The Zafar-Nmah

of HamdA11. h Mustaufi

and the

I1-Khan

Dynasty

of Iran. to the University of Manchester of Arts

A thesis for

submitted

the degree of Ph. D. in the Faculty

October Vol. II

1983 of III

1,

BEST COPY

AVAILABLE
Poor text in the original thesis. Some text bound close to the spine. Some imagesdistorted

THE

ZAFAR-NAMAH

BOOK

I-

HCILEG

KHAN.

THE

FIRST

ILKHAN

HLEGU

KHAN

AND

HIS

ACCESSION

TO THE

THRONE

OF

IRAN

582B

19

At that time, branch I will war. sayings perfection; garden

there

was amongst garden.

the mongols,

, Hleg16 who was a rose from the Creator, when he made from the skill from the the of

in the royal tell I will

Since

I find my guidance rise

the tale of that ruler lay out my words old man!

and of his with

to power,

the thread bring

of explanation, my verses earth; explain

of a wise I will

I will

out from

make luminous from every

the face of the dark kind of rose, will i will suffice events.

of greatness, 3 Turk and concerning of these, of words, and i will I will

all things al i

Mongol. recount forth

My ardour the story the rose words. the signs and beauty

to deal with From

of these

a garden it you would words times,

bring

of meaning, I will

so that from

say that my brain and scatter i will prepare them, with

has become and renew meaning

speak with verses. which

honeyed In these

of these a history

has the freshness

of spring. From will reading it, the soul will From be renewed, in it, and from knowing It, old men old

be made young.

knowledge

young men will be filled heed when, with

become Its

in wisdom, 25 Now you,

and the head who understand hear

of a young man will my words, brilliance. come from take

freshness.

in your sweet words, In

assemblies, listen

you

their

If you prefer his heart

to Mustaufi;

his words

and soul.

this

famous history,

full

of words,

I will

turn

my back upon rhetoric.

-2-

The impact

of its meaning in this

will

be like words

strung

as pearls,

which

have been threaded By it, All I will adorn

old story. in which reeds, my friends and like will worthily its share.

a garden, like

of its pages

are just

the hyacinth,

583A

lifetime
words, blemish.

will

be in its scent.

Like the III ies,

of knowledge

its rows have become

and by it the garden Like the green like

has become without in colour and in art,

leaves, - its letters,

are resplendent, of its sound that garden. its colour Its fruit large

the meadows without limit,

in springtime. and fragrant the beginning of beauty which

The beginning breeles blow in and

is music Like

the narcissus, are full are a pen, grace

of the history

and splendour, bearing trees

and grace. forth fruit of all kinds, and

brings

and small; brings sounds

the subtle a rare

of the nightingale

is in it,

each breath With sweet

freshness. meanings, i bring forth many jewels from

and subtle

a sea of thought. i will 9 there make a history, will be neither whose actions and words nor diminution. no one will are correct, Although in which there may or have

exaggeration In my words, should

be pomp and elegance defect. neither story If that history grace is weak

see in it any blemish then my words will

not be accurate, will

nor beauty. and bad,

A man of wisdom

not be content is good,

if my need

but if the basis

of my story

there

be neither

colour

nor scent

In Its arrangement.

A person will

not observe

the lesson in that history

if its story

is good

and its arrangement

not spoken, So spoke full

is bad.

Words which are not good are better

not spoken to a wise man. long be

and words Firdausi, because

are better

speaker of his

of eloquent truth.

words.

May his soul were

of Iight

If his brain of wisdom.

empty of wisdom,

he would

be unseemly

to a reader

-3Now look to see if, of heart of jewel, pleasing before in the sea of the mind, for I will bring you can see an abundance
0

Jewels,

a scattering

of every

kind

two high born

princes.

IN PRAISE

OF HULEGU

KHAN

AND ABLI SAID

BAHADUR

KHAN

10

The land of Iran eminence were

springs

from

these

two rulers and position.

(shh), These

and in their two shahs

is an abundance

of power

grandfather

the other

one of whom was a ruler of state, and grandson, 4 fortune fel I to To the igion. way good the soul of rel one one found religion and from It greatness; one of them blessed of servant

and

the dynasty; seized kingdom the state, the world. world Hleg became

the kingdom

by the wounds

of the sword,

the other

the of of

by his rectitude. the other became

To one of them came the role the supplicant on behalf

of the kingdom

Such were

Hleg

and Shah Jahn

Ab SAO,

for whom the

has seen no equal. achieved prince the majesty of the world of kingship through through fortune's wheel, and

the destiny matters,

of the bands his wisdom

of the stars. became a sea,

In wisdom guide 15 for

was his guide, mankind. heart His

and In state zealous

hand was the envy of the turbulent clouds. fitting From

and his proud

the envy of the thundering gifts, of kinds which were

the sky and

the sea came forth That victorious

for one in his place. his hand with than a than a

and fortunate That

shah treated khusrau

hearts

under

Justice thousand thousand

and kindness. like Rustam,

was greater and,

in bravery wiser

of Zwul,

in learning, was great

sons of Jamhur,

and his station

in those days. but he never cut open near a

Everywhere, the breast wise man,

he cut off the heads of a man with greatness

of the evildoer, of soul.

His seat was always

and in his eyes

the ignorant

had no purpose.

He used to act

-4in that manner was to be desired; his

with

royal

dignity,

which

actions were such as were right

Praise 20 royalty, be to that great sph of shahs monarch,

for one descended from that stock.

from whose lustre emanates such ever

of all the world,

like whom no other

girded
terrible soul, jewels

his loins,
hero,

brave,

world-conquering
in his tribe

ar)d enemy-hunting,
The loftiness

a
of

glorying

and family.

the majesty for him, the like

and religion descended

of Ab Said

made princes the stock

suitable Kh3n, noble,

as he was from

of Chingiz the heavens,

that sun, wise

of whom has not been seen beyond rulers there without has never

and just,

and of all former of every country, of Islam

an equal.

The greatest him.

of the rulers Through from him,

been one like

the bonds

have been strengthened, his Justice,

and praise has

other

rulers

is his due. and through

Through

the world

become

beautiful,

his munificence,

the hearts

of all are

made glad. 25 Let men bestow alike. Let a thousand benedictions on the shah upon him, of Iran, from God and servants

good fortune his goodness.

rest

and let the world

remember

THE MERCHANT

SEEKING

JUSTICE

FROM MNGKE

QA

Now pay heed to the tale of Iran, according

of Hleg

Khan, ' Baq of

and how he came to the regions , whose father was BoId 71mrs

to the sayings of the history field.

He was a master of his work

of the Turks

and I have a clear

recollection

in this

The ruler

of TrnIwas

Mngke Qafan,

and there has not been such a

one among all the kings of the world. 58 3B - One day, subjects merchant in 648/125I. 2while standing in search around him, of justice. sitting in his pavil ion, with all of his . presence a

there came into that royal The master of ceremonies h

went to him

-5--

and brought kissed

him before

the ga'an,

and when the merchant After

saw him he

the ground,

and uttered ga'an,

benedictions. the world fame,

that he said, of a along a

ItO fearful ruler like

and munificent you,

has no recollection I have come hopefully which

and because I have a request

of your

a long road. victorious 5 or money, lord nor

to ask,

a desire

it is easy for

to grant. anything

I do not seek gold, of the like, for in great

or possessions or small or power, quantity,

or treasure nor have

I come to ask the ga'an come to seek power I have a request Mongke Qa'an

any of his wealth

nor have i

from

the world-conqueror. on behalf of the common people. request, "

to ask, said

to him,

"Tel I me your 11 ga'an, grant,

so that we may turn

our face towards The merchant glance, masters, which

your

desire.

answered,

110 great ga'an build could

I have a wish on behalf

that,

with

one

the victorious that he would

of the caravan Darya, over there people who

a bridge

across

the Amu

the caravans

might for

pass. Without

the building across,

of a bridge, and those

is much difficulty are without replied There

everyone

who passes

pack animals, way.

are unable

to cross

by this that which

road. 1I The ga'an is impossible. anything

to him in this

It Do not ask for before this

have been many rulers

and none have achieved

10

in this direction.
not possible. seek my help. I would

No one has seen the means of accomplishing

If a thing If this is possible, could without doubt you would by strength

what is
not for long

matter

be accomplished request

or by gold,

do Just as you desire,

but this

of yours

is not possible;

no one In the world That eloquent-tongued

has seen the way to do it. 11 man replied, 110 Illustrious or brick, for where and magnanimous nor a bridge there Amu qa'an,

we do not speak I want world Qa'an's a bridge

of a bridge of Justice

made of stone, over that river, over

of chains. the the

is justice, Darya finds

is prosperous. Justice,

He who comes side

the river there

and on this

of the river

is Justice

and a path.

-6-

On that side of the river, prosperous through

the world

is evil,

and some people over enmity

become into

injustice.

When one passes is full of Injustice,

the river

the land of Iran, 15

the world

and oppression. of good

honour

No one sees the way of justice;

will. The fire of oppression

there
has

Is not in Iran
so hot 7 that,

a person
like

become

dust,

has been blown

away by the wind.

When Baiju

came Into Iran,

this

kind

of injustice
the killers reaches world affair, lament

and oppression
and the merciful.

became manifest
From

and men became divided

into

that kingdom,

the smoke of madness oppression, for the

the sky, has become heart

and as a result topsy turvey.

of this wide Now bring filled

spread

them mercy, blood. makes

in this of the black.

and soul have become crying for help, for sigh,

with

Beware the world kings their

of those from

such a cry come

Know that, conquering against 20

one unuttered At dawn,

a hundred utter

and a sad complaint

army..

when the oppressed with years

the oppression that for king,

of a king, a hundred

that one sigh he make such business kings will be powerless. is a pointer grain, I fear for his

In the world, the crowned spies.

to whom 0

the sigh of oppression qa'an, there comes

Into that court,

a tiny might

on the wind.

Now I have made such a report of one, desirous of Justice, ears heard 11

that the qa'an

take heed of the sigh

When the qa'an's and quickly and wicked oppression, hope springs with your life.

this,

he became

disturbed cease

in mind about his oppressions

ist,

sent an order actions. desist from

to Baiju

that he should judgement, good,

11 0 you of foolish from your evil heart, and desire

cut off the hand of of your

and if the strength prosperity

make sure reached away from evil

that your Baiju,

continues ceased his

11 When that order and turned Qa'an.

the general

oppressive rebuke 25 from

actions, Mngke

evildoing, doing became

when he saw the hidden and the ruler felt and

In Iran, goodness.

of the world

made manifest

The royal

justice

made Itself

-7-

in Iran,

the

country thing

was

peaceful

and prosperous. was wiped from

Injustice the face

became land

a contemptible by good.

and misery

of the

When It became of the qatan,

known

throughout who turned from

the world

that,

through

the generosity granted ceased to

everyone one,

his face to him had his desires the "tyranny of oppressors

by that Illustrious In the kingdom that court

all places,

of Mngke,

by ones and twos, granted

and everyone by the ga'an.

who went

had the wish

of his heart

THE

MESSAGE

OF

BAIJU

NOYAN

TO MNGKE

OA'AN

ABOUT

IRAN

58fA

Go back

to your

country

from

the court

and give the tyranny

thanks of far

that a proud off times with

one

has come to your kingdom. 8 the farr of the world ruler

Then there came from monarch. a famous the side When

Compare Mngke
man from

Qa'an.
the land of Iran to the court bringing of

the ga'an, for was that

of Baiju he came before

to his

presence,

a message prince, he

to the court the qa'an,

of the just and when

ordered

to be brought

the messenger

saw the ga'an, eloquently

he kissed

the ground

and uttered

praises. from speaks,

He spoke the well wisher, said

before

him and said,

"I bring

a message

to the World-Conqueror, to me, "0 "Go to the door one,

in praise of the ga'an,

of whom Baiju

and Baiju

and when you see him, unfortunate, in the past, whose

say to him, beard and hair have come but in his is in from

great

look at the state in solitude.

of this Always

have grown to him from upright his fist him. neither

white

good tidings old age,

his ruler.

His back

has become as an arrow. this

bent with All year,

heart,

he is as straight

his sword

and no one has seen the day when His waist by night is always girded for war

sword

was separated command and

at the ga1an's Every

or day has he shown for battle;

reluctance.

day his breast painful

and waist

are prepared

day and night

he has born

-8-

10

injuries.

In war

and at the hands this

of the heretics, to the qa'an,

he has suffered although he does the

many wounds.

He sends

message

not have that right. ga1an concerning at me, and in this If the ga'an, he would angry this

"I have heard useless

that a complaint The qa'an's

has come from heart

servant.

is troubled Surely

affair,

he does not look favourably were

on me.

in his wisdom,

deep look into this matter, take to one from this servant, for the ga'an is

know that no sin comes

at me through from

misunderstanding. Trinn and China all the great back I came and ones from to the borders in the there of

When I returned the land of Iran, smoke of the sun. through exhausted see, 15 place clouds, fortress, neither the army fortress heretics. though mountain

I brought

Khwrazm,

When I made war and road. `

on the heretics) army

I led an army became

The Mongol

as a whole

in that difficult regions,

terrain a single sphere. flat

and those plain;

harsh

mountains.

I did not

in those

you would

its it had that say

on some heavenly

One mountain to anyone

top had its head in the upon It. On top was a

and the sun did not appear the like sun nor of which

the eyes of the world riches beyond

had not seen its like, price, and In that place of the number as "Throw of

moon.

In it were about there,

had no concern was established They obeyed

the path to It. and before

The commander a vast

him were

the commands from God.

of that man of evil For example,

thought,

they were

commands

if he said,

yourselves abandoning

down from their lives They

the mountain in fear, call

peak"

on his command

that company, the mountain people, was it. They and kill had

would

throw

into the depths. such being exasperated would 20 him,

themselves

from themselves to fida'l, that unfortunate

the custom by anyone,

in that region. the fida'ls number, become

When the king would find a final

of the heretics remedy for

send one of their It would suddenly

In revenge evident,

to ambush reports,

that person

from

that the world

-9-

ended for dominion tribute

that person.

On this

side,

the kings

of every They against

land and sent him in this.

had no means of combatting and ransom to him, for

his influence.

they had no power

I have heard outnumber a man's heretics, life us.

that there

fida'is many are so

remaining, in his service

that they and thereafter of the He

He bound them mercilessly When word ones quickly

was in danger.

came from wrought work,

the leader evil

those malevolent of bread

upon him. was his

did not think provision. that work

and salt;

for his evil

hatred

He conceived was his servant Chaghatai,

that anyone until victorious

who was contemptible

enough

for

the day of reckoning. in war, were killed was like a ferocious panther.

The general In battle 25

so many of the heretics as a result. revenge could

that the spirit saw that things

of that people wen a, this way,

was broken he took swift

When your on them, carry

servant

so that none of the people deeds.

of Khwrazm

or the heretics For this reason,

out evil

a complaint servant.

has been made to the galan

about

the actions

of this well Furthermore, Baghdad, road,

meaning

the qa'an

had ordered

that

I prepare

the army

to attack on that matter

i did not go at his order, as ordered. by the goodness of the far way, This

and did not take the army of fear.

to kill,

was not because

In this

was guided 58413 In this matter

of my heart. and wise man I am, the story of events

sighted

concludes conclusion, For

in this

and the means of bringing not find

it to an agreeable disposed man.

you would

in the mind of an evilly than doing,

not doing

is sometimes

better

even as the end is better

than the beginning. Since there was a countless army at Baghdad, On that basis, to lead my troops there with are abundant a hundred there, enemies in

on both sides that place,

of our boundaries.

armies and if

i did not see it right

blindly

10 Sbedei n advanced, of that would It they would not army, from Mighty men allow they Into him would dogs, would to pass turn Nahrawn. towards him At in come 13 men would

the approach battle; 5 to take bringing armies on that war.

warlike turn

and everyone come from

would the Sahu, to them,

I ikeness. The hills

armies

on the way into

and the a hard Mongol and

trees road. lives two

clinging Countless would parts

be flattened would neither would come side

by the warmongers from would that war,

disasters From

and many be reached

be lost.

Baghdad

of the warriors thinking that,

be lost.

I became

concerned

about

this

battle,

even if I found army front action nothing

10 There

a way through they would

that region, find

when

I wished

to lead my in

into Baghdad, of me would would

a way of stopping Arabs, outspeed

my passage. of such

be the battle-hungry Unless would

for this

and the result the wind,

be black.

I could

I would

have

and the result

must be armies

be many broken
war,

armies.
leader, who would first

and a famous

of all bring the armies,

the necessary a brave leader

equipment, who would

and who would

alleviate

the fear Now were if

in

lead them to Baghdad. and experienced, there would

some illustrious all of us together in place

prince, in this

wise matter

and warlike

to bind

by his authority, order

be advantage

of disaster. left

If the galants reputation. drawn

is for war,

then the enemy will the heretics person will be

have nothing destroyed what

of their

At one stroke Baghdad. This

and the armies now,

from

has stated will

he knows;

0 munificent it.

qa'an,

you know

that the world

always

be as you desire

I am your which

slave,

in the service Mngke

of the ga'an"

When he heard and anxious,

the message and his heart

had been sent,

was thoughtful have said

was angry

at the report.

You would

that he saw the oppression

as his own fault.

At the story

of the troubles

15

in Iran,

the ga'anwas

surprised.

Then there was a clamour out for redress of grievances.

in the court

of the ga'an, and a voice called

""0 wise

ga'an" "

it said,

"Granter heard

of pleas, the voice the throne,

may God give

you strength he of

and plenty. ordered

When the ga'an

of the supplicants, and the master

them to be brought

before

ceremonies royal

came to the throne They drew of him, "From

brought and near

the supplicants of the world

into the and kissed and

presence. in front

to the ruler

the ground Mongke which

Amongst the Iine

and sang the praises

of the ga'an,

asked our farr

those

them, should
people

injustice the has come whom "

known That far elder, sighted whose elder

and oppression,

rectify?
was

a well

stock was

was from

from

of Makan,

son

of Kaki.

20

Qazvin laudable (gdi

and they called

him by his title

of Shams

,. al-D

His most Justice

name was Ahmad, in the realm learning

and his position of Iraq, and hIs

that of Chief rank

11 qudt)

was that of an elder,

by reason
He spoke words. long hand redress ga'an. the world toll way

of his
eloquently

and his deeds.

of the victorious qa'an galan, has and said i have now these a

in honour of seeing Since

"in

the hope

the victorious the monarch if he gave the oppressor injury

travelled

to this

country.

stretched cry

out his for

to us,

it would

be fitting against seen

us justice, has now

as our reached deal have

and justice For we have that has

the just in

much

and a great who Just

of oppression imposed king a heavy and

from

evil-doing caused

brotherhood, us much sends injury. tribute

on us which everywhere

as every

prince

in the world

to the heretics

and weakly

25

pays a ransom, resist the order

so no one,

whether

king

or noble,

in every

land,

can

of the heretics. we gather and strive along in opposition, the road. No one is full and

Yet we resist for from

them by day and night;

us to them is not more

than fourfarsangs

has stretched of hatred

out to us the hand of succour, our struggle in this

and for world

us the world

in abundance;

has no firm

base,

12 -

we see no final 58SA We have brought find

redress ourselves for

from

anyone. of the qa'an, in case he may

to the court

some remedy

us in this.

Moreover,

not only have the merchants place that is without we

struggled, importance.

but there

has been a struggle amount of silver everywhere, from

in every which

The small over

has been collected,

have watched

carefully;

many have striven The rich

in trade the It there

and the levy has been collected brunt of this, and for from

everyone. the remedy and plain;

have born hands. place,

that affliction, the sea, people.

was in their in every

has been raised

mountain

was a levy on every If one came from China trouble

However, unprotected trap and gird from

(M-Chin)

India to Iran, or from the borders of China or beyond 16 on the long road, he was safe and happy and he saw no

on the way.
from from Qazv"in, them. when The for he makes followers the shedding and or cut for Giln, on that road t S. abbh spring They terrified lawful come he Is their down

of H.asan

themselves the mountain, of cloth They

of blood. are

suddenly With

the merchants the robbers

of them. trade they out kill,

an ass-load deeds.

goods, off

make

of unlawful

the heads

of the merchants

so'that castles

the traveller in those harsh

loses

both his goods built

and his head. part

There

are many and for

mountains, lying

In every

by that band, prepared

the heretics fighting,

are always

in ambush The road

on that mcuntain,

hatred

and injustice. to travel

is cut by those wicked They route. oppress

people the people

and no one dares of the world, If the ga'an 10 our guide. fear you, of this for

through

that region. the caravan he will, farr

they have blocked our request, you this

now grants

by his good deed,

become

God has given rootless

and might,

so put an end to our be pleased 00 with

people. earn this

If you do this, man's gratitude

God would for ever.

and you would

13-.

When the ga'an depravity, had revealed

after justice

heard

this

about

the heretics, Just as Baiju said,

he saw at once, had spoken, I'O ga'an,

from you the

from

their

what had to be done. the truth.

wears a coat

so the gd1 seeker

it is now why

Then someone
of mail

this
ga'an; ask

concealed heart;

strange,

if there 18

is no deceit

in his

should

he does so. The ga'an from that us? " I wear

asked

the gdT, "Why do you come with world ruler,

your

armour

hidden

The gdl replled'""O it night replied, and day. " "in this court,

I so fear

the heretics,

The ga'an

the fida&is here,

of the-heretics show him to me;

have if not,

no

means of entry. tell 15 me what

is a heretic iq is the reason. " around the court

If there

The gdi One, being hand,

looked

and looked

carefully

at each one present. out to Mongke as

who was the ga? an's private a heretic. The ga'an

bavurchi, _20he pointed that his servant

was amazed

was one of that and it was

but nevertheless

ordered

the man to be examined people. The ga'an this

revealed hatred servant planned

that he was one of those and enmity killed. to bring "Since against In this

became

filled

with

the heretics

and for

reason

had the for he He said

matter,

the ga'an

showed

his feelings,

destruction their

upon the heretics is evil,

and the kurds.

to himself, existence.

intention

i must put an end to their matter, or, if not, task, send one who could

I must myself

go forward

in this

of my kinsmen, lead an army He gazed 20 for

one who has the ability into that kingdom. a while 11

to carry

out this

at the princes

and heroes, pleased

and the jewels him,

amongst

his descendants. his brother the heavens, of stars.

None of those worthy, that

relations is Hleg

and he saw only majestic as

as being

Shhansh*hh, adorned

conqueror

of the world,

the king

by a multitude out of all these

He said

to the gad-i,

"Whom would

you wish,

1.4 exalted ones, to go to Iran to undertake the war 21 and raise an army

against

the heretics and princes

and drive

them out? "

The gdT looked

around

at

the nobles seeing from

and the kinsmen the royal farr.

of the ga'an. He said that should of this wise

Since

He chose to Mngke,

Hleg, "Apart It

on his countenance this young man, was pleased

the same

there

is none here

be sent to Iran. man, who had

his opinion df had He said

The ga'an
reached been

that the opinion

conclusion he called

as he himself. Hleg

confirmed,

to an audience

in private.

25

tp him,

110 jewel

of the throne

and crown wing

of rulers,

the world made free

Is

illuminated beauty

by the shadow farr.

of your

and earth

by your of heart. I do

and your

You are you,

the light

of my eyes and the repose depart place for from binds the light my broken me to you.

my heart,

and without

my soul would

You are eternally not wish my crown for

bound

to me, and every from my breast,

you to be far you.

of my head and

come from

THE

ASSIGNMENT

OF

HLEGU

KHN'TO

THE

CONQUEST

OF

IRAN

5858

Yet

I have a matter Know

which

has come before because

me, and in my heart of his clear authority,

I am full cannot for when me

of anxiety. avoid that higher I should

that the qa'an,

priorities. fear for your

In the face of events, safety, than suffer

it is a little a greater of everyone, evil

better

anxiety,

many problems must always exercising

face me. But in the Interests be concerned. Any ruler Now,

the prince to continue, Is not when it to I

who allows lam lord

firm

government. evil

since

of the world, that if I leave

see an enemy causing Fate 5 to stop the evil, is making

and destruction, own eminence

I fear will

my very

be founded the heretics

on evil. and the has

Everyone kurds;

many complaints has become

to me about terrified

the land of Iran

of them,

and the world

- 15 -,
and depravity, us, due to that people. If there where are

become full some evil

of tumult things near

Iike an ant or a snake, that is one thing,

in a place

they are helpless becomes multiplies ions, free,

and frightened,

but if the snake and if the ant If there are

the world

is faced with It brings

seven dragons, of destruction.

countlessly,

on a war

one fI ies from

the ants to be devoured In fear of ants,

by the I ion, in every

even though dwelling, one of that my

they are brave takes the salt

men in battle. pan in one's

fingers.

In the same way, of It then.

if the actions God forbid conceal become

the enemy are evil, destruction warlike should intent,

I must not be neglectful come from that enemy,

or that I should

but that

is better

than that the enemy should

all-powerful. 10 It is necessary the earth. on behalf with you, to rid the world of them, to bury their evil nature under them

You must undertake of mankind. out of those will From lion-like

this difficult

matter

and destroy

the army, men,

take two out of every so full of ferocity, army. and noble

and tried.

ten men

and a band of of all, your and of

Is Shah of

famous brother,
your

princes

accompany

you in your prince

young

First

Sbedei,
kin,

who is a famous
renowned, own friend

in nature,
Another

own

eloquent, who is your 32

Buga_Temr,

and companion

and of the stock

ChaLhatai be armour and siege 15

Teguder, (ghirda), engines

a famous

ruler

and a brave

prince.

Also bows (.

there

will

mangonels (BIt-i-koshish),

(manJaniq)

and large

ar kamn), afkan), Of "

and naptha

throwers

(najat

crossbowmen all the things for

(kamndr) which

and those who are skilled for a siege,

in thel-r use.

are necessary Whatever

take whatever it. from

you can place to the

obtain

your

needs.

you need, the road.

demand

every grief

and despatch hearts First,

it for

the army,

along

Do not cause

of the innocent, turn your

and do not act malevolently to the heretics, and draw

on the field up your

of battle. army In

attention

1.6 that, army. their evil Leave none of the heretics seed, throw on the down

those mountains face of the earth, their castles

against scatter

and malignant buildings advance towards

and leave is free

none of their of the heretics,

on top of that mountain. with your heroes and

When the world warrior leaders,

and lead the army Leave

the mountains alive

of the kurds in this world, to

and destroy

them to a man. may be free

Kurds the of none evil deeds.

so that the world 20 Baghdad and crush

of their

Open the road Lead

the enemies

all together

Into dust.

the army

to Baghdad Baghdad, destruction, carried

and overcome which the Arabs

the Arabs: call

In that place

which

they call and

the Gateway in undertaking you,

to Islam, this.

wage war

and seek no delay

When you have place, continue King army of

out the order

I have given of Syria to the

in that sweet Like

on the road Faridun, brave

to the lands army

and Egypt. bait . al-Mugaddi. From

the warlike

take your

s23 lead your Iike

men to Egypt army

and the maghrib. as the sun, You will

east to west, by your this farr,

sun and moon

lead your

as swiftly

so that, accomplish

all countries mission, let

are subdued, and thereby people

one and all. the enemy will you.

important

be subdued.

As a result

of this way, you go".

remember heard

May God protect words, "If

you everywhere he poured wanted

25

When Hleg ga'an with

his brother's in this bring from way.

out praises

of the

and answered the sun, I would far

the ga'an

me to do battle of its orbit, and

It down from men's with

the protection I will

send its shadow for

thanksgiving. the help I will

make the day black of the nor

the face of the world, With the help nor wise

of God and the good fortune fear desert neither demon (dtv)

ga'an. Iion nor

of your river,

farr,

leopard, will bring ga'an, to breast,

mountain,

or stone, With the farr

and my manly of the It

585A

instinct victorious Breast

counsel

to my task. I will

you will he began

see what to praise

bravely

do on the battlefield. saying, "Let

his brother,

the earth

17 -

be filled The hero and there

with left

your

farr.

It of Mngke, i Ike ai ion prepared' ones, for battle,

the presence

came to him the princes to him. They

and great

and alI those who and many were the

had been assigned feasts held

all took their spent wine.

leave,

in his presence. joyfully,

They with

in kind this month a Then the qa'an

of farewell,

each one celebrating a robe

5 things

sent to Hleg and other

with gold,

of honour
for eating

fit for

a shah and thrones,

gold

collars,
cups

girdles
painted

and drinking,

and jewelled

and mules each pearl of war,

for like

riding a drop

and burden, of water.

two hundred There

cups of rubies

and pearls, and provisions and

was no end of arms

sent to him by the gaVan.

One man was appointed of all the treasure. prince

as treasurer,

he collected of his sisters honour

Hleg, destroying farewell. and for

it all and made a reckoning and his sons,

To each one of

the magnanimous

gave a robe

and to each of his generals.

the conqueror qa'an, The a time then of the world, came before majestic his warlike him great as the heavens, brother affection and kissed the enemyhis

to make

handsome clasped him

qa'an

showed breast

and honour, his eyes and

to his

in love,

10

cheeks remained cheeks. would

continually, there for

and cursed a while

the evil-doing their

enemy.

The two of them ran down their who

and from

eyes two rivers

You would never

have said

that the two were face again. sight

boon companions, their two hearts

see each other's would

In this,

confirmed departed journey. princes roads

that this from There

be the last and ordered

of one another.

Then Hlegu the

the court

preparations

to be made for number house

came willingly People At every those

to his service came down from halting place

a large every

of the and from they by

and generals. to praise praise him. from

where

they stopped,

received

along

the way.

8-I.

HLEGU

SETS

OUT

FOR

IRAN

651 /1253

After

the custom AlI

of the Mongols, along the way,

they all drank there

red wine, after town, there

the colour farewell, as

of the rose. he went there

15 The

was farewell In every

through

the kingdom

of TCrrn.

and on the road, was salutation.

like the wind,

were
proud

decorations
Mas'd Beg, to the wise which under

and in every
came gladly khan's elder they a blue

habitation
out from his him

Samarqand, eyes burning

strutting of Hlegu. thread

proudly That silk,

presence, with erected The

at the sight made before of gold the city

brought quickly canopy.

a pavillion, on the plain

and

of Samarqand,

tent

poles

and

the standards

of that tent oppressed pavillion, soul, Hleg stint.

the faces those

of the moon and the sun. who served forty drinking him with nights,

In that heart and

honoured Night

wine,

without

and day for

the farewells Every kind

continued of singing pavillion

and the court went singers on before

did not cease

red wine. collected

the khn and there of instruments,

in that royal success

and players khan.

each one wishing

to that warlike 20

When his pleasure with merrymaking,

was at its height, for called

the soul

of the khan became of great wisdom of Hleg, hewent died,

sated one

in that town a prince Sbedei. and from of Hleg

whom his father world palace, there seeking,

He was a brother this earthly world, grief

a proud, to another Then

prince,

and the heart

was filled

with

as a result.

came to that army, from the court of Mngke, the news of another 2s brother, Moka Agahi, of whom the world was now empty. At this, liberality. from Malik Hleg's sorrow grew, and he became the rites grief stricken amidst that

When he had completed ZL Kart came from

of mourning,

he returned

that place. Shams al-Din Hert to the court of the khn, passing

19 -

across 25 gifts,
he was with

the Jaihun of value.

above all

to the door Since

others

of the court,

and with along

him he brought

many

he had come further

in place him and position, above

the way than any other,

treated him

and Huleg the other elders.

honour

and elevated

in rank

Then,

swift
towards

as the wind,
the land

the general
of Iran.

Arghn,

2*7 turned

his face from

the court

From

the kingdom

of Khursn,

he headed with

swiftly

towards

the Oxus and

(Jaihun).

The great their

ones departed amirs, riding to scatter

their

viziers'',

great

smal I, and with money and jewels, 58B

swiftly. without

Each one of them carried number. them in return. the turning Each vault of

as gifts for

Each of them prayed one who praised the sky.

that khan, raised

who praised

his khn,

his head towards

HLEG

KHAN FOR

ASKS

THE HELP

PRINCES

AND

GOVERNORS

OF IRAN

THEIR

After

his grief

had diminished, day became

he looked bright.

the world the ruler

in its face,

and little went to

by little

his black

Then

of the world ahead of him, there

in the direction every well country. known ruler,

of the river, To every

and he sent out envoys land and region, everywhere with

was a

he sent out messengers Khistn,

an order from

to the provinces end to end, to

of Khursn, 5 Kirmn, which and to Creator "At with Fars, were Juri

Mzandern, tlrq-i'Ajam,

and Qmis

Shm and Diyarbakr. to Tabrlz Arrn, and After

He sent to realms and Roman Armin, praising words. to do battle from the the

great stn

and small , and other

lands

and realms.

of the world,

the khn reminded I am setting and free

them in these out from land for

the command the army

of the qatan,

Tdrn, mankind

of the heretics,

that

-20-

heretic an army

imposters

and the evil

doing

kurds.

From

there,

I shall

lead evil.

to Baghdad,

to make black bring

the day for

those who speak me,

if you immediately you will will receive

men and supplies

to assist

in a body, there

from

me munificent

recompense,

and everywhere your head from my

be young

men and flocks. quickly reap

But if you turn the reward from for

command,

you will

that action.

When I i shall

have finished bring 10 Anyone for

my task and return

the land of the heretics, as I bring separate down on them.

down on you the same devastation who despises my order, which I will

his soul from

his body, to the

such enmity.

See now,

of these in guiding

two paths your

is pleasing wel i, in

khan and the army. choosing

When

Now be wise these paths.

each his letter, before came,

steps

between

11
ruler order, just him. from from the war-seeking chose written. his khan, protection Great they saw and

the order

reached but to obey to his

no alternative bowed they every their presented province

and they as it was The city

heads

and small, of land

themselves and kingdom

kings

and governors barren

and desert,

and desolate, themselves their 15 bodies

from before

every Huleg. with

kingdom,

travelling

together

and presenting

One by one, fear like

hastening

in hope of the world they went The khn leader, higher the to

trembling

willows

in the wind,

the court mercifully

of the khn,

quick

and obedient and surpassed

to his order. them as their

gave them grace except for

than the moon, road,

the caliph

of Baghdad,

who did not travel

and sent no one to the khan. who had presented of the khn. themselves, girded themselves for battle in

The rest,

the presence

Those

who had come in person with

he sent ahead of and the led out his

him on the way. advantage army,

The khn was delighted as a result. that place.

his cleverness, bravely

he had gained the road

Then Hleg

along

from

-21

HLEG

CROSSES

THE

JAIHUN

IN THE

YEAR

653/1255

The army Jaihun boats. 20 fresh

of the world

conquering the boatmen for fit boat a

khn reached to come before a king

the banks him,

of the river their the

and he ordered They flowers brought

bringing it with

and decorated

Hieg of spring. 28 He safely traversed that sea of water. astonished ferry at the motion

face the of it in out on and set sat the face of the river, his eyes

of the blue water. made haste

river

His men found another him. They went in those

and

boat and everyone

on the face famous of that ones

to follow

boats

astonished the Jalhun;

at the motion such was the

of the water, road of the

so those trail-blazers.

crossed

The army reaching

spent

one month

in this

activity side.

in crossing In the year

the river 653/1255

and

the plains side

on the other

Hulegu

came to this
When the

of the plain.
safely at the other the khan the side, and the army had with suffered an

men arrived from the

no loss abundance

crossing, as did

rewarded

the boatmen

of money,

leaders.

25

On the bank, that plain, horsemen them with

the army and Hleg

formed ordered

a circle,

for

they saw many fierce to fight with them.

lions The to kill

on

all to prepare to attack attack. drove

in the saddle the sword with

lay in ambush an impetuous

the lions The army the lions

and tried

moved forward out from their men and

on the order dens.

4

of the khan and with the horses were terrified

shouts

All

of the lions,

and the young

soldiers 587A Among

were those

astonished. warriors was an illustrious man, who was riding of the lions swift a camel to

that field because gallop,

of battle, it was comes

and this was not frightened in that dusty from place.

or the swords, in canter and

in rut from

The camel, On the plain

Ram,

Bactria.

and in the mountain

_22_ like

top,

it travels

like

the wind

of spring.

You have seen nothing when it is in haste.

lightning shining

the camel,
has a body

which

sleep

makes uneasy,
of iron like

The camel
on the country

as though

made

Greeks. the of The camel then drew near to the lions herd; and its rider killed a brave one. and

When the khn saw the camel 5 they did so and sought with lions the lions' blood.

he ordered to fight, camels with

all to mount them. and the plain ran red

out the lions They mounted

in rut and only one of the there was savage

was not wounded. of them.

In the fight When the plain They

the lions.

destruction leader fields

was cleared proceeded

of IIons , the hero quickly towards the

had the army advance. 29 of Shaburfan and spent In continuous

the winter

at ease there.

The winter easy for

was passed
his men.

drinking

and the khan made things

A DESCRIPTION THE

OF

THE

NEW

SPRING

AND

ITS

SUPPORT

ON

BATTLEFIELD

When the world There 10 on your will burn

was young from of spring

spring,

the khn set out from said, "Fortune will

that place. be hard I "At By that will

came a clap enemies.

thunder

which repeated,

11 The lightning of your destruction

VVOnthat battlefield, clouds said,

up the bodies I will bring will

enemies. from

" The swift

that time,

heaven, on their over all the world, 11

heads. which

fame of mine there spread over

come a cloud, of swords devotedly,

them a rain water ruler. said " said, fire

and arrows. "I will kiss

The running shining world

the coat of mail

of that

The spring blast. give I will forth

breeze bring

"I will to burn

uproot and broil

that band with them,

the force

of my will But my

and their

tongues

lamentation.

Why should

that vile

enemy be hidden?

-23-

heart over

is otherwise

disposed

towards

the khn.

I will

bring 11

such smoke

the sun that the face of the blue sky will replied to him, ""0 proud friend,

be hidden.

The earth

do not call of this

the enemies why must him pain, the shah of

of the shah earthlike. 15 you liken for them to me?

Since I will

I am a servant not commit

army,

the sin of causing pleasing. To help with beauty I will moisture make arrows, will trees

to me the prosperous battle, over I will adorn

shah is very a garden I will lilies I will

in this verdure

of spring, with

a covering this

all the land. From

clothe

is who one forth keen from the

so worthy daggers

of a crown. in this

galore, bring I will

bring

new spring.

in abundance and from

the blue sky, branches lifeless. and hatred, been seen.

and from

the roses trees

of the plane From

spears,

which

leaders the enemy make will hang down anger as has never and at the
the

the branches girth will

of the plane will

and their Everywhere

-

be bound with

such war

be seen the narcissus be seen everywhere.

red flowered in the arghwn, orchard 30

of spring, One by one,

coloured defeat

the same time,

rose, blood lily and

the khan wiII

tulip and will the

with

of the

enemy,

arrive

and cast

over

20

the heart and bring way,

of the enemy. forth

In the spring, tulip.

the army

will

adorn

the garden, In this

the painted give

When I befriend 0 proud

the khn leaders

God will

that khn a throne.

of all people,

do not compare The fire said

the nature to earth,

of the enemy with

me. 11 with my warmth I will in the

"0 doer In this

of good deeds, attack which

add to this land of Iran, will That

discussion.

the khn now makes him anxiety, the faith fitting for

it is not fitting

that

we cause and will

the world

soon be free very

of the heretics will fall

hate

of the enemy. the friendship of

fame which For

upon him makes will be empty

the spring. through

time and place

of the seed of the heretics and we must strive in his

that khan on that day of retribution,

-24in this war. The enemy will lives. heart

25

support nothing separate

and be his guides in this war their souls

accomplish We will and hand of

and the sun will from their

set on their and shatter

nature

the enemy. 11 Since against power, the heretics,

alI nature

was friendly

to HUIeg,

they alI turned of his

In that struggle,

each one to the utmost

gave the young khn his support. army from

they

The khn led out his famous

they had been camped,

the field
came near

of Shuburgan, 3i
to Tun,

where

and when

the new shah

invested 5876

it with

tumult

and lamentation. were All within those walls, eager anxi3us to do came to of hatred.
Kke hands hate,

The pleasure battle with

loving

heretics khn.

the powerful king,

of those forty

to do battle full

the heretic
Hleg 3%. Ilge was in blood, advanced continuously tops there of the was did

and there
In the town

were
attack, of Tin,

of their
his

leaders,

not delay the

and sent

to attack came

army Into battle. 33 his who washed and KetBuqa, The leaders, For inflamed one week with

from

the other like town were stream

side. lions and

and did

battle, the

in a fight. the citadel, upside

men fought day the

around fortifications a running

and on the down.

eighth

turned

In the

town of Tn men and

of blood,

and young

and old,

wise

farmers, were

none escaped

the army

of the Turks.

Women and small and after

boys

captured,

but they killed skilled

young

and old men,

the leaders,

in the use of the sword,

went from

the battle, 3Tn to the

i

presence
Hleg woven

of the khn.
to the lamentation of his enemies. place. the khan a tent worthy embroidered with of a king, of and tumult, for Fortune Ts, had and

paid no attention the winding sheet

He set out towards

set up camp in that pleasant In that town, gold great and silk khan. Arghn and nasij

had set up for and plain silk,

the name of the carefully

On it was painted

a picture

of the seven

countries,

-25and on it had adorning with and all it, been with a

formed

by the

scissors a picture,

of a master with signs

craftsman, of heaven

embroidered multitude

the vault and stars,

of zodiacal

and woven and, towns,

pleasant those

pictures things

of mountains

and deserts

and plains

10

which things.

are part A master

of the world, had painted and plants, You would the court

of men and animals on It a picture everything that

and dies

and wild with

of a sandy cistern, in it drawn with

all kinds

of fossils

imagination of the world would have

and discretion. which reward wished had become

have said

It was a model khan, a pavil'

of the world From

ion which

the world-seeker. for paradise.

its colour

and perfume, it for

you would

Arghn

had prepared

the shah and they delightedly mounted Hiilegu head above of the

had installed that golden received

in it a golden throne,

bedchamber. brought his service

Hleg

and Arghn and for

him a cup of wine. raised ArrhnIs

that winecup Some

the heavens. khan's

From

time was spent

in that court,

in enjoyment

grace.
that 37 town, the khan sent out his valiant troops in the direction of

Rdkn, 15 country meadows, halting number, the army

while offered

he rested up praises

happily for

on those him.

meadows, for

and the whole in those 3% At every to Khoshan. a while brought gifts place beyond on the way,

He stayed

and then made preparations according to his order,

to advance the people

place,

in homage.

Whenever

he arrived tribute.

at a stopping

was fed by means of this

HULEGU

REBUILDS

THE

TOWN

OF

KHOSHAN

When the world no square were only

conquering

khn came to the town of Khoshan, and of palaces, Hleg For this houses that and buildings, it should

there

was

and no market, ruins stone everywhere. by stone.

there

ordered

be rebuilt of

quickly,

work

was nominated

a prince

26 -

Khursn,

skilled

by education,

coming

from

a country

which

was

A The name of this man of science wasAla'

of the kingdom,
he found in a short wells time

noted for this craft.

20 He was a minister
river bank and field, and

al-Din.
In
many

in charge

of correspondence.
He sought the city. out

and water. had rebuilt

men for there like

the work

He built that was was of

palaces

and balconies, of a candle. such that

squares When

and gardens, the rebuilding the envy

in a way

the brightness It was

of Khoshan and admiration

complete, the world. From He had were under pride, turned there,

It was

always

the khn for But

set

out

leading and

his

warlike habitation and

army

on its

way. houses crushed out of who like

asked

buildings, castles

in every

in Iran, were distance

built. foot

and fortresses Every ruler

strongholds kept far his away. from ruler top

in retaliation. that his away whole from

who was

found his

prosperity that khan,

Everyone to bottom

head

he split each

a garment. friendship vengeance or

According hatred, Hleg.

to the face so he received

which

showed, of kindness

either or

an abundance

from

SHAMS

AL- D1N BRINGS

THE

MUHTASHAM

TO HLEGl1

KHAN

25

At the order Nasr a vast al-Din

of the khan, the place

Mal ik Shams they call

ail-Dln

went

to the Muhtasham in which there was

40

which

Masud Kh,

band of heretics.

