PURPOSES OF THIS EXPERIMENT

1. Determining the cloud point, pour point, and flash point of the crude oil 2. Comparing the two results of flash point by using two different devices 3. Understanding the module usage in the field

TOOLS AND MATERIALS

TOOLS
a. Determination of Cloud Point and Pour Point 1. Yard 2. Cooling Bath 3. Jacket 4. Thermometer 5. Rubber / Cork 6. Gasket b. Determination of Flash Point 1. Tag Closed Tester 2. Shield 3. Thermometer Bath 4. Pensky Marten Closed Tester 5. Heater 6. Gas Tank 7. Gas Cable

MATERIALS
a. Determination of Cloud Point and Pour Point 1. Crude Oil Sample 2. Blocks of Ice 3. Water ( for washing the tools at the end of experiment ) 4. Soap ( for washing the tools at the end of experiment ) 5. Tissue or tower ( to b. Determination of Flash Point 1. Crude Oil Sample 2. Water ( for washing the tools, especially oil cup at the end of experiment ) 3. Gas

LAPORAN PERCOBAAN MODUL 5

Penentuan Cloud Point, Pour Point, dan Flash Point

OBSERVATION DATA
1. Determination of Cloud and Pour Point a. Cloud Point No data b. Pour Point

Number

Sample Name Matra Serdang

Temperature ( C ) 25.78 22.4

1 2

Temperature Temperature Corrected ( F ) Correction Temperature ( F ) ( F ) 78.4 5 73.4 72.4 5 67.4

2. Determination of Flash Point Number 1 2 Sample Name Matra Serdang Temperature ( C ) 35 33.33 Temperature ( F ) 95 92

3. Other Data Barometer Pressure = 680 mmHg

DATA PROCESSING
The only data processing is to calculate the pressure correction for flash point Pressure Correction for Flash Point can be calculated by using one of these equations FP Correction = C + 0.25 ( 101.3 P(kPa)) FP Correction = C + 0.33 ( 760 P(mmHg)) FP Correction = F + 0.06 ( 760 P(mmHg)) Information : F = Flash Point Temperature ( F ) P = Barometer Pressure ( kPa or mmHg )

LAPORAN PERCOBAAN MODUL 5

Penentuan Cloud Point, Pour Point, dan Flash Point

But we just need to use the third equation because we have known the barometer pressure in mmHg unit and flash point temperature in F For Sample 1 : Matra FP Correction = 95 F + 0.06 ( 760 mmHg - 680 mmHg ) = 99.8 F

For Sample 2 : Serdang FP Correction = 92 F + 0.06 ( 760 mmHg - 680 mmHg ) = 96.8 F

EXPERIMENT ANALYSIS
THE PRINCIPLE OF THIS EXPERIMENT
The principle of this experiment is determining the cloud point and the pour point of the sample by decrease the temperature and observe the change of the sample and determining the flash point by increase the temperature and test the sample with fire by using Pensky Marten Closed Tester and Tag Closed Tester.

ASUMSIONS AND CORRELATIONS

1. The room temperature and atmosphere pressure were constant during the progress of experiment. 2. All tools which used in this experiment are fully cleaned and dried. 3. The electric voltage from the power source plant ( PLN ) is constant 4. The crude oil sample that used in this experiment consist of one phase, liquid 5. The cooling process in the experiment to find the cloud point and pour point was spread evenly through every yard surface. 6. Thermometers which placed in the cooling bath and oil cup were steady during the experiment. 7. The heating process in the flash point experiment was spread evenly to every molecules of crude oil sample

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Penentuan Cloud Point, Pour Point, dan Flash Point

