Unit - Iv SHEAR STRESSES Derivation of formula for shear stress distribution:Consider a simply supported bean carrying a uniformly distributed

load. For a uniformly distributed load, the shear force and bending moment will very along the length of the bean. Consider two section AB and CD of this bean at a distance dx apart.

Simply

Supported Bean Carrying Uniformly Distributed load. at section CD F + dF = shear force M + dM = Moment Bending

Let at section AB , F = Shear force M = Bending Moment I

= Moment of Inertia about ventral axis

Let it is required to find the shear stress on section AB at a distance Y form ventral axis. On cross section of beam in fig.(c), Let EF be line at distance Y from NA Now, con sider a part of beam above EF level and between AB and CD. THIS part of beam may be taken yo consists of infinite no of cylinders of area d A and b C length. Consider elemental cylinders each of d A area at a distance y from neutral axis. d A = Area of elemental cylinder D X = length of elemental cylinder Y = Distance elemental cylinder from Neutral Axis. = Intensity of Bending stress at end of elemental cylinder at AB section = Intensity of Bending stress at end of elemental cylinder at CD section = For section AB ,

Now, Bending stress on the end of elemental cylinder on the section CD (where Bending Moment is M + d M) is given by x Y. We Know that, shear Force = shear stress x area now, force on the elemental cylinder on section AB, F = Stress x Area of Elemental cylinder = = xyxdA

Similarly force on section cd = F+ d F =

(
xyxdA

Force is said to be balanced if both have same force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. Since, the force at ends of elemental cylinder are not equal, there will be unbalanced force acting on cylinder along same line. Unbalance force on elemental cylinder. (F+ dF) F = dF = x y x dA x Y x dA x Y x dA

The above unbalanced force is between section AB and CD for one elemental cylinder. Considering all elemental cylinder above EF, we will get total unbalanced force above EF, X y X Da = = (ydA .Ax Y

Where A = Area of section above EF (or above ) = Area of EFGH Y = Distance of center of gravity from Neutral axis. Due to total unbalance force on part of beam above EF between section AB and CD, the beam may fail due to shear. Hence, in order to prevent the fail of shear, the horizontal

section of beam at level EF must offer shear resistance. This resistance should be equal to the total unbalanced force to avoid failure due to shear. Fig

Shear resistance at level EF=Total Unbalanced force = Let x Ax Y. (1)

= Intensity of horizontal shear at level EF ( shear stress ) b = Width of beam at level EF.

Area on which

is acting = b x dx

Shear force = shear stress x Area of shear = x b x dx .(2)

Equating two values of shear force from Eq.(1) & (2) x b x dx

=
= =

xAxy

xAxY

FIG Shear stress distance distribution on Rectangle Beam

The above figure shoes a rectangular section of a beam of with b and depth d. Let F is the shear of a beam acting at the neutral axis. The shear stress at this level is given by = F. Where A = Area of the section above y (i.e., shaded ABEF) = [ y] x b Y = Distance of the center of gravity area of A from neutral axis. =Y

( y) = y +

B =actual with of section at level EF. I = M.O.I(Moment of ( Neutral axis) Substituting in = F. =

* +

Inertia) of the whole section about

N.A

[
increase, y decreases. And also the variation of w.r.t y is

From above Equation as parabola. At top edge , y =

and hence.

]=

+=0

At Neutral axis , y=0 and hence

= =

* =

+= = 1.5

[ I=

Average shear stress =

max = 1.5 Shear stress distribution on circular section:

avg

Consider a circular section of beam. Let R is the radius of circular section of F is the shear force acting on the section. Consider the level EF at a distance y from neutral axis. The shear stress at this level is given by Fig

Where Ay = Moment of shaded area about neutral axis. I = Moment of Inertia whole circular section b = Width of beam at level EF. Consider a strip of thickness by at a distance y from neutral axis. dA is the area of strip. Then dA = b.dy = (EF) dy = (2xEB) dy = 2 dy [. EF = 2xEB] From OEB

Moment of this area dA about N.A = y. dA = y.2 = 2y Moment of whole shaded are the about the N.A is obtained by integrating the above equation between limits Y and R. A. y = dy

dy

= -

) hence, the Integration will be

(- 2y) is differential of ( A. y = = =

= F.
= F. =

= 2.EB

The above equation shows the stress distribution across a circular section is parabolic. Also it is clear that from wq. Increase in y, the sheared stress decreases. At y=R, = 0. Hence sheared stress in maximum when y=o., i.e. N.A At y=0,. But I = = =

But average shear stress,

I Section :-

Let B = overall width of section.