This

Muhtasham

was the leader The brave to say, "If

of the heretics and eloquent

in the kingdoms 588 messenger tired

of KOhist5n

and Mzardern. from your court. Huleg

carried

a message incline your

you are not and to

of I ife,

you must down from

mind towards If not, I will

submission bring

come quickly

misery

your I Ife. It

27 before him, he became the colour he

When Mal ik Shams of a rose was erect with gifts him, leaf

al-Din

appeared

in his pride.

Although

he was heavy with After, room, he brought

years,

and straight

as an arrow. throne

many gifts the an and

"0 of

and came to H6leg6is His

that band,

and entrusted

to the treasurer.
to praise one of that

he the saw when eyes shone

The your khn said

he began chosen

battle-seeker. bring out

to him,

men from

the mountain

Mas'Gd KCh, otherwise,

The now their another, the words obey Hleg that the

for

I only

see one way for

so many to avoid "

that that fortress,

loss of life;

we will

send them from

""0 khan, the heretics, obey they

the world.
since I left

Muhtasham be separated lord. Now whose

replied, from they words

I would become they obey

not

except and

vanity

has times

my command, listen to, for they

at other or evil.

good

They

listen

to they

of another, orders

and my orders 41 Shh, tight of Khr man, they who

ignore. for

Night good or

and day, evil. in the their stubborn, Good to this

lipped,

said,

""Old them

obey

my commands and from If another my hand brought

know, my farr,

end,

I give

power

and possessions, become kindness and you good. from have

conditions does guided not

and affairs see this great

remains afterwards. your face

he fortune court.

you

in the world,

10

Go, that kill

and be the governor task, but after this,

of the region

of TGn; be alert for

and prudent

in

show no affection " set out from

the heretics,

and vengefully

any of that band you find. the Muhtasham and the khan's and then

As ordered, of honour for a year,

the court

for

Yu-n, with Hleg

a robe

authority.

He represented the summons Fate called

in that country He departed, through

f ate sent down with his son.

of his age.

and greatness the door

remained

on him to pass

of adversity.

28 -

THE

ISMAILI

K HUR KHAN

SHAH

LEARNS

OF

THE

ADVANCE

OF

HULEG

Then Hleg and the news army I5 from

turned reached

towards

the river, leader

where

Khur

Shah was established, was bringing what an

the Ismaili

that Hieg Shh

Trn

and China. afraid,

When Khr

learned

the khan

was doing, before about

he became

and summoned

the leaders

and elders everyone at

him and told the khan,

them what

the enemy was doing. three armies

He asked

who was bringing

urgently

to battle,

the behest

of the Qazvinis. frcm us, in this war? " he asked. not be so concerned, planned this war. ""If he were not

"What does he want allied part with

the Qazvinis, that What

we would the Qazvinis

but the worst What Is the "

Is the rumour of plans? to him, even

purpose In answer of God, Advice 20 the wise should become

is the best solution said, his will

for us In this difficulty? the command this kingdom. us. 11 As that there

the leaders

"We must not disobey us and from III fortune

if he withdraws concern

love from not avert

and useless man said,

from

when he gave good advice, all people Strive country out of evil,

It Is better

come good for an Ahriman.

than that one man should to goodness and repose, Wherever

to bring come under in the world story If your

his heart

and do not let this there is gold, sage,

the foot of destruction. becomes teller, gold gold. say?

everything

What did that "When the good man then your dreams to

eloquent

the Incomparable his head.

saw gold he bowed are sweet. finding all kinds

is as iron,

11 When Khr

Shah heard

these words, despicable him,

he turned ambition,

his mind he ordered

some means of escape. of gifts to be brought and sent

In this before

and from

them selected He also stories sent

the to

best of everything, Hleg Mongol

those brother,

things

to Hleg. recite

one whom he called people,

who could

of the heretics

and he was accompanied

by many of the leading

-29to the shah and bringing him this

25

and brave
message. "To hero,

men,

bearing

gifts

the famous i am his

and proud servant and

khan, I have

who,

In battle,

Is an, alI -powerful other him than that of I

no intention come before

submission. will suffer always harm

If he approves, gird from my waist me.

I will in the

and submit.

services road

of the khan orders

and no one will me to follow,

Whatever

the khn

588 B

will
heart least I will come

seek that road

and the love

only,

and no other.
I will

After

this

in the truth

of my
the

of my soul,

praise

him; will

should return

he accept happy

of my compliments, gird myself with here loved

my ambassadors the girdle and now. ones, ones

at heart. I will

of one worthy My hope is that for

to be a slave; he, now

to the khan and let

surrounded should him, be pay of that for or in let a

by my elders found for evil in me,

is content, and elders, let

if a blemish who are before

the great sin. live

that

miserable who

In my place,

the khn

take top. ones

the blood In this

people

wretchedly or the not

on the mountain of those what noble

matter,

the khan, small

the killing It does

freeing matter

can ba a great band of people, more,

matter.

becomes atones,

of that

the presence

of the great

khn.

If blood

and he seeks

him send word,

and the brother

will

come quickly

to his presence.

11

He came to the court and the entrance beauty,

of the khusrau

and when he saw the royal with such amazement in his heart,

court at its "if he

chamber,

he was struck his teeth, from

that he bit his

lip with

and said, silk

can make such an agreeable be a thousand praises,

place

and the like,

on that master " the khan, before on the and

that he created saw him,

a place

of such beauty. him before of reverence

When the master according Hleg part

of ceremonies

he brought

to his orders. and kissed

The hereti Then

c made signs in the manner

the ground. and himself,

of submission,

of the princes

he came to the khan astonished,

30 -

10

delivered the heretic's external hidden words people secrets

the message message,

of his brother,

publicly.

When Hleg it, for

heard

he saw no hope of good from of secret thoughts He said his

in the and In the these my

manifestation meaning are said will

you see the truth, to himself, life, if I reply

you see the I ies.

"Although coldly,

in the hope of saving with

not be pleased

me, for

the elders

wi II not know the nature. Let

of his heart,

feared be to how much or had little the true

is his evil wisdom, road. "

no one despise war instead

me and say that Hleg and overlooked

for he brought

of peace,

With this the court

Intention,

he brought them.

the ambassadors

into the middle

of

and welcomed

THE

LETTER

OF HIILEGCJ

KHAN

TO KHUR-SHAH

As was the custom, kindly, of wise in accordance men from

he honoured with their

the ambassadors rank,

and treated

them number to

and sent them back with ordering faith,

the Turkish "0

people,

,a them to take a letter

Khr-Shh, for

to say,

man of fortunate letter is sent,

my words

must be a guide By shines

the heretics,

and this

containing

good advice. which

order like will 20 there Always

of the victorious the moon, always

khn,

a letter

has been written,

and is signed never

by the Justice-giver. slumbering, never

What has been joined wakeful. Except for him,

be joined, God,

is no other eternal,

a God of wisdom, nor will power,

the Creator, he. Purified

the Justice-giver. from the beginning and throne both with God in this whom

he has not died, victory, from "

and the end, and mitre the strength way, Hlegu

he brings

and by his farr,

crown

have come to me, of valiant continued.

my grandfather After praising

and my father, the Almighty

heroes. "Khr-, of their

l ah is the ruler _, But since

of the IsmiiTs,

men see as the cause

ruin.

Almighty

God has made me

31 -

khn at this bless breathe

time,

from Without

the east and the west our permission From the Chingiz land,

of the land,

all people to

our name.

and leave, Khn,

no one dares

doings. our of Q515n,

Fate gave the crown his justice, of the evil security of your

to Mbngke 25 and peace. followers,

and in every

he spreads

The world

has become point

so terrified to their

deeds

that none dared on every them, their

wickedness.

The gtn himself and to

has seen evidence sent me to avenge bring their which pleased A 589, Since
land. evil

side of the activities a mighty their army

heretics, the of but this task,

with

to carry and bring

down from people

places

castles,

the heads came

of court,

under cry your father

our feet. from words, those

When your filthy ways

ambassadors and customs

to this

is a far with your

of yours,

i was

if you sincerely on from

runs tarry

come in search place,

free place shun

of peace. lord of that

those

has passed
of your

this

you are
yourself but evil

If the blood customs court. be your to face gate

father Do not

in you, In that

from

and ways. Incline example. war

come

willingly and let

to this wisdom not order show high, wish

towards Let

submission your hearts

and

doing,

and words

be true, you

If you do read my you on

and destruction castle, that you hurry raise

at my hands. quickly your that

When

at the yourself we will

of your

to me, head

and

if In this

so worthy favour you

towards of this

the heavens very kingdom

to the extent

a tenth

will

be yours. yourself you will raising heart

Henceforth, before appear your me, pure

when you see a letter

from

me, hurry

to in my

present sight, land, your I will little

so that when you appear and shining. Henceforth, a solution

at the door ac, t well In this

in this letter,

head high,

and if you find

no longer

has to continue standing under Find

in its search. in its place my heel. safety here, and little by of

not leave I will bring

one castle the people heretics. of these

I will

cut off the heads I have shown

the evilly-disposed you. See which

by the means accept;

offers

you will

look at them carefully

32 -

with

wise

eyes.

May your example.

sent out

heart 11
this

find wisdom

to guide

you.

Let

wisdom
The 10 and

be your
khn

noble the

order

with

the

ambassadors, way brother court.

and they

leader

of the heretics the message

hastened to Khr-Shh.

on their The in Hleg's

to the castle, came before

and delivered him, to tell

him

of what

he had heard

THE

REPLY

OF

KHUR"SHAH

TO HULEGU

KHAN

When the avert sent

Khr-Shh

heard I ing rose.

the message He could a stratagem "If

of the khan, see no trick came will into

his or his

face ploy, mind,

flushed by which and he my safety his feet

like to

sweet-smel his this

distress. answer I will

Then to Hleg. come

the khn year,

guarantee kiss

In in the sun then,

the world, manner

to him

in one

and will reply was

demanded.

11 The

meaning the other's

of this

as" clear

as the

to Hleg,

and he knew

intenticn,

but he gave

no sign,

IS

of his knowledge. he was skilled. you wish to this

He quickly "You

sent a reply,

full

of the clarity

in which If come I would

must send me one of your from making delay, war I shall on you.

sons as a hostage, If you can only your

me to refrain after

court

a longer this,

not overlook at heart, the heart he tried

crimes.

When Khr. Shh heard not let him send, life, for

he became

sick

but his heart

as a hostage

to that khn, precious. This anger, So,

and eyes of his a trick, by which and he

he held his son very to avoid the battlefield. the khants

perhaps should

stratagem for by this

did not help him, secret trick,

have feared

he brought

down sorrow He brought and said, 20

on all his people. a handsome boy, with features and clearly several similar to those of his own son, my people. and "

"This

son is of my race along

descended leaders

from

He sent him to the khan,

with

of his people,

33 -

with

them he sent an answer, and cheating

full

of coloured were clear which gold, All

words. evidence Khr-Shh

All

the tricks

and lies

and deceit

of the import sent. The

of his words, coin were

in that worthless was encrusted

reply with

of his speech worthless

but its colour

and scent of

to a moneychanger.

his words trample

had the mark on him.

treachery, Hleg Shh's

and the horses this reply

of the khan would with knowing

regarded words.

truth no saw and eyes was not according

in Khr-

He knew

that his heart

to his tongue, his him.

and that his speech son, From 25 honest.

ran to trickery. nor

This

very

boy,

whom he called removed from

was not his son, this episode Hleg

of his family,

but was far

it was clear said to himself, for

that Khr_Shh "I must bring of that evil I will bring

was neither destruction

wise

nor

on his soul

upon the battlefield, but his actions art, and try

the speech

man is gold-encrusted, the battlefield Without from to his golden in the of their

are treacherous.

the edge of my sword

as a remedy. will be freed

doubt, the evil

crucible

of the battlefield, Even

the world

mal avolence. level 589B

if his mountain with

is higher

than the clouds, for

I will of

it to the ground of God-, evil a Iie,

mace and sword, impure shows

they have the hearts Everyone

enemies glory awful Since

thinking,

and unwise. no glory

who achieves

from

righteousness thing from

in him.

A lie is more is as the sun. from

than any other the lie comes

In a king him now,

to whom righteousness this trick will castles

find him no escape will be destroyed.

my sword. Because to war, Therefore, 'This stupid

Now I am certain his heart has given 1'

that all evidence

their

of deceit,

he has pointed

his people

by so doing.

he sent the hostages male child

back

to Khr. Shh with

these words. Since he

came and saw our head and our home. I am sending him back

was not acceptable If Khr_Shh should

to us as a hostage, come to this court

to his place. be

of his own will,

that will

34 -

admissable. let him loins head. in 11 gird

If not, his loins

he should and come to me,

send

his

brother royal t will

as a hostage. Let him to cut

Then gird off his his

to this

court. forbear

submission

and perhaps

When Khr-Shh

heard

this

message,

he was astonished

and distracted.

KHUR-SHH

ASKS

THE

WISE

MEN WHAT

SHOULD

BE

DONE

He had brought
and famous,

to his court

learned

and wise

men of the world,

who was

great

and elders,

and everyone

in the world

unrivalled

for knowledge 10 and the city 41

Nasir, who, He had been was nobly sprang world like

and who, had become

though chosen sun.

in fear famous

of their because

lives,

were

helpless

to refuse, of them was

of knowledge. learning art, which of the there and

of them.
was

The chief
a mountain

in his for his

declining greatness renowned was the

years, in all for

sciences, his knowledge The to put of such

and his of his

a wax

He was Master enabled father

born, from

and every his farr His

his town

disciple. of Ts were

greatness the kingdom stock that

to shame.

and mother

was no equal he had a rich person. ever until throne is

to him, house,

and no one could from which

aspire

to his place.

In Hamadan

he did not turn a repository of the famous his

away any good willed of wisdom, Huleg, no evil deed him

Brave

in heart him.

and faith,

came from his end. were

In the reign

he served

In straightforwardness, always good. His heart of his heart.

Intentions

before

the khn's and

bound him to every The kingdom

service,

his tongue gained empire

spoke

the truth

and the faith the kingdom and the

in value grew

and following, Through he followed he said

and by his judgement him, no evil customs

vast.

and ways He sought

developed, nothing and May

and in his purity, but good for pointed

the path of wisdom. nothing except

the khan;

that which

was wise of heaven.

to the path;

his soul was happy

at the prospect

-35him in their hearts as i do. these important of affairs. men and He said, and the

the world In this secretly "Look state

remember

situation, revealed

Khr-Shh

summoned

to k. hwj a NasTr of land,

the state

into the actions of things in this

fate and the dispositions and tell 11 They me what will checked

of the stars happen

to us at the the astrolabe They The wise that land,

flow like would in the To Hleg would be of their

hands of the khan and army. and the experts 20 considered looked

the dates for

with

into the calculations

a long time.

good and bad and examined people

destroy race would

the fate of the people. from

would

men knew that the evil

and water. destroy world, would his that Huleg None them would of that

would
their

soon be scattered
castles and blood

remain

in the world become

and people all-powerful

in retribution. would and

Hleg be heard tiara Nasir God

would

and no more return the To his come ring

of Khr'-Shah rulers

In Iran. of Iran "This so that,

and future said gave

stock. will

friends, to an end.

privately, us wisdom,

is the way by using

words

our

intelligence

there far

will

be an escape those

for us. for

Wisdom power will will

shows

us a

way to escape

away from

people,

not remain

in the possession victory. 25 with

of any of their

race,

and wisdom victory?

help us to remain casts here

Why should

wo hold back from When the ruler will

We will

honour

and praise. the heart

of the heretics

his eyes

on Huleg,

of that race God will

at once be broken. of that race. him. Let

Now we must Litt life

go to him and perhaps remain with

shed the blood be taken

us and may the power Let 1'

from

us go and of the

be open in our approach. heretics Then visited 590A evil wi II be broken.

our hearts

be unanimous

and those

they gave their

answer

to Khr-5h5h.

"This

people

will will

be bring in

by a sun and a moon of vengeance. measure on this race.

The heavens will

beyond

The people

be destroyed

- 36 -

this

war

and the heads of the leaders as though this place. from God on high, Neither the grave before

will will

roll

in the dust.

An

affliction,

come,

when that exalted will You

one approaches remain in this

fortress. Soon,

castles will

nor mistresses its leaders. with

come for here,

must go down now to that court full of vengeance. Since

he comes

a heart

battle, do want not you his anger sins. will

obey his command be mollified only and he

and join will

his dominion.

Perhaps

not then make us pay for house. by this He will affair.

your

He will

take revenge for his heart length and was

on this 5 Is torn the wise no place to him.

not gladly 11 They their for

put men to the spear, and argued at great

spoke warnings

men repeated in his heart

in that assembly, words were

but there

captivity

and their

not acceptable

HULEGU

KHAN

ATTACKS

THE

CASTLES

OF

THE

HERETICS

He kept saying, do in battle? was to bring "

"Unless So thought

they are fortunate, Khur-Shah

what can the Mongols of 654/1256. people But he and tear

in that year

down war

and destruction castles; castles

on the heretic which were

down the tops of their he was to bring survive, under First (0 Shah nor his foot. of all he attacked had found refuge

as high as the moon, was to them

down from

the moon to earth. in its place.

Not a heretic Hleg

a castle

remain

was to bring

Maimus

44r Diz and made war commanding throne. There They warlike

on that people. in which

Khr.. were and to

in that high, and his

fortress,

his treasures, there attack a prince he rejoiced

his crown in worldly

was his residence armies,

the heretics. of high rank

pleasures. that Buqa-Timr4 and dignity,

set out in four prince,

and Kke-tlgei, hand, towards

advanced

on the right

-37-

Mazandern,

with

a vast

army.

TegUdar lions. a large

Ughl

and' Ket-Buga under

set out Balaghal of

on the left with Shah and Tutar 15

an army Shah,

of countless jointly with

The third number

of the notables setting Hleg

Iraq, came In the rear of the enemy to the battlefield, 440 41 the to Khuwr castle. thence Samanan and and way of advanced elders from the front, acted with his army, eager

out by

for vengeance.

The

of Qazvin

as guides,

and night the army.

and day were "Now we will

in advance turn our faces to AlamUt. 4"

of the khn. to Maimn"D1z.

When When first their we have we reach the army

Hleg

addressed

Do not pass by Maimn, Diz

finished with that castle, put I will

and take the road

lead them

to Alamt. place. of the But

Maimn-Diz, must set

we will

it down speed

in another

out with'the has 11 been

utmost shattered,

to the gateway with

kingdom.

When

that

we can deal

kingdom

In a single

blow.

In this 20

way,

at the khn's a drawn

order,

the army his spirits

set off in four raised for

directions, battle.

each man with

sword,

the coming

THE

MESSAGE

OF

HLEG

KHAN

TO KI-

R-SHAH

Then "Evil every

the far-sighted intentioned land, know

Huleg villain

sent a messenger cheat, of your

ahead of him, deservedly activities. did your

to say, in

and shameless aware

detested What father

that I am well in your

compassion for you?

is there In this

heart?

What example

set

matter,

whatever

you say is not like

the outward with does not my your

manifestation words; incline 25 anger.

of your

dynasty. about to this

You do not act In accordance submission, court before but your heart

you speak towards

freely

coming

me, and you provoke You cover this

You completely

hide the face of the sun.

38 deceitfully, Although grain

situation

with

evil.

Secretly, tradition

you use your or custom

position

and

you have no other

but deceit.

It is clear of barley, and

to me that the explanation and no truth obscene, message 590 comes from

of your your

trickery

is a mere words

people,

and your

are crooked i send another

once again, to you.

because

of my farr your

as a khn, ways this

If you renounce

evil

and if you turn assembley I will

your

face to kncwl and look with army great i will battle to punish cla'an, bring

dge and wisdom, enlightened your sins,

if you enter

contritely,

eyes upon my mansion, but will send you with

not lead my before the

kindness

but if, an army

cut of fear, which will

you send me tricks, turn sea or mountain safety for

deceits

and stratagems, of castles, as

into a place of your were bring

and terror. the tricks

Do not look for of an Ahriman, if 1 were

In the security even if your

do not try

castles

high as the heavens, to the ground place army would will

suspicious fart,

of them,

I would

by my heavenly remain.

and neither repentance

fortress, will

them 4 house or for survive, 1' this my

At that time, for battle from from

be useless, will

be hungry

and siege. the onslaught

Not a heretic

nor castle

nor mountain went swift

of the men of Trn. to Khr-Shah, carrying

The ambassadors message, and,

the Mongols arrived

footed,

at Maimn"Diz When he heard and he feared

ahead of the khn It, the colour would of do

and gave the message his life departed If he used deceit for the future from

to Khr-Shh. his cheeks,

what

Hleg

or tricks,

yet without Now,

such stratagems,

he was fearful was none and

of his race. like

he had a vizier,

and there

among the heretics purity of thought,

him for cleverness,

eloquence,

kngwledge

but his untimely asperity was difficult to penetrate. 411 His name was Kequbad, by Khn. Shh's father. and he had been appointed summoned him and said, "Go and present yourself before

10

Khr-Shah

the khan and tell my story

before

that assembly.

Skillfully

repeat my

39 -

words Ensure, battle from

after

to him,

with

deceit

and fraud, of your

and every

kind

of argument. war and

by the trickery from our heads. no benefit

I will

argument,

that you avert the thoughts

If you do not turn will come from

from gird

of the khn Ask for

myself and

war,
which

that conversation.
castle and present and openly for a time,

time,
before

come faith. him.

down I will

this

the khan submit will

in good and praise

my loins find safety

sincerely knows what

If we can If the khan and ice will

who without

happen

hereafter. snow, cold

accepts soon

my promise

suspicion, will

be here, battle.

and then At that

the enemy time, we can

be powerless

and we will

be safe

from

15

concern it would this

ourselves

about

the sending

here if I were

of an expert to suffer

in war. one'wound

For In

me,

be a welcome "
out from

deliverance

situation.
set

Kequbad his him

the court

with

KhOr-Shdh's came

words

imprinted and they

in took

memory. before

The Huleg

eloquent where

messenger he repeated

to the court sent words. plea for

the message of his

by Khr-Shah, What mercy he said had no

concealing made effect

the other's

trickery on the khn, Kequbad before

by the skill and used

no impression on him.

the knave's every Hlegt tongued kind did

Although

of skill not

In the words his pleas

he spoke and was heretic smooth

so carefully contemptuous used talk. many

thekhn,

accept words. in his

of the smooth arguments, but

rascal's nothing

The words but

there

was

The khn extended and drove battle-hungry 20 was shaken country battle, were him from army

no courtesy the door towards

to the foolish of the court,

words

of the evil

heretic his

and himself

set out with

Maimn-Diz, Mountain with

and by his advance top, river, road

the world

and made black. black with

and trackless for

troops,

an abundance could not pass

of men eager them by.

so many of them that the wind

40 of the khan He was

A meandering and Hleg pleased perish. When end. aided the great with

mountain shot that an arrow omen

sheep

crossed

that that may

road running

in front sheep.

and killed "So

and said,

the bodies

of the enemy

army took came the

passed army

by Ray, towards

they Tliganj

filled

the mountain by that that difficult

from road,

end to and

Hleg by God,

to the castle

and ordered

it should

be taken

25

first. daring opened arrived

Everywhere

on the castle

there

were

banners,

and he sent a were.

band to make an assault up. From there, with

and many ramparts an army of roaring

and fortifications wolves, the khan

at Maimn. Diz,

and fiercely

turned

to its destruction.

THE

ARRIVAL

OF THE

THE

MONGOL

ARMY

AT

MAIMN-DIZ

AND

ENSUING

BATTLE

59, A

Like

a boiling

sea which You

and was

a roaring of equal say

river, height, that it was

he drew as though separated and from

near

to the castles, of a

and

the mountain shining top, looked trace was like moon.

on the dome from that were

would or

the mountain he Not a face

a desert

a valley and saw

in spring, what

mountain, doing.

into

the castle was seen

the heretics entourage,

of them radiant.

by Khr-Shhls

and the khn's

Then, 5a

from

right cloud,

and left,

from

front

and rear, was black all sides,

the army with them.

advanced

like

calamitous joined such said

and the mountain from

The armies shout, have

and came to the battlefield that the whole mountain

and gave a great You would

shook

at their was like

clamour. the tinkling in reply,

that the clamour while from

of the Turks the castle

of the cup of

heaven,

came a roar

as they shouted, Do not waste your

""0 battle-hungry

khan,

do not foolishly

seek battle.

-41 battlefield. though seige, as the army. its you for orbit Do not spend your that can never be yours labour a

fortune in battle, your fortress life

in this even in this as high

seek

which trying.

an eternity hand will

Do not this

never and will taken

take

fortress,

of the moon, No one has ever

never the hill

be the property of the castle, too, in this

of the khan nor managed

and his

to break

walls.

Do not

trouble

yourself

10

vain
enemy

attempt,
leader

but depart
has been of its Do not of your

from
able

here,

happy. and safe

this pleasant

In this
castle.

life,

no

to overturn

Because has had a

of the magnitude hint win. your never or of concern. The efforts find branch will a road You over The yourself this castle,

impregnability, strive hope uselessly will for a plan see, of smoke. and for strife your than

its of one for bear that

occupants which

you can never In this siege, will is great you can of You Know be thrown be

never this

fruit.

be useless, mark or

fortress

is immune. whether eyes, the

You army

of the way, with doubting Never will

small.

will the

surely land

whether

victorious fancy. pity that down

you open of this

the door castle.

history in this

of war battle,

is in favour vigour will

be dissipated. will never

which When

is higher they were

the heavens, it, a vast

by anyone.

building

army

of men

15

perfected sun passes chose

it.

They through

sought

for

a mountain

top in the clouds,

where they

the

the valley

at its foot. In this way, with

you see,

a savage

mountain

and there,

the help of fortune, destiny, longevity in former

cut down times for

its foundations an engineer that master architect the work, In this stone

on the peak. was appointed

With fortunate and fortunate this

was ordained Blessed a fortified

craftsman, of this work,

who built for

hard

place. place

was the castle. In years. of no

he built

on this

they suffered in the orbit

many difficulties of the moon, such artifice,

and the work they built raised

took seven

place,

such a building up a place which

and plaster,

and with

42 -

enemy can overcome. the protection and mangonels, 20 and if anyone,

fortress, When Good can this

With a high cloud

covering planets,

its face., it holds

and under balistas of war, this

of the seven war-seeking

and no one can pass because by trick or artifice,

ensue, completed, seek

of these

engines

were
thanks

to hurl
to good

a stone
fortune

against
and fate. it Castle

no damage lucky place Those be seen whose and

would was who it.

a wise

man named it from

of

Fortune. clearly

to approach stream away

a farsang like is Inside,

away shining and are

from

A flowing is taken

of water,

rosewater also arms who

bitterness there without in battle. hundred

by boiling, and drink.

a spring,

is every number

kind and

of food thousands

There

and weapons are male lions for like

of brave

swordsmen,

If you not 25 this find

strive men

two them

years

In siege, Not not find and

night

and day, fighting upon seek

you will will it. These to go will never

on the battlefield. and you will

by your your they that hand

castle not

be subdued, become

men will from this

afraid top.

in dishonour, Recognise yourself the power and that

do not this

mountain Do not place be the

the truth, or your

castle army

be subdued. task. answer This will

trouble

bewildered to destroy.

in this Your

is beyond same,

of anyone 11

is that.

When Hleg enraged rock 5918

heard

these

cries efforts.

from

the heretics,

his army in fear

became of them,

and made great to wax. entered

You would

say that,

turned

His whole

army Cs in Rdbar there over

Into battle

and rushed of trees,

at the stones

like years

leopards. had

was an abundance A group down a tall

and countless troops, whose having

passed

them. threw

of the khn's length

built

a strong say

foundation,

of tree,

head you would on the

was at the height battlefield. From

of the heavens, its wood

and made it Into a mangonel and raised up the engine

they built

of war

-43-

on the battlefield. and that stone

They reminded

fired

a heavy

stone, pf death. from

which At

went the

like

the wind, from

the heretics sought on the retribution roof

same

time,

the castle, brought on both arrows while

Khr-Shh

the khan. and battle The towards down sides fired

The

heretics joined had

up a mangonel sides, carrying the glistening

of the castle, below.

was

the one above fire, which spears Arrows

and the other they shot

Mongols

upwards came both

the summit, among the ranks

of the heretics flew together from

of the Mongols. ran with blood. from and

and the field hard stone stones fired, at by the

On the battlefield, the level

the mangonel and smashed came

the fortress will of God

of the plain, of fate,

the first

the command

the mangonel

in the fortress, Then

and into

the breasts

of the heretics

the fear

of destruction.

10

from which

the plain

came stones, over,

like

a shower

of hail, were striving trees

and from utterly in battle which

those broken. and

stones The

kept coming

walls for far. say their

and battlements the heretics, As for heads those

army made the day painful scattering in this way, They their treasure

had been used dome. death. at It as if with are "

you would

surpassed labours

the heavenly was a rain-bearing looked nourished

had no doubt

that the end of their a young tree

Everyone It were

who had planted a shining candle.

on that mountain and its warmth did not say, place

its coldness deceit. They

hope those the fruit

who enjoyed its

"Pain

and trouble

of battle;

leaves

are a halting

on the way to death. they would in that battle of the workings never knew of

if they had been aware have planted anything Fate, 15 a tree

of the outcome

of their

work,

on RDdbar. or love, poison,

But none engaged are unaware

of hatred

as people drink

or witness,

or venom. pleasure seeking; may God be our

We do not know guide When, in doing from

the remedies goodi and below,

against

above

they opened

the hand of battle,

at the same

-44of hatred blazed up, kindled by the excessive of the points of

time the fires passion Mongols, steel After tipped

and war

of the time.

Victory

showed

the farr

and the right With spear

heretics. lot the the of was and smoke of poplar, ordered the mountain was split

and shafts a time, arrows

to its stone heart. and venom arrow

Hleg

the crossbows

to open fire,

sped on their

way and the blue venom on those grains in weight.

heads was more passed 20 like

than six hundred through stone

The arrows faced ensured for and The amir the

the wind

and anvil, a parsang. without

and the heretics The Mongols a certain

bows of the army that not a kh'tan every leader arrow shot,

at a range arrow

of half

was discharged

mark, killed.

a number

of that heretic scattering part,

army were

of the crossbowmen, footsteps. and arrows was wounded and the farr day,

retribution, the heretics in the battle, of the army, attack,

was a chosen hurled

of fortunate of stones Mongols of fate

On their

an abundance

at the Mongols in the forefront of the khn.

but not one of the thanks which to the help lasted all of

In a night and strife

the following

all was tumult from

on both sides.

The face of as arrows Arrows of to

the sky became of khadang returned Trn. half their wood, from

black

the flights the khn,

and points flew like like rain, fire

of the arrows, through towards were

obeying

the air. the army reduced

the top of the mountain of their misdeeds,

As a result number

the heretics

on that day of misfortune.

25

When those ignorant

their from own impotence, us. " happened,

people saw the soldiers

each of them said, "III

of the Turks
fortune

and recognised
the path

has taken

When this destruction

Khr-5h7a*h became

terrified

and feared

that

was Inevitable

and he sent some messengers

to the khan.

-45-

KHUR-SHAHtS

AMBASSADORS

SUBMIT

TO HULEG

KHAN

592A

"Until

now,

no one in this

people

understand

the reality

of war.

Now,

the standards

been have thrown Maimt n of of this, we turn

down by the khan's to the court before

army. and kiss

Now that we are aware the ground victorious with before khan.

our faces

the throne

and spread the sins

gold dinars of so many, whose fear

the

May he pardon their

who are filled of him is joined to

shame and lament

past deeds, of their

the fear

of the consequences and turn

actions. avenging appeared

May he condone them. 1' before Hleg,

the sins

of that people 5

his head from from Khr-Shah

When the messengers order a resumption

he did not was a

of battle

and destruction, They "i will

and on that day there

cessation, road

of the struggle. to say, your

took the answer forgive you for I will with

of the khan by that dark the sins you have from the you

to the castle,

committed battlefield come forth followers, from khan,

and accept and it will humbly to turn

submission.

recall you.

the army

no longer your

seek battle

If tomorrow with receive your

from

mountain

peak to this

court

the foot of evil

into flattery,

you will

your

life

the hands the farr

of the khan. It When Khr-Shh of his crown raised was raised

saw the generosity Next top, day,

of the when

up by fortune. the mountain jewels,

the King have said

of the East that

his head above were

you would down

the heavens of azure. world.

a cup of yellow

pouring

upon that expanse illuminating 10 So,

The day was I it up by the face of the sun,

a shining wished

r-Shah

to come down and sent his greetings who were up there went

to the warlike and Cod

shah, but then those heretics said, forbid IIO sovereign

to him lamenting to that tyrant,

of all the people, confer misfortune

do not surrender on us.

that you should us from

God forbid

that you should to

not deliver

him.

You have farr

and power.

Why do you hasten

-46-

set your crown

feet away from are

your

house,

on the road

to the tomb. soldiers for

Your the by

and throne

intact, in your

and you have brave intended fortress, you. place, within Your

battlefield. your happy 15 deeds.

You are

which

has been adorned of the moon,

You are in your of all around

the orbit

and master

kingdom army.

has not yet been army

victory

overturned
broken a vain that

by that warlike
power why are

and fortunate
yet sated

Your
Before

is not yet
becomes fear

and your thought, khn, offer

is not you your

diminished. by your

kingship?

Why do you Why must

lucky

before your hand

fortress before

is destroyed? your why army afflict

you Before with like pain? men,

foolishly

to him,

is destroyed? your heart struggle

you dissipate

your

treasure for

and money, people and in the

If it is necessary over there soon the whole is no lack block

the whole top, men

to fight,

we will

mountain of wise

if your castle. God

greatness Through

depends wisdom, of this Do not

on wisdom, you will pure foolishly work, throw since, at

the path

of that

army. of gold trust

is the secret

and you your

have

an abundance

in the ground. the Mongol

seed

to the wind.

Do not

army,

especially

20

this

moment, show

the elders its face

of Qazvin

are their

guides.

Where

will

good for you?

fortune

to you,

when they have such bitter here, we will be held

hatred

If you are bent on going through this this bloody

down from

in contempt down from

business.

Rather for

let us throw in this

ourselves

castle

to the feet of that khan, before those Qazvinis. us like

business

we do not see this court

ourselves as a slave, royal

If the prince we will

goes down from no longer

and makes to us. 1'

slaves,

be bound by his

mandate

When some of the respected Khr-Shah inside your turned from his

heretics intention,

came to him and talked and did not come out, to Hleg court,

in this

way,

but remained "When

the castle servant

and sent back

a messenger your

to say,

prepared

to set out for

to come to the upright

47 -

25

khn,

and kiss all

the hoof

of his

horse in this

and annoint castle but their

his

eyes hostile

with

the earth

of the court, me. I have

of the people them

became leaders

towards have can give of

beggcd in their

repeatedly, and those

do not

submission no other the danger If I were

hearts

men of evil sharp to come turn how people.

disposition

answer from away dispcsed hand can frorr,

but them from khan,

the dagger and this

and the dare

sword. down

I am afraid from from

I do not place,

the castle. these people. Not of foot In this by can matter If you with

I would situation this evil

my face con

59e.

O well human i find I have would their When

in this with castles

I come Not

down?

1 finish this

by effort

a way

to the presence and I am like

of the khan. a bird some 11

no ability grant leaders, the news

to come

to you perhaps ve will

in a cage. agreement

me a delay, and then

we may come from

obtain

to the khn. the evil

reached

Hleg

intentioned

and despicable

heretic,
contempt.

he was exasperated

by his action

and treated

his words

with

THE

SECOND

MONGOL

ATTACK

ON THE

FORTRESS

OF

MAIMON-+DIZ

Khur. Shah knew nothing that but futility Hleg people. though said, I will and battle. "The soul

but trickery

and deceit,

and nothing

came from

of Khr-Shh a remedy

should

watch

out for with

that evil even

provide like

for him and them, cloud. 11

the sword,

he becomes

a thundering

He ordered went forward

the commanders to attack

to advance

into battle According have said

without to Mongol

delay, custom, would

and they they

the fortress. you would

set up a clamour, shatter With a rain into pieces.

at which

the mountain

that clamour, of arrows

a great upon them,

calamity

befell

the heretics

as the Turks fled from

poured the

and the leaders

of the heretics

48 -

falling

arrows,

like

the wind; with

you would the arrows. sides,

have said Then

that their

timely went Stones

fate was falling to the mangonels from four

on them,

the engineers at them.

on all four

and hurled

stones

one of the mangenels houses were stones. shattered, They

fell

on the roof

of the fortress, the heretics rocks

by which had no means and said, brought "All ruin

and as a result, were afraid

of throwing at once, 15 to their like air

of the hard

fate has deserted efforts, and showed them, for

us. 11 One stone, them their evil

as big as four, star. from Fear

of that granitemade the has

stone full

overcame

when the stones Everyone

the mangonels

of calamity

them.

who saw them said, suddenly, rubies

"Time

taken back from mangonels,

Many

us our glory. castle

were like

In this way, is becoming like

stones

through

those

the whole

and agate. 1'

had been weary should snow snow, to see the like from

of the heretics became and

killed

by the All

and he who leaders in this, became that

a leopard, the battle, submit and

a mouse. their like hearts

of the as one,

showed

they

and go to the khan come. would Hill

slaves

and delay, alike sea. would

In the hope be covered

that with

Ice would

and plain a deep

and the world

be like top

No one would destroy

be able

20

road

to the mountain

and cold

would

the enemy.

The

heretics

would enemy.

be safe from

the enemy,

and time and the cold would

overcome would

the

The cold winds that great

of the month of Azar, for it was nearing Through

and the mountain,

overcome

army,

the end of the last month, the farr of the world top. conqueror,

but in the sky a Greek heaven fortune propitious brought brought for no cloud

sun shone.

or concealment the shah,

to that mountain

Good were of spring

the sun over him.

and time and vigilance like the freshness Nature God, with

The weather the heretics doers

was mild,

and it lasted protector approved for their

until

were were

destroyed.

was the khan's his just decree,

and the evil the weather, deeds

powerless. showed

but the heretics

no regret

that the penalty

was harsh.

_49_

KHUR-SHAH

CONSENTS

TO COME

BEFORE

HULEG

KHAN

When Khr-Shah

saw what

the lofty

heavens

had done to him, and showed him,

and

that the sun shone on the king regard, he said to himself,

of the Mongols

him open

"Heaven

has exalted

in compassion. its love

In such evil 593A for my stock, over

circumstances,

what can i do? has cast

Fate has severed

and at one stroke of the khan,

us down.

A new love spreads now, except the fate as his be no

the heart

and we can expect

nothing

misfortune. which armies

Novv must be the time to go before have brought. with speed

him and accept from him, will

our deeds advance

We face destruction At that time, the world sought

and enmity. he will bring

there

hope of Iife, In this once, from kind

and certainly, of fear

down upon our heads. in truth. For

of the khan, with

his heart

protection

his heart the khan. for

was honest

his tongue, to HIeg

and he sent to seek pardon bringing suddenly, for war,

He sent envoys

to seek mercy, When Huleg

excuses 5

the sins

he had committed. from for battle,

saw how,

the heretics and the world

had become weak had become found black

and had no more desire his heart Hleg showed forgave

them,

friendship, him for the sins

and the heretic he had committed an answer pleased When-the ninth castle, day, from

safety

In his heart. the battle

and ordered

to be discontinued, you, for your

and sent back honesty has

to him to say,

"I have forgiven

me. It sun raised its head above showed Its face, the orbit Khr-Shah of Jupiter, and in the east the the

constellation with when

sent his son down from of Hulegu.

many of his family, over

down

to the court

On the next fled wearily with banners

the sun appeared sharp sword,

the mountain,

and -dark night

the sun's

they adorned their with colours. Chinese

the top of the castle You would cloth have said

and the heavens I0 face of the earth

lit up from was covered

that the

of gold.

On that day,

50 -

which

was the tenth duty of the tenth of the people

month,

and that was the last day though it also saw the the land and souls leader of

of the fortune beginning

of the mountains,

of the glory

of the dynasty

of the I<hn, frone which day, the hearts

of Iran derived of the people the Ismaills, recourse

its growth, of the world

on that fortunate were overjoyed, his

for Khr-Shh, loins bound. according

came down in submission,

He had no to the greatness and men of and

but to come down,

and he was saluted

of his rank. science, elders turned khan, like beyond their under

With him came all of the wise khwja Najir and khwja They the castle girded Asii, their

and learned and pillars loins,

men,

of the state and the

substitute. from

one by one, approached

faces

to the court.

They

the guidance

of the master

of ceremonies,

and as they

15

passed before him, all uttered

lips had touched praised him, the earth, all

prayers
raised

in their
their

fear of death.

Men

their

heads,

and one by one they Having pardon Huleg. their bodies he to at from

and wept

at the things the sins in their from

they had done in the past, they asked erect before hope,

one stroke the khan, Their

confessed their hands torn

they had committed, armpits, hearts, Although standing

souls

were

their

and without Hleg Though

trembling lowered choose their

with

fear,

like

aspens.

was disgusted,

his eyes and showed love or revenge,

forbearance.

he had the power

he favoured

love rather their

than revenge past sins.

and granted

lives,

and did not turn felt secure

his hand against from like vengeance a corpse

When Khr-Shah soul regained

on the part which finds

of the khan, Its soul back

his

its tranquility, and after were

in its body, 20 In that castle an abundance the mountain. That wretched

that audience, riches, the weight the keys

his face

lit up. over long past pained treasure beyond times,

countless

accumulated of which for

of treasure, He brought heretic

sorely

the body of to Huleg. price, silver

all the hidden valuables

gave up everything,

-51 -

and gold. Near were to Maimn-Diz castles and the region castles around whose it, amongst the mountains, and

everywhere, with armies

tops were

in the clouds,

they were

filled

and supplies,

and stationed

in them were king of the

many of his supporters, mountain. Now, by order of Hleg,

obedient

to the law of Khr-Shh,

Khr"Shh along with

was sent to these people the commanders me with

to say, and

"I have gone to the khn, 25 ambassadors. never The august Now,

of the army favour,

khan has treated everyone

and i have must must be all come khn.

seen his like.

who is under All

my command

bind his heart quickly together

to the covenant

I have made.

of the castles Let

evacuated, to the court

and all must go quickly and look upon the sight

to the court.

of the victorious

THE

CONQUEST

OF

THE

CASTLE

OF ALAMUT

593

When the messenger heretics him, from abandoned

went them,

to those castles, and went

many of those

obstinate

but the people the khn.

of Alamt

to the court of the khan, to praise 56 turned their heads away and Lamassar and since Alamt, the battle for Maimna

When Hlegu set out quickly to which

had rested

Dlz was over, fortress,

to deal with could

as impregnable

an equal

not be found anywhere and its head surpassed with loose

in the world. the orbit over of which It

The mountain

was of black

stone,

the moon in height. was not possible had been cut, the soul with great

Its face was covered to reach the top. which

stones,

In the rock was enough

of the mountain, to sever the heart passage,

a path from cut

to pass over

in fear. skill

It was in the shape in the rock

of a narrow, For

steep a space

of the mountain.

of ten cubits

in that crumbling

road,

a flooded

stream,

like a black pit,

made a valley,

52 had been built difficulty. to pass along from this above rocky this passage, purgatory If a hundred road, with the intention rock would of trying come tried bridge,

over which pass without If one were

a wooden

over

which

one could

to make an assault, that which to reach through Moreover, the castle 10 quickly would

of hard

break

his heart. by this rough

thousand

brave

troops

the fortress the rock,

they would

not find

a passage of the night.

whether

they tried

by day or in the black in passing, come a rain near

If the battleseeker gate, from him. every

did succeed opening would

when he reached of arrows, and

destroy with

The ascent and there

was barred

the castle,

by a bank, could reach

on a level it from this

the gate,

was no way that the king

side. had been in that castle, a hundred years. Huleg would have sought battle

If Khr-Shh with for him for

Khr-Shh

would

have been the victor

it was a refuge

against

stones

and arrows. sent an emissary my authority there with this of

By command message. Alamt, the khnls that khn, under 15

of Hleg, "Everyone

Khr-Shh who Is under

in the fortress

each and everyone, court that

that I have turned my face to . I have seen enough of and have gone to his presence. let him know to his greatness. Let each one who was Into this court, and

I have submitted

my command

and is in that castle

come willingly castle,

into his sight. strife

Let no one remain Weigh what and turn and war,

in that grim these

and let war say,

come to an end. Be grateful, from

ambassadors your

and show actions. too, Since to hold

obedience. I have turned back? uselessly Since

away from

present for you,

hatred

is It not fitting

the khn gave me immunity, along that road. what

It is not right away from There

that you should the fortress,

travel

If you turn

the khan will person in this

overlook kingdom

you have done.

must not be one the Mongols. Hand

who Is as hard

as wax before

53 leaders, lest in this they scatter

over your

the castle heads. 1'

to their

situation

When Khr-Shh's at it. 20

message

arrived,

the heretics and their

did not look kindly was to continue with honour, heads of

No one accepted with

his order,

answer

to battle

the Mongols. never disobey

Each one gave his answer his original mandate,

that he would should their given their fall leader. him,

that their

in the dust,

in protecting

the boundaries from

of the castle

No one was exempted

that command which

had been heard

that no one was to pass that dominion. he sent the army to Alamt, two ways, fortress, with with to render

When Hleg

answer,

them harmless.