RESULT ANALYSIS
In this experiment of last module that I had which is module five, we got result of Pour Point and Flash Point but we couldnt find the Cloud Point of the crude oil sample. These can be happened because of some factors. First, the white spots which will be the indicator of pour point were hardly to be seen, the size of white spots were too small to be seen, but it existed in the crude oil sample. Second, the white spots were existed at the base of the yard, because the earth gravity effect which forced the white spots to move down and because the density of that white spots ( wax ) are higher than the density of crude oil sample. Third, the white spot ( wax ) didnt show up at all because of some factors. It is the most possible reason why the paraffin didnt show up because as we know the crude oil near inside surface of the yard are gonna cooled first then the paraffin will come first in that place. The first factor is the hydrocarbon chains in the crude oil sample that we used in this experiment were so short and the branches of methane, ethane and propane were plentiful, if the hydrocarbon chains are shorter and the branches of methane, propane, and ethane are more plentiful, then the cloud point decreases and the amounts of wax that dissolved in the mixture are decreased too, if the hydrocarbon chains are longer, then the cloud point increases and the amounts of wax that dissolved in the mixture are increased too. The next experiment is to determine the pour point. In this experiment we used temperature correction 5 F because to check if the sample already reach the pour point or not is by put up the yard out of the jacket and tilt the yard with degree that make the sample can flow by the effect of earth gravity and wait until five seconds, if the sample doesnt move, we can conclude that it already reach the pour point. This activity can affect the result that we got so it needed to be corrected in temperature. Some factors that can affect the result of this experiment are first, the blocks of ice were too big and because of that only some parts of the yards surface that touched the ice, so the cooling process couldnt be spread evenly through every aspect of the j acket which is cylinder. Because of that it can affect our observation to determine the cloud point, because only the parts that cooled first that can reach the cloud point first, so if we saw the other parts that didnt reach the cloud point yet, then the result of cloud point that we got isnt relevant. This mistake can affect the result of pour point too, because of the cooling process wasnt spread evenly, the pour point that we got was irrelevant too, because the thermometer only measures the temperature that touches the bottom of the thermometer which consists of mercury. In some point, some parts of the sample already reached the pour point and stop to flow but the other parts didnt reached the pour point yet, so in our indicator of observation we conclude that the temperature is the pour point if it already stop to move, so if the student saw that some liquids still move then the cooling process still would be continue but Alas! the temperature measured the temperature of the parts of liquid that already reach the pour point and already stop to move, then the pour point that we got are below than it should be. The second factor that affect the result of pour point is the temperature of our hand that used to touch the yard, 37 C is counted to be high compared

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Penentuan Cloud Point, Pour Point, dan Flash Point

with the temperature of yard that was cooled by ice in the cooling process that below 25 C. As we know that in this experiment, especially in the pour point determination, we touched the yard with enough time to heat transfer to be occurred and affect the result of the pour point. In the determination of flash point, some factors can affect the result. First, the stirrer didnt work in proper rotation speed, because of it, the heat spreading wont be evenly through every samples molecules and the flash point that we got wasnt exactly like it should be, because it can be that the vapor that lit by fire wasnt come from the parts of the samples liquid that measured by the thermometer. Before the temperature 220 F, we check the flash point every 5 F, but after the temperature 220 F, we check the flash point every 2 F. That checking activity begins more constant than before with a purpose that in temperature point below 220 F, it begin to reach closer to the flash point, so it need more constant checking activity to shrink the possibility that we skip the flash point intolerantly.

CONCLUSIONS OF THIS EXPERIMENT

The conclusions of this experiment are 1. Cloud Point = not found 2. Pour Point after corrected in temperature is Sample 1 : Matra = 73.4 F Sample 2 : Serdang = 67.4 F 3. Flash Point after corrected in pressure is Sample 1 : Matra = 99.8 F Sample 2 : Serdang = 96.8 F

IMPRESSIONS AND MESSAGES

Before the experiment, I wondered what will happened during the experiment that guided by Zainal and Fadhian considered that this last module will be hold in English. I have heard the rumors that it will be funny and relax. At D day, first, we called to do the initial test by Fadhian. Theres a lot of questions that given by Fadhian and some of the questions discussed at the previous shifts, instead from module or preliminary task and majority of us didnt ask about that to our friends, so we found it difficult to finish and be confident to gain a good result of that test. Next, we were divided into two waves, I got the first group and first we discussed about flash point. This tools test led by Zainal, he gave us a unique rule, he said that for a starter, we had a hundred score, if we cant answer some questions or there was some person who dominated the explanations, he will cut the score. In this tools test,
LAPORAN PERCOBAAN MODUL 5 Penentuan Cloud Point, Pour Point, dan Flash Point

we used English, so it difficult for us, because some of us couldnt speak English fluently. After that we continued to the cloud point and pour point tools test, led by Fadhian. In this tools test we can answer many questions than the flash point tools test. The impressions that I had after being guided by Zainal and Fadhian are its so funny to be guided by you two, I had a great time, and I was laughing a lot of times because of your jokes and the collaboration of you two, so I chose you two to be The Best Couple in the final polling and then the explanations that you two gave to us are good and easy to understand. My message to you is please dont surprise us like that time that you tol d us that one of us are going to be kicked and we have to find the solution, the alternative

BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_point http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pour_point http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_point http://onepetro.org/paraffin http://www.kania-cemerlang.com/cloud_point.htm

ANSWER THE QUESTIONS

1. Make a resume about paraffin problem ! Source : onepetro.org Title : PARAFFIN PROBLEMS IN GAS SYSTEMS Pada sumur gas, sumur penyimpanan gas dapat terjadi masalah paraffin yang dapat mempengaruhi biaya untuk memproduksi dan menangani gas. Masalah oleh paraffin telah dihadapi dari formasi sampai pengilangan gas ke sumur penyimpanan. Paper ini menjelaskan apa paraffin itu dan mengapa masalah tersebut dapat terjadi dan tipe tipe perawatan yang secara efektif dapat menangani masalah sistem gas. Masalah paraffin kebanyakan terjadi karena : minyak reservoir atau kondensat kehilangan methane, ethane, dan propane mengkonsentrasi rantai panjang paraffin dalam volum fluid yang lebih sedikit meningkatkan cloud point, fluida kontak dengan permukaan yang lebih dingin dari cloud point dari fluida di dalam sistem, dan terakhir, proses pendinginan seringkali berhubungan dengan ekspansi gas ketika penurunan tekanan terjadi. Pendinginan pada minyak dapat
LAPORAN PERCOBAAN MODUL 5 Penentuan Cloud Point, Pour Point, dan Flash Point

terjadi karena beberapa karakteristik fluida dan sumur. Beberapa daftar alasan yang mungkin terjadi adalah : Pendinginan ekspansi gas, pemisahan gas dari fluida reservoir, gradien geothermal, volum minyak, fluida dingin. Tipe masalah dan perawatan yang dapat terjadi adalah : deposisi formasi pencairan tinggi paraffin, deposisi formasi kongeal minyak, fluida tubing deposisi dan kongeal, deposisi paraffin akibat indusi methanol, deposisi choke atau jalur aliran, deposit pada tanki air, masalah sistem dehidrasi glikol, masalah pada separator, tanki, pengilangan gas, sumur penyimpanan gas. Kesimpulan dari paper yang dibuat ini adalah Masalah paraffin dapat terjadi pada sumur gas dari formasi ke sumur penyimpanan gas. Masalah paraffin pada sumur gas dapat bervariasi dari sumur ke sumur tergantung dari kadar hidrokarbon reservoir yang ada dan kondisi sistem produksi. Mengetes dan menganalisis material terdeposisi yang actual adalah krusial kepada kefektifan program perawatan yang menggunakan larutan atau bahan kimia. Sifat dari masalah paraffin dapat berubah oleh waktu, temperatur, laju produksi dari cairan dan gas hidrokarbon. Program perawatan telah tersedia untuk menangani masalah paraffin pada sumur gas. Sumur gas dapat mempunyai lubang bawah masalah paraffin tanpa memproduksi kondensat atau minyak ke permukaan. Pendinginan dengan cara Joule Thompson dapat menyebabkan banyak masalah paraffin berdasarkan pengalaman pada sistem gas. Program computer dapat digunakan untuk menghitung ekspansi pendinginan pada sumur. 2. Explain the methods to prevent and overcome the paraffin problems ! ( minimal 3 ) a. Methods to prevent Chemical Various types of crystal modifiers, emulsifiers, and pour point depressants have been used to prevent paraffin deposits. Fifteen commercial paraffin preventatives were tested in a laboratory flow apparatus (Figure 1). The results of these experiments are shown in Table 4. The chemicals tested include amorphous polyethylene, low molecular weight ethylene co-polymers, xylene, naphthylene and various surfactants. Many of the commercial additives have only been partially identified Ethylene Co-polymers

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Penentuan Cloud Point, Pour Point, dan Flash Point

