GB_BT01_E1_1 GSM Basics

ZTE University GSM-BSS Team

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Objective

At the end of this course, you will be able to:

Understand GSM system architecture and function State GSM common events Describe basic calling process

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Content
GSM System Overview GSM Common Events Basic Calling Process

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Mobile Telecommunication Technology Evolution

1G Analog 2G Digital 3G IMT-2000

AMPS
Market Driving

GSM CDMA IS95 TDMA IS-136 PDC UMTS WCDMA

Market Driving

TACS NMT Others

CDMA 2000 TDSCDMA

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GSM History

Technology Development 2000China Mobile 400 million subscribers Competitio n Custome r Demand

4
1994GSM enter into China

3 2

1991GSM system launched commercially

1989GSM Standard Take effect

1
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Development of mobile communication system

UMTS 2002
1M 2M

Video
High quality

384 k

EDGE 2001 GPRS 2000 GSM

1999
10 k Messaging SMS 56 k Voice 115 k

Mobile Office
Graphics Medium quality

text

Bit/s

1k

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The way to 3G

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Meaning of GSM

GSM: Group Special Mobile

GSM: Global System for Mobile

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GSM specification

Field 1: General Field 2: Services Field 3: Network Functions Field 4: MS-BS Interfaces and Protocols Field 5: Physical Layer on Radio Path Field 6: Speech Coding

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GSM specification

Field 7: MS Terminal Adaptor Field 8: BS-MSC Interface Field 9: Network Inter-working Field 10: Service Inter-working Field 11: Equipment and Model Acceptance Specification Field 12: Operation and Maintenance

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GSM Network development

1982: The group special mobile 1986: On-site test 1987: TDMA, RPE-LTP, GMSK 1988: MOU 1989: GSM took effect 1991: First GSM network was deployed 1992: GSM standard was frozen 1993: GSM phase 2 complete 1994: GSM phase 2+ for mobile data service

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GSM system architecture

MS
MS

(Mobile Station)

BTS

BSS (Base Station System)

BSC
PSTN, ISDN...

MSC

Voicemail Server SM-SC VLR

OMC

NSS
HLR AuC
OMC

(Network Switching Subsystem)

EIR

NMC

OMS (Operations & Maintenance GSM interfaces Management) X.25 links

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GSM network entities

MS

(Mobile Station)

Mobile Equipment Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

BTS

(Base Transceiver Station) (Base Station Controller)

Provide radio channels

BSC

Radio resource management Transcoder

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GSM network entities

HLR

(Home Location Register)

Subscriber data Subscriber location info.

Database

VLR (Visitor Location Register)

Database
MSRN (Mobile Station Roaming Number) TMSI (Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identification) Location area codeLAC Subscriber data related to supplementary service

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GSM network entities

MSC

(Mobile service Switching center) (Authenticate Center) :

Circuit switching

AUC

Authenticate subscriber access

EIR

(mobile station Equipment Identity Register) :

Identify terminal equipment

OMC

(Operation and Maintenance Center)

Provide MMI to control and monitor system

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GSM service area

GSM Service Area PLMN Service Area MSC Service Area
Location Area

Cell

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GSM interfaces

G VLR Sm Um Abis A B D MS BTS BSC MSC E C HLR F EIR MSC VLR

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GSM operation band

SYSTEM
Frequencies - Uplink - Downlink Wavelength Bandwidth Duplex Distance Carrier Separation Radio Channels

P-GSM 900
890 - 915 MHz 935 - 960 MHz ~33 cm 25 MHz 45 MHz 200 kHz 125

E-GSM 900
880 - 915 MHz 925 - 960 MHz ~33 cm 35 MHz 45 MHz 200 kHz 175

GSM 1800
1710 - 1785 MHz 1805 - 1880 MHz ~17 cm 75 MHz 95 MHz 200 kHz 375

GSM 1900
1850 - 1910 MHz 1930 - 1990 MHz ~16 cm 60 MHz 80 MHz 200 kHz 300

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Absolute radio frequency channel Number ARFCN

GSM900

Fu (n) = 890 + 0.2n MHz Fd (n) = Fu(n) + 45 MHz01 n 124 Fu (n) = 1710.2 + 0.2(n-512) MHz Fd (n) = Fu(n) + 95 MHz512 n 885

GSM1800

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Multiple Access Technology (MAT)

Many subscribers share common telecommunication lines without interference to each other.