The proud for battle. their The

Balaghaiwent heroes, facing

an army stone

that was hungry and arrow, showed

bravery,

but on that sheer on any side. but there remained 25 arrows raised

none of that army battle

saw a trace way,

of the road like leopards, The army

Bravely,

they sought

in every

was no profit below flew

in hand to hand fighting and the cross both sides. arrows

or combat.

in the valley from swift

bows came into use and when the heretics points

in reply, heads,

In the castle, them.

their

transfixed

The steel The heart arrows,

whispered commander to himself, destruction, their valour.

secrets

to the heads

of the heretics. fearful

of the and he said and is

of the fortress "The Mongols

became

of those

have no equal. the firmament fearful

If they bring with their

such battle feet, such and he Shah.

they will

trample

11 His heart submission

became

of their

ferocity, of Khr "Until'we

inclined 591-A They

towards

and to accept of the Mongol leave he said

the order army, 11

called

out to the leaders

see the

face of Khr-Shh, When Huleg with this. heard

none of us will these words,

here.

to Khr-Shh,

"You

must deal

Go to Alamt, the fortress

let them see your

face and come down to you. 11

Deliver

to my men and let them come to the court.

-54-

Khr-Shh an escort commander went

quickly of a troop

obeyed

the order, When down

went

like

smoke

to Alamt

with the top and

of elders. came

he got near from that

to the castle, mountain before his

of the fortress

high

to the presence to praise

of Hleg him. At the

and kissed request

the earth of Khr-Shh,

throne, spared

and began

Hulegu

his life everyone

and bore

him no ill will

because

of his futile

actions.

Then

who was in the castle their positions,

came down together, and the army had buried

and the Mongols its hand to looting was brought to the All looted out,

went up to it from it. All

turned there

the money which Din Shib, and collected

the heretics

and'Ala castle

at the khn's

order,

went from of those

the court evil

all of the possessions articles of their

heretics.

of the money and other the library 10 of everything

he sent to the khan, vanities

and he quickly works heretical

and all of their their

of heresy. books

The khn made a fire in it. He then ordered

of their

heresies

and burned should it rose roof

that the castle

be levelled to the sun.

to its foundations, There was a

and they set fire small pavilion

to it and smoke from in that place, whose

black

was as high as the sun by forty, and in It ten or adorned

or the moon. twelve with which 15 cabinets.

The courtyard

was forty four

(cubits) sofas

In each cabinet, and emeralds. had sent pictures

had been arranged, were tiles from

bracelets the Caliph tiles,

In the cabinets numbers. with

Baghdad,

in great

On every a pen,

one of these of scenes pictures, that from in it was to see No one it. men the near

Baghdadl and far. every kind

had been painted from

Its ceiling of colour like

was decorated and the painter in spring.

end to end with

had painted Everywhere

such scenes

decorated

a garden

it was beautiful to decorate it.

and they had brought had ever The fida'is filled world. with

a master

of craftsmanship place

seen such a beautiful remained drugged near passion,

and no one could court, In that very called

have equalled pavi lion,

the great until

their

master

them out into

-55I ion to Its foundations, and there only destroying that

HlegU beautiful

reduced place

that pavi

at one sweep, into

remained

of its ruins, of the had a savage

for he brought fortress fate,

It a time of destruction. destroyed

The buildings The place

he completely

in his anger.

was destroyed

and that was its end.

THE

CONQUEST

OF

THE

CASTLE

OF LAMASSAR

20

Then

the khan despatched whose

a large

army

in the direction prince

of the castle named Tair

of

Lamassar, According attack garrison, advanced

commander

was a successful the army

s8 Buqa.
to

to the order

of Hieg, In the castle

the mountain. a brave on him,

set out in one column S9 Ali, the captain of the was Bu people. The Mongol the claw

soldier

of the mountain in war,

heroes

and closed

and opened of a fortress, Their

of battle. attacked the

In the manner with arrow

customary

in a siege

the Mongols leaders assaulted

and bow and heavy ferociously,

stones.

mountain mountain, 25

and did not hold back

their

hands

on that rocky But though

and the peak was bound with like leopards, the Mongols below, effort

men in combat. did not find

they fought of rock.

a way up that mountain to make any headway, brave to j face, commander r-Shh, they will

The army of their

remained battle

and were

unable

and the rose sent word

became

yellow.

Their said

to the khan and told him of events. foolish people. Perhaps

Hleg

"Go to those

when they see your

all come down to you. 1' Khn-Shh 594B castle. quickly set out as ordered saw his face, I'O famous one, and went he kissed what up to the environs of the him,

When BAIT said,

the ground

and praised so obstinately in battle.

and Khr-Shh on that mountain Come back and cease

are you doing

and peak? senses

Come down and labour and obey the order which

no more

to your this

you abandoned. and contemptible.

Repent

struggle,

for

your

action

is dangerous

56 khn, face the Come and see the of though in the orbit of the moon, as he sits on that golden throne, as

a ruler

who is praised and wisdom

for his judgement Manli-

justice, his and ness, farr,

who bears

only justice

in his hands. among that him,

strength You will desires.

and majesty, find protection

ass shine for your

I Ike moons life from

assembley. grant

and he will

you your said

'All Bu

to him,

110 my, life, your

and the life feet, speaks can flow. for

of the famous

ones with remain

me,

may we al i be as dust under your order and foot. into which nor

and may the'world the truth. There

under in

Khur-Shh this water

is no river of the not come

the world Mongol

But I have no trust We will

tongue,

in their at your

justice order,

my actions. this

down in confusion this domain. 11 said

nor will

servant

of yours

abandon

Khr-Shah Since this little Ab'AI I would

to him,

"0 warlike

one,

do not prolong in every

this

struggle.

i submitted struggle, measure i said, just

to the khn, as, In more

you have sought happy times, "

way to continue acquires a

every

nursling

of ignorance in reply,

from

its mother. in this with since

"Until your

today,

castle my life,

and in this

company, the great

have followed

lawful

order Now, feeble,

and followed your

I0

dust

of the road

to your

door.

you have brought seek battle struggle Even with

name into dishonour enemy, with

and become

I will

our brave of

my own strength, whatever separated comes from

like

a lion.

We will the enemy.

to the limit if my life is

our strength, completely abandoned commander there

that

to us from I will

my soul,

not go to the Mongols, realised

having

my command. would

11 When Khr-Shh to the khan, the assembley

that that Lo

that the warlike returned he' had heard

would fight

not submit and told

Hieg

he immediately everything
lowborn

from from

to the court,
hostile man.

realised

to defend

the castle,

and he ordered

Arqa

Noyan

to take an army

and attack

that

57 him the ruler of that country, with hostile for

vile 15 Malik

people,

taking

with

whose

name was

Shh Agin'

The two advanced It, night

Inter it,

and besieged terri-

the castle fying

and engaged

and day,

a year

and a half,

the countryside. in numbers,

In the end, and the second

the garrison fortress

of the castle was destroyed,

became the name in a body when they

reduced of which

was Mansurlya.

The heretics fortress

came out of the castle became empty of men,

and the ramparts

of the first

came out on the day of battle. road, at a place into which

But the castle Anjile but there

they called that door,

had a secret door to the cs. In. The women and young were a brave no fighting prince men left displayed

men went

it through

in that place. his courage, 20 like a leopard

In the darkness and throwing inside. killed

of the night,

up a rope, men went

got into the fort to his support,

and ran prowling using the same open the triumphed

Forty

means and quickly doors of the castle.

the women and young men and threw then went up, they crushed black for and from heretics one.

The army the castle,

end to end, as though

in the siege. were stones

Inside and

they

made the night touched

every

When the sun's man,

rays

the peak of the mountain, "This castle

the hero, after a

a wise

came upon the wall I captured

and cried, these Know bring land.

is mine;

struggle

it from

people. that

The second

fortress

is still It. When evil.

in the hands

of the enemy. I will

It Is my tz)sk to capture

1 take It by my valour, To you, I entrust

destruction I will

to those who speak this

the whole

be the lion against

evil

people. 11 Then he ran panting

25 himself in that struggle.

into battle,

and for three days he occupied

he emerged and by his valour

On the fourth

day,

and power,
and there

the enemy had been consumed.

came down from came down fire burned there only those

He quickly
who were fit

destroyed
to live,

the heretic;

The Mongols In the havoc,

into the plain

and began

to pillage

impetuously. They

up and all of the castle

was destroyed.

-58it down and destroyed a desert. it completely, and that pleasant castle

tore

became court.

Victoriously,

the army went back

to the khan's

THE

CAPTURE OTHER

OF

THE

FORTRESSES CASTLES

OF

GIRD-KIJH

AND

HERETIC

59SA

Then Hlegu willed castle prince heretics prince under

sent an army

to Gird-Kh, like lions. lasted

whose They for

commander advanced

was a selfand put the In the end, of the children the

and its soldiers siege,

and the siege

two years.

was victorious remained

and the Mongols and their taken heads were into captivity As a result,

triumphed. scattered.

No trace Women,

and skilled of the young became large

men were

by the army,

but none remained sword a side there, to Each them,

and old men.

the fame of the Mongol

widespread.

In furthering from Mas'

the subjugation d_Kh, while

of that country, from the other

group

went forward

came the commander and Shams the khan.

and all of the people as their

of the mountain leader, all went place

who were to submit

al-15-1n, the muhtashaM They all submitted,

too from

that evil horse,

Bahrm"Diz.

of the elders and ceased

kissed

the hoof of the khan's

and he pardoned He showed

to seek retribution a letter

on the heretics. of safe conduct.

his good will letters of safe

to each of them with

He also

sent

conduct to all of the castles,

10 Wherever everywhere the heretics, the khan's there authority

different with a each one

reached, the buildings

superscription.
were demolished, and

was a garrison

commander were

or general

at the head of opened, and there of Hleg handed

the gates

of the castle

immediately

was no resistance Khan reached, over the castles,

to the Mongols. they showed

Everywhere accepted

the command

themselves,

his sovereignty, The Mongols

and all of the men came down. of the heretics,

made haste than fifty

to destroy

the castles

and in that campaign

more

-59were destroyed, and Lar like like the cursed Maimn-Diz, and Sakkah-Dirq, and Bahram-Diz, Gird-Kh, Alamt,

Lamassar walls 15 was

and Surus, and Tir

the top of whose which no man had and Bajand other under of the passed from the to sent the

the sky,

seen in the hands

Samirn, castles authority castles, that king land. high which

of a destroyer,
and

I Ike Ahang-Kh
tribute, places, came

and Hiyurn
and Firdaus came All

in the sky had been

extorting in other people were

built

they

all

of the khan, the high Thanks and

and their the low,

to submit. and

destroyed

the khn

to victorious He sent had been

fortune back

in one battle, from

he overcame the battlefield were also

of the heretics. Some who

Khr-Shh

Qazvfn.

Khr-Shh's

companions

back forcibly, and lamenting. As a result khn. heard 20 days. with Never of its Then

and a countless

band of heretics

came to Qazv(n,

wretched

of this,

there

was a happiness

in Qazvln,

at the victory

of the

had people like, Muslims

seen such happiness, no longer Hleg faced

nor had the wise enmity

elders of the evil and

the religious removed

the powerful

quickly

that band to QazvTn, over the heretics.

joy and liberality,

they celebrated Naslr

the victory had no equal

When HUieg

saw that the khwja sarvr-i ruzn

In the world

and further, the

that the famous seven

had no equal

in the nine firmaments, that the blessed'imd then Hleg from me,

c) Imes and the four was a leading 11 1 would

elements

and further,

ai-Daulat to himself,

figure

amongst these

men of medicine,

said for me

not ll

men of science

to escape

each of them has no equal to fail no art, 25 where to help save them, since

In knowledge, they are pure It would

and it would in their fitting It

not be fitting to me,

for

submission if they were

and have

in service. gird

be more

at my court,

they would

their

loins

in my service. inestimable aides

Therefore near him,

the khan treated and they became of the court.

them with confidential Daily, their

kindness

and kept felicity

them to

to him and added

the business

'estimation ,

of the wisdom

of the

60 -

freedom-loving before

khan grew.

Every

prince

girded

his

loins

in submission his loins of

his throne, his lips.

and everyone Every prince

who came before was rewarded nature. brave

him girded

and closed the court, 595B After that,

by the liberality

and delighted a famous of skill, the work under

by the khan's khwJa

young

came,

in heart Khan,

and in his faith, he

a repository embellished eternally sweet

in the service of the vizierate.

of Ghazan

in his time, prospered

The land of Iran far and near. never

his administration, over him,

May the earth be silenced from

be

and musklike him.

and may lips

remembering countless

I have seen countless in the world.

examples

of his goodness,

on

occasions

HLEGU

SENDS

KHC R-SHAH

TO MNGKE

OA'AN

Hieg

then ordered

Khr-Shh

to go to the court

of Mngke

Qalan,

and

he departed
H ileg, a troop carried

from Iran towards

Turn,

leaving the jurisdiction

They were

of
guarded by

accompanied of Turks, out.

by a number faces

of his family. made black

whose

were

by the evil

deed they

When the news reached Mngke Qa'an that HUIeg and his army had been
victorious, ruler and had captured the castles, ga'an, and were he said, sending the captured of hhrr-

of the heretics separate

to the great his life from

11The guards

Shh should the guards, short killed his life

his body. "

When that order quickly

reached

they cut off the heads and those

of those heretics,

cutting They were

of his companions and a stern their

on the Journey. Fate dealt with

wretchedly such acts

in Khursn, may be unjust, those When stupid

the heretics. in the except and

Although world. an ugly

perpetrators no other

remained penalty,

In the end, reputation.

men suffered

Khr-Shh

was no longer

in the world,

-61

Hleg 15 went

heard

the news of his death, and they killed

by the order

of the ga'an, there.

he There to

to Qazvin,

the heretics

who were

remained death

of that seed not one suckling of Hleg.

babe who was not sentenced

by the sword alive

Of the seed of the IsmllTs, Their stock

not one man In that

was left land,

in the land of Iran. world became

came to an end, people.

and the whole

safe from

that evil

As a result tidings were

of that victory, carried

his authority country, thanks

extended for

to every

country. for

The Islam.

to every a joyful

this was a victory

The world because I believe Hlegii After

became

place,

to the ruler

of the world,

he had exterminated that, find In this,

that house. was from God, for why else did

the judgement for himself.

forgiveness Hleg wished

that,

to set out from

Qazvin

for

the region

of

Hamadn, before 20 speak.

but snow and cold weather of.

appeared, the very

such as had never soul in the body, deep. so to When

been seen or heard

It froze

The snow was so heavy clear

that the road of snow,

was heaven

the face of the sky became to prepare the way, for there the attack was a hl i I,
hill could below. to come

the army

set out at his order, regions. Because

and

on Hamadan in which
and pass not

and Its surrounding

On

was a pass named Marg.

and valley were the even

of the depth since hill

of snow,

Indistinguishable, king and the army

and pass Impotently the army the a man,

be distinguished, In that through. was like place,

remained not enable

valour conditions, over the

and strength all face were

could afraid earth. was a

In those a cloud Khan,

to pass There

over was

snow,

which

of the

of the family 4L

of Tabang

who,

In wisdom,

prince

of the Turks. and residence Baraq that, said

Baraq were

was the name of that distinguished In Qazvin. "0 khan, From In this In single his knowledge weather troops, your

man and of the servants

his origin country, 25 are afraid

to Hleg,

if you have them advance

we may lose

62 -

our way in the snow. the whole army

If we use horsemen a passage. 11

to trample

down the snow,

must find

The khan was pleased the horsemen troops reached

and heaped passed

praises across

on him,

and by this road.

means, The L. '

and the army

that dangerous the borders

the land of Hamadn, for the meadows

crossed

of Shirh

and left the road

of Sag.

THE OF

ARRIVAL HLEG

OF

BAIJU

NOYAN

FROM

RUM,,

TO

THE

PRESENCE

595A

Hleg

remained

in the meadows

and sent out letters of the khan's

of victory, victory

and

summoned Baiju,

his generals. leader

When the news turned

reached

that brave

back from

Rm and came to Hamadn of the khan and

to the court. bent his knee, 5 Hleg, lost your are filled from qa'an

He saw the greatness made the customary excellent

and magnificence obeisance,

and congratulated old man, land. have you hearts

who made this way? with Tell blood

reply,

110 stupid in this

me what at your

you are doing actions. there

Men's

You have not cleared like a hero, full of glory.

the enemy Your narrow that

the land,

yet you remain with

sent you to fight for

the enemy,

but you make the world The wise qa'an

and dark

those who have submitted.

entrusted

army to you, so why do you lead and the army,

this kingdom, there

it on this dark road? When Chormauhhpn za which was his fief, were like the moon and the pielades in
was free of evildoing, and goodness the shepherd has brought by your for for and wisdom of that flock,

the world openly.

existed all these

Now that you have become are dispersed. The world you for Your injustice

attributes

retribution and of of

on the land of Iran. no one will your your 10 beard, sword. remember you will 11 Baiju

has been laid waste good deeds. at this Except court only

Injustices

the whiteness the sharpness

be renowned

Once again

kissed

the ground

and praised

H legLi and said,

110

63 -

khan of fair I never war,

countenance,

may your

empire

never rest

see the sun set. from action and

May

become

sated by my duty, seek to linger

may i never in idleness.

and may I never

From Khursn men. vile Ram, From

to Ghur

and Georgia,

i have emptied

the world

of evil

Mzandern Then

to the land of Rm, I went

I have killed with

many who were the Sult5n on of

and unjust.

into Rm and did battle There was clamour

a man of evil

disposition.

and lamenting of pleasure

both sides, and pain. 15

and from

the sky came an abundance of war at what proudly, multiplied I did. Then

of cries

The instruments incredulous strutting

in number, the evil

and the man of entered lassoos hatred.

Rum became the battlefield, like From bridal

bridegroom their with

but the Mongols the tongues

twisted lances

ringlets

and polished eyebrows

of their and small

contracted from

they made bows, They

arrows

were

measured blood,

eyelashes. two hands catch

dyed the heart oppressive and suddenly

of every and quick. retribution

Roman with They fell made the upon the

and their

became fire,

face of the battlefield Romans. defeat That In that battle, from

the Sultn the country. the rule

of Rm was broken

and he accepted

and passed

land came under

of the khn and i afflicted I scattered things heads. well.

the enemy.

Everywhere fortune, engagement, sword blown of me, peace, mountain In ambush beyond point

I saw signs I was successful I brought was like

of them,

By the help of Always, in every of my one was in fear in over

and did all

down vengeance a burning jewel,

on the enemy.

The temper

as the dust of each foolish was blown One city on the wind, only,

on the wind. like burning

The face of the earth fire or flowing water.

i have left road,

and there and river, always,

i did not make war leads like to it,

or vengeance.

A difficult there

and everywhere their or rest

are Kurds, countless

who Ile and They is

lions,

menacing,

number

reckoning,

and they do not sleep and tricksters and ignorant of anyone.

in time of war. and their

are all thieves such

people,

bravery the Kurds,

that they have no fear

When one has passed

-64many bottomless them, and After of as

and that mountainous rivers 25 which

region,

mountain Without

and plain a boat, it,

contain one fears except

must be crossed.

the crossing that, arms,

Is such that one cannot the road

Imagine

in sleep.

when you find for

to Baghdad, full of water

It cannot

be taken by force as high

lt has a deep moat, The Caliph over

and fortifications with armies,

the clouds. which extends

remains

in the city,

each one of is

a whole

country. Is the Milky

be explained

You would Way.

say that Baghdad

the heavens,
comparison, world wil without great

and the river

Its river may

If Paradise
'o

Is used as a
Baghdad that gain your from Is a family Its

as the Kausar. that will world, derive know great

a ruler. good

If you capture fortune, and you

I have

596 8

capture. unless

The truth the khn

is that a victory of it,

In such a battle your

Is not possible can help. for before Now his

is worthy

and in this

servant it,

the order throne, turn

of the khn I am a slave. me,

is just

and I wil i not di sobey disposed

If you are kindly I am still your

towards

me, or if you old a

away from

servant. like a hero.

Though

my body grows is bent like

and lean, bow,

I have a warlike

heart,

If my back

all the same, me to go,

I am an arrow your worthy

in the rectitude servant will run

of my heart. there, quickly,

Wherever into

you order battle. 5 It

When HUIeg said, land, will

heard

what

Baiju

had to say, to Rm,

his heart

was softened the army this

and he in that

"Go now and take the road From there, advance advance.

and let loose while

towards Take your

Baghdad, army

from

side,

make a swift in that I Ives

to Diyrakr;

and let no army take their In

remain their lives. this Baiju

region.

If you find

any enemies

on the battlefield, submit,

In the fight,

but If any of the elders women and avoid

do not harm wisely

Do not molest campaign. Noyan 11 followed

oppression.

Conquer

the order

of Hleg,

and his army

set out in the

direction

of Ram.

-65THE STORY OF THE BATTLE FOR DR AL-SALAM, BAGHDAD

I0

From

this

side,

Hleg

prepared

to attack

Baghdad.

I will

speak I will

of

Baghdad

and recall

some of the circumstances `Abbsids, of the of a king comes

of the Caliph. whose hearts

say something of blood. dynasty, judgement from Look

about the history at the destiny power

were

full

and the effect

of -Fate upon his of thought, and

and how often and discretion.

to one who is a master is the source bringing things.

Fortune

of his reputation, it to him as a Though

the world

he obtains difficult

alI his desires, and contemptible remain

servant, his hands 15 for ever,

and doing

he turns remains of

to the earth, and he vainly produces

his wrists turns

clean.

But nothing Every

to war

and revenge. because

thought

goodness There

misfortune from

in his heart, of fate, why,

of his evil shows

deeds. him as he does

is no escape

the snare

and the world

a dragon evil Men

in the snare.

No one knows

in such a situation,

to those whose the`Abbsids

intentions sought

are good. all-powerful, brought the world did not seek a dynasty, The were their things

to become Their

them out without and through threshold them, of their

hatred.

expectations full

that race

the world palace

became

of pain and affliction. and chosen acted leaders

was the world

kissing-place. and small.

Those When fate

who had freedom, deserted

arrogantly, the world

in great retaliated

the`Abbsids,

against
followed word 20

the souls of their

the strialsht

dependants.

I have seen only one good man, who

1V" in the time of Ratan, no one spoke a

Path exactly.

about his kingship.

The famous prophet nor the king.

sa i d, of this race,

tAbbsids that the would not survive

Greatness

is from God in this world.

-66

THE

BEGINNING

OF

THE

STORY

Now the end of this Hleg. We will

ruler

coincided of the actions

with

the rise

of the dynasty

of

speak

of fate

judgement the of and they became manifest

and commands from Within fresh

of God,

and how,

In that land,

the good fortune the region spring.

fortune ill the the and one of the khn. prepared over

of the other. that was like a

of Shirah,

a feast

Winter brought

had gone from and scent, with

the heads

of the Mongols The beautiful one by one, Huleg he said, and drank "The

and spring ladies

colour

as of the rose.

and sons, like those

who were

Hleg,, came to him, in the sky. For

they shone wine with

sun and moons fourteen moons,

one week, day,

and on the eighth undertLiking. I wish

army will towards from

set out on the Baghdd the Kurdish to attack assembled mountains, Baghdad

to make a detour and

to show our hand to the Kurds, with bravery. their " beyond count.

there,

The army

at his court,

number

MENTION AND

OF

THE

DISCORD

IN BAGHDAD

BETWEEN

THE

SUNNA

SHILA SECTS

597A

When the khan set out, Baghdad. misfortune, In Baghdad, reached became the place The world, injures the door

the face of heaven too, began

brought

misfortune

upon

an unhappy

period.

He who makes

himself. of rebellion 13 was opened rose and news of misfortune

the khan. Iike a sea.

The river There

Tigris

that year,

and the region the floods, erected sea. with and farr

was great

destruction

from

of joy became became

a place

of discord. the floods

Buildings

and elegance which ground

ruined

from

of that fearful became ruined

Palaces to the place

had been the object by the floods.

of eternal

admiration were

flattened and their

Pleasant

buildings

67 -

deserted. the next

there An was

On one day destruction religious

contention broke

occurred out,

from

the floods

and on

dispute

broke

and between
about

the two sects

fortune and the and Justice. two armies

and exchange out between

of words

open

war

Sunni 7't

and Shiite, 7S'

of enemies seeking

did battle.

From

IKarkh and Mashahr,

a Shiite

band came,

battle. Algami Ibn went to protect Sunnis the Caliph went from their attack.

The vizier, A group

of Baghdadis

who were

and attacked 10 the Sunnis number event, west. Shiites, Everywhere, openly. spreading deception, help in this

the Shl' i tes.

Ab Bakr

to the aid of the Caliph 7a Musta'sim good man, supported in a body and killed by their blood. a

and at his command, and the river were

they advanced was coloured and fell

of Shiites,

At this of the

the men of Karkh Not a house to show

enraged nor

upon the district standing

remained the power

a mosque

was left

by the

and glory left their

of God. and the Sunnis hated them the

the Shiites

mark

In that place, of the sword the Shiites situation, davat-dr,

not a Shiite of intolerance raised for

remained

who did not consider By means of

to be an evil. army for

a large

the battle. intent on war.

Fate did not

Hleg

was coming,

The lesser hatred. division

at that time, the Sunni

took the opportunity

to spread

needless

He supported in order

cause,

but that mLn wonted and secure

religious of the

to destroy

the Caliphate

the kingship

15

kingdom for himself.

role Islam, of the davt-dr, and that the evil the throne gives

When the head of the family of

that he was evilly man lied disposed

cAigami

heard of the
the Caliph of he

towards race

to send the and said

`Abbsid to him,

to the wind,

went before your situation

of Musta'sim

ItO exemplary for

Imm, a tongue

me great

melancholy. injury

It is not possible affects my soul,

to say this,

but when as a result the Caliph

then helplessly with blood

I must come before because of him. II

to say that my heart

is filled

66 -

The Caliph In reply, better 20 known. army scatter

said, his

I'O benevolent said, prudently "These

one,

tell

me what you mean by this. must be kept secret. before these things

11

vizier

events

It Is become an to and and of his

to struggle

and wisely,

I have heard around this him. family. he hopes

that the davt-dr

Is collecting

and forming

He has become With his help, to secure

an enemy of the Caliph these evil events Before will

and wishes continue,

in this way, evil soul, Caliph heart. advice Caliph,

his ambition.

that useless the world "

man brings so that evil heard They

destruction desires

on the world, are hidden under

you must rid the ground.

When the

the words

of the vizier,

they did not take hold of his the by the gave to make

made no impression The story

did he him not accept and on was not received favourably

of the old man.

but he was dejected. acceptance,

In his heart,

his good judgement

the knowledge an enquiry. The davt-dr 25 do justice the vizier's everything repeated davE-dr wish

and it was unforturate

that he decided

was summoned

before

the Caliph,

and another

heart

did not

to Its life. words which

When the davt_dr told

appeared,

the Caliph

repeated and he of the the

to him,

him everything

the vizier full

had said,

had been concealed. one by one,

His heart

of concern, the heart

the allegations was gladdened,

and as a result, them,

for when he had heard were. his tongue before

he knew what

and intention

of vizier

He swore through 59713 He said,

an oath and unloosed the will of God,

the Caliph

and thus, in any way. night,

he did not lighten

the Caliph's stone

burden

"God does not see an ant run

into a hard

on a black

but he knows with certainty

that. 20 God is aware

what is in our hearts

thoughts

and no one should doubt

deeds are

of my secret

and that my worldly

good. lies.

I am not a man of deceit I seek wisdom

and falsehood,

and I am not a man to tell

in the face of truth Since

and all things good and bad are I see that you are gracious to me,

a witness

of my discrimination.

-69-

why should ambi tion,

I withdraw

from

my loyalty to tell

to you? the truth. "

But since

I have great

it Is in my Interest accepted

The Caliph on him,

the sincerity of this

of his words

-and looked

favourably

and because

indicent, Then

was generous the davt-dr

to him and raised began to attack about heart of the that

him in status vizier, pleasant with

in his entourage. enmity and deception.

He spoke unflatteringly saying, the farr "The

man in the presence has become hostile

of the Caliph, and will harm

`Aigami BO 25 Anyone your for

of Musta'sim. will go far from you and

who wanders

from

the path of your bigotry,

leadership

throne. the vice

Out of religious of the Shia.

that evil

doer has deserted lies to you, and

The evidence

is that he spoke

you did not believe

destruction, 11 In order

them to be true.
to escape from

It is he who stirs
your authority.

up war
In Egypt,

Chin,

Sclavonia
or far,

and Rim,
In every

in cultivated
the 'o fame

region
of Islam

and desert,
has spread,

everywhere,
and all these

near

place,

598A

lands Muslim

are your people

jgTrs,

adding

glory your

to your

farr.

Everywhere, command.

the The great " How

have become has given evil

army,

at God's

God of both worlds 0 wise could prince, what

you the place you through

of princes the lesser

and kings. davt-d5r?

befell

such a story

full

of Iles

make an Impression

on a man of wisdom? was deceived with for by him. He

The davt-dar

spoke

in this

way and the Caliph in his words reason,

saw the semblance for his complaint. 5 dr and in the love happy,

of truth For this

and he was angry affection They

the vizier

he showed his face.

the davtpeace honoured low born

In his heart,

kissed

made their

and were

and gave no thought excessive kindness strife

to the outcome. on him.

The Caliph

him and lavished man continued

But that worthless,

to raise

discord,

and wickedness,

and the Caliph

made no enquiry actions.

into It, and the leaders

suffered

hardship

from his

Since the Caliph was short

of intelligence,

good and evil were between the two,

the same to him, and since he could not distinguish

-70-

because hatred,

of his feebleness, and did not allow

the world

became

unkind

to him,

through he

him to survive and greatness

on earth.

Undoubtedly, him.

was not fit for kingship,

was far beyond

THE

LETTER OF ISLAM

OF

HULEGU

KHAN

TO MUSTA'SIM,

CALIPH

10

Then a message the khn wrote of the pure earth, order careful far-seeing 'Abbasid Muslims great

came from a yari igh God,

Hleg

to that prince lt to him. lustre After

of good repute, a preface,

for in the name

and sent

and holy

who gives expressed

to the face of the sun and the in the letter: by a scribe, and written faith, king him will "By the

Hlegls

words

were

clearly inscribed

of the all-powerful address, scribe people, and king

great

ga'an,

with by a head of the of the come a khan,

and further to Musta'sim,

by the order that prince

of Hleg

of the pure

moon of the faithful of the wise. faith,

and moon of wisdom, that before

Let him know from to this

body of men of pure the kingdom

the court end,

of this victorious a letter

towards

of Trn,

to obtain

of total

15

submission
the river, tried

from the Caliph to the leader of great armies.

to put an end speedily things to the heretics, But your with I sought army

When i crossed
your help, and

you in great

and small. assistance

did not come to the Since you did of a

battlefield, not answer your grief. for

nor did you give my call to submit

men or money. will

to me, my retribution me and submit,

be the cause secure

But If you come before that affliction. III fortune

you will

remedy

You did not give might

me help against them.

the heretics, the truth, people, down the of

In the hope that

come to me from destruction standing to you,

Know

that on the battlefield I have not left glory 20 of their

I have brought or fortress

upon the heretic and I have brought

one castle dynasty.

I have now sent If you submit, like

to make the reputation of your people, and

Your people

glorious.

the least

-71

accept you will send that

my authority, find that

with my army and and you

apologies will leaders will take

which

will

cleanse

you

of your Quickly

sins,

no retaliation assembley. the honour to submit, object,

in battle.

your will

governors be fitting But

to this receive mind that

If you come to which through you

later, are of

entitled. valour, filled

if it is not out your Some

in your for

a spirit

bring with

army great

so that race,

the world thought

may be they be of in every of blood up to

blood.

ones will

of a famous tell

the time period has run

of the dark of the moon, everywhere,

of the moon, that, from because

you what

has

happened a ferment Khan,

of the Mongol of the fortune

people,

the time

of Chinglz

25

this

good and happy

time.

From

the east to the west, princes great

what

lands

have been

destroyed and their from near

by the ga'anand lives ended. from

the army; were

have been trodden of Iran

underfoot khns

There

kings

and Trn, to Ram,

and far, full

the kingdoms and deserts. dust life,

of Khotal Everywhere

and Khotan there

countries prince, remained

of cities

was a famous and there made

he became for

worthless

in battle

with

the Mongols

him no other family. brought

country

or family,

and the Mongols

smoke of that great 59S The Mongol survive with people crown

battle

everywhere

and no one was left to of Selluks the ga'an. greatness and Dailamites; They and by-pass

and court, their loins

as with

the races before

all of them girded exercised their their

in submission

sovereignty

in Baghdd, was under

and In It was their their rule

empire, authority,

the country but now,

and no one could

by the power

of God,

they have been destroyed

completely. I urge before do this, 5 army you in this i wreak and letter, by way of advice, on you, to be merciful to your house, I

vengeance leave me? Baghdad Let

Be a protector

to Baghdad,

before

and take the path of obedience. head, life and family be safe

How can your in your hand.

overcome

your

72 -

Do not purity airs not

let

the grandeur posterity.

of your Come play any God

race

be destroyed, court

but

bestow

your put on Do

on your of greatness,

to this the vain

of ours,

and do not kingly throne.

do not body and

man on your The

conceal

in your of God, fave

hatred takes and

of me. power

events

of the age are The remains of everyone his wife, his of

by the will true God

away

from

a dynasty. is all that

us authority,

this

heap will

of earth

buildings who sons, comes

and desolation. to obey

Wisdom

be the guiding retain his

force life,

my authority. will befall

He will anyone.

and no harm

10

But if, crushing submit advice

out of ignorance, stone. to this

he brings

war,

he will be your

bring guide,

the world

under

the

If you now let wisdom court, all will be well.

and come to to listen suffer beAyour to the calamity, guide in

But if you choose your empire will

of a demon not leave 11

instead

of my words, alive

and I will this world.

one person

here.

Let wisdom

The khan sent messengers set out like were after the wind for

wi

th- that

i Ilustrious

letter,

and the ambassadors they and the letter and

Baghdad.

Arriving

gladly

at the palace,

admitted making

to the presence the outward signs

of the Caliph of reverence,

by the chamberlain, they presented what

delivered 15 while angry

the message. listened

A scribe

came and read The Prince and rancour

was in the letter, became words.

the Caliph at It,

in surprise. Indignation

of, the Faith

such was his

at the unpalatable

THE

REPLY

FROM

THE

CALIPH

TO HLEG

KHAN

The which

Caliph was

called in the Ai

two letter.

wise

men before

him,

to prepare of religion,

an answer while

to that

One was

a pillar

the other

was

Ibn Jauri,

a pure

vizier,

and they prepared was

an answer

to send to

the khn. Righteous

The superscription Sovereign

In the name of the Omnipotent, in the name of God, who raised up the

of the World,

73 -

vault earth

of heaven

and Iit the face of the shining and with one word created

sun.

He created

time, and from and from

and the place,

two worlds, intelligence

them formed 20 speech. amongst

the human race

and honoured

man with

The greatest their princes,

of all men was the Prophet, the greatest of God,

whom he chose the beloved thousand

of all the prophets, a hundred

and chosen praises,

Prophet

on whom we invoke banners

from

whom came the exalted the God of the world, The letter

of our faith.

An abundance of the risen when God

of blessings world khan, raised

for

and Muhammad, went on to say, against me.

Prophet 110 newly

and of the moons. you prepare up the world, in vain

to do battle

Know

that,

he charged

it openly

to the care

of the Prophet That exalted office

Muhammad,

and gave him the kingship

of both worlds. is a forefather According to me, to you?

has now come down to me, for there glory 25 is no need of witness of my 'Abbsid

the Prophet

of mine and the me

to my claim. belongs

to men of wisdom, God granted

ancestors

and since Such

that sovereignty, part is fitting,

how can I be inferior according to wise

an attitude over

on my your game, has

judgement. dynasty. soul

Do not gloat Why, in this

empire, a day's things authority from 599A your

0 khn of an ill disposed experience as crown, deprived throne, your your tiara, eternal

chess

of wisdom? kingship,

Do not think sovereignty turn

that such and his head and

greatness, rule

are under authority, be under for from

and that no one will will remain

or that prosperity your orders. hand

and that earth and think

time will this

Do not be unheeding is long upon you.

that all kings than

is certain,

time's

Many more

you have fled done. all Kings

me, who had not demanded better times,

of me that which away from

you have my rule, to

who were

than these did not turn as subjects

of them coming, ruler

at all

to my court. Iess than you, build

You wish like

become moon?

of the world.

Am I to become for you will

another edifice

Do not look for

success,

never

a strong

- 74 -

on this a demon. 5 this airy

contemptible With this conquest

foundation. evil deed,

Do not engage do not harass Do not attack from

in the foolish

speculation in for in

of

God and the Prophet, the gate of the Caliph,

of yours.

that enterprise everyone

you will

gain praise

no one in this of 'Abbs

world,

for

who has made war God becomes Destruction

on the house enraged quickly

has been deserted against

by prosperity. this pure race.

at anyone overtakes

who has designs his soul,

and he becomes

shameful

in the world.

Perhaps house.

no one has explained If you are not aware

to you the greatness of the meaning of

and circumstances these Know Holy words, listen

of this

to me and do not foolishly on the face of the earth

make war. is under the authority of kings for me,

that everyone God,

who is in the hearts men, young

of all my servants

and officers, is necessary swords,

and poor

men and soldiers. they come like anger, lions,

When action wielding

in the line of battle, like mountains in their

loins

girded in

and they leave no trace

of the enemy

the world. 10 When I give and believers hungry rid for the order, will battle. turn from their east and west, faces bravely after from against another, every country, Muslims all they wil I

my enemies, Inevitably,

With one attack who wishes my desire,

the world

of anyone were

me Iii. I would overcome two countries in the world, to wish to bring to harm in one If

If world war.

conquest There would

be no one I ike me for wars Ike spirit of my heart, but it Is not my nature for a true prophet

that were terror

the wish

to the face of the earth, Since we are prophets

does not seek of purity, the former

any man. harming 15 mention youth

with

the aspect If any like

we avoid kings you not be the race, the that

men in that way. in your letter were

Moreover,

in the region Know, 0 world

of Baghdad, conqueror

you would of exalted

to commit

that sin.

everyone

who wishes

to be a king

among princes

must first

accept

75 -

religion

of the Prophet,

and all he does must be according

to the law

of the Prophet. a title of honour

Come and make submission from me, for this

to me; come to me and seek to these matters, having

you are a stranger house. will Now listen

been a stranger, idea of battle, the love of your attacking for

far from your

to me; give

up your With

heart

not be gladdened evil

by the outcome. now.

in my heart, glory will

I say give of pain,

up these unless for

thoughts

The timespan idea of Arrogance stain and

be full

you forget

the vain

Baghdad.

It is not worthy In this be good. "

sleeping,

you to be an enemy. let your

is not pleasing let your

20 Because

in khns. always
was

world,

soul be without

actions
his

fortune

he wrote

these

words

in the

letter,

and

out

of grace,

sent a gift

such as would

not be fitting then went

to be sent to a lesser from the Caliph to of

person

in the world. The master

The two ambassadors of ceremonies took up their

the khn. Hleg

took the elders places near him,

into the presence uttering with words the

and the viziers prayers

customary

and praises

and offered finding which

him the letter the Caliph's the Caliph princes,

salutations. contemptible,

The khn was annoyed and he found no pleasure out of his royal surely 2.5' wisdom foolish grace.

by the letter, in the gifts He said

had sent to the court, "This from Caliph a man of his a is

to the crowned

in his head, man. Wisdom game,

that he sent such an answer, his greatness that of this is inferior

to a wise his

Although above

to mine, like

head raises queen

assembly.

Although, before

in a chess

he twists,

he shows I will play

his bad faith turn my cheek

the ruler him, and the

of the world. like

When I ride

into battle, dead. I will

to destroy him,

a man who is already be trampled of the world

the elephant

before

he will trouble

underfoot

as a result. he will

Now that he has brought become hidden from

into the open, reply,

the world. to war. "

Now that he has sent this

we have no hesitation

in going

76 LA'AL-DIN,

THE

DEPARTURE TO BAGHDAD

OF

KHWAJA

SAHIB-1

DIVAN,

599. k

The

khan

then man,

sent cAlat

the messengers al-Din, his chief

back

to Baghdad, of the

with land,

them who deputy.

a far travelled With two a message

sighted from him, viziers

of the elders with went They

Hamadan, from the

leaving entourage quickly

brother

the, khan Shams carried

as his

of Hleg to Baghdad.

al-DTn,

and

the

went

to the Caliph

of battle, judgement endeavour. what

enmity

and hate,

which

said,

""0 stubborn for

man,

bereft

of

or intellect, Unless

the world

has become

you a place

of harsh look at and

the eyes of your

soul have made you blind, Look at what the king

the sun and moon have done. to Chingiz Khan,

of earth

t Ime has given severed fallen pure God. his

may his soul of the earth

be praised.

God has of his face has all lands, for this

love from Khn.

the kings

and the light over

on Chingiz race. Know

He has given

him kingship

Though the truth, our divine you will

you are a Muslim,

do not be ungrateful and our honour order,

to the all-knowing and glory If you are who hides in the world will will his but not

that we have royalty, farr. According in this

come from arrogant, head from 10 evil. be your

to the divine world. will order,

only

see evil

Everyone see nothing

the command

of the Almighty, with farr God's will

If you are not content guide. The divine

the Justice-Giver from land. you and evil

be taken

undoubtedly like a waxen are

come to you. globe. revealed

God fave us every from

He gave us the world, if the hidden and throne would

Why do you turn to you?

our command, crown

secrets never will

You said race Though your

that your will

be mine, find

yet one day this glory in it.

of yours you were

come to an end and we of our command, you

no other

aware

did nothing

but seek to preserve of yours will was

own eminence. or why your race,

You did not question turn is now coming

why that eminence to an end. There

in doubt,

not remain

one of your

not even one prince,

77 -

and empire with will

will

recede that

far

away from inevitably

your

house,

for

you know .

that,

everything find mortality.

axists, One day,

in all circumstancc;, time will Perdition

its hand

unexpectedly, dynasty.

run out and the will come to person, and

smoke of death will 15 every only dynasty. God will

come to every will Know Your

tongue

Perdition remain. race.

The

bring this,

lamentation that this

to every will will

season evil

bring

the smoke your

even

of death
ife

to your

time has run out;

cannot speak of the

overtake

at my hand. we speak

sign

which

is in you, you see

though

fluently.

