula is 3 times the empirical formula) MnO2 x 3 = Mn3O6 MOLECULAR FORMULA

3. CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
1.3.1 Deduce chemical equations when all reactants and products are given.
Atoms cannot be created or destroyed during a chemical reaction, they are simply rearranged. A chemical equation provides a balance sheet that allows us to monitor these changes as reactants are transformed into products. The coefficients in an equation give the molar ratios of the reactant and products. We use them for balancing the equation.

EXAMPLE: Balance the chemical equation: CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O Balanced: CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

1.3.2 Identify the mole ratio of any two species in a chemical equation.
Once we have balanced any chemical equation, we are able to determine the molar ratio of various species in it.

EXAMPLE:

We see that one mole of lithium oxygen reacts with 2 mole of hypochloric acid to produce two mole lithium chloride and one mole of water.

1.3.3 Apply the state symbols (s), (l), (g) and (aq).
(s) Solid (l) Liquid (g) Gas (aq) Aqueous