MAT

FDMA TDMA

CDMA

GSM
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FDMA

FDMA

Identify by frequency

Time

FDMA

Frequency
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TDMA

TDMA

Identify by time

Time TDMA

Frequency
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CDMA

CDMA

Identify by code

Time CDMA Code

Frequency
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Content
GSM System Overview GSM Common Events Basic Calling Process

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Subscriber status

IMSI Attach IMSI Detach MS busy

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Location Update
Originated by MS Location info stored in SIM MS monitor system infooriginate location update once the new LAC is different from that in SIM

HLR

MSC (old)

MSC (new) VLR

VLR

Location Update

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Location Update

Type

Power on

ON
M SC

IMSI ATTACH/DETACH Location register MS power on/off MS change LA Operator decide the period (timer) Location update when time out

VLR

Normal location update

LA 1

LA 2

Periodic location update

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Handover

Handover: Hand-over is a process that transfers a MS that is in setting up or busy status to a new traffic channel Why handover

Keep and save the call in progress Improve network service quality

Decrease call drop rate Decrease congestion rate

Who will be involved

MSBTSBSCMSC

MSmeasure downlink radio signal level BTSmeasure uplink radio signal level and quality and send the results to BSC BSCevaluate and decision of HO MSC routes the call to the other MSC during Inter-MSC HO

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Handover classification

Reason:
PBGT Signal level Signal quality Distance Traffic

TA:
Synchronous Asynchronous

Position:
Intra-cell Inter-cell Intra-BSC Inter-BSC Inter-MSC

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Cell selection and Reselection

After a MS is turned on, it will attempt to contact a common GSM PLMN, so the MS will select an appropriate cell, and extract from it the parameters of the control channel.

MS change its service cell in IDLE state

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Authentication and Encryption

Triplet

RAND: the question asked by the network side Ki: stored in the SIM card and AUC in a very confidential way SRES: signed response. It is obtained through the calculation of subscribers unique key parameter Ki.

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Authentication process

Execute authentication when

MS registersetup calllocation update and active/deactivate supplementary service It is optional A3 algorithm Mobile Terminal Network
Random number generator Ki RAND Ki A3 algorithm A3 algorithm

SRES' SRES

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Encryption process
Kc: Encryption key 64-bits (A8 algorithm) A5 algorithm (exclusive or) It is optional.

Mobile Terminal Network

Frame No. Kc (64-bit) (22-bit)

Frame No. Kc (64-bit) (22-bit)

Ki

Random number generator RAND Ki A8 algorithm A8 algorithm

A5
S1 (114-bit) S2 (114-bit) S1 (114-bit)

A5
S2 (114-bit)

Kc

Kc

MS

BTS

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Content
GSM System Overview GSM Common Events Basic Calling Process

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Initialization
Initialization is a random access process
MS Ch request (RACH) TA, access reason ACTSDCCH ACT ACKSDCCH Imm Assign SDCCHAGCH Imm Assign SDCCHAGCH BTS BSC

Initial messageSDCCH

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Location update process

(1) MS moves from one BTS to another BTS (2) Learn to the broadcasting information (3)(4) MS sends the LU request to MSC-A. (5) MSC-A sends the LU message to HLR (6) HLR sends back subscriber data. (7)(8) Subscriber data registration in the VLR. (9) Sending LU response message (10) Notifying the original VLR to delete subscriber data.
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Outgoing call from MS to PSTN

(1) Random access channel. (2) Set up signaling connection between MS and MSC. (3) Authentication and encryption and enter the call setup starting phase. (4) Service channel allocation (5) Send ringing to the called subscriber, and send back the call connection acknowledgment signal to MS. (6)The called subscriber offhooks to reply, in which case a response (connection) message is sent to MS, thus entering the ultimate call session phase.