Even

though

my attempt

to make

reason your

is not acceptable soul.

to you,

yet affliction

will

strike

you because of

of

wretched

I speak

these words no harm

to you,

0 possessor

countless sword.

slaves, Though

so that perhaps the end result you will

from to you may yet come become assembley. I will army I will

my

is that you will in this

bound to me, when

the time comes, Now, I will

not be heard

make your from

remedy I will

in the mace and the sword. bring such a war-hungry like the Tigris. your

not hold upon you,

back my sword that I will

you. flow

make blood

in streams, I will

reproach with my

you with

the mace of enmity.

strike

head to the ground

20

sword.
will

I will

make Baghdad run with such rivers

times greater. of (Abbs I will

of blood that the Tigris

your seed from eyes and

become

a hundred

obliterate

the world, ears Your

and make the house are with in the tomb,

Invisible. of your to submit.

When your deceit will

and heart problem

the futility

be proven. warlike

me is that you refuse eminence. I will

You have become

because Bring battle.

of your

haughty army,

out your Prepare

which

inevitably

destroy

sooner your war,

or later, warriors.

in Let

to make war conquer

valiantly,

and send forth of us, in this

us see which God will 25

of us will " went

and which

the Almighty

destroy.

The ambassadors

together,

and delivered

the message

in the court,

78 -

and spoke dagger, people hatred. fire.

Hleguls

words,

saying,

"Let

him take up mace, Rather

sword

and the

out of fear to be seeking In his fury, Let him cast of battle

of the city-taker. war, which the earth blows, let him bring is fired of this will

than be seen before ful I of become

out one I Ike himself, let his nature

by anger,

like

happy kingdom not remain people.

to the wind. of this

If now pleasant remain Look will befall to

the wind Go%A land, nor

there

a trace

because a threshold

of the attack of a house, will

Mongol the of not a city think

11

Not a house will or a prince. which

or a citizen,

see what
it, through

the country
your

of you,

and the disaster

suspicion.

The Caliph in fear drowning

became life,

frightened

of Hleg,

and his whole course

face turned

yellow,

of his

and he did not know what fears, a living

to take. waters of life,

He was flowed and he and and he out

in a sea of such He became

that the I ife-bearing man without He could nor a sign

of his head. remained

there,

yet was not dead. Neither In this thoughts, submission deathly

not resolve

any solution

was helpless.

an alternative While a desire

came to him, Musta'sim was rAlgami

became hesitating

anguished in his

situation.

he conceived

to consult

in this,

and he asked him, "What protection

this land into hel I?

is there now that this enemy will

bring

THE

TRICKERY TOWARDS

OF THE

THE

CALIPH

AND

THE

VIZIER,

(ALBAMI, IBN

MONGOLS

In my heart, be well or ill.

i see his name as one who will

possess this

my soul, khan from

whether war

things

What plan can we make to turn

and hostile

intent Ions ? 11 The vizier turn replied, from 110 famous battle. prince, there is for are two remedies which will

his face

The first to regard

you to set out proudly, and offer

in search up praises

of submission

at his court,

the face of Hleg

-79-

10

to him. ordered

You did not incline you. Make apologies in your heart

towards for

submission

to him before,

when he one

the sins

you committed, Because The second and all kinds this in vast

become of your is for

of his jgirs

and wish as an annual

him well. tax.

tardiness you to send and let

send him tribute him all kinds precious them bring

and toll

and gems,

silver

and gold, which Egypt

of rubies

gems and valuables, these things Write from

come from and Ram, full

land.

Moreover,

quantities, which

and send would

them to the khan. be pleasing Instruct you wish destruction 15 The Caliph inclination must fall The wise

a letter include in thisHleg, not destroy

to him,

of apologies,

to anyone. scribe from

his name in the khutba matter, with skill

and on the coinage.

a learned to obtain

to seek that which from battle and

that he should us totally,

hold back in the world.

and should said to him,

""0 speaker

of the truth, do would

i do not have the be great, but no evil

to do this. on anyone vizier

The good It would

if we do not, 11 f'You must seek a way out of this from here with situation now.

said,

If that khan were be well, every

to return business full

money and tribute, from the store

all would call will

but if this stone

Is not settled of dirhems.

of dirhems, of treasure A wise man to

a treasure,

The usefulness off affliction. are good for

come home to you, once said, scatter Give

when you use it to ward gold and silver and as a nail and desires, enemy,

"In the world,

two things,

at the feet of friends, your friends their wishes

in the eye of your so that your

enemy. will

reputation do not

be increased. 20 overcome
ears, towards Gold

Send

it to your

so that pain and Injury much the world

your him enemy's lay his alone, then

you because
be silenced the sight

of it. It However
by gold. of gold will When make

may pain your

face Is like iron

it will you,

face

on the ground. it to Huleg and

accompanied

by words He will

Is better

than and will

gold not

so send seek war

as I suggest. destruction.

be gladdened

80 -

Bring befitting

a hundred a king.

Bactrian Load Bring

camels, some with

red of coat and adorned choice garments

in a manner pearls

and many with with

and dirhems. fit for a king,

a hundred

riding

camels,

adorned Arab

trappings suitable for

and two hundred Send

high stepping

horses,

that chosen
25 with a letter

one.

them to Hieg
coloured and

in the charge
sweet scented.

of this very
At

servant,
time

of apology,

the same

send to all of his amirs be averted. said man. obtain to him,

gifts

in abundance, this, Well

so that with

gold, "

evil

may

i-low much better "This is the way. we will from whose find

if you have wisdom. done, 0 wise

The Caliph meaning and

and well

In this way, protection

a remedy

against

the warmonger,

him. 1' name was Mujhid, of the Arabs, and from whom emanated the Caliph He went the during

The davt-dr, destruction these 600B Caliph Know talk events,

of the kingdom

was not with plans. for

but was busy with to him, "Why

his own evil

to the

and said the truth,

is it necessary that`Aigami is a vain For far

you to take such action? thing with his

0 Imm and King, calamity. Hleg

does an evil

of a great

man,

and he seeks

to avenge

the death before

of every

dead Mongol. your dirhems desiring resisting Fate through will

that reason, and near. will

have many consultations Hleg's demand, You you

you scatter

As for take care

the people

of the army,

battle, tyranny, confound

of the enemy. will protect retribution

must not hold back from from great and small. that race Look for

for

the army

the Mongols Their intention

with

and scatter 5 their letter.

the land.

is evident

from action

a good plan. do something

Do not carry we may regret. of that

out such futile

lest we, your

by so doing,

Why must you give ill-intentioned armour vizier. and engines

treasure

to the wind, from

on the say-so that people, skilled

What have you to fear of war,

who are without in warfare.

when you have an army and futile thing,

Do not do this to be sorry. Your army

disgraceful teems

lest we have cause

i Ike ants and locusts,

and al I of them have been bathed

in the blood

81 -

of men.

They

have been prepared with eager

for

one purpose,

that of making into

war

battle they seek and battle, us, from its face would rancour,

hearts. from will

If a lion came forward them. If the Mongols them to the earth is worth

go yellow

make war for their of

on

the heavens

strike

rashness, them.
10 seek great this for hand

for one famous

warrior

of our army

a thousand should
shame

You and the army

a protector. incompetence. way. May the when the Know

have such a reputation,

that there foolishly has been throw be your a sword hand, of your much your

that Hleg
villainy, treasure Why

and in

Do not soul

to the wind must you When ask

of the world in my hand Hleg's the form

ransom! of fine it will

immunity, dashes

I have from decide

temper?

your

sword

break

it he by will and which here becomes

be broken.

God will

Fortune,

manifest,
When that

in this way. "

man spoke about sharp swords, did not his sword gave it, rise to a day were to

of resurrection. be abundant traces

Since of it.

the dynasty

survive

there

This

so called

wise

one's

omen brought,

evil,

for he was without overcame wisdom

wisdom to the vizier had

and negligent Caliph, spoken 15 way.

in his judgement.

When avarice his mind,

that conversation of spending dirhems,

changed

for when the wise

that advice advised

did not please

the Caliph the Caliph

in any gave way the

When the davt-dir and said

him out of avarice, "The davat

to deviousness opinion

to himself,

dar does not share

of the vizier, loved

and the vizier's gold, elder

words

are not pleasant.

It Since

the Caliph There

to hoard known

was a well

the end result was that he saved his gold. 8i named Mulld, whose care was the provisionsent word Assemble to him to say, on the plain give "Call out the the

ing of the army, army heroes, rather my army and prepare tigers than give

and the Caliph for battle.

before

Baghdad what

and sword

wielders.

I will

the army

they desire, that When

gold to a band of malevolent in my country,

enemies.

It is better

is made resplendent

out of the treasury.

82 -

these

heroes

seek their to attack

needs, us,

at once they will quickly

be rewarded. finish

If an him. 11 of

enemy comes 20 When M'd his action

they will

and bravely he realised the signs For this would

heard

the orders

of the Caliph,

that the root

was avarice, would

and he knew from be unsatisfactory.

of his secret reason,

thoughts, tie

that his actions Caliph's Moreover, possibility himself, is making upon me. It 25 Nevertheless They men, days, bring without "If words

he kept

in his memory,

for his affairs

not receive there

justice. was no to He

if he called that it would

out the army receive

at that king's dirhem I will

order, from him.

a single

He said my duty. backfire

I do not bring

out the army,

not be doing

excuses

out of perversity,

but circumstances

could

he ordered

the whole

army

to parade

before

the Caliph. were countless for I will days several

assembled bearing fired

on the plain

of Baghdad, remained

and soon there happily

swords. by - rdour,

The army

on the plain "Tomorrow

and the Caliph

kept saying,

money for being

my troops.

11 But when they had been there from

for several

paid,

no one had seen a coin inflamed, that place

the hand of the general. a band

The whole of wolves, blood from

army

became left

in the same way as sheep before in ones and twos, the Caliph

and they their would

all of them shedding them gold, not one a of,

eyes raise for

In grief.

Since

denied

of his army clamour princes

601A Since

his sword

in hi s defence. the court

When there became

arose empty

outside

gold from

the treasury,

and elders.
he gave no gold to the army, none of hi s people made any prepar-

at ions for war. remained

Since

the army

saw no sign of gold,

not one of them on his part,

at his gate.

When they clearly their

saw no generosity

they made no effort God forbid example

to give

i Ives for his cause. of fancy and show the world an

that a king

should

have flights

of avarice!

-83-

THE

DISGUST HIS

OF

THE

COMPANIONS

OF

THE

CALIPH

AT

AVARICE

The

vice

of avarice or his

in the world, princes. and actions

you must If avarice become

know,

is shameful, heart or

expecially his

in a king, nature,

in beautiful reputation

Is in his

shameful

and contemptible.

The Caliph world,

had an aged friend, popular

who had experienced in the court through

many things his weighted

in the words

who had become

and conduct. reputation an agreeable Such fear stems

Such was his inclination to wisdom that he had the 83Through interpretations, he became his pleasant of an Asaf. speaker and his listeners of his friendship He said will found with in him colour the Caliph, "This and scent. that he had no action who an

was the firmness of speaking from

his mind.

to himself, destroy

contemptible Anyone

avarice, for heart

and this

quickly

his soul.

has a hunger affectionate presence of princes, Muslims 10 beauty

gold will conceals

soon be destroyed the evil

by Fate,

even though to the

of his soul.

1' So he went and said,

of the Caliph greatest

and spoke

to him openly,

""0 exemplary inspiration of

of princes

of kingdoms

of the world,

and protector and majesty, the Iand,

of the moon, at this why time,

by whom the world causes

is filled a fearful

with clamour if an own

when enmity

throughout there army, body,

is the army

not at the gate of your

capital,

is concern how will

that you may go to war? you confront of war

If the enemy suddenly Alone, you prepare with for

brings your

him on the battlefield? How will

in the midst

and hatred? his trap?

the time by this to

when the enemy springs secretive guard cur action, cultivated The whole

What do you hope to achieve at your gate?

that we do not see an army fields, army will you bring

And then, Idris

back Sulaimn,

and the

princes? from here,

was drawn

up before there

you and now they have gone Is a dejected Your army army, which

young men and old. dirhem

In Baghdad

has not seen a single

from

the treasury.

has departed

-84-

through who army without intends face warlike was has

lack

of money, has

unable gone,

to withstand from lack

increasing

hunger. of his the for war,

Everyone i ife. The

a soldier gone

of bread for battle.

and fear Let is eager for

and the enemy of oursi this land. for run

is hungry vengeful

enemy battle who

come, and will and his

this

army

The

Hleg

to subdue

When

he comes,

hungry seek

him with deeds?

eagerness Who will

the battle? bravely

Who will into ambush?

battle,

anger gird

Who will

loins

passionately cause? hope,

on your Who will

behalf? scatter

Or venture dust

Into the face of ambush, when your your gold, army do not

in your

in the battlefield, army

Is without expect withold gird

and afraid?

When

you deny your with their sword

from your

them deeds store before

of bravery from

and mace.

When you the army your giving

of treasure the throne? freely

requests,

how will guide,

its loins

Let

fate be your

admit

avarice, 20 gold give

by giving army,

of your

treasure.

Do not hold back from in their cause. turn.

to your

so that they will they will give their

not deny you, lives in your

When you grace,

them bread,

With your

you give give Bring

them all kinds

of desires you will

and hopes. not find

Without them liberal

doubt, with for

if you merely their lives.

them a pleasant the hearts

scent,

of your

friends for

into your the enemy.

hands with To pile

gold,

through

them wi II come destruction bring evil down on to your replied,

gold on top of gold wil

head. It of slander, aware, my heart from does not have the knowledge My heart There will and for will

The Caliph power which repeat

""0 speaker this. I am well

to act Ilke

my great

you have needlessly from

reminded

me, of my promise. slander of me.

A to Z the secrets this situation,

of this

Is no need for not listen. was a example act You

me to conceal have heard store 25

but the ears

of the crowds as a proverb,

that a wise

man once related, of files,

that there a better they will

of honey

and a swarm

and no one has given like the honey,

than this.

When the army

sees a treasure,

- 85 not listen bring forth to the truth. a store When i wish just They like the army the honey. for to In them-

like gird

the files its loins, I will

and will I will gather

of gold,

one day, selves

thousands LI

of Baghdadis.

will. wish round

one cup of honey. thousands. added, "

ke the flies,

they will

swarm

it in

countless The Caliph 601B honey, the army If there other

You will

see how,

just

as the flies suit.

gathered

around

the

how much better and the gold, is gold,

the army wi 11 follow if your mind is capable

Consider,

in this

matter,

of understanding if there

subtleties. the

have no anxiety in great

about the army; " he thought

is the one,

wil I be there

numbers. this

When the old man received for a king the dark of the faith night came.

answer,

it was a corrupt and held his in colour

thought until

to have.

He gave no reply, as dark

tongue

When it was night, from

as musk,

and like time, to

the face of the moon was hidden musk too, and ambergris, of the Caliph 0 prince Why

the world,

there

came a breeze, At that

and the earth brought of divine

was a sea of pitch.

the companion 5 the Caliph, where

in his hand a cup of honey origin, is a cup full over

and said but

"Such,

of honey, this? "

are the flies? answered, talk?

is it that you have no power wisdom,

The Caliph with

IIO you who are without You know knowledge. that, 11

why do you bother the flies do not.

such foolish

when night

comes,

You are nothing, To this-the prince, flies

without

subtle-speaking

man replied,

""O well-meaning

but simple-hearted your near it. army Do to

today around

did you not use gold as an example? honey. Wei I, here is honey, in this?

You likened

but we see no flies Because everything

you know why you have no power and that whi call forth ch you overlook

has its season, you

has its essential in great

outcome.

In daytime,

the empire

of the flies,

or small

numbers,

but when night solace that to your setback

makes evident heart. Though

its adversity,

the army

does not come to bring

you seek an army,

you do not see one,

and from

86 -

10

will

come a fate as black the tree ground

as night.

Although forth

the head may be green or pomegranate, You do not find

and

flourishing, from these Bring your for Infertile

does not bring comes pure

quince water.

while that

tasting

two things the heart lawful

go together. of your army under your hand now, treasury for they are under for them now,

order.

Open up the door

of your king. will

theirs

is to obey and you are their from you, they, the army army will for their part,

If they have no hope of not come willingly to you. seeking

anything

Why do you drive war? world Another who will

from

your

door,

when an enemy comes you. There will

not come before aid. this Know proverb fatness

be few In this came

come to your in relating

that the learned Before in your

man of Iran

to that conclusion part 15 before without of the road,

you come to a difficult for if the hill

do not look for of gold,

horse,

you is a hill power,

you do not want a fat horse. to set out quickly in this way,

He who Is 11 You too, glory

can do nothing your army

on that road. should

if you deprive from

of money, 11 at this a wise

not look for

them on the battlefield. became together, angry for

The Caliph eyebrows his ears. Since

conversation, man's blunt

and the reproach speech did not bring

brought counsel

his to

everyone

blamed

him for

the events

which

had happened witnesses from

since

the

approach to the vi

of the Turks, cinity

he sent out two learned to report accurately

the court, that

of the enemy,

to the Imam all army.

was good and bad about

from of all the court that was and

the khan,

and his whole

camp

The twowent
a complete to the assessment One

scouted

the Mongol and quickly

and made it back

happening,

reported

Imam.

20

by one,

they related

the information them,

In great

detail.

The simple way,

hearted kind of

man did not believe talk is bewildering,

and he answered man would

them In this not utter

"This

and a wise

it so unsympathetically.

87 -

I take it that my messengers behave in this drunken way.

are without What kind " that he tried

religious of talk

belief,

since

they us weep

is it that makes

lamentations

about our faith?

One of them was so anxious who became killed enraged

to intercede the sword became

with

the Caliph, and him.

and rashly for his sins,

unsheathed

of rancour, black for

that witness

and the world

THE

LETTER

OF

THE

CALIPH

TO HOLEGU

KHAN

Although 25

the Caliph's

deranged been had mind as being war

by anger,

when It was over was no

he did not recall profit for The for hIm,

the Incident for Fate fate

of Importance,

but there

threw

and hatred the Caliph.

upon him,

as a reprisal

his action. leaders

overwhelmed

were

unanimous

in the opinion

put forward

by that companion, to Hleg, hostile for which

and the Caliph sal d,

became

confused

In mind and sent a reply khn, strike desist cold from iron,

""0 hostile this land.

and war Do not, from this

mongering after battle this,

actions

against derive 602A

you will

no profit

and enmity. the hand of destruction Greater Everyone the stones. us in battle, klins on me, for lived, the I will who

Do not Imagine bring an army

that you can place from near over and far. that road.

than you have war

have never House

passed

who sought Although they

with

of'Abbs kings,

left his head under when they attacked God brought Saffrids,

they were lost their heads. Every

victorious In this way,

Almighty us,

down swift BGyids,

retribution

on them. Samnids were

king who attacked Seljuc1s, 5

Dailmites, dynasty,

and the

all of them, suddenly, his war

down to the Khwrzam by the vengeance with us, kings, In truth, of the wind,

sent headlong If that king did

to the dust, not abandon this very

of the True

God.

God came to the aid of this by his ordinance, the wind

race.

Moreover, for The

race

and their

became

an example

the rest mountain

of the world. has no fear

it Is like for

and the mountain. stays firmly

the mountain

to its place

88 -

and the wind Unless

passes

by. your body and your life, do not seek to destroy of the Caliph in this

you are sated with If not,

our race. way,

do not seek to attack be foolhardy.

army to this great

the house

or you will
your I will

If you bring for you.

land,

the day you,

of battle has

will

be black

send

an army an army

to confront like lions

which

the reputation who seek

of leopards

in war,

on the battlefield,

nothing

but to hunt the enemy, come into battle of their bodies,

an army which, fear

with

the help of the True an army which, in the

to

God,

will

without counts

or dread,

strength

male lions with

as being the outcome

much less than their of war with us, for in

own wives. you will this

You will

not be pleased

not have the power and realise

of my war

machine. will

Come to your bring

senses of

affliction

that the heavens If your

an abundance

trouble us,

and difficulty blacken us,

upon you. the face of your yourself God,

stars

make ycu seek battle Do not vainly good fortune, God from be too weak wisdom

with

I will

sun and moon. with my evident

seek to for me? my If

destroy greatness

but concern from

comes

and how can you separate in contempt, you will filled soul. with 11

you now wish for

to hold my race May your

and helpless game,

such a task.

eyes become

in this

may wisdom They with 15 Then with

become

the companion with

of your

then sealed the letter for aIi every kinds

the letter

ink and entrusted indicating their

it to the vizier, earnestness of honour,

and along

sent some words, noble of great

and nobility. embellished

worth,

he sent a robe

of pearls. from Baghdad and they quickly came before which the was

He sent khan, clear

the ambassadors

and repeated and that which all

to him the words was hidden.

they had heard, they read angry

everything

Then

the letter

to him, and message him and he

repeating

that was in it. on battle.

Hleg The words

became

at the letter astonished

and determined

of the Caliph

89 -

said,

"His

wisdom does not match his spirit. to be just, and his intention

He speaks a heart

too much that bent on war. words. 11

is He

unworthy

now shows

is hastening

to the battlefield, forward

and to his death by these vile towards Baghdad and the world

He then sent the army black at their deeds.

became

HULEG

KHAN

SETS

OUT

TO ATTACK

BAGHDAD

20

From
towards quickly, ling

the water

meadows,

the dogs of that prince

From Hamadh, their they way

went

straight
like

and hard
,

the battlefield. troop after plain and troop,

advanced by way came

a mountain, travel-

making top. his

of Nihvand,

through

and mountain addressed

Hleg

towards

the mountains not

of Kurdistn,

army

in these

words:

"We will

take Baghdad that kingdom, conquered

yet. which

First,

we will

terrorise fear

the surrounding or dread.

areas

of

are still

without lands,

When we have of Baghdad. a tent wi have thout

the surrounding

we can attack the city

the plain will

When the districts tent ropes. no strength 25

have been laid waste, wind 11 the mountains will wrest

be like

A strong in war.

it from

its place,

and it will

When the army

positions,

reached

of the Kurds,

the enemy took up their

in fear

of them.

MENTION

OF

HUSAM

AL

DIN 8i

'AKKA

OF

DARTANG

There money. while 602B Hteg

was a king In religion 'Akka sent

in Dartang, and civil

who had before status,

him a might

of arms of Husum,

and

he had the honorific place. "I have planned When you read me quickly

was the name of his birth ambassadors

to him to say,

to lead my army this with letter your come to horsemen. "

to Baghdad, me.

and you must be my guide. there a minute,

Do not linger

but join

90 -

When this order where heaped him for 5 with also home, guide

reached

lAkka,

he obeyed

it and set out for

the court,

they brought praises

him to the presence Hleg

of Hleg, favour over

and he at once to him, and rewarded of Dartang, He to his Be my

on the khan.

showed

his worthiness,

gi ving

him authority

the kingdom of Dartang.

the mark rewarded well

of governor, him with

and he forgave

the people

many castles saying, "Make

besides, haste

and, sent him back an army.

rewarded,

and prepare guard

in the battlefield, well

and be my advance man.

in this war. kissed

You know before the saw

the country

and are a brave

'Akka

the ground

him and sang the praises elders riding in front like

of the khan.

He then set out for Dartang, of servants, he became When puffed

of him, servants,

in the manner in this way,

'Akka

the elders own eyes, of his lawful carrying I0

riding

up In his because

and the demon of pride authority over near

and haughtiness and far.

confused

him,

He paid so little suspicion him this

heed to the of him killed message: in be May "0 him.

out of Hleg's

orders,

that the khn's

He sent a man to the Caliph, model and leader their hearts, are

in friendship, those

to give

of the believers, your your slaves. farr

in this world,

who believe

May the stars may the splendour and soul of every

and the work of Islam prince

of the faith bright.

increased the love for and small, and poor subjects, and hearts warmonger, young man, hungry 15

and from you fill

become

the heart

and subject, your throne, of your wish

great princes loving

and may all your men, young

servants

bow down before Know that

men and old.

I am the least and souls

in your

presence.

In the world, beauty.

hearts I went

you well of the

are captured

by your

to the presence

who Is now on his way to Baghdad. with no wisdom without For or intelligence in him.

I saw him as a contemptible The army round of war, him Is so

and naked,

strength, me,

equipment, army

or apparatus is worthless,

they insp i re no fear. it in every way.

the Mongol army,

and I disdain

I am leading

this

and guiding

it Into the mountains

91 bravely lead them Into ambush, now send your against and In my hatred army here, I will to me, make the

of the Kurds. will I will not leave

I shall

one alive.

If you will

shut the road for them,

into my country and will

the Mongols.

day black prince Let pure

not leave

one alive will under

It Is the duty of a protect your our true farr, people. of

to deal with

that people, happily

and my sword in Baghdad, reached

the Muslims descent. "

remain

0 prince

When this

message

the Caliph, army,

he was pleased, dar

and would prevented 20 side,

have liked him, saying,

to send out a vengeful 11The king of Dartang

but the davat

has come from

the other

to bring

us to battle

and destroy

us by that plot.

Our army would He

be lost,

and it would

be rashness with Hleg

on our part and wishes

to seek such a battle.

has made a bargain gave a cold the rejection, were grieved reply

to break

us. 11 The Caliph up in pain at heart and soul

to the messenger,

who became doubled 'Akka, whose

and returned and he became of these events,

to the proud burning hot.

In the course message khan's Ket-Buqa turned 25

a spy went king

to Hleg,

to tell At this

him of the news, the He ordered

sent by that obstinate anger burned,

to the Caliph. Dartang with

and he consumed the Kurds,

his army.

to attack

and according gathering

to order, his army,

that commander and entering the

his face

to their

destruction,

mountains
He sent must

of Dartang.
a message to 'Akka, column; with saying, your your 'Akka, 11 I want must to advance bring thunder I can army see on Baghdad. from you the on the way. hIs castle, I You

be my advance Come message

army army,

heavens. When this

quickly

so that his

reached

he brought

from

for he knew by the message 603A He quickly prince said, came to Ket-Buqa and justice

that Hleg

had been informed life

about his treachery. That brave

and the span of his was done for hiding,

was ended. trickery.

bound him, 11Bring

his malicious so that

Ket-Buqa

out all your

men from

i can count

them and

92 -

see how many there brought

are of each people,

and what

they are

IIke. It

'Akka

from the time men all of one out at Then the Mongols levelled

the countryside, all the castles HUleg will

who had there were to in

been in hiding. that land. 'Akka 11There

knew that his words is no point in worrying;

had reached the world

and said

himself, for
5

very

soon end

me. 11
his tongue could speak aloud, he said nothing, and his irreligious

Though

disaster, met soul their places,

for when Ket-Buqa death to 'Akka.

had brought

the castles the Turks

down from destroyed another

he showed

In one day, leader went

Husm of Dartang Kurdish castles people were

and his army, In battle. from

and their

on to engage

Not a Kurd their became

remained

in his place, Through

and their of Hleg,

uprooted

foundations.

the farr

the mountains became From like

of Kurdistn the plain,

an empty place, were destroyed,

the high castles root and branch. there

and the Kurds

Kurdistn, for

the way to Baghdad only fear

was clear

and from

then on,

remained iously

the world that land,

and dread. of the khn.

Ket-Buqa

came back victor-

from

to the court

HULEGCI WITH

KHAN THE

CONSULTS CALIPH

THE

ASTROLOGERS

ABOUT

THE

WAR

10

Hleg

showed

Ket-Buqa

great

favour,

and then quickly he was anxious whose

made his preparations, about position his plans. He

Now that

the way was clear about belief encounter

of enemies,

was concerned on the devoted that I should forbear

the situation

of the Caliph, He said

was based

of his adherents. evil In this matter

to himself, for

11God forbid he Is from a

of the Caliph,

who was a prophet,

and he is the leader retaliate from every

of the Muslims. me. 11 and consulted

If I do him

evi I, let It not be that God should He asked everyone, and enquired

against source,

everyone

93 -

for

their

opinion.

Those ways,

great

ones who were everyone's in arms lips,

in the court he heard but in this

all answered an abundance matter, his

him in different of hope and fear. 15 heart

and from

He was firm in doubt.

and war,

was constantly

Husam the astrologer for, by the order "0 wise

was with

the khan, he was

to point a vital utions

out the way to good or evil, aide to Hleg. of the stars

of Mngke, man,

The khan asked him,

In the revolthe conjunction Should

and the aspects

of the planets,

and from for war

of the spheres, I seek war position Husm mysteries pure faith with

look and see the circumstances the Caliph? " considered that which Trust and said Will misfortune

and battle.

follow

from

the favourable

of Jupiter? the astrologer uncover

to himself, that which

"Since is secret,

these obey the Speak

is open from

and the law.

in the way of the fith When you interpret, for

of the Prophet.

from wisdom roots.

and knowledge. has friendship of the heavenly to the khan,

explain

it down to its and is not aware

Hleg

in his heart spheres. 1'

the Caliph

of the secrets 20 Then he said

"Know

that Muhammad God,

was the prince who knows

of men and

the last Prophet has tempered pure descent

on the face of the earth. with the goodness and from doubt

good and evil, The Caliph faith. has However

the world from

of Muhammad.

his uncle, him,

him derives you will time,

the true

much you seek from from your it. Evil will

without

not see future until

advantage you repent will of come

come to you every

henceforth, will die. helmet

actions.

The horses

of all of the armies Fate will place

Confusion

to the khn and the men. princes, with will affliction

a black

on the heads

of the

and death.

The lofty from their

sun will eyes. will

not burn The while be left with

in the sky. world will

The clouds 25 be destroyed No more will will become

not send down rain wind.

by an icy cold grass black. grow

Not one king

majesty. people turn your

on the earth,

and the day of the Turkish with him, but gladly

You must not seek war

-94land. with you, Do not him, for True God

face

away

from

this

seek

war 11

with

the

W 111 become

angry

as a result.

When Hleg repeated

heard

these words, to khwja

his prudent al-Din

heart TsT,

grew

anxious,

and he

the words

Nasir

and asked

for his advice while

in the mystery. Husm, 603B The wise his

Now the khwja enemy, was secretly

was inclined a Sunni. "if 1 do right

towards

the Shia,

man sal d to himself, khn,

and conceal

the truth things bring

from will time that he

this war-seeking undoubtedly

and he is then victorious me. If I tell

in the war, i shall

be very

bad for Hleg war with

a falsehood, on my words

down on my head. would wish I were

Therefore

does not rely with

to the extent

turn

away from

these people,

and moreover, It would

he does not be better II

saw what he

to come to terms to tell the truth

the Abbsid

dynasty.

now if

and conceal
"Only that evil. on the race,

nothing
this was Hleg face

in dissimulation.
is true, that Husm

the wise

man said,

saw. and what

He spoke the old each

of everything see that

plain asks

and visible. about war

The

young

men and the of the

do not one

and battle about

of us sees, pure

of the earth. is Itself answer.

He asked evident There Hleg will

destruction earth. except place The him of the

of that wise who

and what their

on the face

men gave Is occupying

the khan the royal

wil i be nothing, will be ruler " in

residence. army

Caliph,

and many

of the Caliph's

be destroyed.

Hleg matter

said with

to him,

"Now,

in the presence so that

of this

assembly, known

debate which

this of

the one who spoke, grasp order,

it may be better 11 with

you two has the better According said to him, to Hleg's

of knowledge. the wise intelligence,

man debated

the astrologer, kind of

and

""0 man of little With

why do you make this to tell the truth; for

foolish
I0

statement? to wander

rulers,

it is better The khn battle,

It is not battle, and he

fitting

into deception. back from

Is prepared of your

does not wish

to draw

because

words

and mine.

-95like and cast doubts to the kinfolk on this of the Prophet? like

Why do we ponder, entreprise? How hundreds a red rose signs There events. place,

chewing

crocodiles

Do you not know what happened killed been have kin his of their blood?

and the earth

has become

from

Yet the earth

has been unshaken after from all

by these

of which

you speak.

Where

is the world, of them, arising All

these calamities? and

has been no manifestation These plants things and living zenith

these deeds

have not happened. things,

of the kings the sky,

of time and the world which was its and

kings, and men all lowest Everything point,

the stars given

15 shape

at their by God,

and their

everything

life

is the same.
name

that is unkind
The

was given

by God,

whose

is written

in letters.

valiant

Muhammad

was the greatest ants were breast.

of the Prophets, dear,

beloved

by God,

and two of his descendclose to his

held very Hasan

and these were their

two were

bound very of sons,

and Husein

two of the noblest father. Through

and both of a vile group With of vast there was no

are revered of men, the killing proportion such disaster each day. no icy wind Those house 20 that

in name Iike

the deeds

destruction

came to those

two descendants a wind evil fell

of the Prophet. of execration on them,

of two descendants spread over us,

of the Faith, and though this

in the world Each tore year grass

as you describe. raised from

The sun rose the earth.

in the heavens Rains fell, and

its head from

branches

the trees

in retri5ution. on the princes remained of the Prophet's unaltered, in but

who sought did not lose

unhesitatingly their year horses.

to make war Time

and place country. war

inauspicious

and in that evil aid with for

God was all-powerful, In that

he did nothing situation, of their

to come to their

and devastation. it secret,

it was without evil deed,

advantage

God to keep

and by reason

the guilt

of the murderers punishment.

was clearly

established. others earth, as

To some comes curses.

reward,

to others

Some get praise, on this

If God gave the house

of Abbs

such a quality

-96-

you suggest, claim,

then the wise

man is wrong, with

but if there in war,

is doubt

in your

let us see what

happens

that race

and if killing

one of them will

end life alike,

in this world. until the face of the dark and shining grew earth was illuminated. world. lamps. there In At was

Sun and moon shone It rained and grass gardens

appeared,

day Iit up the dark roses and tulips

the season,

be+came'brlght, full of colour if the things

like

once the world 25 no severe

became

and scent,

and for mankind true, would

consequence.

you say were

the place and Injustice

`AI i's of murder Husein befell befell until 60tt'A ,

be agreeable,

or the day of the killing of the world.

of Hasan When that

who were their

the eyes and the light souls departed

them,

on a wind of injustice, of God in Kerbala. of injury From

when that evil the time of Adam

the house now,

of the Prophet

the world

has been full

and oppression. except killing is harmful In of

No one would to the victim, this world, the planets

take vengeance but although the sun still

on another that fearful

person,

act continues

to be committed

rises

in the sky.

Why then does the movement the earth? he cast Huleg and raised the anxiety "

cover

the face of the sun and moon from in this way, before the khan,

By his interpretation astrologer the wise position heart.

down the with

when he had finished man and took his words In his entourage, Having for

his explanation. to his heart

was delighted him to a high from Hleg's

he had dissipated

been anxious, to the attack

the khan was now light-hearted

and turned

his attention

on aghdd.

THE

MONGOL

AF; MY SETS

OUT

ON THE

WAY

TO

DAGHDAD

From army army

that place swiftly

he prepared

for

revenge to attack which

on the enemy, Saghdid this from

and ordered four sides.

the The advanced

to take up positions Chormaghn,

of the proud

before

had been in Rm,

_97_
delay Baiju. They the western

without

on the right,

with

attacked

side

of Baghdad

and threw

the world on that

Into confusion

and panic.

They were

fortifitake the with one attack, the plain to capture side, and and From Buqa-Temiir. the by Suqunchaq same side, supported cations, the princes were and generals $9 U bringing Shiremn and Tonrar, army advanced side quickly to advance swift, with a mighty army, led by men. The On

10

skilled

sword-wielding

and stirred

up a commotion bravely

in the fighting. towards

the north

of the city,

men advanced

the battlefield, There

roar-

and leaders
were men

and troops
like Kuka,

came to meet the inhabitants

and Ket-Buqa, 40 who

of the city.
brought

Bala. 2hal,

an army,

Ing like From

I ions from

the direction

of Shushtar, advanced,

to the battlefield. with their like hearts lightning full from of the

the south, From

other

commanders

vengeance. direction

the fourth

direction,

advancing

of the east came Hleg. from all four directions, the army came forward, retribution turning fell order, upon the Mongol its

In one day, face 15

in hatred

towards when, affliction

the city.

On that one day, 655/1257,

the Arab people Hleg army

people,

in the year upon them,

at Hleguls

brought

in this way. In battle mountain army with the Caliph, Nei the and his ther

now prepared from Trn

to attack

Baghdad, plain,

advanced could

through

and valley. on army filled

mountain world. were

nor valley Victory

be seen for went

troops;

and power

together,

and good fortune and Iran were

and prosperity in attendance, set out.

companions.

The great

ones of Trn

and when all of the nobility

were

in his cavalcade,

the young khan

THE

LETTER

OF

HC)LEG

KHAN

TO THE

CAL

I PH

20

The world with their

was bewildered teeth

by the size Yet,

of his army, once again,

and people the khan

bit a

their

lips

in amazement.

sent

98 -

message not evil see

to the Caliph the remedy for

to say, your has that

110 prince, pain ? you Your

cut body

off

from

your

soul,

do you by an you no

has

been

attacked given paid

weakness, before

which this,

driven should

to contention. my anger,

I have but you

advice attention for war.

you

avoid

to this Now

advice,

and out

of ignorance, you,

answered and in enmity you

me by preparing i shall your wash actions and do not by my

i am preparing of your you life.

to attack people.

hands bring despise

in the blood me to confront saving your

I have Spare forgiveness

warned yourself

that

in battle. Bring

this

battle

on that

great

house

25

kindness, leader road.

and think

of the actions a man without and gird

of its past head. sin, your through loins this

Do not destroy strife

the

of the world,

and this dark and come before yourself to a a happy

Obey my command Fear my army

in submission

my throne. rash act.

in such a war.

Do not commit before

Come at once as a supplicant time. 11 reached the Caliph,

me, and make this

and auspicious When this 604B to himself, What remedy war, so shall

message "This

he became

full

of anxiety us with

and said

battle-seeking

khn comes him?

to attack

his army. this

can be found against I try deceit, saying,

He will

not turn

his head from it up? " of battle pay tribute his orders turn with

so that perhaps "if

he may give

He sent an answer us, I will

the khn seeks

the violence I will

come before with him.

him and obey his command. I will not again turn

and and

make a treaty will at all

away from willingly

times to war,

observe ! will

his authority. quickly hasten

If he will

away from

the road

to come to him. 11 messengers met him on the road,

When the khn passed

from

Taq"1-Girra9i

and told him the words

a long way,

of Mustalsim.

He replied,

I'We have now Journeyed

How can the

and have not yet seen his face on the battlefield.

army turn back now?

back from his presence.

When the light of his face has been seen we can turn
11

99 -

from black became their actions. the world The army then set out, and he found a place for merrymaking, rest When Huleg reached Hulwn9 and food. and amorous roses, stretched There, he ordered the army to camp for one day, and faces people. for wine were i Ike

dal I lance.

The wine was I Ike the rose world belonged in enjoyment to the Mongol and liberality,

and the whole out their

They of

hands

and the stars

the enemy were of roasting which

10

thrown

down.

With the colour

of the rose,

and the scent and at wine for the

meat,

the khn gazed at the face of his beloved In repose, many enjoyed both of these

was dry.

pleasures,

khan was young, hands,

as was his empire. with sweetheart

Happy

is he who holds

them in his

when he sits

and winecup.

THE

BATTLE

OF

TUDAN

NOYAN

WITH

SULAIMAN

SHAH

ABOH

From guiding

Hulwn, the way,

they advanced amongst

making

towards

Khaifin,

throne,

nobility,

and those

them the khn,

at speed for

who had left behind

He sent

his heavy
Noyan 9th

baggage,

and was

Baghdad.

Tudn

ahead as leader Baghdad. lion, army their From

of the vanguard, the city, with him.

who turned

hungrily rushed

in the direction bravely out like and from together, of Tudn They

of a the until

Sul aimn Shh Aboh The Mongols

to do battle

met the Baghdad'is, clashed

came a clamour warlike spirits

and a shouting. were sated with

The two lions fighting. the army

The army of Sulalmn.

came killed The fleeing

15

swiftly,

and time came to an end for and there forward making aware

many of them in battle, army from of the Mongols the warlike

remained

no glory

for any of them. showed hi s back,

leaped

and Sulaimn for Baghdad.

Mongols, became

When the Caliph full

of the outcome became could

of the battle, yellow

his heart

became from

of pain and despair. In the palace.

His spirits

and he hid himself

the enemy

The davt"dr

not persuade

him to escape

from the city,

and in this way,

king and faith became without

value.

100 THE BATTLE OF SUQUNCHAQ AND IBN KURD AND BUQA TEMUR WITH THE

DAVAT-DAR

From 20

another

direction,

two

proud and

and famous Buqa Temur, of their came like

warriors advancing

came

like

lions with

in search their for

of game.

Suqunchaq

quickly Baiju,

armies, the attack

following on Baghdad.

the orders They

commander, lions, seeking

heading in

no delay

finding

battle, while

advancing from

down the left bank of the Tigris side, the davtidr brought

and approaching the Arab army

the river, and raised

the other

a clamour cane

and a disturbance. together,

On the bank of the river engaged found

96 'Isi,

the two armies There were

and the davt-dr such as were

both of them. of they that

many flowing Though threw

streams,

in that part

the country. completely

the men of the davt-dir defences. which

were

not Mongols, have said

down the Mongol army had sword were lions,

You would bore fruit,

the davt-dr's 25 wi th him, army,

blades

and in battle lion. The davtwho fled

the Mongols like male

the fox fighting turned

a dreadful

drts from

away the army of Baiju's

of Turks, army.

them and retreated aware of their

in the direction flight and of their and his temper

When Baiju he was enraged

became at their

lack of bravery, flared like

lack of experience to the fighting,

that of a leopard. with rage and bravely

He turned Jealousy. to the plain. 605 A A clamour drums, people

and the commander sent back

was filled which

The old commander

the army,

returned

arose

from

the city,

while

from

this

side

there

was a sound of the Arab took place

of

as the leaders as the wind

of the Mongols the petals

scattered

the heads

scatters

of the roses. called

A battle

on the plain There Arab

of Baghdad,

which

everyone

of day a calamity. cut the road suddenly, behind the

was a deep stream army. The Mongols the Arabs

on the battlefield, cut the dyke of this themselves

which

stream

and from sea.

that stream,

found

surrounded

by a bottomless

101 -

They were front.

faced

by Baiju,

as well

as Suqunchaq

and Buga Temiir this attack,

to their and the

The davt"dr were

and Ibn Kurd

took "to fl ight after and disaster army

the Mongols Arabs Mongols Ibn Kurd by their from

victorious race.

in the battle, The Arab roaring

overcame

the Mongol

took to fi ight, ' Among with

and the

pursued

them like

leopards.

the Baghdadis, the colour of roses

was killed blood.

and the ground

was moistened

In that one assault, twelve before All went after ment. From thousand. the Turks drowned

Arabs many so Fate overcame found that fortune

were the Arab

killed

that the number

exceeded

people,

and those who fled against them. Jupiter BaLhdgd

had turned

adversity

were

in that deep water, over the Arabs. thrown

and through

that stream, reached

into the ascendant great hardship,

The davat-ddr to the wind with pride, from from

his army commanders,

that one engageone by one. in ranks was came ya411

The Turkish the west

puffed

returned arrived

of Karkh,

the army

of Kurds

Trn

of battle 10 subjected the army

and many squares to defeat. from From

of the town were another side,

captured the road

and Karkh

from

to Shushtar, of Nahas

the centre and Ket

Into the battle, uqa, to join

and on the plain

came Kuka-Iige side, from

in the attack army Baghdad

on Baghdsd. raised tumult

On this and the

the direction while From armies Shiremn this

of Shahr

Zor99the

confusion, battlefield. and the four shining

came towards

and made for troop sides. quickly,

side,

HdIegU brought on Baghdad, the army army just a bird were

his army, from four

on troop, When the and like from every

advanced

sun rose

In the East, the countless advanced were like

moved forward

ants and locusts, 15 side. side. The Mongols The Arabs

entered

the battlefield streams and front

as a torrent in a cage, like

down a mountain and rear, there

was no escape. which keeps

The Mongols

a falcon,

victorious The Arabs

in battle, were Iike a

its victim

in suspense

In the hunt.

