Pre-Spanish Period

*with existence of schools called BOTHOAN (in Panay); teachers were priests, priestesses, judges; materials documents, manuscripts, book of ritual and magic, genealogies, calendars, impt. Laws and records of notable events *Literary forms: sayings, lyrics, legends, epics, proverbs, riddles, ritualistic utterances (on simple life experiences) *Sample epics: Hinilawod (Panay) Hudhud and Alim (Ifugao) Darangen (Maranaw) *Characteristics of literary works: immaturity, lack of sophistication and modes of expression, lacked naturalness, and simplicity

PROPAGANDA AND THE REVOLUTIONARY PERIOD

*occurrence of nationalist literature *works were satirical and critical in nature Diariong Tagalog (1882), Spanish-Tagalog newspaper signaled the open campaign for reforms La Solidaridad (mouthpiece of reform movement) Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo Propaganda writings turned to revolutionary writings of the rebel patriots Kalayaan(Liberty), newspaper of the society Apolinario Mabinis True Decalogue Jose Palmas Filipinas

THE EARLY PERIOD (1900-1930)

August 13, 1898 American forces occupied Manila April 1900 Pres. William McKinley directed the Phil Commission to make English the medium of instruction in all public schools US Army first teachers 1901 600 Thomasites replaced the first teachers - Phil. Normal School was founded Aim: To train the Filipinos in the art of teaching so that they could eventually take charge of elementary education 1899 English newspapers published (The Courier, The Insular Press, The Manila Freedom) 1900 The Daily Bulletin was founded 1902 Cablenews started 1905 The Phil Free Press was founded; edited by F. Theodore Rogers; started as a bilingual in English and Spanish; published the first Filipino short stories in English in 1908 1908 UP was founded (became the forerunner in the use of English for higher education) Oct 1910 College Folio was founded ( printed works of promising writers; early selections on ghost stories and folk tales; taught a moral message) Topics for compositions: folk tales and experiences

Spanish Period
*Characteristics: shift from nature and natural phenomena to preoccupation with the lives of saints, miracles, hymns, and invocations founded on Christian doctrine * Reading fare came from pamphlets, novenas, and prayer books that are religious in nature * Marked by literary imitation * Fanciful but lacked imagination *Plots were repetitious *Themes are trite *Characters were mere clichs *Forms: continuation of duplo and karagatan Metrical romance (awit and corrido) Pasion Cenaculo Moro-moro Carillo (shadow play) Tibag Zarzuela Florante at Laura by Francisco Baltazar

Style of writing: formal and imitative; use of Essayists: Spanish expressions; awkward grammar; difficulty in Francisco Benitez, Jorge Bocobo, Amador T. Daguio, the use of pronouns and prepositions Leandro Fernandez, Zoilo M. Galang, Fernando Ma. Guerrero, Fernando Maramag, Camilo Osias, Claro M. 1913 The Torch of PNS was published Recto, Carlos P. Romulo, and Eulogio B. Rodriguez 1920 Phils Herald began its publication (founded by Manuel L. Quezon and the magazine section edited by SHORT STORIES Paz Marquez Benitez) 1910-1924 Period of the Novices **PMB makes familiar names such as Paz Latorena, 1925-1931 Period of Phenomenal Growth Loreta Paras, Jose Garcia Villa, Casiano T. Calalang Characteristics -tales were romantic 1924 AVH Hartendorp became the editor of Phil -adventures, themes, and plots imitated Education Magazine; renamed to Phil Magazine four -with difficulties in grammar years after; became the most influential literary -with tendency toward sentimentalism magazine in the country; published some of the best Filipino writing in English) WORKS PRAISED FOR HIGH LITERARY QUALITY 1925 FreePress began paying for theoriginal manuscripts and offered P1,000 for the best short September 20, 1925 Phil Herald published Dead stories Stars one of the best short stories written by a Other Publications: Manila Tribune, Graphic, Filipino Womans Outlook, Womans Home Journal, Philippine 1925 Zoilo M. Galang published the first collection Collegian of short stories in book form, Box of Ashes and Other Stories DRAMA and NOVEL hardly written because the 1927 first anthology of Filipino short stories was vernacular plays and zarzuela still dominated the edited by Paz Marquez Benitez, Filipino Love Stories stage 1930 original and significant stories written A Child of Sorrow by Zoilo M. Galang first Filipino Zita by Arturo B. Rotor considered one of novel in English published in 1921 (Other works the finest love stories in Filipino literature include Visions of Sower, 1924 and Nadia,1929.) Ernest Lopez, another novelist; published Awakening Early short story writers: Paz Marquez Benitez, Jorge in 1929 Bocobo, Amador T. Daguio, Paz Latorena, Tarcila ESSAYS- popular form of expression Malabanan, Jose Villa Panganiban, Arturo B. Rotor, -light and humorous Loreto Paras Sulit, Jose Garcia Villa. -serious subjects include education, history, politics, and social problems POEMS Sursum Corda first known Filipino poem in English; 1921 Zoilo M. Galang published Life and Success,the written by Justo Juliano, appeared in Philippine Free first volume of essays in English Press in 1907 1924 Thinking for Ourselves appeared edited by Reminiscences first collection of poems in book form; Vicente M. Hilario and Eliseo Quirino written by Lorenzo Paredes Master of Destiny by Zoilo M. Galang THE EMERGENCE PERIOD (1935-1945)

-a time of self-discovery and of rapid growth *golden age of Phil Lit in English *Qualities: -Consciously set out to create national literature -Gained full control of the English language -Experimentation with different literary forms, techniques, and moods -Three groups of writers emerged ( concerned with social consciousness, concerned with craftsmanship, concerned with local color) Causes of the flowering of creative energy Philippine Book Guild (1937) Philippine Writers Guild (1939) Free press, the Graphic, Philippine Magazine Commonwealth Literary Awards (1940) Works given recognition: Lit and Society by S.P. Lopez (essay) How Wife by M.E. Arguilla (short story) Like the Molave by R. Z. da Costa (poetry) His Native Soil by Juan Cabreros Laya (novel)

1941-1945 Japanese occupation; lit devt interrupted From romantic idealism to romantic realism (Arguilla, Gonzales, Joaquin, B Santos, C.V. Pedroche, E Alfon)

1935 gave authors sense of responsibility; essays flourished *Movies took over the zarzuela Emergence of dramatists (Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero and Severino Montano Novel Juan C. Layas His Native Soil N.V. M. Gonzalezs Winds of April Playwrights: Virginia R Moreno Alberto S Florentino CONTEMPORARY PERIOD (1945-Present) Wilfrido Nolledo Novels-reflect social and political realities Mushrooming of periodicals College papers appeared Creation of Barangay writers Project (1946)

NTC offered a 3-unit course in the Phil Contemporary Lit in English Continuous recognition of good literary outputs Palanca Memorial Award was created National writers Conference held (PEN) Republic Cultural Heritage Award and Pro patria Awards created Qualities of lit *sensitive to literary fashions abroad *more incentives offered to creative works *writers have better knowledge of their craft *guerilla and liberation stories begin to appear *saw the appearance of literary criticism Noted writers: Nick Joquin F. Sionil Jose N.V.M. Gonzales J.G. Villa G. Brillantes Gilda Cordero-Fernando Edith Tiempo Kerima Polotan-Tuvera Poetry symbolist Displayed considerable consciousness Poets: E. Tiempo V. Moreno C. Angeles C. Bautista O. Dimalanta R. Demetillo B. Lumbera Essays offshoot of new political freedom Filipino playwriting least developed