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Incoming call from PSTN to MS

(1) Send MSISDN number to GMSC (2) Requests HLR for the MSC address (3) HLR requests VLR to assign MSRN (4) GMSC re-search for routes to set up connection to the visited MSC by MSRN. (5)(6) MSC obtains related subscriber data (7)(8) MSC sends paging messages (9)(10) The MS sends back the paging response messages, then carries out the same steps of (1), (2), (3), (4) as shown in the above outgoing call flow till the mobile station rings. (11) The mobile subscriber offhooks to answer, thus the response (connection) message is sent back to the fixed network

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MS to MS call

(1) MS1 dials the phone number of MS2. BSS informs MSC1 of the call. (2) MSC1 analyzes the phone number of MS2, finds out the HLR of MS2 and sends the route application to HLR. (3) HLR queries the current location information of MS2 and obtains MSRN from the MSC2/VLR2. (4) MSC2/VLR2 allocates the route information, that is, MSRN and submits the MSRN to the HLR. (5) HLR sends the MSRN to the MSC1. (6) MSC2 sets up the call with MSC2 according to the MSRN. (7) MSC2/VLR2 sends the paging message to MS2. (8) MSC2/VLR2 receives the message, indicating the access of MS2 is allowed. (9) The call between MSC2 and MSC1 is set up. (10) MSC1 sends the successful connection signal to MS1. MS1 and MS2 can talk over the phone.
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GBC_002_E1_1 GSM Radio Interface Technology

ZTE University GSM-BSS D&T Team

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Objectives

At the end of this course, you will be able to:

Understand GSM speech transmission process Understand GSM radio key technology Grasp the function of various logical channels Describe the channel mapping pattern

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Content
Voice transmission process Radio key technology Radio channel

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Voice Processing in the GSM System

A/D

Voice coding

Channel coding

Interle aving

Encryption

Burst pulse forming

Modulation

260bit/20ms

456bit/20ms

33.8kbit/s

270kbit/s

D/A

Voice decoding

Channel decoding

Deinterleaving

Decryption

Burst pulse disassemble

Demodulation

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Voice encoding
RPE-LTP (Rule Pulse Excitation-Long Term Prediction ) 260bit/20ms=13Kbit/s voice block Parameter encoding

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Channel coding
Channel coding serves to improve transmission quality and overcome the negative impact of interferences on signals. Commonly used channel coding methods are:

Convolution coding Fire coding Parity check coding.

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Channel coding
260 bits / 20ms 132 bit (Ib)

50 bit (Ia)

78 bit (Ic)

50

132

4 Protection bits

78

Fire Code 53 bit 189 bit

136 bit

78 bit

CONVOLUTIONAL CODER (1:2)

456 bit
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378 bit

Channel Interleving
Message block Interleving After interleving 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Error bits 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4

Target: Change continuous bit errors into discontinuous bit errors which can be corrected by channel coding

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Two stage interleving

Block A
456 bit

Block B
456 bit

Block A+1
456 bit

Block B+1
456 bit

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Odd N+4
57

Even N
1
57

Odd N+6 Odd N+5 Even N+1

57

Even N+2 Odd N+7

57

Even N+3
57

57

57

57

116-bit block

116-bit block

116-bit block

116-bit block

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Encryption/Decryption

Encryption is accomplished by exclusive or operation of an encryption sequence (computed by A5 encryption algorithm via key Kc and frame number) and 114 information bits on a normal burst.

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Modulation and Demodulation

GMSK is a special digital FM modulation mode The modulation rate is 270.833 kilobauds. The Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) modulation with bit rate four times of frequency offset (67.708 kHz )is called MSK (Minimum Shift-frequency Keying). Gaussian demodulation filter is used to further reduce the modulation spectrum.

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The GMSK can be expressed by a I/Q diagram

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Content
Voice transmission process Radio key technology Radio channel

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Discontinuous TransmissionDTX

Two aims can be achieved by adopting DTX mode.

Lower the total interference level in the air Save transmitter power.

The DTX mode and the normal mode are optional, since the former will slightly lower the transmission quality.