102 I on a fine wall, having like doomed come a prey, in a siege. suddenly, in fear skilled full of its The Mongols were all around,

point

as in a circle, The Arabs were were

of hate, life,

in search fleeing.

of war. The an end a

always who

Mongols

like

princes,

in the hunt, fled from

attack

and put they

to the helpless drink full

creature. calamity.

If the Arabs

the city,

tasted

of every

HLEG

KHAN'S

BATTLE

FOR

BAGHDAD

20

The Mongols shining colours battle. worsened

the East

quickly

put Baghdad of Aries, their

under

siege,

and since greatly

the sun was New for

in the sign and scents

hopes were

Increased.

came to the world, of Aries showed

and Hleg over

found new eagerness it

When the sign the situation

two kings, but

the top of the mountain, it brought

for

of the Arabs.
by whom goo

It was as though
became black

from

the world

the enemy.

One was the king Like fate. the'Abbsids, The other

of the stars,

whose

beautiful

face

lit up the heavens. for his Hleg, and for

shh Slawush was a warlike

had fled

before an army

him in fear of stars,

sph with

the world

conqueror.

The shah of stars

was HUleg's

protector,

25

that reason showed his face in the sign of Aries,

the abode of Mars, two sh hs arrived, on the plain.
Coming hands from in blood the direction then of Khursn, came Sol Hleg

for that constellation

souls find God.

was

in whom the Mongol bearing long spears,

people's there

When those of malevolence

was the height

first

bravely them, and

washed furiously

his

Ket-BugaNoyn

to assist

they advanced Suleiman, 605B Near

to the persian

tower, like

and Shiremun the Tigris bravely,

attacked

the Suq"i-

and a hundred

rivers Tomar,

ran blood. while arrows. at the IChwad Gate, Buga Temr

him was the prince Ilge covered and opened

fighting

the leader advanced

the face of the sky with of battle.

the claw

103 'From stones trunks

the Kurdish for

mountains,

the engineers

had brought a wise

a great

many

the mangonels,

and during

the siege,

man cut the They aimed at Some of the

of palm trees tower, were

into pieces, and hurled

to hurl

at the city. great

the persian the stones 5 Arabs

stones

at it,

and small. these souls

as heavy exhausted.

as mountains, By them, their their

and from sweet memory.

attacks, were

became bitter were

destroyed, on the

and-such ground hidden fall. flowed taking

fate was not within implements while of war,

Everywhere

and the face of the sun and moon were was such as to make the heavens the actions of the armies, of confusion, heart, fiercer, and blood the judgement and at

by arrows,

the clamour from

The sun became like water of prisoners into

blackened the Tigris.

In the abundance God turned

and the fighting, The attacks intense.

awayihis grew

and love from the gates The Caliph your deputy

the Arabs. was

of the Mongols

the fighting

sent a messenger to me, that I could

to Hleg avoid

to say,

"You with

said, your

when you sent I will on us, and fix

this war

house. attack

now send my vizier 10 and hereafter tax and tribute, to you, here, Hleg indulgent my words of hearing. profit treat

to your

court,

if you will

abandon

your

us mercifully.

Make a treaty and crown my people,

and a covenant Since army

take my throne to harm

If you wish. but lead your 11

I now submit away from

do not continue

in good wii I, and think replied, one, "A wise

no more of battle. words,

man speaks

but only justice. Hamadn,

0 self

I sent messages your ears.

to you from From

but you did not allow hard into

to reach Now,

ignorance,

you now come to me, and have passed house, behind

when we have cut the long road, at the door of your

and loss, Baghdad

and have arrived as your guests,

and have you? A proud In your door,

sampled

why has that passed 0 prince,

man does not speak 15 house would

in this way.

no one who is a guest comes rudely to your

say such things.

When a guest

104-

start

to sing of the sword deception is impatient. except

destruction. of I will

Now,

because

of your Know that I

intentions, my heart tell

and fraud,

not do as you ask. about swords " sought

I only have words about combat

and arrows.

no stories

and battle,

There

then ensued In every Khityan archers

such a battle, quarter,

that the heavens committed taut,

sanctuary fiercely bravely. The army

from to

the earth. the siege. Persian

horsemen pulled

themselves

bows were

and men fought as ordered.

field the to came

of battle,

from When through

RGm brought anyone it like 20 raised a bolt

many engineers,

who set us ballistas battlements, rebuked

and mangonels. an arrow passed

his head on the Arab of lightning. great Heavy

stones

them and in the action bravely made

the Arabs for

suffered

misfortune.

The shah and KetBuga was turned in that city, place

the persian the battle.

tower,

and every

mangonel

on that tower and the Caliph

during regarded

The tower

was renowned That

it as a joyful

pleasure. decorated.

pleasant You would

was his recreation, it was a was uplifted. for The a

and it had been excitingly precious With heavy heavy jewel in his heart,

have said

and whenever brought

he saw it,

his heart

the help of God, stone pitched fell

Hleg

It down from and it fell straight destroyed, from

its foundations, into the moat. the sky,

on its battlements, from its place, was totally fled, fell

battlement

into the moat. let

When that pleasant out a great 25 cry.

tower

the old and young

The Arabs

shouting,

and all was battle, the Mongols their

tumult turned places of their

and lamentation. efforts with

As the turret

into the moat,

to the high battlements, ropes, bravely climbing

and threw

them down from

the high fortification. and from the Arab

The battlements side flowed

Baghdd bI ood. In, other way, uproar

became

fewer

and fewer,

a sea of

quarters,

the Mongols direction,

fiercely

scaled

the fortifications demons, from

in the same bringing the walls

and from

every

the Mongols

came like

to the top of the fortifications.

The Arabs

all fled

-105-

606A

and into the city and tumult

wildly,

in a great spread
way

throng.

Confusion the city.

fell

on the Arab Without hope,

people, all fled

and panic
this

throughout

turning

and that.

THE

VIZIER

IBN

ALOAM,. L' GOES

TO SUBMIT

The vizier, submission,

Ibn cAlgamt

came out before

the khn,

with

an offer

of praised and

when the fighting the ground to bring

became hard. him.

He came to HlegQ, received

him and saluted asked, "If I were

before

Hleg

him kindly head,

down the world

on the Caliph's

would

that be prudent 5 The wise vizier

or not? " replied, by words "I hear your "Whatever of this your you wish kind. 11 answer, subtlety 0 speaker and your of favours of subtleties, answer pleases I me. and to do will be prudent, for

you are adorned Hleg hear For said

to him, ears

with this

wise reason,

beautiful

he showered above

an abundance all others. of the Mongol

on the vizier

raised

him in precedence

Now the davt, dr, Baghdad a boat, fear. night, to to find and fled They

out of fear

army,

wished

to go from and he took from hastily hi by and s

sanctuary

on the western the skin

side of the river, on his body split and rowed

In that direction, four boats Ali army

launched

into the water,

unti I the sun rose. a countless

of the roads was waiting. appeared, from

had been cut by the khan, Buga"Tem' r was guarding him, and

everywhere that place, captured

and when the davt, dr gold and silver

they attacked him. They killed

and the boats

all of his destroyed, army, broken in but

companions, the davt"dr baggage spirit

and the bodies managed

of that troop himself,

of young without back of this

men were

to extricate from

possessions, to Baghdad,

or food.

He fled

the disaster, was aware

and power.

The Caliph

event, tired

and from of life

that day and his

his greatness elders were

was ended. terrified

He became

without

hope,

of Hleg.

106 -

THE

CALIPH

SENDS

FAK1- R AL-DIN

TO HLEGO

KHN

In his fear, 15 from

his

the Caliph

decided

on submission

and sent to seek peace Since

w

Hleg,
offer proved

but his offer

to be futile,

of submission
he sent

won him no advantage.

who was his

a vizier,

Shib-i-Divan, _ 103

and of high in the past,

rank

among his elders.

His name was Fakhr The Caliph

al-Din,

who had,

visited

the lands of Trn. for the Caliph's and said, to you.

and

sent him to Hleg, the message a

to beg forgiveness few trivial sent forward

I will come

sins,

and sent with your

presents, my vizier
in person

"I will

accept

authority

and have from you,

When I receive

assurances

subm i t.

The wise

vizier

went

before

him to Hleg, saying

made the customary that he had done with now submits Therefore,

obeisance war

and gave him the Caliph's 20 and enmity, come before by reason Hiileg,

message,

of his fear. on the plain

"Musta'sim of Baghdad. peace terms

and will from now on That to the princes. Now

do not let the army very court, Forgive forget rate messenger, has never my sins

do harm,

while

are discussed. our message or those

now before

the shah,

who carries

seen any evil until

on the part

of HlegCj,

such time as your and henceforth we will

people

come to Baghddd. exist. I will seek Fix

our past deeds of tribute, which

let happiness

an annual put your

send to you each year. and we will

also

name on the coinage that which The words contemptible. 25 became you desire.

and into the Khutba, It did not please

to do only

of the Caliph

Hleg,

and he considered

them as

He did not grant because No other

the Caliph's He said, will

request, "Only

and the country the mace and the arrow us. It

destroyed

of him. answer

and the sword.

you get from

- 107 -

THE

CALIPH

SENDS

THE

CHIEF

ELDERS

TO HLEG

KHAN

Far

a11Din returned words exactly,

from

the shah's

court

to the Caliph

and repeated back

Hlleg's a sword. 606B Next day,

and you would was terrified

have said

that he brought words.

The Caliph*

at Hfeg's and the world

when the sun appeared

shone The like leaders from army the king

was like

golden

saffron
like rays

and the

sky

of the east, one was At

swords in retreat,

glistened and his

of I ightning. sea became left, who things with

of the dark brocade.

the black el dest son

chinese

the Caliph's

court,

of the army, that good-natured

the viziers son,

and chamberlains with rare gifts for

and governors, Hleg, entered and the

accompanied which would

be of use

to him.

From

Baghdad,

they

court 5 order. him,

and the master They making pressed their turned

of ceremonies their faces

quickly

admitted

them,

at the shah's and praised "Although to you on the khn is angry there is

to the earth their

in submission saying,

excuses

and giving your this

message, he will

the Caliph plain. with

away from against

order, court,

do homage

He has sinned him,

and the victorious from

but as the wise that it Is greater

men of old give examples forgiveness to overlook It would

history,

a saying than those

the sins

of a prince, forgave Is is

of a man of no importance. him permission which great

be fitting for

if Hleg

him and granted like a fire, from

to approach and small

him,

the proud

khan

can find

no escape.

When there From

no hope of I Ife for him, fear 10 with world. generous Hleg safety doubt of the shah, him. It would Since heart wrinkled

do not reproach did not dare If Hleg your It

the penitent

for his fear.

the Caliph be fitting

to come and seek grant him his

an understanding life, In this now with a

would desire

you have achieved grant

through

conquest,

him Immunity.

his brows from

in a frown me. My army war.

and gave this

reply.

"He now seeks and you had no for him,

and Immunity

did not seek war

as to the outcome

of this

Now that there

Is no escape

108 -

he goes and hides create havoc

away from

me.

Whether

he wishes

or not,

I will

and strife

in the city and I will

of Baghdad, crush

and will

not leave one under my

Baghdadi foot. It

in his place,

the heads of the leaders

When they heard 15 grief, became and tearfully torn from

the shah's repeated hIs soul,

answer, Hleg's

they returned, words

their

faces

black

with

to the Caliph. what

His heart With all

as they recounted from soul,

they had heard. they were

head torn helpless.

from

body and heart

at one stroke,

KHWAJA

NASIR

AL- DIN

TUS1

GOES

WITH

A MISSION

TO

THE

CALIPH

Then went

at HUlegts to the Caliph's

order,

khwja

NasTr

left

the court

for

Baghdad, 'salutations.

and When and He

residence

and made the customary he praised

he reached 20 kissed

the Caliph's in front

presence, of him,

him as was proper, wisely with with him.

the ground confidence

and then spoke in argument,

had great

in his skill

and spoke

the Caliph of

on all kinds excellence Caliph's

of subjects. in him,

In conversation man lost

he found no criterion interest from in him. Baghdad

and that wise to return

He took the to the shah, in

permission

and came back

and repeated every i colour way,

all he had heard. and I was his superior there,

He sa I d, "I have put him to the test in wisdom. fully If I tried wi him with the

of my words

i became

acquainted

th the essence and there

of

his answers. one before understanding, arrogant with himself

I found no Intellect his throne to guide him.

or judgement

in him,

was no with He is

He did not listen have any foundation

to my words in reason.

nor did his tongue his elders, with from it.

and as to the caliphate, I did not see the essence grace. With

you would of kingship

say that he in him, and a

25

amuses there throne

emanated

him no royal

wisdom,

one may hold

and crown,

but when one is without

wisdom,

one1s fortune

is black.

- 109-

if some are without power, from protect 607 4 Strive Without but a dynasty there. him. to attain them,

wisdom which

in this world,

elders will

and princes very

do not find

sees no wisdom,

soon fly away majesty will

When a wise

man has both wisdom

and power,

that majesty,

lest

these

three

alms should and power,

be unachieved. you would say

and the two advantages of royal

of wisdom

that no one has enough there are neither

qualities. and for

In the house this reason

of the Caliph adversity turns and them. It

wisdom Wisdom

nor power,

its face upon him. majesty Is fitting

is bound up with Munificence in a king. and said,

the power and valour 11

of a ruler, multiply

is a concomitant if these things

part.

are found at his words

The shah was pleased I know of none in this 5 applies. applies it.

"What you have done

is good.

assembly,

save me, to whom what me knowledge, God,

you have said God who May

If It Is my God who gives I am a servant my Protector before

It is equally

and he guides in places

me in goodness. and sweet.

God remain For

and my Guide,

both harsh

in this world is clear

we know nothing, or what is hidden. a place " full

without

his command

and decree,

either

of what

The khn made the world cand.

of doubt

for

the Arab

people

in that

H6LEG 'ALI

DESPATCHES AT NJAF

TROOPS

TO

GUARD

THE

SHRINE

OF

The

proud

and vigilant retinue, went

Saif

104 a[-Din, who made

was

one

of the

secretaries and said,

in ""0

Hleg's

to the shah,

a small sr

obeisance

shah,

in this

kingdom

is the famous

town of HnT,

which

has the best

earth

in the land.

Is It not better

to have one grain

of that earth than the whole is sleeping the very king of

kingdom of Baghdad?

It is earth under which

- 110 10 men, in both worlds. with To the prophet, he was an executor, and to God BAI i.

a servant,

the body of a lion

in bravery, heart,

and his name was and his spirit

He had the head of a hero enemy of his heart. Ike in body, thanks

and a true

was a humble and lionhe

He was the cousin to the omnipotent and a father,

of the prophet God.

of God,

To the imams of the faith, kind of goodness, he was

was a grandfather

and In every

the moon of his time, was openhanded, liberality, did nothing against existence in wisdom, works 15 him.

moon of the dervishes, of purity,

and moon of the saints. of He

He

the height

and in him was the epitome in the world.

bravery his and

was the most memorable to truth

that was not according God had formed

and no one had any complaint with goodness, and his at Khaibar. him the to the of Hert

his character doing. proof path,

was devoid he became found

of all evil a living the right

He showed

his bravery and through

to the world,

of wisdom

him by the succession and married to a chosen followed daLghter

caliphate whom

was perfected. beloved.

He became All through silenced

God called

of the dervishes his knowledge. the leading of knowledge His generosity

him and learned the land, his

men achieved knowledge

goodness

Throughout men of science, of the faith.

of the prophet became

everywhere. In him were in the

His existence hidden world,

a fountain

the secrets

of certainty.

was celebrated

and his humanity in adversity;

seen everywhere martyrs men,

as an example.

He was an example and poison;

to all martyrs martyrs martyrs battlefield; affliction; plain 20 That for killed

oppressed foolishly

by the sword alert

by contemptible dying oppressed at whose

on the battlefield; and futility great of the

of the sword, martyrs martyrs all to see.

in the pain and passion at Kerbala, death suffering

pain and and deceit are

the trickery,

falsehood

1ion I Ike man had an abundance He came after

of greatness

and was loved

by the Lord on

of the Universe.

the prophet

and his three

companions,

him be praise of the caliphate,

in the work

of the faith. his wisdom

He was the fourth the world

in the history from evil.

and through place. Though

was freed

His was the fourth step of heaven. without fourth graves. himself comes for him,

You would

say he was a sun,

on the fourth of the faith, he was the

his was the fourth of the faith faith, would

step on the throne be dim, and though

the lustre

companion Through becomes

of the true him;

his lineage

descends

to two hundred him, man hence

mankind

achieves

constancy

and from is from

manifest.

Because

his derivation meaning Father for that

the earth,

his patronymic

of BO Tarab,

of the Earth.

indeed of

that reason

he is the fourth

companion,

Is the significance

the ch in Chahar. 25 Then that well-meaning his tomb, exposed man said to Hleg, place. "I have heard It would that many good if they if

men preserve were suddenly

at his burial to harm,

not be right It would

through

ignorance. them.

be fitting for

the wise

shah would

consider

protecting

It would

not be right "

him to see evil When Huleg 607B In the world to Najaf but stayed were

come to them through these words, these

the ignorance

of his army. that he would

heard

he was persuaded men.

gain merit

by protecting that place,

He sent a hundred remained

of his horsemen with his army, they

to guard there,

and they no longer Until

as inhabitants. for Hleg

they came to that shrine, They

heathens,

sent men who had no God. no one to pass that he became be paradise, prayer fall

came and As a of 'Ali and them

guarded result, Husain. 5 until

that shrine Hleg Let found their

and allowed such dignity place

into that place. a supporter

burial

and let tongues on their souls.

praise

eternity.

May our perpetual be a thousand

At every

moment,

may there

benedictions

upon them.

112 -

HLEG3

GRANTS

AMNESTY

TO THE

PEOPLE

OF

BAGHDAD

When were They

the battle written, mentioned were took Each they

for

Baghdad

was order,

at Its fiercest, set

six

orders

(yarlTghs) man. of

at Hleg's good

out by the wisdom and the hearts gates of Baghdad, and and shooting

of an old

and bad To tying collected They

together, the six them

of the people six Mongol them great into

Baghdad elders city. at what

gladdened.

the orders, one was contained. unfolding

to arrows

the

by someone, went from

there

was to show reading

rejoicing

the gates, the contents,

the Caliph aloud the

the messages, commands

and repeating

of Hleg.

to

"Since over anger. hatred `Ali, to

the this

true

God gave me wisdom, I do not wish who is in this judges -

and at the same time the authority to grieve city, this populace to escape and those and holy by my my related sufis,

mound of earth, Now, everyone

and seeks

and battle, like muftis

at all costs

and princes, and literature,

and men of science God in their of war Everyone

worshipping

the pure

humility,

and artisans

and farmers,

who have no knowledge I do not wish immunity them, great 20 nor from to harm. me.

did these who not come to the battlefield, of these, who is in Baghdad blood, nor now, has with

I do not wish evilly

to shed their to them.

seek battle from

do I speak

or coldly

I seek nothing

them,

or smal I, nor do I intend saw this order

any grief (firman),

to them. " they became as red as the rose, safe from the the

When the Arabs calling

down blessings In this

on the shah, HJIeg them.

now that they were

battlefield. army's anger

way,

so addressed

them that he turned

away from

HLEGl1

KILLS

THE

LEADERS

OF THE ARAB

ARMY

By the hand of the vizier,

there

came to the Caliph

the command

of Hieg.

- 113 -

"If

the Caliph

now

submits, know that

let him

send

out his for its

amirs. might. and Idris,

Now Let

that Dabis

my and and

army

is in action, the

it is famous

Sulaimn-shh,

lesser

davtdr,

Qarakhan

Mi rn

25

106

Naz come with conduct, me, for

thei

armies

so that I can give of my army. court.

them collectively guaranteed

a safe safety by

they are now part

Thus We will

let them come together I will take that army

to this with

make a treaty

and from

now on, obeys I will tribute, dirhems.

608A

me to the east and west. I will do no more harm crown, and fix

If the Caliph people. rate fail, of In gold

my command count your

to the letter,

to your

army

and take your will

an annual without

which

the Caliph

send to me each year,

Whether this

or not the Caliph The heart and because

comes before and tongue of his ugly every

me,

I shall

pass peaceably are secretly

from

kingdom.

of the Caliph conduct,

not in his

agreement, evil found deeds,

he hides

in his speech

and perpetuates path.

kind

of trickery, those

and In that land he leaders in what have been they did. be killed, 1'

a fortunate They

In their

deceitfulness,

incautious. Although

did not see the face of destruction of God was such that command

the decree

that all of them would and engaged of Baghdad, seven

they even disobeyed When Hlegls people were order overjoyed, appeared

of mine,

In this war. the hearts

was sent to the city

of the

but those unfortunate trembling before in two. for their

who had been ordered You would before have said the shah,

to come out, that their their

the throne. They sins. shah.

hearts

had been split excuses live

appeared All

tongues

making

of them sang Hleguls has been his rule Long In

praises, this world In this aversion

saying,

"Long

the famous

Justice over

country, be under kingdom, from

and he has scattered your rule,

goodness place

the years.

may the

and may4your the blessed By your

always

be on your

throne. an

as with oppression.

rulers farr,

of old,

may you long show

the eyes of the world

are shining.

- 114 -

In face Under of all

of your your hearts,

spirit, may its

vi

ctory this

has

become be such

a shining that

coat

of armour. carry the envy

justice in all

kingdom "

it will

aspects.

Those 10 stood

leaders timidly,

struck without

their

heads

on the ground

before

the throne

and

speaking. themselves their armies

When they had completed out in front out from

the customary The shah

prayers, ordered
He said, their evil

they stretched them to bring

"I intend

of the throne.

the city.
people, because and their army, and to of the

to take

vengeance You are

on the Syrian undoubtedly

valour of the will open Syria,

and empire. time. When

aware join

of the good together, in one

the Mongols I will with make

and the Arabs lead our them, courage. morning

enemies we will attack

be destroyed. the way together to Syria we will

together

If together into

we advance "

their

evening.

At Hleg's Baghdad. 15 on troop leaders,

order, Feeling

the whole secure like

of the Arab danger,

army

went out to the plain the city,

of troop

from

they came out from When Hleg

of them,

the waves

of the Tigris.

saw their

he bit his lip with in one place

his teeth such valiant

in perturbation, and brave famous men. ones.

to see that the Caliph He sal Although d to himself, the Caliph's again with

had collected

"1 must be careful wisdom

in the matter

of these

was the guide valiant

of the kingdom, leaders,

he could

set it to rights

the aid of these be confounded. swords over on their

and the clearsightedness a sign that they turn

of our eyes might towards the and strength,

But when we receive shoulders, fortune there will

be no advantage as the wild ass.

in valour

one whose

is as vigilant to drive

He ordered killed 20 action. the elders betrayed

the people

them to the battlefield, and their there world

where

the Mongols at Hlegi's Then

them al I, as they lamented, As a result were of the killing, and their may there

became

harsh

remained

no famous

generals.

killed,

fate was sealed. never be another

The davt-dr, counsellor like

who had him, and

the Caliph,

115 -

Qarakhan,

Idris,

Naz,

Dabis

and Suleimn"shh, the shah's

were threshold

entrusted and killed

to

the executioner, them quickly, left no trace

from them took who

If those people it was as and of their families or adherents. seven

had never

existed.

The Turks

The shah sent the heads of those time there 25 a clever was a prince, man, whose

leaders

to Mosul, al-Din
-

where
107

at that was who

name was Badr

Lulu.

Huleg

and he struck of those

at the heart

of that friend say, him,

of the Caliph,

was also a friend passion. action

elders,

as you might reached

two brains he learned

and one from that

When the heads

of his friends Although act,

i Huleg that was at war. angered at HlegiiIs of Hleg,

his heart

was grieved,

and he act and

was bitterly himself, impaled

he dared

not make any overt of his friends

out of fear them, though

heads he those took so

it was a sorrowful of submission, heard

task and he did

it wretchedly.

Such was the burden 608B Then, when the Caliph

that he dared

not disobey. and about the executions, and that

what had happened

he realised the glory

that the world of the kingdom

had become had departed.

Arab the of empty

people,

THE

CALIPH

PRAYS

FOR

HIS

KINGDOM

He began blood. them.

to lament

and shed tears, of rest,

but there

was no profit

in his tears

of for

He grew

tired

of eating breath for

and sleep, those

and saw no reason born men,

He lamented

at every

famous, free

for he

saw not one valiant

was no army,

leader

among the brave ones on the battlefield.

no vengeful men, no one to praise him,

There
no city, In

no country, no soldiers

no citizens, his plight,

and his great distracted

name had fallen

into sad straits. sorts

he became

by his misfortune "An

and all evil

of thoughts

came to him in his danger. disaster

He kept saying, Why, 0 fate,

fate has brought me that these

upon us at one stroke.

did you not tell

-1.16-

events love, disaster recall cast 10

were

hi dden in the future? me into destruction? by the abject

Why did you cut off from Why, defeat 0 fate,

me your this

and throw

do you bring

to the Faith, my esteem,

of my army?

Why do you not 0 fate, do you

but scatter religion face from

my army

to the wind?

Why,

down such a pure your

into confusion, Islam

by the breath Why,

of disaster? evil day,

Why do you turn

in this way?

on this

do you cut off your you tired way? us,

love from

the house of Islam,

so suddenly?

Why have in this Do not destroy us, In this of day end

of us in such a way? 0 Heaven, Do not, bring

Why do you seek our destruction this last shame to our door. for

Do not, at one blow.

0 Heaven, sin. Do not,

make our day black 0 heaven, crush

one world Islam, should to end. which crown,

of men without

the protector If this up from

do not bring

the faith

to destruction,

and confusion. be burned

end for us in that way, If evil now befalls us,

may time and place as a result If there black.

of this battle, remains for

may the heaven or us,

you created

be destroyed. now become rejoice burst fall again.

us no position

may the world never

If the enemy has now crushed become ofAbbas desperate, should be

may the earth 15 may trees ruined,

If now our affairs If the family as a result.

never

again

into fruit. upon Islam

may destruction people what

May the pure fall

beauty

of the Arab After this,

of Islam,

and the heads

of all believers

to the dust.

restoration

of hope can we seek, We must all acquiesce of Almighty God.

now that the face of the when one's affairs are from

land Is empty of goodness? overturned God is good. the creator face, I shall at the command

Everything I will

that comes trust

If all my future of the World. whose

is consumed go from

by fire, here

In God,

I will sword

to the king ruin

and gaze on his of the faith. not make

that new king

has brought my sins,

to the fardens he will

ask forgiveness It

from

him for

and perhaps

my day black.

117 -

THE

CALIPH

COMES

CUT

BEFORE

HLEGU

KHAN

20

In the year his armpits. came before Baghdad muftis also

-56/1258, Only Hleg. four

the commander

of the faithful

placed

his hands

in

days of the month of safar Helpless, accompanied

had elapsed sons,

when he

by four

he came from princes,

before and those

the ruler people him three

of Iran and Trn. who excelled thousand

With him came judges, and knowledge. officials

in science

There

came with

companions, who worked his officials

of the palace, He appeared him in a

servants before fitting

of the house, the ruler manner. kissed

and thousands with

for him. and saluted

of the world,

The Caliph 25

the wrist

of the shah and praised no open hatred men pass across are.

him.

When HlegU but said, before your me,

saw

the face of the Caliph, +10 famous that from been, stand prince,

he showed

in his eyes, the plain Separate

have all your

so

I may count the army,

them, since

and see how many there I do not know what there are kind

servants

of adversaries

they have to

or how many people on the battlefield. "

in Baghdad

who have been driven

The Caliph

sent a message,

according should

to Hleg's not remain

command, in his house, They

that everyone but quickly Baghdad, of

who was in the city 609A walk good,

of Baghdad

in a body to the plain, bad, tall, short,

to show themselves.

came from

aII of them together. and fell

The whole

of the people

Baghdad ordered

came from the Mongol were fell

the city, army killed

into the trap them all.

of destruction. and men, with

Hleg young and and

to slaughter at his order; people.

Women

old together, destruction without the earth bodies 5

no one escaped An abundance and their

his life,

upon the Arab killed,

of Arabs

who were

sin were

out of hatred, The whole and heads that there

eyes did not see the face of was covered were with plied

any longer. heads,

of the plain without

of Baghdad

without

bodies.

So many bodies by. In every

one on top of another,

was no way to pass

direction,

- 118 -

two hundred

streams

of the Tigris Hleg

ran with

blood.

When all of the people to kill any The In

had been violently one they found army went streams. The Turks earth,

killed,

sent the army

into the city,

there,

and to make the world and in the squares

wretched, and houses,

in that way. blood flowed

into Baghdad, Every allowed Arab

whom that band saw in the city, people to remain

they killed

wretchedly.

none of the Arab and this

on the face of the dread into the

in their

hatred,

time of disaster

brought

last days I heard 10

of Arab

families. and imprudent man of the king's being Baich4. army, the name

of one warlike

of that stubborn that cruel he tore commit prince? those

and malignant

individual

In one house, suckling man, babes, "Do we and

and evil-destined heads.

one found a pair That doltish deeds

of young a wise

off their these

man asked

oppressive

in the hope of reward, was no one to alleviate to myself, since their 'these mother

0 prosperous the afflictions unsuspecting and father of children are and I

In that house, children

there

in any way, so I said torment that in time, I end their

are going dead,

to suffer

so it Is better

days for

them.

It seems hard In this

oppressive was upset for from them.

that they are without at such unhappiness Tell me what " astounded He said terrible, shall

mother

and father

land. I Since lives

in the world, be my reward,

I have now, ended their since I have given

them -escape

unhappiness?

The wise 15 tears

man remained deed.

at these words to himself,

and his eyes filled war

with

at the cruel

""0 heaven, from

and destruction

make the face of Baghdad protector. sated with What protection this hatred

and no one comes and young

you as a Are you not be satisfied.

have women

children?

and killing? with

We do not know when anyone in this world, your

you will

You do not concern mercy evil to anyone

yourself

nor do you bring hand because right doing. of the You have

in secret.

You do not hold back your heart

of bloodshed,

nor do you turn

towards

119 -

not had your quarrels. confounded He replied of reward deeds,

fill

of spreading

hatred

or burning

up men's

souls

with is

You are not ashamed by your actions. "

of your

own evildoing,

and wisdom

to the man, for this work.

""0 worthless

villain,

do not hold

out any hope torment by your

You have fal len into grievous release for eternity.

and you will this

not find life,

When the day comes people will go with you.

for departing 20

the evil the life

done to the Arab people

When the dawn came, Hleg leader He cried "Alas sent guards of the Islamic as he went,

Arab the of to bring on foot,

was nearing

its evening. camp. The

to the Caliph, faith went

him to KetBuga's crying

helpless,

out and lamenting.

in pain and grief. from the cheeks Alas of the pure faith should be falling to the of the

that the tears

to the earth wind, star through

In confusion. the hatred

that my seed should khn. Alas

be scattered that the orbit Alas Alas

of this warlike

of goodness

Is now completed from

In the far

heavens.

that the glory that the day Is Alas that Alas tired that of

25

of Islam black discord for

has disappeared the world, has raised

the world, and state and this

on the wind.

and faith its hand, kingdom

have been destroyed. pure faith

has been broken. Fate

on such a beautiful the House has torn evil world. 6096 The sins this for for which Since Since black. of'Abbs,

should

fall

desolation.

has become on them.

and brought the`Abbsids. of the

confusion From will

and disaster the heavens

Destiny

the sun from

has come upon us an in the

portion.

The blood

`Abbsids

now be shed unjustly,

I am siezed

are my sins,

for

I have had evil I should men, this

intent

in

matter. anyone.

my own hand has marred I did not give Since ear

my work,

not lament my day unhappy the and

to the words the advice Evil befalls

of wise

has become

I scorned contempt. man. 11

of wise anyone

men,

fate has treated words death and signs for

me with of a wise

who scorns has no value,

Suddenly

my penitence

me is a dragon.

120 -

Thereafter

his guards

ignored

him and his words which he assumed

did not even obtain as prince which of faith the faith was

him

food and drink. shown him, world. by Hleg over

The majesty

to be a whim of fate. was turned which

The beauty

brought

the years,

into a mole by a black

and malignant was

The greatness

had been his as ruler of the times. Hleg found

of the world,

made by the world been sovereign

into an example

The prince, like a slave.

who had The amir, had

of the world,

came before

who had been commander been ordained for him.

of the faithful,

that a day of hatred

THE

CALIPH

PRAYS,

AS

A CAPTIVE

The leader sad,

by whom Islam

had been raised throwers.

high had been made humble The Caliph

and

by the help of the spear and sorrow, together leader,

came out to worship, prayers. All more of the than

on that day of grief Muslims 10 who were

to say his customary him came to pray, to faith Young full

with

numbering

ten thousand. before with After They

Their

according way.

and law,

came out to worship themselves

the Imam, him, grief

in the customary in their hearts,

and old prostrated of troubles. sick

and souls

the 'ahd,

and before

the rakal, on account

he cast down his eyes, of his situation, ""ta'z7 from

at heart.

sang the Qall'allahum wi thout

the words were of so much men broke the this "

God is great, uttered their aloud,

moving.

When the words, the heart arose

va tadhal" As a result because proud

they came from a clamour

of the world. plain,

compassion,

on that broad Half

had befallen the chain shah,

them under with

the sign

of Saturn.

of those

of prayers the souls of men? "

lamentation,

and when the sound "What

reached for

from

of the men, They

he asked,

is the reason

lamentation

replied,

"Because

of his situation

on earth.

15

Hleg replied,

"But the secret

is concealed

from you.

It is the will

of

-121

God,

and that work

is all. of yours,

Except

from

him,

there

can be no other as my guide

cause. to power, them to

By this for me.

he Is now made glorious and throne

God has taken If you thought

the crown that

away from that were

him and given the cause

it was your

deeds

of this of the

situation, kingdom he comes religion,

you are not Muslims based on the pure

at heart,

nor was the majesty God is not known comes

fa i th.

If your

to you,

when

into the midst because

of Islam,

and if glory

to you from

your why

the true

God is made more powerful, of the Turkish

as a result, people,

do you now wonder adversity weakness result. diminution.

20 to goodworks. even though

at the good fortune on the Arabs? and our bravery speak

and the of the situation abundance to or

that has fallen of the Arabs

It was not because that God ordered

this

God does not only This discourse

the truth, is true;

but he may order may he always

can achieve

of God's

be our guide
anything,

the power of God, tat he be successful. 11

Without

no man

HLILEG

ENTERS

THE

CITY

OF DAR

AL-i ISLAM,

SAGHDAD

Then

Hieg

arranged

a day of celebration of great beauty.

of the victory,

and entered day of the He

Baghdad

and saw that place when

It was the sixth came into

month of Safar entered hungry his eyes 25 on earth, of palaces decoration splendour was carried into

the head of the royal al-Islm, and behind

house

the city.

the Dar

him rode

a toman of battlefrom the plain, of paradise

warriors. and heart

When he entered were amazed. with pleasure the neatness which were

that pleasant

place

He saw the manifestation and refinement. of the appearance like dreams, In the city,

in it mingled and houses, with paintings

The arrangement of its squares, had such kind of trade at the which the

these

that his eyes had never on.

seen.

every

Its head was raised

to the heavens. and there

The porter was one tower

gate of heaven

was envious

of Its beauty,

122 As of it,

was

more

beautiful

than

a hundred

like

it.

a result

of praise

its roof courtyards

for

had become was like

its

heavens. the high as as a shining

was

The glittering was fresh

of the city's and

sun.
fresh

its air

and pleasing,
soul.

pleasure,

earth

and refreshing

to the

610A

At the aspect been darkened. one's heart

of that beautiful From

place,

the face of an Ajari

idol would

have

the privacy

of the palaces

of that pleasant Hleg on his

place,

and mind would

have been astonished.

was surprised He entered and and like,

by the place, that pleasant the wine the wine

frequently God was the name of and city, and stayed cheerfully, to rest. There

lips.

he laid out a banquet, of agate, a rose

cup passed like fire slave

the crystal which poured

cup the colour like water, with

in colour, girl

plump bodied

singing hair

songs piled

and Mongol high, with

music, curl

keeping foot one

time and one hand beating,

on curl. passed their and

Having time

brought

clamour drinking.

and discord The world

to the world, became

the heroes

in noisy

astonished a leopard,

at the banquet, a world like

at the army, lion, hearts, A wise this a killer, their

for

in battle

like was each one

conquering sweet-

quick kindness

to fight. making "in

In that banquet, them worthy

they became

of kisses

and lovemaking. to people sweethearts. in

man once said,

this way, like

an army

is unpredictable like

age and land. stands

In battle either

tigers, of them, coloured order.

in the palace " in hope. or wine

The world After brought

in fear

two or three

days of rose at Hleg's

and feasting, called

the Caliph

was

into the court

Hleg

him to his presence, I have come to this A person does

and made many jokes

at his expense. why

He said, spirit

"Since

10

palace not turn Unless

of yours

as a guest,

Is your

so dejected?

his face from this is not your One gives man,

a guest habit

in this way, and custom to one's

is the host why so In this guest, country, especially and influence.

so melancholy? call it

one would

unseemly. generous

a present

If the host That

is a is

and the guest

himself

has fart

surely

123-

an evil know mind bring Tell happy.

omen that

for

you. and joy

Since are your

you have one and guest

no remedy

against have

your doubt So, hidden

guest, in your quickly here. my heart

pain

the same. not rare

if you

about

rejoicing, things you have

will the

be kind things bring

to you. that are

out what me what 11

you have, in the way

of gifts;

them,

and make

The Caliph 15 demanding. from fear,

said

to himself,

"This

shah is making

a joke

about what

he is

)' His heart as though

left his soul,

and he lost hope.

His body shook the key

by the wind. house.

That man could He struck

not recognise

of the door other,

of the treasure

his hands,

one upon the He broke delicate open things his

and his spirits and boxes, which things

became

melancholy things

In his fear.

many bolts of all kinds, storehouse, better with

and many fine circumstances with

came to hand,

those

made him bring and gilded There with

out from gold,

studded

jewels

each one stitched he and

and more beautiful gold, which looked

than the last. like garments

was uncut

material,

in the sunlight. of robes

Of that material, without number, rubles There with

brought crystal

two thousand goblets,

lengths,

and all kinds

shining

Ii ke w%ler,

Into which

had been poured all mixed together. encrusted but scattered

and precious were kind gifts Then dishes of gem. for

stones of gold,

and pearls ornamented

and emeralds, with

gold and silver, hIm for them,

every

The shah did not thank

them as

the army. said, "God himself gave me everything before me? heart " which was in the middle there of the of Such that things with is visible. are trinkets me, tell me What

Hlegu

need do I have of what 20 which where you scatter

you bring

at a feast. your

If your treasure?

Is honest

you have hidden pointed

The prince palace, snow. inside

as a start

to a cistern

a tank

I Ike a deep sea,

a sea on which

was an abundance and cement. with pitch, with

With difficulty, was an abundance

the engineers of pure gold,

took up the tiles covered over

Thrown water

-124-

25

run

in on top.

The

Mongols of pure

emptied gold,

it of water, from had

and .,removed it high put them But standard there,

from

it

an immense of six against to his he kept hundred some army,

amount

removing The Caliph

coins hidden it

mithqals evil why day, did

each. according he give

to his

wisdom.

when

he refused

the world

to the sword, use was his

by so doing? store

When

it back

from

his

soldiers,

of what

of dirhems

to him? but grief

Why did the Caliph from his gold. without

cause himself imagine

such grief, how he could

since live

he got nothing in the world

I cannot

as a beggar, 610B Since

a store

of gold. in its place, of that ignorant He did not know, why was he so worried man,, that gold and silver when he neither ate

he wanted I think

to leave

the gold say,

about it? were Iike

you might

food and drink It away, liberal what

to him.

It nor gave

that money was going in praising 11 Fanciful will bring him?

to do to him in the end. "6y his judgement, are filled with If the

What did that

man say,

face of the faith dreams by money,

was refreshed. but his jailer

thinkers

him news of the day of evil. It was to his successor was turned

he thought 5 money went,

that his fate was prosperous,, in the end.

that th Is It

If his day of fortune

topsy-turvey,

was by injustice evil joyful. When the Mongols but they carried which

that he was to lose his crops. his riches

Undoubtedly,

the good and

came from

did not make his share

of the two worlds

took the gold

from

the cistern,

they were

dumbfounded, At the of the

away his dlrhems, the Mongols roughly

and then counted lost no time out from

his wives. the heart

house of the Caliph, harem, whose rough world. from

in entering

and they brought faces injury

behind Roses,

the purdah which

moons on

the sun had not yet looked. were made confused

had been safe from of the

and oppressed

by the harshness became harsh

Hearts pain

which

had been cheerful The earth

and happy,

melancholy deeds, and

and fear.

was afflicted

by those

- 125 -

fate afflicted heavens The earth

10 earth was

the hearts

of those

fair

moons.

On that day of misery, be done in that at their land.

the

became boiled
turned

astonished

that such deeds could and heaven

in anger, fear

at the outrage
upside down

wept

oppression.
Heaven rent

The i
Its

and pain.

clothes

in mourning

at this

injustice. bent in grief.

Earth

became

slow

footed

in fear,

and heaven's women

back became

They

counted

every

one of the and

in the harem,

and the reputation

of it was soiled. were taken,

Wives

mistresses eunuchs.

to the number

of seven hundred

and one thousand

When the Caliph soul wailed 15

heard

the news of what had happened, to the ground He fled from in a faint, there, "Look

it was as if his

left his body. aloud

He fell

and when he recovered, lamenting as he went, on my state. that you look to

in lamentation.

and approached Since

the shah and said for

to him, yourse

mercifully

God gave you ail of this Since

I f, it is fitting

those who are helpless. 0 victorious surely shah,

you have the power

to do good,

do good,

and have done. it right

If you look mercifully should

on this wretch, befall any man, the sun

you will Let

not think the king

that such an evil who shines

as a start.

of the world,

in the sky like

and the moon,

know

the truth.