Five different ethylene co-polymers tested and they gave good results (Table 4). These chemicals have different molecular weights and different solubilities. The higher molecular weight compounds are less soluble and they are sold as emulsions. These emulsions give less inhibition than the lower molecular weight soluble chemicals. Several articles have been published on lab and field work on these chemicals The manufacturer refers to these chemicals as wax crystal modifiers. Below the cloud point where paraffin begins to form the ethylene co-polymers are included in the wax. The ethylene co-polymers have branched chained molecules that make the paraffin less dense, less viscous and thus prevent flow resistance that would otherwise occur. The chemicals should be added down-hole at a temperature above the cloud point. Polyethylene Amorphous low molecular weight polyethylene have been manufactured for paraffin prevention. These chemicals are sold in the solid or emulsified form. Several articles have been published on lab and field use of these chemicals. Flow experiment results (Table 4) do not verify the published results. The polyethylene tested gave little or no paraffin prevention (Table 4). Mendell and Jessen13 also report poor results with polyethylene. This chemical is reported to interfere with wax crystals in the same manner as the ethylene co-polymer. Aromatics Xylene and naphthylene have been sold as paraffin inhibitors. Naphthylene gave partial prevention and xylene had no paraffin inhibition (Table 4). Surfaciant A large number of surfactants are sold for paraffin prevention. These chemicals are oil soluble alcohols, organic acids, esters, ethers, amines or mixtures of these type chemicals. The test results with these inhibitors vary from over 90 percent to zero inhibition (Table 4). One surfactant has been used in field tests and this chemical gave good lab results (Table 4). Water soluble surfactants15 are also available for paraffin prevention. These chemicals are used primarily for removal of paraffin, but they are supposed to also prevent the deposits from sticking to the pipe. The water soluble surfactant that was tested prevented paraffin at 50F, but there was no prevention at 35F. b. Methods to overcome By removing the deposited paraffin from tubing, flowlines and pipelines with these methods, the methods are : Rod scrapers Wireline scrapers Flowline scrapers Free floating pistons

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Penentuan Cloud Point, Pour Point, dan Flash Point

The major advantage of mechanically removing paraffin is that positive cleaning is assured. However, some disadvantages are : application is limited due to time and equipment involved, treatment may be more expensive than other methods due to personnel, time and special equipment required and danger of fishing for tools that may be lost in the hole during the cleaning operation. The second method involves thermal methods. The thermal methods used include bottomhole heaters; circulation of hot oil, water or steam; and the use of heat liberating chemicals. a chemical reaction resulting in the release of heat. The heat melts the paraffin, facilitating ita removal. However, in order to prevent further deposition, the temperature of the crude must be maintained above the melting point of the paraffin. Bottomhole heaters require special equipment and added power consumption. In addition, hot fluids can be dangerous and normal. In addition hot fluids can be dangerous and normally involve equipment service costs The third method for removing paraffin deposits is chemical in nature. One type of chemical treatment is the use of a solvent. Many types of paraffin solvents have been used. These solvents include produced condensate, casing head gasoline, pentane, light gas oil, xylene, toluene, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethylene, perchloroethylene, carbon disulfide and terpenes. Another method of chemical removal is through the use of dispersants and detergent. These chemicals will cause the molecules of a paraffin deposit to repel each other as well as metal surfaces. A small concentration of naturally occurring asphaltenes in crude oil may also act as dispersant for paraffin deposits

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Penentuan Cloud Point, Pour Point, dan Flash Point

BONUS
1. Photo your action in passport !

Me when watched the Patra Idol to support Zahra from our contingent Germo 2. Tell your interesting story about your hobbies ! As I have told you all that my hobbies are sleeping and playing tennis. I have some interesting stories about my tennis hobby. One day, I played tennis at tennis field near Maranatha University with my friends from Unit Tennis ( UT ) which are Fandhi from major IF and two of his seniors. At the start, we practiced one by one and divided the field into two parts. After one of the seniors started to go home, we decided to play single for four rounds. First, I played with Fandy and I won. And then I continued to play with his senior and I lost. Later, Fandy played with his senior and he won. If you pay attention, these games created a chain like one of the games we used to decided who got something called suit. Every component has its power and weakness. I won, playing with Fandy but I lost with his senior. Fandy lost, playing with me, but he won, playing with his senior. His senior lost, playing with Fandy, but he won, playing with me. And my funny experience with my other hobby, which is sleeping occurs when I dreamt about me as one of heroes that I played in video game that I played earlier. In that dream, I traveled with my party contain with archer, warrior and priest. We traveled around the world, killing some undead, monsters, and bosses. That dream is the most exciting dream that I have ever had.

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Penentuan Cloud Point, Pour Point, dan Flash Point