D = overall depth of section. b = Thickness of web. D = depth of web. The shear stress at a distance y from neutral axis (N.A) is given by

In this case, the shear stress distribution in the web and flange are calculated separately. (i) shear Stress distribution in flange. Consider a section at a distance y from N.A as shown in figure. Width of section = B Shaded area of flange = A=B( Distance of C.G of shaded area from N.A Y=Y+ ( =Y+ = Hence shear stress in flange becomes, = ( )

Hence, the variation of shear stress ( ) w.r.t Y in flange is parabolic. Hence from above equation with increase of Y, decreases. (a) For upper edge of flange, y=0 = =0

(b) For lower edge of flange, y= = = ( \ 2

(ii) Shear stress distribution in web:Consider a section at a distance Y in the web from N.A as shown in figure. Width of section = b Here the moment of Intertie up to 2 parts I.E., moment of flange about N.A plus moment of shaded area of web about the N.A. =B( = )+ ( +b( ) +Y)

Hence, the shear stress in web becomes as. = = ( ( ) devreases.

From above equation it is parabolic. Also wit increase of y, At the neutral axis; y=o and hence shear stress is maximum. = = [ ( + .

At the junction of top of web and bottom of flange, y = Hence, shear stress is given by = [ = The shear stress distribution of web and flange is shown in figure. Hence the two equations 1 & 2 shoes that the stress at the junction changes from Problems:1) Eg: Rectangular beam: A rectangular beam 100mm wide and 250mm deep is subjected to a maximum shear force of 50kn. Determine; ( to x ( ( ( ) )]

(i) Average shear stress. (ii) Maximum shear stress (iii) Shear stress at a distance of 25mm above neutral axis. Sol:- Given data: Width, b = 100mm Depth, d = 250mm Max. shear force, F= 50km. = 50,000m (i) Avg. shear stress = = (ii) Maximum shear stress. = fig

= 1.5x2 = 3 N/ (iii) The shear stress at a distance Y from N.A given by

= =
=

* *

+ y=25 mm +

2) Circular section:A circular beam of 100mm diameter is subjected to a shear force of 5 kn calculate. (i) Average shear stress. (ii) Maximum shear stress. (iii) shear stress at a distance of 40mm from N.A

Sol:- Given Diameter, Radius, Shear force, D= 100mm R= F = 5kn =5000n

(i) Average shear stress is given by

= (iii) Shear stress at a distance 40mm from N.A is given by = = y= 40mm

= = 0.3055 N/

3) An I- section bean 350mmX150mm has a web of thickness of 10mm and a flange thickness of 20mm. If shear force acting an section is 40KN Maximum shear stress developed in the I- section. Sol:- Given Overall depth, D= 350mm Overall width, B= 150mm Web thickness, b = 10mm Flange thickness, =20mm Depth of web, d= 350-(2x20) = 310mm fig

Shear force on section, F= 40KM = 40,000M Moment of Inertia of section about neutral axis I=

= 188375833.4
Maximum shear stress is given by

* (
=

) [

+
+ (122500-96100)+120125]

= 0.000021234 [ = 13.06N/ Alternate Method:The maximum shear stress in I section at N.A. is .

F = 40,000M A.y = Moment of area above N.A. about N.A ={

=*

)+

*(

)+

= 3000x165+1550x77.5 = 615125 I = Moment of Inertia of whole section about N.A = 188375833.4 (Already calculated previously)

b = Width of at N.A = 10mm

= 13.06 N/