He has not seen the state at my family.

of my bedchamber, be done to

nor has he looked my household. wantonly. into their unfortunate Hleg 20 When to him,

crookedly

Do not let dishonour sin,

My wife

and children, remedy from those

who are without the shah? helpless

have been taken that you look and

What is their abduction,

It is fitting people

and spare

for me, helpless

as they are. 11 "Take heard took one hundred the answer, of your he chose house, seven hundred women. " of those nearest

replied, the Caliph

one hundred and left

and himself him. Hdleg

them to their

the plain,

taking

them with After that,

went

out from

the city,

which

had become

unpleasant

from

- 126 -

the effect treasure spoils,

deadly that of to be taken

work,

and on the next day, Baghdad. Suqunchaq

gave orders departed

for with

the the They

away from of treasure, treasures

of every

kind ornate over

of an incomprehensible from the house They

amount.

took a hundred things, court angry collected

of Musta'sim,

all of those riches to the them, and an

many years.

took all of these

of the shah, mountain,

and there in which

was a great mixed

mound of gold amongst and terror,

were

abundance

light

darkness There 25

confounded. Baghdad certain They elders, who were oppressed in mind at

came from

the hatred

and slaughter.

had not fought in the dispute. "if pray " the blood your

and were They

not of the army, a of as no one

and had been entirely request, on their lips

innocent praises. we will

came out with spare the lives dynasty,

the shah would for

those who are has prayed Hleg said

innocent,

the conquering

before

in this

kingdom.

to the army,

"Do not spill but turn

of the innocent. to ways

Let

your

hands be slow 6$tA After place

to shed blood,

hearts

of righteousness. a wintering this army. of t1

do not shed blood now. Let raised everyone

senselessly,

but let Baghdad place live

become

who is now in this crying, "Long

be safe from the famous

The Arabs the Egyptian The Mongols them.

a clamour, lord

shah,

ruler

kingdom,

of the earth, hands from

and master killing,

of time. " to attack

held back their

and none sought

THE

MARTYRDOM

OF

MUSTA'SIM,

CALIPH

OF

BAGHDAD

Since

the weather to depart,

on the plain and went him the lord

of Baghdad for ten halts,

was growing measured

hot,

Hieg

gave of the For

the order 5 sun. him,

by the orbit

He took with the faith

of Islam,

lamenting weeping

and wretched. and crying

of Islam

had become

ceaseless

to the

- 127 -

world

for

his life. split things

The angels apart.

grieved

for

the lord

of the believers, wild beasts for and the shah

and the heavens birds and wild

On the face of the earth, on account

began to wall him,

of the Caliph, of life. i will truly

had brought Hleg said

him with to himself,

he that could so

be deprived of him,

"Until I quickly

I have disposed finish him,

not be ruler be master at the frown "0 wise and advice

of the world, of the world. "

but when

then I will

The Caliph

came before afraid,

the court

and looked

10

Hleg, face the of on proud in this man, since " said

and grew

and asked'Algami, to frown, what

the shah is accustomed

now Is your

situation? vizier advice in your

The wise My sound davt-dr placed when trickery

to him,

"I have given to you, my words

you plenty

of soothing to the words

advice. of the

was presented assemby, in them. being

but according were

a lot of nonsense me as your your

and you enemy, efforts face, that you of gold, to

no confidence I spoke of peace

You even considered better than war. reach your

You devoted ears.

and did not let my advice your dirhems

With deceitful

you refused found which fruit 15

to the army,

and were

in such distress, planting stock a tree

it necessary would and this

to hide them, in that way.

as though

you were

increase harsh

Now the tree

of your

has born of your family, Out of of

fate has come upon you. and from it the juice

From

that tree

a date has grown, the fermentation yours

of affliction

has appeared. and that

of the battlefield

has come a drink, and noxious. it has flown since Your away.

imprudence so

has made it intoxicating that at one stroke ruin

time has become As a result battle you,

indigestible, brotherly

of the of peace,

you have wrought, family will

you brought

Instead

each one of your Each finds one,

meet the same fate with the words of wise

in this world. him advice, his

who I Ike you ignores in the same state Since you have

men who give

himself

of helplessness yourself

and should through your

not lament

affliction.

injured

own ignorance,

128 -

you have his eyes own

brought deeds,

your even

sin though not

upon

yourself. great

No one should evil as a result. not know this

ever

mourn the

at

he sees far-seeing, attention

Since would

of your

soul

are

you did

what ending

be the life

end result. would not

If you had have happened.

paid

to my words,

of your

20

Nov,

since

events

have totally

escaped

your

control,

there

is no choice day has

left to us. become from hatred, for with faith, this

What remedy In your

can we find helplessness,

in this court, acquiesce Perhaps,

now that your in your fate,

black?

and depart of your martyrdom, cause, our

the world God will

In the best way you can. grant that countless

as a result your

rewards

come from

you have spilled an intention your matter,

the blood

of these believers reproach.

in a righteous Since

which

was above

you saw them harm place. In

punishment

m.:.y, perhaps,

lead you to an exalted with

may the all-powerful 11 heard these words

God be pleased

you on the day of

reckoning.

When the Caliph world

from

his vizier,

he lost all hope of the "Go and blood run when

and of his youth.

Then Hleg

said

to the executioner,

end the days of that man for me, but do not let that prince's 25 over the earth. I have heard runs wise men speak of death,

and say that, the hatred

the bl ood of a prince is refreshed. especially At Hleg's brought the sack, from stock

over

the earth,

each year

and enmity

When one is a prince, In the case of the family order, the executioner He bound became the Caliph,

no old hatred of the prophet. prepared head, for "

should

be refreshed,

the killing,

and maliciously and put him in descendant him in this

a sack. which that

hand and foot "See this

his habitation.

He said,

is unequalled,

and how the world

has placed

sack. 11 Then they broke 611B Fate dealt king. dust. his head, as though blow, it were a stone, destruction a great and he died quickly. o9

him a grievous

and brought

on that beautiful name tumbled to the

When the renowned Then there

Musta'sim

was killed, clouds,

came a wind

and black

by which

the face of the sun

129 -

and moon were that

covered.

Such was the violence were turned upside

of the storm down. Hulegu

in that was

land,

it was as If the world by it,

fr i ghtened apart, for

and in his heart was said

thought

that the world

was falling of his deed, to the

his horoscope was going

to be unlucky,

and because

the world khwja

to be full

of discord

and dangers. tell me what

He said you think

Nasir,

'tO guide Is the world

of the elders, becoming black

of this wind

and storm. 5 In reply, futile so fear for After

because a wise

of it? 11 with gentle,

the wise

man said,

StO shah, this wind

man does not answer storm will become

words.

In one hour, of them.

and fierce

not because

If th Is does not happen, of my words. 11 breezes

it would

be fitting

the shah to kill an hour,

me, because

the storm

disappeared for

and gentle

blew.

Hulegu

was much comforted desire. became But since astonished

by this,

In Baghdad

he had gained Islam,

his royal earth and time

fate had taken at that calamity,

off the head from and the country sorrow.

was griefstricken. Hearts of stone and

The face of the shining iron shed blood

sun was pale from and the cheeks

at his loss,

of the vault

of the heavens

became

pale blue.

THE

MONGOL

LEADERS

AND

ALQAM. 1 RESTORE IBN

BAGHDAD

When Baghdad Mongol war. ruler, He said

was free Hieg

of the Caliph, let his love fall "Now

and the land became upon that land,

subject

to the

and freed

it from we of

to the elders, the city's beauty.

I have Baghdad

as my capital, the reins while

must restore government Ilge

11 By order

of the shah, WgamiL, Ibn of rebuilding.

were

entrusted gladly

to the vizier, the work

the amirs I1 and happiness.

and Qaral

undertook

Bahdur the plain

Qmi became hurried

overseer,

and at Hieg's and there

order

they left Justice

to Baghdad,

administered

and spread

-L30-

On all sides fair built, skill 6126 city.

there

were

many wretched houses,

and miserable and buildings were

people

in that were

Everyone

renewed

of all kinds

and the hearts and justice

of the people

of Baghdad

made happy by the

of the vizier

fAlgami. of those again, reconstructions, and

He accepted

the plans

and arrangements the same city

they made the Dr find a better place.

al-Salm

so that no one could

THE

DEPARTURE

OF

URQATU

FOR

THE

WAR

WITH

IRBIL
/

Then

Hleg Irbil. '4while

II

sent out armies Buga. Temr prince

in all directions, went in the direction

and Urgatu of Basra, were

to attack Shustar,

was ordered 11 yWsitand sent towards at

Yoshmut

and prince

Koke-Ilge

MayyfrigTn. Hleg's First,

In this way,

the army

advanced

In three

directions,

command. i Ike aI ion, Urqatu went towards the region city, of Irbil when and , who taking the

news of his advance were with for part

reached

that beautiful went

certain

persons,

of the government, of provisions. to do battle, happily

out immediately

to submit sought

to him,

them gifts the citizens

The ambassadors and the prince

to avoid

the need and

entertained

them kindly,

they returned Outside

to the city. the ramparts had seen such it no mangonel of which a fortress, would seemed which to reach would In front

of the city

was a fortress,

the heavens. be difficult

No one In the world to capture, for against

be of use. battle

of the rampart

was an earthwork, possession

and It was safe from of that fortress

and combat. were Urgatu the fortress but there full and

10

The Kurds of worldly the Kurds

had taken ambitions. were with hostile

and their

hearts

No one came out of the fortress to him. Urqatu sent his army Many sought

to greet against battle

and attacked

arrows

and swords.

and fought,

131 -

was no profit but his heart

in the struggle and spirit were

for him. sated with it. to the ruler for

He stormed battle,

the earthwork several

bravely, assaults

but after

he had no hope of capturing He sent an envoy spirit are tired to Mosul, of this

Ll,

saying, will

"My heart

and

battle,

the castle defeated.

not be taken by bravery knowledgeable From

and we have no alternative

to being be fitting

You are more

15

In this your aware

than I.

It would advise

if you gave me some guidance. this knot. and what in your

knowledge of what

me on my task of untying and what things

You are more remedies stout heart, are I

plan must be made, battle. Since to this

necessary look

in this

1 have confidence problem. 11

to you for Lulu

a solution said,

In reply,

"Listen by battle

carefully

to my true

advice

and do not seek yourself, can you the Kurds it can be land, when the In

to take that fortress for that fortress it.

and impetuosity.

Do not exert Only by deceit

is not to be taken by attack. of winter number. confuse

capture

In the season are without the earth comes,

and the time of spring, Then it is not by bravery In th is Khistn At that

that fortress taken, for

cannot

the heavens. head for or two. "

hot season 20 remains attack,

the Kurdish except

people a porter

and not a soul time you should

in the fortress,

and no one wi ii be hurt message came from

by the Kurds. Lulu; Urqatu

When this army back

was delighted

and sent his to Lulu, saying,

to the court, your

and on the way,

sent a message

{ have heard judgement. quarrel faces

good advice,

my guide, back

and I am pleased

by your you this turn land, their

I have now sent the army for If the Mongols

to the shah and I give the Kurds are no longer from here. turn will not to that

and battle, towards will

remain,

the mountains. follow their

if the Mongols custom work, and pass when

the Kurds become Urgatu

You must then to the mountains. while from '$

hostile

and do your

the Kurds

then set out from

that direction,

on hi s return,

the other,

-l32-

Lulu 25

continued

the attack,

but achieved

nothing

by force,

until

the into the

weather
sigh

made the land hot.

the hearts went

When the illuminating

of the Kurds towards for Syria.

sun moved
made Lld them

of Leo,

and spirits from there

leave

the

fortress himself smooth but ailing harshly, orders who there

and they to do battle, fortress. were

then

girded in that for or battle, two them

and prepared He came forward

the attack a large

on the Kurds army, for ready cne

with

no Kurds who

left

in the fortress, left behind

except

people,

had been down The

as gatekeepers.

He killed to the

and broke of Llrgatu. well

the walls man from towards

of the fortress, Mosul left there,

according as guardians,

people

were

disposed

the Mongols.

THE

CONQUEST AND KHtJZISTN

OF

THE

REST

OF

THE

LAND

OF

IRAQ-1

CARAB

613A

Then

Hleg

left

Baghdad

with

the

army,

and

from

11 Hilla'. there

came

to

him Nagib death

Ibn al-Tausand

other

elders,

who were by his fate.

melancholy They

at the

of the Caliph,

and felt room,

oppressed

came one by of

one to the throne 5 weakness

and talked and slavery.

of submission Nagib

and servitude, said

and Infirmity shah,

al-Ts

to Hleg, speaking the

1 10 victorious of the words family of

I can remember

my grandfather

and father

of the commander and the kingdom

of the faithful. of Iraq. This

You have conquered must be a sign of the earth.

Abbs

of such " He of

evidence repeated what

that you are the embodiment his words concerning

of the ruler that

that sign,

it was a revelation

had been concealed. was astonished by this, that he should for he did a governor Huleg be party not want for said to hidden their secrets,

Hleg

and he forgave He treated the court

the people

of Hilla;

enmity. and they "As left an

them kindly, overjoyed with

and appointed their viceroy.

them,

to himself,

133 -

experiment, 10 He said Wasit, evil

we wilI

see what

are the signs

in this army

matter.

" of or

to Buqa Temr, make a visit

"When you lead your and see whether

in the direction submission

to Hitla',

you detect

intent.

11
came him. to Hilla. They might i and entered quickly easily various their well built cross the town and over ver. gifts. servitude amir. speed all the people came by to

Buqa Temr forth which meet to meet

a bridge the ri

the Euphrates, Then They they came their

the Mongols the amir,

bringing and

attractive wishing, the valiant with the

showed loyalty.

submission of the city news leaders

to him,

and

Many-, the the

of the city , he departed

praised

Satisfied for Wasit.

with

of Hilla. of his

and made Wsit,

all

When city

approach

reached

inhabitants

of that

became

warlike war, 15 like

and collected without delay.

an army, From this

Arab the and side,

people

set their

minds

on

the warlike joined

Buqa-Temur battle

came up The from

a lion with furrowed

his army,

and the two sides of the enemy, heads, fires

viciously. down arrows

Mongols their Wsit

the brows

and brought'

bows were

upon the enemy's killed. from With

and. a countless in every

number

of the men of fell by

shining

quarter,

destruction

upon Wsit arrows, found

that army,

and the face of the day was so obscured sun was not seen.

that the world-illuminating themselves helpless

When the men as their lot.

on the battlefield, and at one blow over everyone that city

they saw death they were and ruthlessly path,

Destruction The Mongols Arab heads.

overcame were They

them,

crushed lopped

in battle. off

victorious killed

who came in their Both lives

and carried of the Arabs There the

off everything, were 20 destroyed,

great

and small.

and property a place youths.

and the battle neither with place, their

made Wsit old people I Ives. nor

of lamentation. At one stroke,

remained world children

in that city sated every

became from

The army while

took away wives

and men

helpless,

the number

of dead Arab

and women was more

than forty

thousand,

-134-

When the army had finished too were victorious, bravely

in Wsit,

they moved on to Basra, Temur

and there a. I ion

and passed towards

on to Shustar.

was like

as he advanced blowing battle. thrown

the land of Khayzan. advanced

fl% Like

a storm to

in all directions, All of those

the army

and brought and their

that people evil

frightened From there,

people

submitted

ones were army returned

into the pit.

the victorious

and glorious

to the court

of the shah.

THE

SUBMISSION GAMIL

OF

MAYYAFARIQIN

AND

THE

KILLING

OF

KING

25

At Hulegu's
way was the

order,
shah's

the third
son,

army

set out for

and Kke-Ilge

Mayyfrigin.
was the

Leading
general I9 of

the

Yoshmut,

that famous Invaded

army.

They went and,

to do battle

with

King

Gamil

and the army furiously. under the to of

that kingdom,

with

the help of fortune, and breathed prince kingdom

attacked their last,

In that city, attack 613B Gamic

men became army.

surrounded

of the Mongol saying, ,

The self-willed this

sent a message of yours, and you will your

It Since Huleg,

I have entered come before

by order receive

the victorious from order, neither

me as a slave,

me kindness you will village,

and honour. quickly nor reap

But if you incline the reward for

head away from

my

that obstinacy. and I will

I wil I leave quickly bring

town,

nor fortress

standing,

them down from their

what Shh, Reward nothing 5 it with to war

foundations.

You have heard of the famous Musta'sim,

and what of this for happened famous you will to Khr-

he saw of the Mongols sitting in his castle,

on the battlefield, through the enmity war were with

people. achieve destroy his face " and

yourself, with

and do not seek If they

me,

y our hose.

an iron

rampart,

I would turned

my w, -,riike with

men and their but that

enmity. his blood

No one has has flowed

the Mongols, reached

in streams.

When this

message

Gamil,

that obstinate

king was enraged,

135 -

sent back "Anyone evil.

an answer

which

was not to the liking of wisdom

of the prince, between

saying, good and his

who has a modicum If in this sudden

can distinguish if the prince

exchange

of words,

has turned message wind,

face from from which battle afraid 10

wisdom,

immature does he an why send me such Since the savage lion fears heart the north so cold

that people? he is totally with

against

helpless,

why is your Unlike fight

as to seek I am not gladly

me recklessly. and I will

KhClr. Shah and Mustatsim, ferocity such that i will

of battle,

with

consume better

the world.

In the ranks Turks.

on the battlefield,

one of my men is

than a thousand

When things themselves treaties

are peaceful, to you.

you break people

your

treaties all

with that

those who ally is due from is ruin. their

The Arab

perform

and obligations,

but from

you,

the end result

Everyone a means in I

who is meticulous of escape. this burst head, situation. into speech I would

in his treaties

and promises

need not look for since

What trust

do I need to have in you, one who speaks If my heart

i have allies purpose, of my life

I am not like recklessly.

without tired

so that

were

and my

come to the Mongols anyone's yoke,

and accept

their

rule.

But why should of strength times

I put my head under and wisdom. greater 15

when i have the support my command,

A countless

army

is under

a thousand

than that of the Mongols. they would from pull

If I gave such an order, in anger.

on the day of Do not ever find seek the

vengeance, submission means

down the heavens is an achievement

me, for

that

that no one will

to do. 11 reply reached Yoshmut, he was astounded precipitately his army prepared of Kurds towards drawn to hear such words, He

When this and became

enraged, for

and rushed of war, Gamli force

the battlefield. ranks. He had

came girded Inside brought

the work the famous a selected

up in tight for

the city, together

his army

battle.

and men from

MayyfrigTn,

and

1.36 -

their swift will for 20

leaders ions. act strive

were

refreshed

in heart

and mind by his sweet to strife

words

and we harsh

He said,

"When we come forth of war

and battle,

valiantly I will for your

in the work not delay task.

and we will

make the world make all

the enemy.

in rewarding refuse

you and I will nothing

preparations horses, in such will

I will

to the warriors, thi s famous

not army

provisions a way that

arms it will

nor swords. be like

I will

furnish

a spring

garden

at Nauruz.

There there then it to

be treasure

and battle, of violent

my brothers. men.

When there

is the one,

is never Is different

a shortage with

When there

is not that one, of that truth battle,

the other.

An understanding for

is a skill

be acquired. reputation Iran relate will

I will

give money to the army an honoured one.

every

its that so man of If it power

become

I have heard Wealth is like

the wise a snake,

the following

on that subject: for a rich

Is not used to advantage, from I will it. not be like Mustatsim, than life.

man possessing

it cannot

derive

a hoarder

of gold, giving gold

to whom gold became to his army,

more

precious 25 his sword him,

When he delayed

no one used

as his contribution would

to battle.

If his army

had seen money from would not

his country

disaster, have seen not by war, and the Mongols

and his people would

have been so shattered such a reputation. 11

not have achieved

He finished treasure adorned

speaking house

and prepared

for battle,

opening

the door

of his and

of jewels. In great

He distributed things following and small. him.

horses, Like

arms aI ion,

and dirhems he made for

his army

the battlefield, well endowed were

his army with bravery

There

were

two valiant

armies,

and might. full of pugnacity, by their whose bravery, bravery they

61A

There became became

two heroes of those

In Gamil is army, days. In every

a legend

battle,

the Rustam

and Isfandiyar

of the time.

137IYo

One was named Saif fierce lion in valour,

al-Din

and the other like

Antar, a terrible from

and each was like dragon. They

and in combat army

descended together full

on the Mongol on the battlefield,

I Ike a storm, calling

two di rections,

copping and hearts

tongues their

Akbar", A1 11 15h u out

of hatred,

and praising

king. in killing

The Mongols the Mongols. two warriors,

came to meet them Many Mongols' who killed a

in battle were

delay did they not and in the attack

slaughtered

of those

large number of Turks

ease. from Turks seeking Whenever the city. advanced, battle.

from battlefield, back the drove them and

advanced, those two came belligerently the mountain

with,
forth the

the Turks Next day, troop

when the sun came over to besiege

top,

on troop,

the fortress,

each leader

Once again, separated battlefield. the city could Mongol

the same two warriors Mongol heads way, from bodies,

came from until these

the city

of MayyfrigTn on the

and

there

was not one left

In this and killed

each day,

same two warriors

came from

many of the Mongol Because from

warriors, of their shame.

and they saw none who bravery, the cheeks of the

defeat army

them in valour. were made yellow

In the city of MayyfrigTn 10 prince and engineer.

a missile stone from

there was a mangonel,

whose guardian

was a

That master of the art was so skillful,

exactly its pouch, it fell as he wished. hurling That master

that he could
aim shot

discharge a heavy

of exact

it In such a way that, in the exact place

if the enemy the prince from had that

came into the battlefield, chosen. stone From Some, and iron. Mosul a highly skilled Lullu'

to earth

whom the Almighty

preserved,

did not perish

master,

an expert

in the use of the mangonel, and when he saw weight but smooth above the

was sent by the amir what the enemy master

to the prince he shot

at the battlefield, a stone, of heavy

had done,

in contour,

in such a way

that the two stones

collided

in the air,

- 138 -

battlefield. battlefield 15 "it

They fell

shattered

and became hearing up.

like dust.

Everyone collision,

on the saying, should

to the ground, breaking

that dreadful

was the heavens

God forbid

that the high heavens

be brought

down by this

means. 11 with such malevolence News reached that there Huleg to help battle, was no advantage at

In this way they fought, for either king over

the other. delay

of the events in the war

Mayyafrigin taking this

and without message

he sent Urqatu son, 11In this is delay

there, his do

to Hleg's

let no man turn this fortress,

head away from not be despondent. of the battle, Food

the enemy.

If there

in reducing

Do not be impetuous to fight until

in the battlefield

at the outcome in the face. weakness excuses, ruthless

but continue short for

the enemy are yellow '`and in their

is becoming not seek

them in the fortress, battleground.

they will seeking enmity. 20 Urqatu message,

another

If then they come with will

to end the work 11 came from

of fighting,

the Mongols

gain fame for

Hleg's found

court

to the aid of Yoshi mut, from it.

bringing attack,

his Urgatu

and Yoshmut

new heart

In a night ardour

led the Mongols taut with al-Din battle

into the field, hunger, emerged advancing

his head hot with

and his heart like a leopard. Saif into

and in his passion, from brave MayyfrigTn in their faith

he roared as usual,

and Antar

and came bravely retribution. hurled forward themlike a

the battlefield, Flom selves fierce 25 all sides, at them. tiger, full

and seeking and many Turks he rushed

the Mongols When Urgatu of hate,

attacked saw their

them,

attack,

fiercely

urging

on his battle

horse,

roaring for those of

and crying, who bring the leaders One by one, They said,

110 famous strife

warriors,

do not rush, will

but delay

a little,

to the battlefield 11

see the deeds which

the hands

can achieve.

the two of them came close 11We do not seek to fight

to him,

their

hearts It would

full

of fire.

you like

this.

not be fitting

139 -

for

two warriors from

to attack among your

one on the battlefield. great ones, to do battle.

You, 11

too,

bring

another

Urqatu 614B

said,

"My strength that way, full

is not to be despised I will bring an amir spirit for

in battle from

with

you both,

but since I will Urgatu Din were effect heart turned 5 hands. like went raised like

you feel

among the Turks.

bring

K6ke-llge,

of warlike

the fight. advanced arose, on Saif such al-

and Antar smoke. with

began to do battle They began to fight

and Koke-lage and a clamour The arms

that ears

filled

the sound of the attack. in the field, fired sorely and Urqatu under

of Urqatu

had no his and

upon Antar dispirited, away from From

was helpless, attack.

and with He twisted defeat

the other's

the battle

and took flight, Saif al-b

suffering n fiercely

at Antar's Kke,

the same direction,

attacked

a lion to kill

and threw him,

him down to earth

contemptuously, of the army

and in his hatred galloped out and

but some of the leaders Those

swords

and spears. while

two warriors helplessly

attacked

many of that When the

band fiercely,

they sat Kke-Ilge the trumpet sounded

on his saddle.

he sat in the saddle field. defeat were He fled

and they quickly wretched and hands

took him from in heart at his

away from

the plain

of battle, The hearts and there

at the hands broken

of the enemy.

of the Turks for the battle-

in that engagement,

was no victory

seekers. Everyone 10 said, "A I ion in a thicket however is not as fierce as these. on their in this as they

Not one of the Mongols, banners. way. Each day,

brave,

made any impression came from twice Mayyafarigin

those

two warriors

At night

and in the evening, They killed

they were

as courageous,

kept on fighting.

soldiers their

and young men from heads high. Their

the Turkish skill put the sated and the

side and in MayyfgrigTn Mongol with army in dire

men held

straits, In this

and yet they did not seem to become way, the siege went on for two years,

the fighting.

140 -

Turkish cold,

troops

were

in the field army there

for

that time.

In hot weather far from

and in When

the world-seeking had passed,

did not advance was no food left A kind Every

that place.

two years were happy

in that city,

and the Arabs Arabs, the and

distressed fortunes

because were

of it.

of starvation corpse whose

ensued, life

reversed. as food for

had ended was

used by the others than another, and fathers. 15 When matters battle, evil killed

themselves, food for

and if one man was stronger the stronger, even to sons

the weaker

became

reached their

this pitch, for

those

two men, of food.

both

lions

day the of on there their no more is

horses

a portion

Sometimes without

in nourishment, they were

because, unable knew

when they were and those through

on foot,

horses, Turks. to fight

to fight, that,

two warriors

killed

The pr i nce against him,

starvation, their

none had the strength heads and advanced,

and the Mongols at the ramparts. and clamour

raised

and hurled demons,

themselves bringing noise

They

rushed

into the town like there lying

on all sides. feet,

Of the Arabs, and corpses warriors were

was not a hundred where

of them alive, under foot.

on their

they had fallen

Two headstrong and full fortune

came one attacked the

by one on to the terrace 20 Mongols with arrows

of the palace, When fight?

of hostility brings

and stones.

the field turned from their

of battle faces

to the palace, towards

how can warriors

The Mongols of blood

the two warriors, their

and streams with order, a rain

flowed

the terrace, taken

as they attacked captive,

bodies

of arrows.

The two were

and at the princess

iii fortune

was meted out to them

by the executioner. Then King Turks bore Gamll was taken prisoner at the hands of the army, and from his eyes fell him, and the the city, on them,

him and his brother sent them to HuIegts in Hleguls warlike heart,

quickly high

to the prince, throne. When

the prince anger heart

surged became

and animosity

overcame

and his and

against

Gamil.

He recounted

Gamil's

offences,

141 -

25

his heart he trembled executioner, flesh this from way,

and soul grew in fear "Quickly for

faint. his life,

His like

Ilonlike

spirit

left him, Hleg said

and helplessly to the the In was cut Cold though

a willow. death.

put him to a painful

11 They severed In agony.

his body and put it in hi s mouth, the day became black for him. After with

and he died this,

his brother

in two, men's matter. 615A Depraved role world, pursuit matters

and people's hearts were

hearts at this

were evil

filled

fear

as a result.

fate,

it was not seen to be the end of the

is the man who chooses or kings.

money in this world man chooses

and a desire equality For else him,

for

the

of princes

The contented

in the the

and does not look covetously of truth is his over-riding For him. this In this

upon greatness. care, and nothing death did

in the world

but abstinence. cheated

monarch, matter, In this

not come happily him, for he a

and the world separated quince. throne with 5

God favoured

him from In another

his desires. palace,

field,

the seed often and glory in it. breath in this,

becomes In this except for we

one sees honour

was the place

of the tomb. 0 God,

A king does not draw grant me your favour

the consent

of God.

know nothing

better

than it. Save

Open my heart

to rectitude, error

guide

me in the

path of goodness. free your that"? to pass. through from

my heart Guide

and eyes from grace,

and keep my soul in the way of or "Do not do everything for us

intoxication.

me by your

0 God, "Do this"

pleasure. 0 God,

If I am wrong, since

who am i to say, needs,

you know all men's

you can bring which is in store

In your your

works,

you know everything

mercy.

THE

MONGOLS

ADVANCE

AND

SUBDUE

MARDIN

Since Mardin,

the affair

of Mayy5f5rlgTn

is now finished, found victory

listen over

to the story a famous

of

and how Yoshmut

the prince

army

142 -

10

in that land. towards of enmity messenger MrdTn, the deeds Qa1an,

By order like

of H6leg6, Kke

he led his army ilge and Urqatu

from

MayyfrigTn him, full

Mrdin

lions,

went with

and war, of war, to give

and arrived

in the land of Mrdin. wise "It and famous,

Urqatu

sent a of ears of

smooth-tongued, message. in every

to the ruler

him th Is Khn,

has surely who,

come to your

of Hleg

land,

by the order Cities, villages

of Mngke and and person. their to

has come from fought him,

Trn

to these

lands.

fortresses All

but he took from their faces from

the enemy every

place

those who turned on their bodies.

his rule

did not again

see with his army appear retain

heads 15 this

Now his favourite

son has come with of living, you will

land,

by order

of the shah. in submission,

If you are not tired for in submission

before

the prince

your

head and your on the strength

possessions, of your

and you will for would

not be destroyed. even if your reduce

Do not rely was as

fortifications,

fortress

high as the heavens, If fortifications the file of hatred.

the Mongols were

speedily

it to its foundations. reduce them with the

of Iron

in their

way,

they would victorious

In the end, Do this contempt. will land,

they were

and laid waste

land on all sides. any message the matter. excuses will with There

and yourself

a favour

and do not treat be the end of In that case, down

If you are penitent, for

that will

be no advantage

you in hostility. will bring destruction

be of no avail,

and the Turks

upon you. 11

20

When the messenger

and received the prince customs harsh a treaty ever this

appeared before
"Hitherto

the king,

he delivered
the resolve

his message
to go before the are upon

answer.

I had formed more

and submit, and ways

but when

I looked Your

closely,

I observed

cf the Mongols. speak a word

treaties

and agreements Anyone his

and you never with

that is honest.

who relies life.

you finds

that the sun has gone away from you, but destruction comes

No one from

sees

any profit

from

everywhere

143 -

you.

My heart

would

be sorry For

to submit

to you.

We would from

have chosen me, one which 11

the worst would your 25 say, heart

possible

path.

you to seek submission Do not hope for which

is the idea of a Brahman. cannot reply attain.

a thing

Do not say things Yoshmut, the prince

have no answer.

When this the army town chose

reached They

was enraged

and he prepared and destroyed They In ranks. from and came to

to attack.

began the attack quickly

upon the kingdom to the fortress. up that army numbers, From

and village,

and the king for

retired

men of renown mounted side,

the garrison,

and drew in countless attacked.

The Arabs the Mongol above, from

the fortifications

while below They

a vast

body of horsemen dark from

the sky became one side like

'arrows the the other

of khadang. like answers,

prayers

and from

and went

and fro between 6158 Crossbows whispered, toll. bolt cloud killed When through

plain

and ramparts. drew colours secrets across and for the face of the sun. the man of war, the Mongols to attack Arrows

and arrows

as if revealing a head appeared It,

it was a long

at a parapet, went for

sent a crossbow a were

and when the Mongols made the world dark

the fortress, numbers

of arrows

them.

Countless

on both sides, stones

but the fortress there

was not subdued was still powerless

in battle.

With

missiles, castle

and engines,

no advantage, on the battlefield.

and the It went on both was

was not taken way, every

and men were day, for

on in this 5 sides.

six months,

all fighting though

bravely the fighting

There

was no. advantage and towns,

in the battle, villagers

desperate; remained, Although water

villages the swords the fortress

and townspeople, scattered

no longer the world.

of the Mongols

having

I ife from

was not destroyed, In the fortress of this

there

remained for

in It neither the Mongols had cut

nor bread.

food was scarce, was rife,

the road, desperate with

and because from this

starvation

and men became were maddened Many died

affliction.

The people

in the fortress

hunger,

and dignity

and authority

disappeared,

as a result.

144 -

from

hunger,

and because More

of the death rate,

the defenders died,

became

few

in number. black red for

than half of the defenders He too became yellow,

hearts

and the stars from hunger,

were and the

their

king.

distressed the pain.

in his cheeks
sons,

became
and the

from

He had two young

were tired of the king's

and brave

of those princes 121

10

life. matter. went

One of them they called When Muzaffar to his father

Muzaffar

and he skillfully to which things

took a hand in the had worsened, he

saw the extent

and protested,

and spoke He said

to the old man of submission, to his son, 'How can a I have no

but his advice prudent trust

had no effect

on him.

man eat rather in the Mongols.

than defend

his own life? these words

In my heart, again

Do not mention

in my hearing. and accept men in this place

When he realised the Mongols'

that the old man did not wish Muzaffar said

to submit, "The

sovreignty,

to himself,

have been destroyed those stil i living

by the enemy on the battlefield. death at the hands of those

In the same way, evil intentioned It is not for for the anyone

are facing

enemies. fitting 15 kind

If my father

remains

alive,

no one will

survive.

that so many should of ruler world,

die in this way. and stubborn.

No one has respect He has no mercy If I now bring it would although assembly. in spirit. " be fitting

who is obstinate and little will

in this

sympathy rest from

in his actions. this battle.

his days for the be

to an end, life

the world

of the world

if I hold his blood and despised become

in contempt, in every a dragon

my soul will

blackened is free For this

by the deed,

When the world

of his blood, reason,

I shalt

the son gave the father

poison,

and then went down from "The in enmity sword of

the fortress vengeance Rest from

and sent a message is now sheathed, death and battle for

to Yoshmut, that which

saying, you did

is finished. people of strife this. "

and rage. a friend.

I am now the chief Since I have a heart

of this cleansed

and at heart and hatred,

I am indeed it is right

that you do not seek further

vengeance

after

145 -

20

When the message friendship him for spare royal prayed door, with

reached

Yoshmut,

he approved

and his heart to him,

chose

him.

He had that young man brought

and forgave him to

all his offences. hisI ife.

Then he sent him to the shah and asked reached the shahis court

When Muzaffar

and saw the and the

throne

room,

he was astonished his people.

by that audience For

chamber,

secretly until

to God for

a time he stood before praises to him, before

it opened the earth for

to the throne. before your Hleg, father's

He spoke who said blood?

Huleg, man, a

and kissed

""O wicked

why did you thirst sin with wicked 25 that evil action.

Now you have commited fall retribution for your

deed.

On your your

head will heart

How could of you.

do him injury?

No man of wisdom disposition to your

can approve father, Muzaffar thing from

Why did you show such an evil in your nature? "

if there said

is not violence to him, ""0 shah,

you speak

the truth,

but I did not do this If my father but he was an had He killed of my

choice.

I had no alternative of his kingship, it would

but to do this deed. have been well, Moreover, have survived retribution

had been worthy

enemy of the shah and not his servant. remained his son, alive, not one person sin, would

if my father in that for

land. the blood

who was without

and I sought

brother. 61GA If I had not carried that country. be killed. that I acted out my ruthless act, much blood thousand would should have flowed not needlessly know what it must has in

I killed Although with

him that a hundred it appears that

I have been evil, you may call were

the shah should me a murderer, an evil one,

good intent.

Though

was really not be taken been spared, it is fitting slave. 11

my motive?

But if this

act really hatred.

to have been done from

By killing Hleg.

him, In view on this

the world of this,

and all of MrdTn now worships that the wise shah should

look mercifully

well-intentioned

- 146 -

When he heard forgave his sin,

these words, and treated

Hleg

showed

him countless

favours

and

him kindly

and raised

him to a high place place, so great him with was

in his entourage. the friendship before from setting

He appointed in his heart for

him to his father's him. Muzaffar

showered Prince

praises,

out from

the court

to Mrdin.

Yoshmut while

returned went for to

that land to his father, everyone praising

happy him from

and victorious, the heart.

Muzaffar there

Mrdin,

He was king In the year

some time, king, father. a fortunate 10

and had nothing two sons,

but a good reputation. and in everything these

he became their

he fathered The elder king,

two excelled

was given was called from

the name of Shams Najm al-Din. this world, worthy he left

al-DTn,

and the younger,

When Muzaffar Shams al-DTn,

departed

the throne

to the elder, He

and that crown with

man also had the name of D511 d. and determination. from When

was a king no longer called exalted. a destroyer the order received of crown followed

by nature, of this world, Najm Najm

judgement

DE11 d was They was

the rule al-Din

passed

him to his brother. of MrdIn

him Malik King

and by him the kingdom was also called Mansur,

al-Din

and he was proud, girded his loins he at

of enemies of the ruler umbrella, and throne, in place

and victorious, of the Mongols. and an ivory

and he always As a favour throne.

from

that shah,

crown

When Mansur Malik

was tired Slih farr and

he quickly

journeyed

to the tomb.

of his father

and sat on the throne,

ruling

with

i5

judgement,

and he is now the ruler

of Mrdin

and is praised

by all.

HULEG

PUNISHES WAR

KKE-ILGE

ON ACCOUNT

OF

HIS

CONDUCT

IN THE

When the spring and beauty,

airs

came and the world put on a garment

became of green,

full

of colour

and scent above was

and earth

and the air

147 -

filled

with

clouds,

and the earth was full with

was full

of goodness, like

like

the garden lamp,

of paradise, and the earth was jealous of the world

and the air

of sweetness, colours from

a heavenly

was decorated of the perfume prepared

the rain,

and the air the ruler sat

of the moss,

in that good season, of spring. wine

to celebrate

the months sweet

The amirs and

in the presence 20 everyone had fought world. frigTn, spoke with

of the shah and the pure of war bravery, spoke and battles

circulated

in every

country,

and how each one the cheek In the battle of the of Mayy-

had scratched the enemy when of Kke"Ilge

They

about the behaviour angry

and the shah became prince,

and said this

to Kke-119e,

'1O aged, Mngke and be life, one,

battle-seeking Qatan

it was not for me from Chin, Since For

that the praiseworthy my body and my life, with

sent you with

to guard

my regent

on the battlefield. my life? yourself his fault

you are not generous this, you have sinned, "

your

how can you preserve for you have shamed confessed

0 famous

on the battlefield. and Hleg

Koke-lIge

had him beaten.

For

a week, shamed.

he

was deprived 25 After

of his office

as an amir, again,

and all of his house were and conversed became with

that he was held

in esteem

the shah again, and

his back he him office, gave and successful.

and that amir

powerful

HULEG

STORES

THE

TREASURE

IN THE

SALT

SEAlttt

Then 616B which

Hleg

and the elders from

became

concerned with

about all the sword

of the possessions of retribution. and men He

he had collected

the world, in one place,

had them collected knocked as a gift fortresses, against

together them.

but it was too small him,

Of the portion These treasures

he had with

he had sent part from Khr"Shah's and

to the army. and from

had been collected of inauspicious

the land of the Kurds,

fortune,

148 -

Diyr every gold,

Bakr

and Baghdad

and from

the land of Ram, there without

treasures

from of had

country. which

In the court

of Hleg, there,

was a great limit

mountain They

had been assembled of gold and silver a place fit for

or count.

made piles They pains 5 Salmas to store chose

coins

and built

them high. and took great In the sea of there, They in which built

the keeping

of that treasure, fell on an island a building

in that task.

The shah's

and the region that treasure

choice zs They erected of Lirmi. hard

and worked at the shah's

in its construction. and the mountain

it on the mountain, rampart for it,

command,

made a its

while

in the same way the sea made a moat for all of the treasure, He placed and I heard in coin. one portion,

provisioning. ruler share, divided

When they had collected it into three portions.

that upright as his own of the portion were not

in that place

of security,

that the amount

was one thousand far away, and for

gold tomans that reason,

The necessities the gold

of life there.

they brought

When they had secured Some time elapsed afflicted 10 pure were with

it In that mountain, work,

they appointed

a guardian. became and of that Wise for it, men for

in this

and the heart

of the mountain collapsed,

the weight

of that gold, were

and the tower swallowed

gold,

more

than two parts by this event

up by the sea. at the reason

astounded

and they wondered much trouble, efforts

the treasure now contained but no profit water returned

of Hleg these

had brought

and the lake of water expended in the search the

valuables. those

Great efforts,

were

came from to it,

and that which

had come from it.

and no one had any success part

in finding

The victorious he set aside decided things chosen,

shah gave a second a third portion

of the gold at once Qa'an, Qa'an, the lord to tell

to the army,

and He

for Mngke amir to Mngke

of the world. him of events

to send a famous of the world,

and

and a celebrated

one from and listen

among the great Hleg

ones was ordered a

one who knew how to talk

to Mngke.

149 -

letter

to be sent from ruler of Iran,

Iran

to the high court and Chin.

to the far-seeking

king

Mngke,

Trn

THE

LETTER

OF

HI. ILEG

KHAN

TO MNGKE

QA'AN

The letter the shah,

opened with the pure God,

the name of God, other

Iike a crown

above

the name of God, nor will

than whom there

Is no other

be in the world, elephant victorious Chingiz army 20

farr from comes whom and Then, said, after "By praising

and strength, the creator

the God of the of the world, the

and the ant. ruler Khn,

of earth

means of the farr

of my grandfather, Qa'an, I led the I quickly I led I

and by the felicity by this far road,

and orders towards easily over

of Mngke

from

Trn

the land of Iran.

came to this the army turned like

kingdom

and passed wind, against land,

the face of the river. many as i went. heretics. were fierce First, were

a destroying

and killed the warlike in which

my face resolutely fortresses

There troops

countless men, which in war, farr strong

in that never

and brave

and above which

fluttered and over

the wings which

of eagles,

and beneath never flew

the sun was banished, and over whose I bravely

a cross never

bow bolt a way.

mountain

a leopard

found

By the not one castle From race

of the ga'an castle

put my foot on them, mountain tops.

and in the end, I threw

remained

on those

down every

to the dust, there, under 25 After there

and at one blow, against

the world

was purified and brought

of the heretics. that despicable

I advanced my heel. that, lasted I went forty

the Kurds,

to Baghdad days

and prepared was full

for

the battlefield.

The war In

and my heart thanks

of both hope and despair. of the qa'an. I overthrew

the end, the house

we were of bbs cities

victorious,

to the farr

and left not one person in that land, which

of them alive.

I conquered for their

many other

are numbered

and renowned

-150-

art,

I Ike Wsit

and Basra,

I Ike which

no one has seen such buildings Is an unsurpassed

in

the world, resting 611A I passed like

and in the reed

beds of Amman there

place. on from Hill Kfa, and . through and I have never a desert water country Euphrates, seen'such buildings heat, and

theirs.

I travelled there

of sand and Intense From there

In that plain Mosul bravely going qa'an's great

was neither the whole

nor tree. under

I attacked I went

and brought as far as far

my hand. the lives

In this way,

as the river

taking

of the enemy, Thanks to the i showed Now

as the far borders I achieved

of Rm and other my every design.

lands.

good fortune, superiority

Everywhere

and we broke against Syria

the heads of the evil

ones in pieces. day black bring for war

I lead my army them. From

and will against

make the shining Egypt,

there,

I go to war I will I shall

and I shall in Africa to the far

to find

the land of the Berbers. a resting west, with place in Spain.

set up my court lead the army and with

and shall limits I shall

of the not leave and my there wii of all

the qa'an's in the world,

good fortune thanks

fortitude.

one ruler farr

to the good auspices I shalI so uproot me.

of the qa'an

and skill.

With ferocity, in the world,

the enemy-that that,

not remain the world of the east Then went all l

a ruler will

except

After

the dominion and after 1' that,

belong

to the children will

of Chingiz

jShn,

and west

be the kingdom

of his descendants. to TrUn. Mngke MBngke, it,

he selected quickly

and sent a third

of the booty

The messenger and recounted his cheeks his 11

to Trn exactly.

and came before When the letter

the famous reached

these words the colour saying,

turned brother,

of the rose, "Well done!

and when he heard Long may the earth

he praised his farr.

enjoy

- 151 -

THE

REPLY K HN

OF MNGKE

QA'AN

TO

THE

LETTER

OF

HLEG

He ordered skilled plucked beginning guide, stars,

a letter

to be sent That letter,

In reply, from

and it was written of the world

by one of the was a rose At the

Mongols. from

the ruler like

a great

garden,

adorned

a garden

in spring.

was written

the name of God,

the almighty,

the all-knowing those seven chosen

the God of the seven heavens the God of the fundamental

and the earth, of nature

things

and of the elements, "By the soul Khn, shah, so

the God of hell 15 of my great countless full

and the God of paradise, the valiant world

and it continued, conqueror too,

grandfather, praises from

Chingiz

me, and blessings prayers

upon that chosen too, from

of wisdom.

Abundant

and salams Hleg, and wise

us to our brother, and

the chosen conqueror letter of all troops. you, openly sword, bravery.

khan of good reputation, of countries, the proud

world one.

conqueror Your

profitable that I am Informed, of your to either

has reached these events

us in this

high court.

I acknowledge

and the condition to God for the heretics it,

of the young men and the deeds that he was such a good guide no longer exist in this world, evil, thanks

I offer that by your or

praises farr,

in secret.

You have purified is no trace

the world

from

by your to your have

and there As for

to be seen of the enemy, of the celebrated Mustatsim, the situation

the matter

it would

been a better and paid destroyed. 20 place more

outcome

if he had considered It would

and submitted

the price.

have been better in everything Provided task.

than to have been totally be watchful in every

Now be prudent situation. in your

you do; first,

and every consideration

you think Like aI Ion,

you need seek no army to the west and your

lead your your

and bring

down the capital your words

of kings.

