a. Objects The term object was first formally utilized in the Simula language.

The term object means a combinationof data and logic that represents some real world entity. When developing an object-oriented application, two basic questions always rise: What objects does the application need? What functionality should those objects have? Programming in an object-oriented system which consists of adding new kinds of objects to the systemand defining how they behave. A class is a set of objects that share a common structure and a common behavior, a single object is simplyan instance of a class. b. Encapsulation & Information Hiding: Information hiding is the principle of concealing the internal data and procedures of an object andproviding an interface to each object in such a way as to reveal as little as possible about its innerworkings. C++ has a very general encapsulation protection mechanism with public, private, and protectedmembers. Public members (member data and member functions) may be accessed from anywhere. Privatemembers are accessible one from within a class. An object data representation, such as a list or an array,usually will be private. Protected members can be accessed only from subclasses. Polymorphism: Poly means many and morph means form. In the context of object-oriented systems, polymorphismmeans objects that can take on or assume many different forms. Polymorphism means that the sameoperation may behave differently on different classes.Polymorphism allows us to write generic, reusable code more easily, because we can specify generalinstructions and delegate the implementation details to the objects involved. Since no assumption is madeabout the class of an object that receives a message, fewer dependencies are needed in the code and,therefore maintenance is easier. For example, in a payroll system, manager, office worker, and productionworker objects all will respond to the compute payroll message, but the actual operations performed are object specific. 2. Explain the following Object Oriented Methodologies: a. Rumbaugh et al.s Object Modeling Technique b. The Booch Methodology Ans: a. The Object Modeling Technique (OMT) presented by Jim Rumbaugh and his co-workers describes amethod for the analysis, design, and implementation of a system using an object-oriented technique. OMTis a fast, intuitive approach for identifying and modeling all the objects making up a system. Details suchas class attributes, method, inheritance, and association also can be expressed easily. The dynamicbehavior of objects within a system can be described using the OMT dynamic model. This model lets youspecify detailed state transitions and their descriptions within a system. Finally, a process description andconsumer producer relationships can be expressed using OMTs functional model. OMT consists of four phases, which can be performed iteratively: 1.Analysis.The results are objects, dynamic and functional models.

2.System design. The results are a structure of the basic architecture of the system along with highlevelstrategy decisions. 3.Object design.This phase produces a design document, consisting of detailed objects static, dynamic, andfunctional models. 4.Implementation. This activity produces reusable, extendible, and robust code b. The Booch Methodology The Booch methodology is a widely used object-oriented method that helps you to design your system using the object paradigm. The Booch method consists of the following diagrams: class diagram object diagrams state transition diagrams module diagrams process diagrams interaction diagrams The Booch methodology prescribes a macro development process and a micro development process

Fig. 7: Object modeling using Booch notation