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Frequency Hopping (FH)

Type

Baseband Synthesized Frequency diversity Interference diversity HSN MAIO

Function

Parameters

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Diversity receiving
The diversity reception technology is usually introduced to the GSM system to receive on several tributaries the signals with little relativity but carrying the same information and then output the signals after they are combined. In this way, the impact of fading on the stability of receiving signals can be decreased. Types:

Space Diversity Frequency Diversity Time Diversity Polarization Diversity

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Dynamic power control

Target: On the basis of certain service quality

Lower the total interference level in the air Save transmitter power

Power control command sent by SACCH MS: Dedicated mode Static 6 level, Dynamic 15 level Step: 2dBm

A
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Timing AdvanceTA

In the GSM, because TDMA is adopted in the air interface, the MS must employ the TSs allocated to it only, and remain inactive in other TSs. Otherwise, it may affect the MSs using other TSs on the same carrier.
It does not work, Let MS send me By one TA in advance

TA

Time delay

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Timing AdvanceTA

BTS calculate TA Send by SACCH to MS MS Dedicated mode Range: 0-63Bits Distance: 0-35Km

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Content
Voice transmission process Radio key technology Radio channel

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Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Frame0 Frame1
7 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0 1

Frame N
2 3 4 5 6 7

RF

5 6

Channel 0 Channel 1

Channel 7

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GSM Frame structure

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Physical and logical channel

Physical Channels the path used to carry information between an MS and a BTS Logical Channels different information carried on the physical channels

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Logical channels
Logical Channels

Control Channels

Traffic Channels

Broadcast Channels

Common Control Channels

Dedicated Control Channels

FCCH SCH BCCH

RACH AGCH PCH

SDCCH SACCH FACCH

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Broadcast Channel (BCH)

Hey. Im a GSM xmitter!

GSM?

FCCH

GSM!!! SCH TDMA#

BCCH MCC...MNC...Cl

Okok
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Common Control Channel (CCCH)

Hello! You have a call.

PCH downlink only

Hello! I have to set up a call. I need SDCCH.

RACH uplink only

AGCH downlink only

Ok. Use SDCCH.

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Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

On SDCCH: -call set up signaling -SMS -etc..

SDCCH

SACCH/TCH MS power

On SACCH -SMS -MS power Dont shout at me.

FACCH/TCH handover

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Channel Mapping

Item
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Configuration
TCHFull TCHHalf TCHHalf2 MainBCCH BCCHCombined BCH SDCCH BCCHwithCBCH SDCCHwithCBCH

Combination
TCH/F + FACCH/F + SACCH/TF TCH/H)+FACCH/H+ SACCH/TH TCH/H + FACCH/H+ SACCH/TH+ TCH/H FCCH + SCH + BCCH + CCCH FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4+ SACCH/C4 BCCH + CCCH SDCCH/8+ SACCH/C8 FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH+ SDCCH/4+ SACCH/C4 + CBCH SDCCH/8+SACCH/C8+CBCH

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Structure of 26-Frame Traffic Channel

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Structure of 51-Frame Control Channel

51 BCCH+CCCH F S B C F S C C F S C C F S C C F S C C I BCCH+CCCH R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R (a) FCCH+SCH+BCCH+CCCH 8 SDCCH/8 D0 D0 8 SDCCH/8 A1 A5 D1 D1 A2 A6 D2 D2 A3 A7 D3 D3 I I I I I I D4 D4 D0 D0 D5 D5 D1 D1 D6 D6 D2 D2 D7 D7 D3 D3 A0 A4 D4 D4 A1 A5 D5 D5 A2 A6 D6 D6 A3 A7 D7 D7 I I I I I I A0 A4

(b) SDCCH/8(0,...,7)+SACCH/C8(0,...,7) BCCH+CCCH F S +4SDCCH/4 F S BCCH+CCCH +4SDCCH/4 D3 D3 B B R R R R C C A2 A0 F S F S A3 A1 C C C C F S F S D0 D0 D1 D1 F S F S D2 D2 D3 D3 D0 D0 F S F S A0 A2 D1 D1 FR S R FR S R A1 A3 D2 D2 I I

R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R R (c) FCCH+SCH+CCCH+SDCCH/4(0,...,3)+SACCH/C4(0,...,3)

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FFCCH BBCCH RRACH ASACCH/C

SSCH CCCCHCCCH=PCH+AGCH+RACH DSDCCH Iidle

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