Make all kings

servants sun heats

do not change face, so your

out of courage. light

As the shining up the stars.

actions,

as commander,

When you

`152-

angrily before

in the war, out enemy seek you. Cleanse the world

guard

lest

they open up an ambush lay the heads of desire other of all men become us.

of fear

of hatred,

the malevolent true, let there

dust, in the ones be no other to the east, from there, You, like

let the heart's

hope in the world to war, go with from to turn your

than through

Now I am going disgrace. 25 destroy attack You, every with

the honour army

of the enemy to and fiercely will

to the west

enemy.

the west,

and I from

the east,

our armies,

lightning

and may God aid our endeavours be attentive. 11 at once set out staging the of for

and may the heart They from post, placed the court a fleet

and eyes of fortune

the red seal on the letter, of Mngke, horse by horse with

and the messenger a tight rein.

At every

was found for after

that elder.

When he reached

presence 617B the qa'an. the wise

of Hleg, His face Mngke

hi s journey

he repeated ,

to him the words out praises

lit up at hearing

them and he poured

Qa'an.

THE

MESSAGE

OF

HLEG

KHAN

FOR

THE

PEOPLE

OF

ALEPPO

He rejoiced sent a letter, Aleppo,

at the reply written

and prepared with amir,

to attack a solemn chosen

Syria. pledge from

The great to the people

shah of ones seeing a a

in Arabic,

at the hand of a famous It was written

among the brave clerk, a far

among the Turks. and perceptive 5 master letter,

by a selected, Tsi That

skilled NafTr, knower a rain of farr

doctor,

whom they called men of the world. every

who had become of secrets of arrows, and stature. wrote

among the wise in which would

he described come, started

way in which of that king the bi essed things

swords The

and maces superscription

at the promise with praise for

Almighty,

who is praised who gives the evil us

in both worlds, the monarchy ones to hell.

by whom all assembled over this heap of earth

are created,

and for whom weiconslgn

153 -

"Now, will . will

everyone

who accepts

my authority turns

in this

strife

and dispute, he of Baghdad, me in With

be protected, not live

but if anyone day.

away from

my sovereignty, on the ruler

to see another worded

When we called to him,

and sent a sweetly submission 10 blows citizen thing from

message evilly

he did not come before towards me after Neither a time. city at all. nor

and he became sharp swords,

disposed

I disposed

of his army.

nor warrior there

did i leave plundered

in that country, and the whole to me,

anywhere country

Every-

was totally

made desolate. Lulu' and I gave

Another

father

of the faith

submitted

the famous

him my protection. found safety from

I did not harm one man of his army, the lion of the jungle. those people you will warlike any doubt, It was different did not disobey fill the hearts will

and the dwarf with again. those who If you

disobeyed refuse Aleppo to flow and their submit

our authority;

to accept with

my authority, This

of the people, of streams of blood

blood.

famous without

army from

cause

in that country, time will

our victorious Anyone

swords,

come to an end in the world. be freed from his earthly life.

who does not war and

to me will with

He who seeks

contention 15

us will They will

suffer

destruction,

on the face of the land and in a sharp sword, will I will remain bring the

his own neck.

see how , with

day of resurrection with They the strength sealed

to the land.

Not one person 11

in the land

to do good or evil.

the message

of the shah and the messenger on the road for him, noise to Aleppo.

set out,

leaving

the court Aleppo, in these

in the black there words,

of night,

When he reached of that city answered Musta'sim, If the way.

was no respect

and the ruler and tumult. because

"We do not fear His heart

I am not like

simplehearted. Mongols

was broken they will there

of his avarice.

come into this returned

land, from

see how we kill

in the Arab

The messenger 20 recounted before

to the shah and the princes Hulegu was angry

and at the

them all that he had heard.

154 -

answer

he had brought to LJIu,

and quickly

set about attacking to attack Syria.

Aleppo. You,

He sent

a message your

It I am intending

yourse, IF, In and enjoyable this

old age,

have no strength

for battle.

Make a pleasant son and army,

banquet assembly.

for me at Mosul It reached

and send me your

to join

When the order

Mosul,

the experienced

LId

followed

it explicitly, reached the farr his

He sent his son Sl ih to the qa'an, Hulegu at Harrn. He entered

his ih king Sal army and and chamber and praised

that royal

of the shah, 25 praises, raised

and commended

HlegUls

palace.

When Huleg for

heard

he showed

him abundant beside

favours, him.

and in return

his praises,

him to a high place

THE

BATTLE

OF

HLEG

KHAN

AGAINST

ALEPPO s8 king, with the spring

He gave him, of a cypress he quickly from 618A there

as a wife,

a daughter

of the Khwrazm Then, when setting

the shape came, and too, and breaking and Ilge In

and the face of a moon. prepared turning for war towards with Syria. First

weather

Aleppo, Proud

out for Ala-Tgh, emirs went

and famous

the service another

of the shah.

came the head-crushing skilled in battle. sword-wielder, went Urgatu,

Ket-Buqa, the army

was Baiju,

a leader

commander, Noyn also

Suqunchaq, came. full Shiktr

the proud

and Shiktr feroc

and Baiju Suqunchaq

on the right, in haste

I ous

in war his in

and hearts army. 5

of hatred. was a great

advanced with

on the left with Hleg was

Ket-Buqa with

in the vanguard body of troops.

his army,

while

the centre

Finally,

In the rear,

Urqatu

led an

army of brave warriors. the army filling the sky,

The army set out, with its commander,

the dust of of

and from the tread of the hooves of the horses of stones and mountains were trodden

the army of Tr-an, First, at Hleguls

the hearts order,

into dust.

the army set out to attack the Kurds,

seeking

155 -

out their battlefield. killed and for towns

army,

and the bodies destruction

of the slain befell

were

like

a mountain

on the

Great

the Kurdish which were

robbers, in that

and everyone flattened, fortresses,

them ruthlessly. a month, and villages

The castles brought

land were

the Mongols alike being with

destruction

on the Kurds,

destroyed. the lands of the Kurds, submitted

From

When HC Ieg had finished kingdom

10 the elders

he came to the to him, and all of

so

of Diyr
saved

Bakr.
their and

There,
lives Irbil,

the cities

by submission. to the borders

till Sanin and Saghard, they came,

and MayyfragTn

of MrdTn,

one by

one, with

contrite courtesy,

in heart

and spirit, there,

to submit turned

to him.

He received Syria.

them

and from

his face towards a dark

The army river. provisions crossed the army the wind, ass,

and its commander

halted

before

fortress,

set by the bringing when they

The commander for the army,

of the garrison

came out to them,

and gave them guidance when the sun rose crossing Like

on the road, from

the river. continued

Next day, towards

Jamshed's Euphrates attacking

cup, like a wild

Syria,

the river lion

and prepared full

for battle. of strife wi

a fierce

they advanced the city aware

and tumult,

arriving

in the bi ack of night When the Arabs threatening feet

15

before became mountain

of Aleppo, of the night

th clamour

and pandemonium. throng

attack, their

they saw the black walls were able fortified, to fight

and plain,

but since All

they set their

on the path of resistance. in a warlike Hulegu where. body.

who were

came on the battlements,

sent men to the four At the Damascus and the famous brave

gates

of the city,

and battle were

commenced

every-

Gate,

aiju

and Shlktr were

among the heroes. and was the to be in

Suqunchaq led their

Ket-Buqa

both at the Gate of Iraq, Urqatu against

men in an attack.

At the Gate of the Jews, led his vast army

the forefront Antioch Gate.

of the Mongols.

The shah

Some of the nimble

ones reached

the ramparts,

only

156 -

20

struck

by stones

from

the sky.

There in front

were

several

mangonels

on the

battlefield, skilled from

trained

on all parts

of the castle. From

Many men, arrows fired

in firing crossbows,

missiles,

took part

in the battle.

the face of the shining

moon was hidden.

You would it came a

have said rain

that there

was a sea of men on that plain, part there fell a rain

and from

of evil.

On every to the Arab

of arrows,

bringing the

destruction Arabs,

people.

In that battle, Heavy

the day was lost for stones fell on their were

and disaster

rained were

on them.

heads silenced red

and the defenders with a blow from

helpless

because

of them. battling

Tongues men.

a sword,

by those fierce, it was not the kind of blood

If a man desi to be in that

a reputation Impetuous, fortress, The spears 25

for bravery, for the colour

of battle

In which

ran as though of battle.

in the stone

kind did that not seek and men and arrows said

to the enemy,

"Remember refuge and soul i'

this,

that right i will and he will

is on my side. bring find After his life

If the malevolent to an end. lot is nothing of assault I will

enemy takes take his life

in the sky, together,

that his a week

but pain and grief.

on the town and fortress, day, were and arrows killed

the Mongols

found

a way Women in land. battling

into the city and men, 618B that battle. Then

on the eighth

hastened

to shed blood. were annihilated

old and young, More

and the Arabs

men perished turned

than could

be counted

in that pleasant it ferociously,

the Mongols forty

to the fortress

and attacked for killed, bravery

at it for limitless

days. from

Many reputations each side were

were

earned,

and a

number

and the Mongols and wanted

saw no way to submit to

into that fortress. the shah,

Inside,

men became

desperate

but the ruler would

did not agree be futile.

to their

suggestion,

because

at that

time submission Bravely

the Mongols

brought

down leaders

the ramparts fell underfoot.

from

the ir They

foundations, so many men,

and the heads

of the enemy

killed

- 1.57 -

that the face of the earth so many servants The other the Mongols from every

was hidden

by their that there

bodies.

They

collected left to sit. and

and possessions,

was no room

fortresses collected land,

in that land were a vast amount

overthrown from

at the same time, that kingdom. to their

of booty

Booty khn.

beyond

count,

was brought

by the Turks

THE

SUBMISSION

OF

THE

PEOPLE

OF

DAMASCUS

The kingdom Hleg. fortifications 10 there lost News

and country

were

subdued,

through

the farr army

of the victorious down the and They them.

in the city

of Aleppo,

when the Mongol were heads

threw

everywhere, for

the Arabs their

devastated nor their

at one blow, property. overcame

remained their heads

them neither

and property

helplessly, and for

and disaster every went

of this

reached

Damascus,

Damascene to consult

the heavens each other in

became their

ominous.

Everyone The elected

you saw there leaders

assembly.

sat together the wise

and all spoke conclusion

of enmity

and battle, not wash From

but in the end they reached their hands in blood their wi

that they should of submission. to the Mongols and his fear of their anxiety, the way,

th the shah,

but must talk for his enmity

bad guidance,

king did not agree, was insignificant from

was such

that a mountain

in comparison, Its place. In view

was enough he suddenly

to move that mountain agreed, and went,

scattering

money fit for him,

a king

along

to the presence submission is city, full

of Hlegu, him. their

and praised They took with on the earth

and the princes

made their of the lips they

before

them the keys before

of the gates their

and placed of praises, with

heads

the throne,

and they blessed

the shah and entrusted of his treasury. them of their

the monies Hlegu

had brought them with army.

them to the keeper and assured

received his great not seek

many favours

safety

from will

"When now you choose

to submit,

the Mongol

people

-(5E3-

you out on the battlefield.

Someone gave them a safe conduct, and happy at heart and freed from

anxiety,

they returned about

cheerfully

from

the court

to the city. submission.

Hleg He said into

was to

in two minds himself,

Egypt,

them and worried from

about their here

11if I now lead my army

perhaps these men will

on a difficult
and evil

journey
may come

become

warlike,

to the

army 20

from

them,

for

from

our

rear

they may confound amir,

and destroy

us. "

He said in this.

to the prince

Ket-Buqa,

110 victorious and find

you must be my guide is good and If their

Go to that city and whether in harmony

and investigate by nature wi th their

out what

bad there, hearts you, strike

That

and conviction tongues,

they are for us.

are

they need not see any harm from and do not speak the truth,

but if they do not have good intentions with

proud

the sword,
man left the

and remove
court lion,

their

heads. 11
to the city and like a Kurd, of a fox all those with laying who the an

and came keen ears

expression ambush. were part

of a fierce When of the came the news

the purpose the city, ones, him

of his

coming

reached the great

government to see him.

and all They all

young together

men and and gave him

warriors,

praised

25

presents agitation

beyond

limit.

They

showed

obedience in their

and humility, they asked

helplessness, for protection

and servility. treated

With alarm them kindly.

hearts,

and Ket-Buqa humbly

He sent them to the shah, in their

and they went and minds,

to the court. them with to the ir 'their

When the shah saw what was favours home, loins

hearts

he showered them happily viceroy,

path

and gave them a famous sending

viceroy wi

and sent th that the

an a rrn-y cf non-Mongols f :. government

to gird
governor.

in thv: manner

and guard

of the

6i941

The suppliants and they adhered from there

quicl: ly seht many presents totally to his rule,

from

the city,

worthy

of H61eg, came

in heart

and mi nd.

Many gifts

to the shah and the court,

sent according

to habit

and custom.

159 -

Then all of the other authority. All

cities

which

were

in that kingdom

submitted

to his

of them came under of Syria of Syria, from

his rule, border

and he knew From

them by heart, the Oxus to

all of the kingdoms the furthest 5 All

Syria feat

to border.

regions from

all were

tamed by the shah in one campaign. to the borders

by Huleg He was before same time Kim.

of the towns
and which its

the land of Iran

all were

of R6m,
in three

the country
years, to Z51 a

territories, have

siezed the Vedas.

would

astonished like his

accustomed If Rustam,

conquering

countries, Sam would had have

grandfather alive his at the

and the worthy worthy ones

been praised

as Hleg, justification. about

those The him. There At

generalship, have listened groan

with

world-conqueror the conquests has not been, When

Alexander of that nor will king, be,

would every amongst

to stories wretchedly. such

sl ave will other

princes,

an earth-shaking the whole of that

leader. 10 land Egypt came

he had conquered under his

the kingdom domination.

of Syria, Then

completely the West.

he went

to attack

and

HLEG

LEARNS

OF

THE

DEATH

OF MNGKE

OA'AN

He

intended as the

to conquer shores and

alI

of the

lands with

of the the help and

Berber, of fate

Egypt

and

the west, own farr

far as . and

of the sea, a kind star,

and by his From There than that and

; trength,

and

the sun Africa

the moon. to China. stock

the east would of king not

tu the W(`-t, remain Chingiz kind At

he meant settled But

to conquer quarter,

from any

in that Khan.

other aid him

royal

fortune

did him. him

not

in this

design

a different

of dispute this point, The It had

confronted news moon set, reached of the and

that

Mngke had life

Qa'an passed was

had

passed

from

this of garden

%vorld, detath.

acge of Mngke the lamp of his

behind

the mountain In the

extinguished.

160 -

of his body,

because

of the chill

wind

of the pain of death, the palace the great

the tree

of

15

existence became court

had shed its leaves. broken, and disaster

At one blow, entered qa'an through

of his dynasty door. was filled for The with $32. the crown. clashed under the In with

became without Two famous supporters were

its famous brothers disposed

and as a result with

passion. Their

struggled

each other and horsemen their heads

to slaughter, bowed

horsemen sword, fighting, Trn.

in this dispute. to place hatred In search their

The factions

leader

on the golden between civil those war

throne.

Each day passed In the land of at which

and strife, for

two princes broke were out, killed

kingship,

the heart In were In the

of the world this confused

was confused. argument

Many soldiers

on both sides

and contention. and in those days,

The affairs the army

of the kingdom caused misery

thrown Iand.

into disorder,

When Hleg 20 black with for him.

heard

the news of these sat, full

events,

the world

became all

totally the time rest full

The brother

of pain for

his brother, from

his head between

his two hands. was confused, over

He was divorced his head dazed his throne the dust dust.

food,

and sleep, of grief. his head. the princes women there

and his spirit Black

heart his and

dust was poured

and he poured

dust over a crown,

When the shah took his place, covered their garments with

on his head like

In the hearts

of men and

was lamentation rites

and grief,

in that assembly. Hlegu

When the passed out of the from

customary

mourning

had been completed, remained

land of Syria. there,

Ket-Buga Egypt.

in that kingdom,

to lead his army

to attack

The shah returned

to the land of Iran, his rule,

to resume through

the duties battle,

of ruler all

in that kingdom.

He had extended

over

lands.

161 OF THE WAR WITH EGYPT

THE

EVENTS

Now i will O brother, hidden

deal with

the attack

on Egypt,

and start

with

this

good advice. are has who

do not be presumptuous Do not be proud, for he who is proud

in this world, even though is short

when there your knowledge

enemies.

been nourished, is proud himself wiII 619B

of wisdom.

Everyone injures

of his achievements, a little. In every

even though in which

he be like a man's

the sun,

matter

heart

is arrogant,

he

end up in shame. shows weakness Everything in himself, which he becomes contemptible in this in

When a person

the eyes of others. world, Though becomes ixet-Buqa

inspires

haughtiness

contemptible

in the eyes of princes. bravery; It was he was arrogant inevitable and be

was a man of great by' jealousy.

undoubtedly destroyed have heard equal. That

'distracted

that he should of bravery. You

by one who did not have the same degree that Nimrod hidden to say, dust evil believed destroyed that there

was no one who was his with the kingship, his mouth All him in of

his contentment

and he began was filled with

"I am the God of the world. and the curse of God filled with

11 As a result, him w1 th dread. cursed

the assembled 5 hatred. him. war

creatures

of the world, of curses blind

one breath, this

When the invocation There came a gnat, Without

reached

point,

God afflicted of God, It made one

and lame,

and by the order the soul

on him.

the aid of sword The cursed

or axe,

of the cursed

was maddened and that with

by the gnat. the true

one realised

that man is insignificant God forbid that you act in

in the world for

God is all-powerful. be jealous. unless Pride

pride,

the God will it,

is the worst Anyone

blemish

the world. pride

Do not show him,

you are Ahriman. will be less

who allows

to overcome

undoubtedly

than an Ahriman.

-(62-

THE

BEGINNING THE STORY

OF

EVENTS

AND

THE

COMMENCEMENT

OF

When 10 Hleg

the

chosen

amir a letter

Ket-Buga

was

separated up, full

from of words

the, shah written

in Syria, by a wise

ordered

to be drawn Ill

man,

to be sent to king of Egypt.

Qutuz,

the Sultan

of Egypt,

King

of Syria

and

Protector to the king. king world, earth. 15 From him,

After

praising

the name of God,

he sent greetings t'Qutuz,

He praised and Syria,

Chingiz know

Khan at length, that, from

and said,

of Egypt

east to west

of the whole over this mound of

the true

God gave to Chingiz

Ehn sovreignty

sovereignty of God,

has passed lands

to us,

in all to this

things. race, like

Since,

by the pearl, his

command anyone throne

all these

belong

a waxen find

who now places and crown will from place our

his head within fortune. He will

our sovereignty retain whatever

will

he had before, draws over his as

and his action

him in no danger rule, the shining fall on his

of harm. sun will life, will

But if anyone be as a sword

his head away from head. a result wind, Disaster of his and only will

quickly

and he will devour

die In torment the of

III fortune. death will

The fire recall

of war

his land like Think

the, splendour the choice expel

of his dynasty. between which

one of these you. gird 20 face

two courses to submit prepare

of action,

is now before your turn heart, your

If you wish your loins,

to us now, yourself

all arrogance

from

in your

palace, command with your

and quickly

to the path of obedience. us, and your kingship

Obey this will remain

and do not be ill disposed land. But if for

towards you prefer when way.

you in this kingdom

to be an enemy, I will heart

then weep for not leave will

and yourself,

I come in war, Know that your

one soul tired

of that army of your life

to weep on the and the demons on the day of the

become Recognise

of the air

will

overcome

you.

the truth

that,

-163-

. me, I will entrust the

hunt, whole

the dog Is no use. of your I will kingdom become or Syria, destroy You will

If you do not please to my army. an enemy, who will your In Iran, full of evil

I have made dust of the disposition. I will leave I

country.

no one In Egypt will battle 25 bring your completely field.

have any fame left and your the work Regrets life

In the world. leave

kingdom, regret

will

you on the when 1 and

bitterly

of the demon) then will " forty

down your soul will written it.

kingdom

In tumult.

be of no value,

be in the breath this letter

of the dragon.

Having

at the order

of the shah, of Egypt, went to him.,

famous

ambassadors who was Qutuz, full and

set out with the protector

He sent

them to the Sultan So the ambassadors one of them read and passion these

the slave

of Egypt.

to speak with

gave him the letter, of swords 62-CA Qutuz and arrows, anxious

which

lt was a letter of battle. and anxiety

all war at hearing

and tumult Concern

became like

words.

over-

came him, told

a thicket.

He called in that kinds letter.

the leaders Qutuz

of the army "Facing

to him and me in this The be a and

each one what was matter are

said,

difficult first war

three

of opinion,

and there

is not a fourth. will

is that we accept which

his authority. The third in this

The second is that

is that there this

we do not choose. will not be lord that

i quit

assembly

henceforth I will treaty reliable the thorn. 5 drunkenness. sorrow will

kingdom. this shah. Their

If i choose

to make submission, to have a is not a meaning is like

see nothing or agreement one.

is good from

It is di)pgerous kind of treaty but their

with

the Mongols. is like like

Their

appearance they are

the rose,

Outwardly,

wine,

but inwardly for place,

they are their where time, love

like is hatred,

With them,

one gains

no advantage, from this

and pain.

If I move on humbly

in the world but fortune are possible. in battle and

I find

high office? will

We see no remedy

in battle

at this

and power Either

be our guide. fame, or we find

If we seek battle, honour.

two outcomes

we find

If we are victorious

164 -

trample

the enemy to dust, as would

we would never

achieve

an everlasting

reputation, if such better

such a reputation a successful

be lost.

On the other how could above

hand,

people

overcame raise

us in battle, our heads over

we find

fame than this. Even

We would

the vault

of heaven. be

if the enemy are victorious and it is better to find "

us in battle, for

our name will bravery

respected,

a reputation

in battle,

than in submission

and misery.

These words
By this therefore

pleased the general,

the army prepared

that the brave hero planned for war.

for war cutting with the Turks. They

one word,

made their

preparation,

first of Egypt

off the heads of the this for action, battle he set with the the the

ambassadors. out with army famous Turks. against

and 15 the

When the Sultan which was like

had taken ready

an army

a mountain,

of Turan. Egyptian

The Sultn warriors, side,

assembled passing Ket-Buga, adorned

reached 13v

the army, desert,

and set out with bravely in battle, it were

across

to attack advanced a bride,

On the other the enemy,

sound of his

experienced

having
drums

his army
the ninth

as though
orbit

of the moon.

There

was a famous

one,

Baidar

by name, guard,

who was equally out in front, At Gaza, Baidar

brave.

As usual

he was the commander his army

his troops

of the advance

and he deployed brought

time,

according

to his usual
for

practice.

up
Ket-Buqa

and prepared t31"

the attack

on Egypt.

At

the same

was in Balbek, other di

and heaven from became

turned

a dark

face upon his army. army suddenly army like

From

the Gaza full the

rection, Baidar

Egypt, aware

the Egyptian

approached

and when

that the Egyptian to Ket-Buqa, with

was advancing, wind, with

of vengeance, message chosen full that,

he sent

a horseman

a storm army,

11The Sultn for their

of Egypt, bravery

a great

under

generals lions, and is not

individually

is advancing attack

on us like us sooner

roaring or later,

of agression. doubt,

Without

doubt,

they will

without

I do not have the men to hold

them back,

for my army

165 -

more 2

than one thousand

men,

and I do not have the strength to our assistance, the work

for

a battle.

if you do not bring will be black for

the army us. "

of the enemy

Baidar's message,

messenger and heard army

came to Ket-Buqa these words stay

like

the wind, 11 1 will with

and delivered

his smoke. army. the on like for "

In reply,

come to you like my destroying

You and your But before battle-tried the battlefield. a fierce himself his feats, other 25 life. brought caution brought side,

at Gaza until bring

I arrive

Ket-Buqa Sultn

could of Egypt

his army with hurled lion,

to the aid of Ba i dar, his army, himself to face Baldar into the battle,

arrived Baidar a roaring

Helplessly, attacking like

leopard In battle,

and he made a reputation of Egypt to attack

that of Shem. Baldar

The army rushed

was amazed at Qutuz. On the of

as the battle-hungry from Balbek,

came Ket-Buqa army,

as though from Qutuz

his soul was tired and

He came upon the Egyptian his army into battle, Because like

the dust of the road, had a large army,

and since

he threw he

to the wind. in his army, There

of his arrogance lion,.

on the battlefield, frowned

a roaring

and Qutuz

at the fury and clamour of and

of his attack. conflict

was a clashing numbers

of swords

and spears, killed

and countless

of Egyptians

were

by the blows

the Turks
6206

on the battlefield.
made his impetuous attack, Qutuz resorted to the use of a the hearts

When Ket-Buqa trick, for

his heart

was full A large

of anxiety,

and the trick

relieved

of the Egyptians. order, his army from formed feigned

number

of Egyptian from

horsemen,

at Qutuz+s and Qutuz headlong and

an ambush flight.

on the road The Mongols

the battlefield, them, rushing

pursued

the battlefield,

p ursuit rushing

91 They continued In 131 in this way, as far as Ain Jaft, of the E gyptians the heroes 138 When Qutuz passed the point of the ambush, his ahead. men came and Ket-Buga was in the forefront. eager for battle, their leaders joining the battle from both

out of hiding,

166 -

sides, ambush front

drawing

swords

and heavy

maces.

The Arabs on him from

charged left

out from in inside The a bird

and attacked

Ket-Buqa

advancing

and right,

and from

the back.

The amir

was in the centre inside the ring,

of a circle, anxious. was like

its circumference,

and suddenly, in front

he grew

enemy then came from In a cage. amir fought rcle

and behind,

and the prince

The chosen Around

men died for the battle sun

bravely,

striking

many from

the sky to the earth. and his

looking way, took body, until the and

him,

the ci

of enemies
was

was all

the time fiercer,

In that battleground, in this

quickly. with left from

Ket-Buga the enemy, When

i Ike aI ion

and he fought day turned

on the plain, Into night,

the sky. his defeat arm,

weariness in his

strength fate

and there soul.

remained

no strength

brought

to his

10

One of his men said, faces us, it is better

"0

amir

of wakeful from

fortune,

now that this

disaster

to flee

the battlefield. your your

What is the use of i ife. Go

remaining quickly would escape anxious whole prince

in the battle? from the battlefield.

Do not betray To throw

body and your life uselessly

to the wind man. If we

not be the path of justice, from about this difficult the war. situation,

in the vi

ew of a wise

we can then cause

the enemy to be and bring the the is not 11

We can defeat within

them by our wisdom

of the enemy kingdom has made a blunder, for further delay. him with

our grasp.

By his Impetuosity, in this way. away from this Now

by rushing 0 valiant these words,

into battle one, turn

the place Ketbuqa of action, I will

battle.

answered for i will

"I am not a man to take with a reputation

that kind

not burden

my heart

for dishonour. To die is not an

not turn

away from Why,

the enemy on the battlefield. when death faces me, should it is best that

unpleasant Since

thing.

I turn

from

battle?

one must die

lamenting, battle,

one day,

if I die on the battlefield. have a reputation

If I die famously

in this

is it better

I should

for dishonour?

Perhaps

it will

be written

that I die painfully.

I want to be

- 167 -

killed

on the battlefield, it will

because,

if one man survives

to tell will

the shah know that my

of my death, death

be enough

for me that the assembly that

did not come through

cowardice,,

I have striven the command and still

in the ranks of God. remain Besides, courageous?

of the battle, if my grave

but I saw no way of avoiding is to be here,

how can I run away,

Since my grave is in '`Ain JAI M, how can my death take place anywhere
My death will or from 20 Then, man's like be in accordance evil intentions. lion, with 11 bravely at the enemy. Alone, he the command of God,

else?

and not by battle,

a roaring heads from

he rushed and left

separated

bodies,

them useless

in the battlefield. made a mistake without his fart at at

At the time when that man was most ferocious, on the field, hesitation, in this him. him, and he dismounted like a terror stricken and turned elephant. and merciful his

his horse

face to the enemy, showed

The general king of Egypt

adversity,

and the brave

was amazed

When the Arabs and killed

saw that he was on foot, field,

a group

of them rushed

him on that miserable

and so fate brought

an end to

that famous
e

man. sons, who were son of Zl, valiant, both vi lords ctorious and famous, each

But he had two noble with mace.

the body of a Rustam,

of the sword Ragimi their

and the iron h. The on the were

The name of one was Qutlughh and his honorific fortunate one was Isun Qimi h. They displayed

25

other

bravery

battlefield victorious, captured delay began evil

and killed and there

many enemy horsemen. remained tied no advantage them like

But in the end, in bravery

the Arabs They

or skill.

the two of them, Qutuz. about

stones,

and brought of these

them without he

before

When Qutuz the outcome from

saw the faces of those actions,

two warriors, "Through

to speak

hostilities. his life

the great because of

which

resulted

his wicked

was taken

his conduct.
621 A

That ruffian

of evil descent was destroyed, the enemy.

even though he in his strength,

showed high courage

against

He had great pride

168 than himself. become so Why a lame

and did not imagine Where black?

there

was anyone and strength? lion become helpless with

in the world

better

now is his bravery Why has a roaring leopard

Why has his fortune helpless, in battle without

strength? like

has a fighting fox? quickly A brave

become

and become should

man who fought

such

impetuosity

not be so of At

defeated,

for when a lion comes

into the battle, the wind, 11 or follow

then the work hands. his at

the fox is at an end. his death we say, Qutlugh path. dies said Know "Let

Many heads went with it be and it is right.

to him,

"Do not speak futile who refuses For us,

words

that useless of the shah in going to we for It who so

that anyone

to accept there

the authority

as a result

of his sins. at the order There

is no dishonour At the order;

the battlefield, gird our ourselves. service

of our ruler. for

of our father, Except

is no detriment there never

the shah

in that. duty

in the world, the custom, killed

was any other of Iran We would

to the shah. that anyone

was never served little

in the kingdoms him, as you did.

or Trdn, never 0 king

a king foresight

have acted with of wretched

or pride.

Do not be arrogant,

deeds,

on account becomes them.

of your aware

achievements events,

in the battlefield, he will not turn

for when our shah from taking revenge remains for for

of these see what with

You will

abundance

comes

to you, will

when there

you a sky filled

pain and hatred.

Hleg

send an army,

and make

10

the world
wretchedly heroes because his soul would God. will

harsh and black for you.

killed, a whole army

For everyone
will

of the Mongols who is

be slain. Those fierce dies that

of Egyptians of the kingdom

make this

land part of God. If his horse

of Iran.

My father

of the decree met defeat.

It was not on account had not stumbled

of the Egyptians

helplessly,

his sword the decree of

not have left

your

Iife untouched. wil I that Qutuz avoid

No one can escape became king.

It was by divine because

The plan was not that If you had been brave

of Qutuz,

one cannot

God's

decree.

169 in fear. by a you

and resolute, Because an excess worthy were 15 Qutuz

you would

not have fled

from

the Mongol

army,

none of you has any portion of trickery. in war A wise

of bravery, not call

you took his life fellow a such because

man would

opponent successful. said,

and battle,

so do not be arrogant "

Do not rely

on that success. father,

"Which "

is the body of your

from dead the among

this

act of vengeance? Qutlugh replied,

"I do not see the body of my father isun Qimi h to make a search, him the bodies The Egyptian that evil

anywhere

amongst son on on

the dead. 11 He asked became his guide,

and that brave scattered his army

and showed

of the dead, spoke with

the battlefield, this matter

to no avail. and said, "Now

king

one has been buried, must die. scatter

but time must Strike his

come to an end for useless earth. It went head from

Qutlugh, his body,

and that evildoer and for his sins,

his body on the

His followers no profit

and cut his head from and strength, nature

his warlike

body.

There

was

in his bravery Such

and his courage of the world,

brought

him under

the ground. 20 seen anyone his army whole and for burned Those fled

is the eternal

and I have never killed on the battlefield, and the

who rejoiced in disorder.

at it. When

Ket-Bugawas

The area was full them, but the Egyptians were their

of reedy threw

thickets, fire

army

hid amongst

on the reeds, were

the Mongols, alive there, from

the reeds but a group fear

downfall. through

The Mongols

of them passed the Arabs

and escaped. blood everywhere, and

who fled

of the fire,

shed their

even as far roads defeat, were

as the banks full

of the Euphrates,

and the mountains,

plain

of slaughter. the court

A few of those warriors, and told the shah all manner "Ket-Buga,

who had met of things about

reached

the attack In his body,

of the army, strove

in the battle.

as long as he had a soul but, cunningly, the Arabs

to the limits

of his ability,

170 -

contrived 2 'A the road.

a sort Then

of stratagem, they attacked

and a band of them made an ambush him from behind, and that prince in battle, "When fell that

on

in the net of destruction. warlike hero battled Ilke

Although a fierce

he had no equal lion. He sa id

to us,

my days say

are finally "Whatever a well

ended,

let anyone

who sees the face of the shah again the shah did In his life, shah, without may you avenge recourse Your in your

that servant soul.

of his majesty You, army 0 worthy is slain for

it was from

meaning

our deaths.

If a part 621B take

of the shah's there were

on the battlefield, army did not present position,

it that

no births

one year.

diminish, while

nor did it grow. is reinforced what

You must remain until

the army

it is of the size had done his

you need. " heart was filled together, was full with and his of regret He

When Hleg grief heart

heard

Ket-Buqa

at his death. and soul were

In his pain, brcken should

he clapped

his hands His heart from

by that defeat. have been separated of his,

that such a prince recollected bravery behind. 5 " There Baidar. the prince

such a ruler.

the many good points and courage.

which

had given

him such justice, left

The shah honoured

everyone

whom Ket-Buga

was one notable, When he heard Ket-Guga, swift

whose

name was Buriltal, of the battle, has died returned

X39 who was the son of he said to Hleg, "Since

the story In battle,

in the fighting alive from

and gone from there? Undoubtedfor If

the love of the shah, ly Balder

why has Baidar

must have been weak

and Ill-disposed they would

towards

KetBuga, together

both had been of the same mind, fight. If not, since my father from

have remained In advance, He sinned,

in the he have

was so far

why should

wretchedly turned here,

departed

the battlefield? and since, act,

when he fearfully he has come so that no

away from in punishment

the battle, for this

out of weakness,

his head should

be cut off,

10

other person

should seek to run from battle

in the same way.

If the shah

171 -

will will

give

the order,

I will

reluctantly

take the life

of my father. I will 11 carries Seek

cut off his head, on the shah's said to him, Nothing your

according behalf, "You

to custom with a clear

and usage. conscience. Your your tongue words. from death. "

mete out

justice, Hulegu

speak

the truth. come from

dignity the right for

and truth. course KetBuga, Buriltai end. their 115 stone for

but good will

house.

Go and seek arrange

retribution

your

father,

and quickly went,

that miscreant's

and killed

his father,

and that famous

one met a wretched for love of

A wise ruler,

man once said, according

"A people

who act in this way, even though can break. gold and silver compared with

to custom

and usage, and iron

they act with it is fitting for

and iron,

yet hearts

of stone

the monarch In this Then quriltal, meadows

to reward

them,

by dispensing

and jewels. a kling. for land, a to the and there,

respect,

sun and moon are as nothing, shah ordered the elders

the earth-shaking

to assemble every

to come, from and requ I red every prince 1t in order to form a magnificant of Ala-Tagh, meadow went they consulted land, amicably

quriltai,

in that pleasant Ambassadors RJm,

on great

matters. to the land of him to the

out to every before

and one of them went the chosen invitation Balju,

and appeared Baiju

the prince, at this knows

to summon The shah, from for the

the court. generous

was anxious

and said, is no escape is afflicted,

shah of the world, of evil,

that there heart

consequences

and this

prince's

that reason.

20

All of his relatives

"At the command in Iran,

and connection
of the great Qalan,

gathered
I became

round,

and he said to them,

to the state of Iran in and and

the adviser Qa'an

throne Turan, this

until

this

time.

geciei

became

and ruler

and the proud That wise

Chormaghn king

was appointed from

and made his deputy his own family, to his wife,

land.

gave him a wife a child

and when with a

ChormaUhn face like

arrived

in Iran,

was born

a child

the moon and the beauty

of the sun,

and he named him Buqur.

-1.72ol

When the boy reached and he died, as amir

manhood,

fate dealt

Chormalhhn

an unkind

blow,

gedei and

gave me the land of Iran. Pride and lust overcame with despair.

I girded Buqur His

my loins,

of the kingdom.

and the heart had

of that Ignorant so developed his relationship Qa'an acts crown brought 622A result After country, whether spoke spoke bestowed of cruelty of Iran,

man became

filled

imagination

that he saw no hope of advancement to the king. a Jgir He spoke

coming

to him through and when the

ill of his birth,

upon him,

in his perturbation He had long wanted

Buqur

committed and Fate as a

and oppression. and that wild to an end,

the throne

man took things and the world

Into his own hands. of blackness,

his term

was full

of his evildoing. this, when Hleg I called their together

it was my lot to kill brought his army great

that evil-doer, from TarSn

at that time. to this to test I I

in war

the rulers, favourable

and small,

in order door, man.

hearts

were

to Hleg. wise

At every and upright way, sowed

of the deeds at length

of Hleg,

that famous,

of his achievements, not call

and in this

the seeds should lead but none

that we should out an army .5 would gird

him kF n In Iran, We would battle with

and that everyone him to enter they heard The elders

against our loins

him. for

not allow him.

this

land,

When or war.

my words, were

of them showed me,

any desire

for hostility

against in

and all of them dismissed these words,

the subject.

I did not tpli the shah, this

them that, but,

speaking know,

I had no desire at the time, have reported

to attack in making my words

as you my

acted

very

properly enemies

test.

Now,

evil-intentioned holding Although charge guilty, 10 custom, this

to Hleg,

and he is

quriltal

to make public In this,

these

conversations should

of mine. he can be found

i have no guilt me with they will will treason,

If Hiilegu

be angered,

on account

of these

events.

If i should

cut off my head, this

by yasa,

and you too, that

by ys and I take the medicine

come under

enquiry.

It is better

173 -

of self-destruction, sins with court will

so that your

innocence die,

will

not be questioned.

My

not be made public, Let

and I will your rank

at the end of my labours, be unaffected at the

my name unsullied. of that celebrated speaking as yellow the same, accusation, he scattered with

and power

shah. 1' and swallowed the medicine, and his colour the world came from yellow. his greatness for the God became

He finished as bright remained the evil Although

dye.

He died,

and for his relatives

as his soul

left his body. of Baiju's on account

No advantage family remained

and the flower his spirit, them.

of his kinsfolk, his true plan,

did not remain 15 works wills. of Fate

No success of God.

attended

are at the will foolishly

In the end,

we only

get what

He who speaks

is dishonoured.

THE

STORY

OF

ALIH

BADR

AL

DIN

LtiLU'

Since

i have spoken

of events

in Egypt,

and Baiju, tell it.

I will

tell

the story teller

of the Sultan of the story his built There loins

of Mosul, recalls

as the historians fell

The fortunate of Llu.

that Mosul his hands buildings everywhere,

into the hands over

He girded land. He

and spread tall

in kingship

that pleasant raised near

many fine, were

and by these works, fresh kings

his head high. and far in

gardens

and pleasant, acted were desired.

that city.

Not one of the other all kinds

of the world instruments

as well

as he. before good

Day and night, 20 the king, thing from

of musical his

arranged Every

and he occupied was there, of music

time as his heart without stint,

he desired the sound

and he was never

separated to

and drinking, Everything

and he listened

constantly

the sound

of melodies.

he had was unequalled and by the year. of Mosul. Water

in excellence, from that well

and it was with made a lofty

him by the month

paradise

in the palaces

174 -

When he gathered mind desired was never not Parwez

company

around from

himself, him. Know

for pleasure, that, without

anything doubt,

the there him, not

was available one of the kings or Bahram Those Gor.

of the world In the field could

before

him who was like they were

of pleasure,

even his sons. pleasures, What prof it How would 25

two kings

not enjoy

one hundredth

of LlJIs

according is there one recall

to his custom in this kind

and tradition. desire and dalliance?

of pleasure,

his achievements? Liil only enjoyed himself. He lived for

At that time, ninety

in that kingdom, and only for

six years,

pleasure eight

and dalliance years,

are credited

to him. a good

He sat on the throne reputation. In the year

fifty

and then passed his throne

away with

659/1260-61

of the hljra, the whole man,

was overturned. became called

When that fortunate different. Slih, 6228 His son,

man passed a cruel

away,

fate of Mosul

and malevolent as king Every

whom his father

took his father's of right

place, conduct.

of that

land,

and he took no steps and custom which his

in the direction father

tradition

had established,

even though total malice,

he had acted

properly

and well, became

Slih discarded with .1 4black. By the order had been given Terkan, him,

and the face of the dynasty one of the daughters

of Hleg,

of the Khwrazmshh one was to

to him as a wife.

The name of that moon-faced husband. her husband, Qutuz

and he was not an affectionate to Hulegu the king, about

When she was given that he had hostile in the world. When that, would He

she complained towards

intentions wished 5

and admired and serve

best

to go to Syria

and Egypt

Qutuz. and knew

S1 ih heard in face of the be black. and with He said to

what

she had 'said, anger

he was afraid his days there

of the shah,

of the shah, he knew

on the face of the earth from

In his

his heart, small himself,

was no protection of armed before

the shah,

resources,

he had no chance I be a JgTr

resistance.

"Why should

the -throne,

I ike this?

Neither

175 -

do i want loins king

to praise

him.

I will

go to the king

of the faith, over Only

and gird

my He is and

now for Qutuz, by reason which

who has been victorious and of right.

the Mongols. he has justice

of both religion are to be praised.

wisdom I will this

With the aid of that successful I will before find deliverance that other king.

king, from "

do good In the world, situation, perhaps,

by my deeds. my loins

If I gird

He set out, and throne. td heart full

ful i of hope of a day of greatness, On a dark of fear by night night,

leaving

behind for

his crown Egypt, the his

that young man left Mosul He left In fear of his life, turning

of Hleg.

crossed

Euphrates and crossed his subject "Be glad.,

and came into Syria, like the wind.

his fear He appeared

to gladness, Qutuz, said became to him, safe one

the desert and praised and free in this give from

before Qutuz

him for concern

his goodness. about

Sultan .

the unbeliever. yourself

Remain what beautiful

and happy does. Mosul. intentions to go back never

kingdom, you,

and do not concern kingdom,

that evil city

I will I will

in this

a much more cities give

than

gI ve you whichever If you wish, to bring in Egypt, the presence

of these I will

you desire,

if your horsemen, you will

are worthy. to Mosul,

you a thousand After this, "

back what for those

you desire. things

be heartsick

of the world. taking with

Sal ih set out from 15 of horsemen. H61eg, through

of the king,

him a large ties reached

troop

At the same time, a message it is not right bring from that from

news of Slih's his wife. I regard there Hleg

activi said,

"Since lightly.

he has It may Iran.

gone to Egypt,

his actions

be that one day he will Before He sent Sadr he can wash the emir from

a destroying

army

against

his hands with with

In blood,

I must put a spoke men to attack

in his wheel. him, and sent

JehangTr TabrTz

ten thousand that brave Slih,

al-Din

company.

Two battle-seeking they came near, he

leaders returned

left Mosul from

to deal with

but before

Egypt.

He was unaware

of the approach

of the fierce

176 -

enemy, all his

and only time

concerned

himself

with

music

and drinking. circulating

He spent the wine

in another

fortress,

the cup-bearer

20

cup until soothing While land. clamour Mosul, Mongols, He drew sent From

he was befuddled. cheeks of fair ones,

With

rose

coloured

wine from

and the heartpleasure. in the

he did not desist in pleasure, and harmonious From

S51 11h was indulging After the sound

himself

the enemy arrived

of music reached

and fighting and quickly

his ears.

the sound of melodies, icy to he hurried Jausaq, for battle with the

closed

the gates,

and prepared at the prospect

but his heart up his army

was disturbed on the plain

of fighting

the Turks.. and

and distributed was sick roaring

dirhems

to his men,

them on to the walls, this side,

but his heart arrived crossed for like

at the thought lions

of battle.

the Mongols They and eager

and advanced and traversed

threatening the dry 25 surround land,

on Mosul. happy

the river

like

the wind,

victory. a ring

One by one they came to around it, with stone throwers on the walls. On

the fortress which

and formed hurled fell, arrows, rained

and mangonels, A rain of flaming

thunderbolts

on the townspeople which burned

arrows khadang

the heat from flying

the enemy. made a black

the battlefield, cloud, and from

through

the air, sleet,

that cloud

down a black way for

in which

the enemy

fund death. sides the army

The battle

went

on in this News

some time, Qutuz

and on both from Mosul, and

was afflicted.

of this

reached

he ordered

an army

to make ready.

623A

He chose a cons i derable battle,

famous praised reached Si Ih.

number

of Egyptians,

who were experienced

in

and had seen fighting,

general, his men, the river This whose

name was Aghss lt from a letter Egypt

and gave the command of that army to a i.y a

He distributed direction. "From money, and army to ready in this When this Aghsh

and sent Sanjar,

was sent to Slih.

message

is written an army.

and sent

to you to say that we are the Sanjar,

to come to your

aid with

I have reached

and after

-1.77-

this, 5 third their

I will night, blood

reach

Mosul

at night.

You must come out to meet me on the our boastful We will will enemy, and make

so that we can overcome flow like the river our with Oxus.

not leave If for this

one of them alive

and by this victory, They had brought the letter

reputation

be great. pigeons

them two homing

purpose,

and they

fastened of Mosul. one which neared Mongols

to the wing

of a pigeon

and set It free remained

in the direction behind. The it the

One was sent to Mosul flew to Mosul suffered

and the other from

the heat and fatigie,

and when which

Mosul,

it saw a mangonel It perched

on the outskirts on the mangonel killed

of the plain, Mongol a and , an,, arrow. Like

had set up.

stretched Then the of

out a hand for l0 someone

that prey,

and quickly from Its wing,

It with it.

took the letter

and read

the wind,

men took the letter the king, occurrence

to the prince.

It reminded

him of the good fortune at this

and fate caused and spoke were

him to rejoice.

He was amazed

the name of God many times. aware of the contents the wind, victory. of the letter, they fought Mosul

When the Mongols with the bravery Egypt

of lions. happy army were army

Like

the army Full

set out from

towards

and scenting in the blackness taken

of venom,

they came unaware

upon the Arab of their coming,

of the night.

The Egyptians,

by surprise with his life.

and annihilated. The Egyptians

Not one from met with total

that countless destruction, the clothes bravely 15

escaped

and were and horses

all killed

on the battlefield. dressed

The Mongols in their elephant, garb full

took and rode of menace

of the Egyptians, of Mosul like

in the direction

a destroying

and hatred. In Mosul blood, the hearts of the wise ones amongst dark, Mosul, the Egyptians were full their from coming to of

and when tower.

the shining As the army

sun grew reached

they came down from Si Ih saw it coming and his army were

sky blue afar,

along

the road.

He thought assigned.

that Aghsh

his aid,

in the place

He sent out his army

to meet them,

reminding

178 -

them in all kinds army them, should find

of order, escape,

that not one of the evildoers and that they should should flow wi th

of the Mongol attack on

make a night their their blood, faces

such that the earth the army

like

the Oxus. that

At his order, famous enemy.

left Mosul,

and turned night hearts

towards

When part on the plain, wi th

of the black one with heads full

had passed, full full

the two armies and battle. and souls full of

came together feasting, 20

of conviviality of destruction the other

the other

and minds

One of them had tongues of blood revenge The army other war killed and swords, and victory. from Mosul

of salams

and thanks,

one of them thought

of reinforcement,

the other

came forward

unsuspectingly, the Mongols of Mosul

and approached opened

that

army, on them.

and when Disaster

they came near, befell Those the affairs

up the hand of

and all of them were found only the

in that battle.

who had expected became aware

deliverance that

hand of destruction. been destroyed grief heart, in this

When Siih way,

the two armies man was filled honour Angrily, went

had with

the heart

of that unlucky

at the machinations he girded himself,

of fate

in that battle, heart full

and with of grief.

In his he on until of Mosul, and

his royal and strove in that

went bravely the sun rose,

into battle,

valiantly. land,

The battle

and continued

day and night. the world

When the light black city, for

the sun gave way to the light bringing out of war calamity. Pestilence

of the moon, became was

became

evident

in that pleasant Suddenly

and hostility,

pestilence

Its portion.

it dawned Of the

on that leader

that the life only

of his people remained. He said

was in his heart You would to himself, in order go with

and hand. that

men of the town, vengeance for 623B rained

one tenth

have said ItSlih, to find your

down on them. end, your work

If you wish deliverance. head dyed, in

an honourable for your

towards

peace,

Be penitent regret for

evil

conduct

and actions,

deeds.

Go In submission

to the presence

of the shah.

179 -

Perhaps in this, Having of Mosul tongued

he will accept reached

forgive it bravely, this

you for your

sins.

If he excuses

your

disloyalty

and lament-" he quickly opened the gates of the city smooth sent him for he

conclusion,

and came out of the city and his face like yellow Hleg

and approached wood.

the amir,

But the amir angry

immediately with him,

to the ruler had broken be stripped

of the world. his pledge naked, with

was fiercely

open impudence.

He ordered

that he should put to the torture. him with of honour the order until the pain in felt, of an

and the courage an animal's

of the oath breaker tail and tied him with it round the robe following

They

from hoop made a girdle. full

Ike a rope enemy, quickly. and,

They of hate,

thus dressed

took him to the plain,

They

tied him there

In the sun and left him there, that man to his end. in the sign of Leo,

and lamentation

of his soul brought for

It was so warm an auspicious

that month of Murdd, one. They Notice tied

the sun was it,

how fate arranged

that the heat brought plain

doom to that man. at the tall, It

that man down on that wretched of the shah. and worms of that ruler

and left him there the animal's

command petrified the soul

When the heat passed grew in it. for After death,

through

a month of putrefaction for when the worms their food. They

in the heat, had eaten all

longed

I0

of the tail, completely, death.

then the man's

body became

began

to eat him

and the agony of the worms from the pain and agony

feeding

on him,

gave him a terrible In that place, he

He died

and distress.

gave over What evil comes reality

his soul

to good. you might ask, when this kind of retribution

is done in the world, Anyone

to a man? of pain

who .does not oppress

another

does not see the

and sorrow. years old, and heaven sent a letter of retribution into

S1 1h had a son of three to him too. two pieces. The prince They

sent him to Mosul,

and there

they cut his body

hung the two pieces

of his body on each side

of the river,

-I80-

until

there

was

nothing

left

of his

body and

but warp in this

and woof. calamity of the world way.

The

flesh his

putrified, stock pleased

and sometimes to meet that the dust. his race had

dripped, The hearts

way

caused were

of the people in this

come

to an end,

My heart

asks

my

15

wisdom, unravels

"Why did such an evil difficulties. Because

fate come to this of you, desires,

family?

Your a noble

judgement creature. he his for

man has become when, You first of heaven with

Why then do you inspire might truth you, become an example

man with for

his knowledge, man for Since

the world?

praised

and you are aware everything

of the workings

and earth.

good or bad is clear, take the father,

give me a suitable

answer

to my

question. broke

I would

because

he had done evil,

and fate the age of in

his head in retribution.

The son had not yet reached that he should

discrimination any way; not right Wisdom shining from

and it was not right

have been harmed

he had done no evil, to cut him in two. 11 gave this knowledge reply. along

so why should

he see harm?

It was surely

"Do not speak this path.

futile

words.

Do not set the foot of speak w1 sely, for in

If you are wise,

the actions

of God can come no evil.

You have no farsightedness

20

your vision
with Khidr,

and this shows In your eyes.

was amazed at what he did,

Moses,

who formed a friendship

wise seeming boy

when that young, of Kiran

smashed Moses cases good.

the ship

in the sea.

In the court

and his judgements, These three

was astonished

at the impression of evil,

of his knowledge. and reality,

have an impression Khidr did good, Moses

yet in purpose

they were a lack

and did no evil,

but in that Moses of his heart, became

showed

of wisdom.

did not know

the secrets

and thus regarded of those secrets,

him in the way that he did. he acknowledged

When he suddenly acted with

aware You,

that that ruler

wisdom.

too,

0 heart,

are now as if your eyes were unable to see the clear secrets. I do not know which one is right,

meaning of those the words

but you must praise

- lei come from secrets, from the mouth of God. but I do not tell I ies, and everything I have an abundant Since knowledge the work is right, of of God why let

which 25 God's is free should your earth

them to anyone. which

comes from of God? without then,

truth

the same not be so for spirit be your guide.

the work that,

Since doubt,

you are wise, everything on You,

Know

is clear

and manifest. to God's

His works,

just. be must

too, if we

act according strive God, 62f A

example.

What Is weak to God.

is made stronger,

in the work

of obedience

You are a servant when or how.

of Almighty

and it is not for

you to say what, to the will by this work,

You must acquiesce work, right for

humbly

of God and take on yourself and from his work comes

God's only

God is praised 0 God,

and justice.

make everything close

come to a happy conclusion

and bring

all of your

servants

to you. 11

THE

STORY

OF THE WAR WITH

BERKE

Since

the enemy king from

at Mosul

had met with

a lamentable of the world

fate,

the army

returned

that country, Hulegu praised

and the whole the amir

of the shah was and advanced them

in harmony. both 5 Now true in station. listen version.

and the prince

to the story

of a battle

between tired

the Turks;

j`according his

to the

When Bt became

of the throne,

son too passed

Berke, the same way as his father, on the plain of and his brother 4sat There had been several Hazar, princes on the golden throne as ruler. f4l whom Mngke had sent to Iran to help the chosen of the stock of Joch), leader to fight against left the Kurds alive. and the heretics, had alI drunk cloud but at that time, of the bi tter there

was none of these death Berke and the world suspected

They

cup of

had brought

a dark

down on their

heads. was

that Hleg

had had them killed,

and as a result

- 182 -

angry,

and

sought

revenge

for

it against

that

people.

For

this

reason

he sent ambassadors 10 He had written older himself, patience, trouble

for

to Hleg, words

asking

for

retribution

for him,

these deeds. but Berke He said with much was to

many bitter

to him and accused

in years "Since

and that shah without he Is older

equal was astonished. to bear for us,

than I, it is wise

his words

for he has done many good things on our behalf.

power,

and has borne with

When Mngke
at his 141 order

Qa'an
Berke

strove
went

all his might

the plain of

the supreme

from

Hazar in place It would

to the river

Iyun,

and with

his help,

my brother

became

Qa'an

of his grandfather, not therefore

Chingiz

Khn. 11 words which were offensive,

be manly which serious answer war.

if he ignored was mild turn,

but H JIeg wrote 15 affair thought, turn

a reply

and pleasant. Berke

But when the He

did not take a more "If such a weak

was astonished.

was sent out of fear he continued words,

his head away from said,

11 So,

of me, he will 9 with his plan. I am his nephew. exceeds

Then Huleg I do not want all bounds.

"He attacks

me with

although

to swallow If his reason

my anger, for this

for his offensive action

language

Is that he Is older

than I,

even though in his affection be the greater

the elder but I will my strong when Berke 20 Berke Hleg, enough called should

he is less of an example,

affection

must not is strained,

motive.
become

It is not fitting
an enemy

that, when a friendship

His action I will strive

In his heart.

is a mystery, with him with

not submit arm

to his quarrelsomeness. and will ruler bring will before

in war,

that enemy's

name Into disgrace, "

knows

that this

meet him on the battlefield. him and spoke with us,

the amirs "That

together ruler

to them about and he has done men to gird and affair

and said, harm to me. for this

is bent on war in this

Issue battle.

a yarl ict Before

matter,

calling

themselves this

he washes by him,

his hands we will

In blood this

destroying

army

is made helpless

pursue

183 -

auspiciously, way, army would we will replied throw

for weakness look for battle to him, "If

not success

comes

from

fear.

In this 11 The we

when we reach going

the hunting wI

place.

you were

to war

th the heavens, and destroy what their do we

down the doors In battle.

of castles with When

In the sky, Huleg

high places care for

In the war

and Iran,

the day of retribution? of that country

you give

us the order, It his heart

we will

make the earth 25 When Berke in hatred In bravery, of the enemy

into a plain and spirit his princes, example of him. of him.

of slaughter.

saw the strength Among

of that army,

beat fast

of Hleg.

Noqal. led was cal was one who people, and the cheeks general and

he was a shining turned red

to his

in fear

He was Berke's Berke sent him, while

his task was to strive raging 624B leopard, army, Bt, with
f (1

in support his army

Ii ke a with Darband
iY

against Iran

Hleg, like

he himself, He came from

his brave and passed Hleg courage army

set out to attack and brought his

Ito

a wolf.

army

into this a strong for

land to Sharvn. army, with famed for Berke.

When its

learned

of his arrival, and which

he selected was prepared

In battle,

battle

The in body.

of Iran

was of Turks Shlremun

and Arabs,

each one I Ike an elephant sword-wielding Berke.

He ordered

to choose

ten thousand against

and to advance 5 loins fighting a roaring with him,

to Sharvn for

and Bt, with that

horsemen KS Abatat too girded

his

the battle with

impetuous

enemy.

The ten thousand like a

men advanced leopard,

him to the battlefield. the two princes Nogai. a great The three mountain,

Sama! ahar Noyn, as they went,

followed to attack

into battle, chosen with

toman of heroes, came from thousand went their

amiss a hundred So, First,

of the shah and forty armies

places

like

men to attack at Hleguls

the enemy command,

on that battlefield. along that road.

four

forward

the chief his army

general, to the city

S, biremun

went,

in the centre Nogai.

of the vanguard,

taking

of Sharvn

to attack

184 -

The two armies ensued, 10 were

arrived

together

at Sharvn remember,

and an intense but animals

battle of all kinds

of a kind

that no one could When

gladdened became

by it. dark

the ranks

came together

on the battlefield, of the spear At the in fear;

the air points javelins,

with

khadang

arrows.

The lightning

and the twinkling spears

of the arrows maces killed were

lit up the world

again.

and iron

and swords that there countless

the enem sighed was no place heaps

on both sides to be seen for attack were battle, defeat

so many were bodies.

on the ground from the

There

of dead, mountains was like man.

of striking clearly and in battle,

swords.

On the plain from

of Sharvn, Noqal

of dead in

to be seen, iremun

both armies.

a lion

was not an equal

of that brave

He suffered Nogai of

and his high star

was brought

low by flight.

was victorious, Shiremn 15 Abatal battle,

and on that day Shiremun its leader

was humbled. from

The army

was without

and retreated attack,

that country. that army After in the Abatai and They the sun

came from

his march,

in a night

to help him.

and next day came into the battle Noyn, brought night, bringing their his army fresh

to support

came Samaghar the two leaders halted shone

on to the plain

of death,

armies silently

on to the battlefield. until dawn. When

in the black its light from

and waited

the limits

of the east,

and the world

was Illuminated a new and off its

by its light, day into cleansed garment

the earth

was delighted The sun showed

by its radiance, Its face

as It brought firmament tore

the world. the world of pitch

in the solar night.

from

the mist

of the dark

The world

black

and the face of the earth stretched to the far limits from

was adorned of the east, it. With

by the beauty while In the of

of the sun. 20 west,

Its court

the face of the moon was concealed in his hand, the shah advanced, keen for

the sword

vengeance chosen

and at his eager from

side were

his three Battle of

lions, for

and the army, the second

battle,

to face Noqal. the mountains

was joined

time

in a world,

which

- 185 -

dead had been concealed. refuge in the sky. shower

The enemy were and ferocity,

afraid, a rain

and earth of arrows

sought fell,

a and

With storm hid the cri

a second Abatal

mes of the first. lion, attacked broke Noqal joining battle Turks with did not

Noyn,

like

a rearing

that army, leave 25 there fled way. alive quickly from

and the rain

of arrows

them. Everyone

The brave

one of that army fled from it.

of Berke. Noqal's

who was not killed and he himself along up their the hands

army was destroyed helplessly of hatred

the battlefield, were Such

full angry

of fear, and full

stumbling and raised

The amirs

In that battle. overcame

was the turn

of fate

In Shamakhi, Hieg

that disaster that the enemy had him he had seen

the enemy.

When the news

reached

been defeated, victory.

he praised

God abundantly,

that through

625A

From the field of Shamakhi,

Darband and the surrounding found

Huleg set out, full of hostility,

country. On that advance,

to attack

many of the

enemy leaders

that time had come to an end for

them.

Hl1LEG

LEAVES

DARBAND

FOR

QIPCHQ

Many of the enemy had been killed Hulegu by the time he reached ground

by the sword where

of the world many of their reached

conquering leaders Darband, smoke to do died, and

Darband, to him,

but they did not give in the city they quickly

when his army

readied

themselves,

and came like

battle.
from

On that side,
the other, rain

the enemy army manned the fortifications,

battle to commence. Hleg

while
caused a

the shah ordered of arrows to fall

grievous from

on the unfortunate the sound fled from

enemy,

and many died reached Hleg From there, the

arrow

wounds. and those

From

the ramparts enemies

of drums

heavens, bravely

hate filled

the walls. the city.

raised

his head and ordered

his men to enter

they turned

their

faces to the plain of Qipchq.

186 -

When they left was like drew I0 side, fierce

Darband, lions,

Nogai to engage

entered

that region

with

an army

that

the shah in battle. the world

The two armies turned black. From On each the left wing

up in lines, face to face,

and it was as though twelve lines,

all girded twenty

for battle. farsangs. at them. from

to the right, attacked, reached separated hearts

at one time, and the mountains

it covered trembled flowed

The two armies Noise and uproar Heads were and of the of

in horror

the sky, from

and blood bodies

in streams from heads

the dead.

and bodies

on that battlefield, and the shouts made the heads

became

full

of fear.

The beat of drums of heavy maces,

commanders, warriors The heroes visible. hooves 15 killed full

and the clashing of confusion, clashed

and the sight

of the enemy made men afraid. the centre was wounded became by the

on the battlefield, as if the earth that night, of a sword. was so terrible the faces

and in the battle, of Hazar grew

It seemed of the horses, by the sweep which hatred,

of the plain and fighting Like a roaring

fiercer

and many were army made by

I Ion, shape were

Hiegls became

an assault, it. In their

that heaven's

distorted that

of the two armies to tremble and fall

so wrinkled, of them.

some parts one attack, the Turks The whole fortune

of the sun began the battle were killed,

at the sight

With

ended for

that enemy army could

on the plain.

So many of them.

that the Iranians and the desert

not find with down. like

a way through the slain, Under

of the plain arrogant

was covered upside

and the the feet of a polo

of those

ones was turned

the horses, stick. yellow The

the heads Iranian

of the warlike fell

enemy were

balls

before

heroes

on the enemy, and dispirited

and their

brave

ones were

of face,

broken from

hearted

at the course killed,

of the battle. lamenting Each and group When

Some of them fled 20 wretched. found Nogai

the battlefield, two parts the fighting,

some were and more

Of that army,

took to fI ight.

its own way from observed his army

and no one delayed

on the way.

on that plain,

he saw them striving

to outdistance

187 -

one another, hundred

everyone

running star

fast,

and the blood

flowed

in two low and

streams.

The high

of his army

had been brought

fate had exposed He said battlefield find life, to himself, now.

them to defeat. "Take Since care. Do not be too proud has given to pass from you will this not

heaven

the enemy victory, to fight. of this Before plain,

the sun and the moon by continuing take the path of safety from

you lose your for now there

the midst

is honour
He girded from 25

in fi ight,
himself

if from the day of fi ight comes the day of retribution.

for the path of flight, of his army and by so doing, left likewise saved his fled, and those life

11

disaster. slept

Those

who were

fortune proud

on the affairs

of Berke. of Hlegii.

A great

deal

of booty

from

ones fell became

into the hands rich,

Thanks

to those their

possessions, heads reached Berke, they

the army the moon.

and as a result of Hleg, like through which,

of that battle, prepared

At the order

the army

to pursue

and llge Noyn came to a river, bottomless 6258 with Ice. river That

led out his army which flowed

a destroying the Turkish stretched

wind.

On the way, a

countryside,

I Ike a deep sea, river was known

before him, covered ; as the b"l terek, and it was like a sea

that was always bol ling.

By the good fortune hard.

of the shah, at that time, it safely and not

of

the

ice on that water was frozen

one of them had any fear. Berke, and the world

The army crossed

There,

they came upon the winter and pavillions, with spring,

quarters

was full embellishing faces,

of tents

in them were colour

jewels,

new and untouched, and from said their

the countryside, winter became like

and paint, have

shining

You would like

that the land was a garden

of paradise,

in it maidens

bi ack eyed

houris. 5

It was If ke another

new spring,

all colour

and scent,

from the was There

to delight

abundance of delicate, undefended and hearts

captivating

creatures.

The place itself contents,

there

were captivated

by the alluring
and wine,

was an abundance

of food and provisions

placed

188 -

the soul. from

Moon,

sun and Venus

were

in every

pavillion, itself

as if fresh was jealous the army

the dawn of creation.

On that plain, should earn

paradise

that a garden

of such goodness

that name. like

When

came upon that place, The country confounded. coloured

time and place

seemed

the sun and the moon. beauty the stars were

was lit up by those virgins, The whole place

at whose

was a sea of pleasures; those bodies like pearls.

mother Their

of pearl brave and only place that the and

those

pavil l ions with the battlefield, There

ones had left moonlike children 10 were girls.

for

leaving

behind warrior

the heartwarming in those tents,

was not a single their

and womenfolk; women.

men had gone to war,

and in their of such beauty there

the sweet

When they saw that place

face of the moon was so jealous, became guests of those with moon-faced

one by one they alighted ones. It was a place brighter1than

of pleasure, the sun. The

food and wine, army

the cheeks

of hospitality

did not see any need to pass by that place, They girded their loins for

and they all gave themselves and gave no thought the war. The and In The army ones. sometimes In

up to pleasure. to the enemy. winds of winter

happiness forgot

In that place, and the happy

the army beloved,

of Hleg

and the food and delicacies hands.

the wines, such a case, enjoyed With 15 their

all arranged heaven share

how could would

a man hold back his a worshipper eloquent

itself

become those

of wine.

a large

of union

with bodies,

moon-bodied they were

jessamine-bosomed and sometimes they pierced they overcame They

of fine With

descent,

bedfellows their garden

hostesses. the souls

the eagerness warriors,

of sensuality and in the

cheeks, of joy,

of the brave

each one with

the key of voluptuousness of hope. fruit

and

the same passion. But you would find every world,

planted it became

in each one the seeds a willow branch,

say that

whose blood

men would For In the in

to be of no use. young for,

Error

resulted planted, learned

and heart's they reaped that

was the fruit. swords

seed the army when the Turks

two hundred

the enemy had set foot

of enmity

189 --

their what

tents, those

and what befell sons and wives and what their breasts

their

womenfolk

at the hands what

of their

enemy,

saw at their moon-faced like

hands, daughters

that army

had done off, the

to their Turks of their while brain

families, pressed chins.

they carried and scratched was seeking aware

pomegranates, tents

the apples his desire, of this, his

Everyone of Berke

who was in those slept. When

the fortune was confused

Berke

became

and in his anxiety,

his eyes and heart

were

afflicted.

20

He was filled
prepare

with jealousy
burning

for his family,

for vengeance,

and he ordered
and intent befell

his army to
descend-

and set out,

on battle, it.

ing on his winter tents strewn

camp with

such speed turned upside like

that evil down,

He saw his of up

in confusion, The cl amour Those

and the evidence in song, from music Having showed way, like rose

the crime. to the sky. and their

of grief, there

lamentations drowsy of hearing. and kisses in this the road, not ready All

assembled

were

and drinking rested from

pleasures

had made them hard dalliance

the exertions and moon. like 25 from hearts from From Berke armies savage a black were sensuality every

of the battlefield, Berke's lions, army attacking The

them the sun

saw them dallying fiercely Iranians from were of war.

and they charged a raging torrent and their and sleepy and strife? the enemy. The two behind the

mountain. terrified

for battle, tipsy

by the clamour

of them,

and enjoyment,

how could

such men, face

tumult with

tent and pavillion, attacked the night

men came out to face battle and spilled assault heads until from

and his heroes did battle from

bodies.

the sun descended

mountains.

626A

After world after

the struggle

had lasted a long while,

the Iranians

found that their and

had become harsh. their entertainment,

None saw that place as a place for battle, the fight made their hearts cold.

Then $,biremn

was ordered

to take ten thousand chosen horsemen, and Baku, and to attack

skilled

in the use of the sword,

to ShervEn

the enemy.

-1,90-

Abaqa enemy,

girded

his loins

to follow

him into battle

with

that ferocious with him to the lion, to fight

and ten thousand Samaghar

experienced Noyn followed

men thus rushed them like

battlefield. like

a roaring

a toman of warriors the three mountain men, advanced

against ones,

Noqal,

in the thick

of the fighting. like a

Following weighty thousand armies The first as ill

chosen

the shah left his position with a hundred

and entered

the battle, So,

and forty command, four

to attack like

the enemy.

at the shahts

the wind,

in the direction advanced surrounded

of the enemy. bravely in the centre, sharp time. but thorns The was

of the princes, willed it,

Shiremn, the world

fortune

that rose with at the right

and a vast Mongol turned

enemy army

came up to support that the fortune than two parts of Iran.

Berke,

army upside

was so weak, down. struck More

of those worthy of them were

warriors

killed

ruthlessly, on Ilge

and disaster

the heroes

Everyone

there

was a lion down,

that day of battle,

but in the fighting and protector dispirited

the leader being

was brought killed.

I0

Noyan,

its commander became quickly

suddenly

As a result,

the Iranians enemy. They

and were

put to flight

by the hate-filled showed their

took the road

to defeat,

but in going,

i ion I Ike courage. The leaders from like showed bodies heroes,, the enemy their and hearts taking from with backs, souls. and one by one, They made for of brave from heads the city companions, There by the from You were of

severed Darband,

them a number down stones

and climbed were enemy, them. would

to the ramparts, in front brought from

to hurl

the sky. there

many mangonels who quickly With arrows say that over them.

of the fortifications, up many men skilled

placed in hurling

missiles hidden.

bows,

the face of the sun became a cloud arrows

that sea, of men on that plain, From that cloud, there to men. rained

had gathered from every

15

and destroyed direction,

bringing

a new destruction

Heavy

stones

brought

- 191 -

reproach reviled make battle. Arrows

upon

those

light

headed enemy for

and distracted with curses, do not

warriors. saying, "If

Swords you desire in to

the battle-hungry a name 11 and spears said for yourself

bravery,

be so impetuous

to the flees

enemy, sky,

"Remember I will bring

this his

truth head

from down and

me. to they

If the evil-doing earth. I will

enemy stitch

to the

the heart

and soul

of the enemy

together,

will

find no profit place,

except and I will

pain and lamentation. break the heads

I will

show my superiority into pieces. leaders, the to it. who

in every Like killed 20 river.

of the evildoers those

roaring

lions,

the enemy followed, see,

and attacked until

as many of them as they could They

the army sent

reached

went on to the sea of Terek covered that river alternative, of men, went

and death

Its greetings

them. The ice still When that army river, death. and with That

of water

and they hurried

to cross

was without the crowd throng escaped Since

they went

on to the surface met its

of the

the ice broke in it, while

and the army others stones

great

down

fled before and arrows

them, rained you

but when someone on him from might

that fate, those

immediately were

the sky.

leaders them for

in need of washing, Those They ruler,

say that the river only with

swallowed difficulty

that reason. side. wise Lust

who were a way him

not drowned across 25 with that

came out on this to their lost.

found reaching

land together

and hastened

hearts

ful $ of weakness

and the army

had brought

the

reputation
Their before

of the empire

into disgrace,
him, hands

through

the impurity

of those people.

heads, bent their king. shah's

low before

in armpits,

they came to worship

The proud Hieg

soul

was astonished

at the stupid destruction

conduct

of the army, He

and

frowned

on those who had brought

on themselves.

said,
fortune

"What happened and why were you defeated?

favour the Turks? Since

Why did Heaven's

been defeated

good
by us,

the enemy had twice

- 192 -

626B

why did they defeat purpose, They from sweet

us now? banquets their

Was it from or bitter hearts full

careless fighting? of fear, "

judgement

and rash

spoke

before

him,

both old and young, of them. were place, the enemy this "

and Hleg He abused reminded said would

was enraged and cursed of death. "If

at their them,

words,

and was contemptuous fear of him,

and In their

the leaders

"This

army

was destroyed

in the banqueting

Hleg.

those

proud

warriors

had not been sleeping, of heads.

not have made this

scattering

If they had been alert, in the long run. about

army would that the plain 5 women. of their way, evil

have been victorious was inhabited,

over

them,

I supposed

but I had no suspicion of heroes. " They which spoke

those fair in fear

Such I ives,

is the story

to the shah,

old and young. that

An army

speaks

in its sl eep in this had escaped tasting hands the

soon finds of the enemy, dates.

its days will their

come to an end. actions, in war,

They

but through.

they were wash your

the honey in the that and pleasure and

of unripe blood

If you seek bravery leaders. things.

of the enemy achieve

It is not when Every by fear. crown

the enemy is worth

is defenceless such an effort, you chose

you will you will while gained 10

great

not be made wretched

Out of neglect, They

the enemy chooses honour and were stupidity.

reputation. happy.

saw no good in pleasure

God forbid they built

that any man does something on ignorance, they met defeat.

good or bad from

Since

As a result,
the most.

the shah's hostility

increased

towards

those who had sinned

HU"LEGO

ARRIVES

IN

IRAN

H ileg
reached grieving

set out swiftly I(`

Shabaran

from Darband
of anxiety failure,

with the leaders

the war. hearted,

of the army,

and

full

about heavy

He came to Tabriz, his heart wrenched from

at the army's

-193 his tPdy at the loss of the army. thought They for of the battle an order to come, to every He vas fi l led with at the

15

anxiety

as he assembled country, telling

an army. the army hurrying to gird its loins

wrote

the struggle,

and to assemble that, for

at the court,

day and night. of From without

The shah ordered everything every delay arrows, axes. which

the benefit should

of the army, be prepared the tools iron

an abundance everywhere. to the king Indian

was required

town and country, - helmets, bows, They armour, spears, piled

they brought horse swords, everywhere From every

of war maces,

armour, lassoos,

swords, and ctod

saddle-bags,

scimitars colli

were

at the court, country,

everything

Like a black horde,

mountain.

men came in a countless with his written all famous, of them, of

to assemble

before

the shah.

In accordance In thirty face his

instructions, 20 sword wielding

they came and assembled warriors. The shah's

tomans,

flushed

at the sight He opened

and the wisdom the treasure

of his eyes dispelled and rewarded with dirhems,

anxiety.

the door When they

house

the lowly they turned

and the mighty. to that which

had been enriched khan,

concerned

the

In that part of the desert. To each worthy one was given some of f the implements the shah gave of war, and to those who had no portion, three army. for head of swift Then news Noqal, land. horses. came from with a great Those arms and equipment equipped a brave

the plain army, reached

of Hazar had turned Hleg,

that the enemy was preparing his face towards this

war.

pleasant for battle,

When the news troops

he speeded

up his preparations One of the in in the ingenuity

and his. eager to him,

advanced

to attack

the enemy.

elders this plain

said

11 It would

be fitting one from the enemy with

if we made some Investigation here to spy out the situation by means of his

matter

and sent a famous to tell us what

of Hazar

is doing, this

and cleverness. a suitable man.

11 The shah agreed There was a shaikh

suggestion, of Tabriz,

and they sent for whose eloquence

in the city:

194 for

527A

ravished

the heart.

The old man had achieved illustrious in the world.

eminence Hleg

this,

and

his name had become before

called

that man Hleguls to search staff in hand,

him and told him what he was to do. on foot, to spy and left for he could.

The old man left and Qipchaq of a monk,

presence, out whatever he entered

Darband

information that country,

In the guise

but when people ruler. Nogai

saw the stranger, to question

they siezed him about

him and took him to their affairs 5 in Iran

began

and Its ruler.

'! That vengeful

his lost has way that so one of Iran have fled from the old of him, Bdke

his misdeeds him,

have made him feeble. from

The people

so much have they suffered 11Formerly, became with they were ruined, Qa'an, became

his oppression. people, punished.

11 In reply, but because When Arigh

man said, the country did battle enmity.

a Iionlike

and the world Hleg's victorious, went from

Qubilal

heart

was distressed

at their his loins the

When Qubilal court,

and Ar71 h girded Qubilai his love, to Hleg

at Qubilai's good tidings. amirs, message and Rm, with

a message

bearing

His brother thirty thousand which that

sent HIeg men. said,

and an army had spread

of three abroad the

The messenger It From your the waters authority.

to Hleg, bring all

of the Oxus If anyone

to Egypt

land under

is Inclined

to be free from your authority, If anyone departs flow.

force

him to turn from enmity to submission. quickly cause rivers of blood to kingdom.

from your authority,

Stay In that land and bravely

make the world giver,

into one single and brought

At these words, completely

in Iran

Hieg became the Justice

the world

under his authority.

He wanted no exercise
great or small. and

of oppression
With his liberality

and searched

out good or bad, his hand

and justice, because

he opened

and heart

the world to raise

Is glad in that

of him,

and he Is

happy.

He works

buildings

land,

and wants no man to be secretly and all men praise

wretched. him.

Through

his justice,

Iran

has become settled,

You would say that everything

- 195 Is in harmony, swore the farr of the world flies

15

in Iran the wolf

through

ruler. before

The lion the falcon

and

an oath together. rebukes

The partridge

and the sparrow When Nogai heart, again. heard

the hawk. 11 his heart people, war lost its passion for war. At

these words, these warlike was sated with from

he feared His heart

and he did not refer with Hleg

to the matter from who The

he withdrew so , the spy at once,

that country returned shahls for

and passed

this

land.

He set free

to Hulegu cheeks

and repeated like a rose rich

in that assembly in amazement. through

wha

had been said.

flushed

The spy was rewarded of the shah. to rewards and

his efforts

and he became was safe from

the generosity he attended

When Huleg

the battlefield, dirhems, After

gave each man of the army became world, there sick of carrying

to the extent this, there

that the porters was no more fear of his heart. in the Since

them. were

and time and place remained no more

devoted

to the desires

trouble

in his kingdom,

the hand of oppression

was at once removed.

MENTION

OF

THE '

OBSERVATIONS

AND

THE

OBSERVATORY

ZIJ-1-KHNI

He raised

many high buildings for were building until

in Iran

and his reputation appeared,

was made illustrious of such and there the heavens was were

in the world, structures no better jealous,

those buildings

the secrets

unknown. than It.

One of them is an observatory, There was a place, Everything of which there was

in the province

of Arrn. Since him, number

in the heavens a group

25

had Its likeness of scholars The court spring.

In that place. around a large of these

HL lege was wise Into every men,

and t iberal, field

collected contained

searching of learned Nafsir,

of knowledge. bush for

6

like

a rose

in

The chief

was Khwja

who had no equal

196 -

learning towered greatly compared 627B like

and knowledge. over

When Hl egu learned

that,

in wisdom, more

he

all his contemporaries, luminaries, he said

that he was magnified

than the other with them,

and that his head was in the heavens "Since there is no one in the world begin to undertake in the of me.

to him,

you for

knowledge

amongst

the scholars,

quickly

a study world,

of the stars

in this

country, remain

so that I may be remembered much good fortune so that there because

and so that there a book on this By

will

Then write knowledge. justice

science, tables

may be no lack of spread the learned. in this came to

astronomical knowledge,

and observations,

of your

so that by it even the moon may become the celebrated unequalled

s

At the order science,

of the shah,

doctor

began

to do work of learning

and all who were

in that branch

join him.
Outside 5 garden.

In the town of Mar5gheh

the town That there was a hill,

the learned
beneath

men selected
the city research

a place.
a

which for

had grown without so raised

wise

man brought

instruments there,

number his the and there, He

to that hill, head above reckonings sometimes and drew discovered

and built those which love

an observatory

and by doing There

of other govern and desire.

men of science. the universe, The signs

he dI scovered

which

sometimes paths

show enmity he numbered of seconds.

and their

the minutes, everything,

and then from in detail.

seconds

to tenths

He made representations the fixed stars. There too,

of the planets he discovered of building, there. of of

in that observatory all the climates

and plotted of the world,

of all kinds, that seeker after

and the secrets knowledge of knowledge,

the sea and the mountains, Great efforts were

revealed

made there there. In enmity

in all kinds There

and the place the beginnings

each was commemorated 10 of earth and universe,

too was made clear

and love. ever came near to emulating

In that way, the farr

none of the great ruler

ones of the world

of Hulegu,

of the world. the observations, he wrote a book containing

When the wise

man completed

197 -

all that which the equal Zij"i great

he had learned.

A fine

observatory

was erected They call

there,

of which

no one had seen In the world. and in that science, with

it the of all the

KhnT now, ones.

it has become this work,

the guide and that with

H61eg was delighted in his time.

it should unlimited

have been completed gifts were time, and raised

He presented

Nasir

him In honour for their

and position. work and for

The khn and the khwja the observatory in Iran, for in their their success.

thus remembered and forever their

names will

remain

alive

15

Good is the man whose name is remembered of whose wisdom, mankind is made happy.

for wisdom,

and as a result

AN ACCOUNT

OF

THE

SONS

AND

GRANDSONS

OF

HLEG

KHAN

Amongst
this

the sons and descendants

and each one of whom

of Hleg
was like

Lb

n, who was the source

moon,

of

dynasty,

a shining

many became IG

shahs. history.

I will Each

describe

them all

individually a shah in this blood,

in a form world,

of listing, i will

in this his

one who became Anyone of royal speak

name with ruler, i will

descendants. mention. I will Then

who became

a minor

I will

of the births

and deaths,

in a pleasant from them,

form; as is

briefly

number

the births of this

and separate account will

the deaths

2O

fitting.

The structure

be in two parts, I will

in a way that have two groups,

is pleasing

and an excellent

format. clear.

In each part,

to make my interpretation In the first'part and far. shah, became are

the two fortunate includes those

sons, of their

who exercised offspring group sons. not worthy shah,

their

rule,

near

One group

who did not become contains those who

but who had sons who did. shah, but did not give contains those birth

The second to famous

The second One group

part

the sons who were who did not become

of the golden

throne.

includes

but had sons who did.

-1.99-

The other

group from

mentions their

those who neither stock. I will and are mention living

became those

shah, still

nor did a living, who

shah emerge are descended

from

that shah,

in the land of Iran.

THE

FORMAT

OF THE

LISTING

Now consider I may be your 6213A I will

those guide

who were in this.

born

and died

and are still

living,

so that

now mention and their

all of the shahs line,

who were

descended and still

from are

Hleg, in this

their land.

offspring I will

son by son, who were I will

who were

mention were

too those good. will

the meanest

and two houses,

in which

two shahs Interpretation manifested will

do so with the soul,

such delicacy,

that my sweet been

refresh

In a way that has never If God gives

so skillfully

in such to him. shah,

a catalogue.

me his help,

gi ve my thanks that fortunate would not dare twelve

Hulegu, heavens

had fourteen

sons,

above whose fourteen,

heads the

the

to climb.

Out of those

through

hand of fate, There in Iran. the sun. and from memorial seven princes. Of these, dreamed rank. 628B Now I will sixty remain

did not see throne shah, were

or crown. like him, and found crown six whb were and throne as

two who became line,

Of Hleguls From those

there

seventy

as great princes, as a twenty seven

the loins fourteen From

of that hI gh born princes that pure came twenty line,

one came fourteen six grandsons, produced

to him.

his grandsons and they in turn,

sons,

on the face of the earth,

produced

seven did not become That left eight

rulers shahs,

of great

power,

and only power and

of the throne.

who achieved

describe

those

who exalted

themselves

above

the heavens.

199 -

There become

were shah.

fourteen

all-conquering

princes,

of whom twelve

did not

Two saw the throne, Apart from

but all bade the world shah, through five

farewell

and departed. Iran found farr

that famous there were

whom the land of in number, from all

and beauty,

seventy

princes without 'There now. In this were

of high birth, having remained tasted

but sixty the throne.

seven

of them departed

this world

of HUIeg's

descendants

seven,

but none of them Is here

first

part,

I will

mention and I will

those divide

two princes

who became

shah and in order

not overthrown, your hearts

them into two groups,

to gladden There loins Abt were

when you hear. who sat on the golden descendants, throne and girded their

two sons, Their twenty That

in glory. Sard, were

down to the Sultn and fourteen on this side,

of the Faith, having of

two in number, left only sIx

died without

seen the throne. Iran, 629A i ike the sun. group

all of them shahs

The first I Will

from

the royal

race, with

In. mentioning clever palace

which

in this history, I will the moon. tell His

embellish

the royal sprang

account from

interprgtation. crowned

of the Iine which sons brought His rule glory

him whose

to his house,

and earth like

and time made him famous. the crown garden. ones ca I led fifteen of his of the moon and

was embellished him, first the world son, Apart

by his seed, became like

through Hleg's

a pleasant

Abaqa, from

was a shah, Ab Std,

whom the great

the vigilant. sons. blood Abaqa world.

his descendants

numbered which left

Ten did not become who became was a shah, In, the justice shah, whose

shah or gain a crown, on from neither this

four

and passed likeness

earthly

palace. In the

old nor

young had seen none like

and wisdom

of his government, shah,

him was of great

seen on earth.

Of his sons who became

one was a ruler

-200-

power shining throne.

and might. moons,

From Arghun from

his loins

came two shahs,

both of them like the

and Geikhatu, the lord

whom fate made to adorn and faith were

Descended

of justice

fourteen, by the evil throne. was a precious that in the hand

ten of whom did not reach of fate. &293 First gift That left only four

the throne, princes, Arghun,

and were

afflicted to this

who ascended

was the heaven-faithful of fortune. one, Though there were

to whom the throne from like

two races eleven

sprang sons,

the shah besides precious the fruit souls

famous world,

proud

of whom eight

did not become That

shah or taste left three shahs,

of the garden the

of the kingdom girdle

of greatness.

who donned

of authority

on the golden Arghun

throne. authority even the

The world-possessing heavens not dare would

was the shah whose in truth,

not disobey,

and,

he was such

that a lion would until rulers the line of at

to attack.

The sons and grandsons the throne,

of that shah, except for those

came to an end, exalted birth,

did not reach two princes

who became

shah,

and wore

their

crowns

the division Ghazan Khn, called tree Khan,

of the I ine. the just shah of shahs, a small child, who was of the stock who died in Infancy. for the world, were of Chinglz
ty

had only him Alju

one son,

Ghazan bu't, the two sweet

and he was the hope of his heart brought no fru it for Ghazan.

of his desire

There

and handsome

princes,

who were

I Ike sons for

to him.

Bastani

was the elder,

from whom Ghazan UI jai Khatun,

expected

a grandson,

he gave him his daughter, prince turned to lament.

as a wife, prince

but his hope from 'that step was Baizid,

The second world Only

of fortunate seen an equal.

a prince

like whom the

had never

one shah remained, became Autumn.

and that was Ghazan,

but the Spring

of hIs

greatness

Khud-Banda

Sultn Mahmud was I Ike the sun and from the sun he gained his

201 -

handsome of Iran.

face, There

but of his highborn were

sons

and himself,

he alone was shah in number, but

six sons of that ruler shah.

of the Faith

five did not become 630A Chatar and Yusun

Timur

were

both famous of Iran, whose

sons and highborn nor was a shah born face shone with was worthy full

princes, of their of

but they did not enjoy seed. the sun. crown The third Fourth

the throne

son was Taighur, came Suieimn, These four

the light of the

who In Infancy offspring were

in greatness.

of Farr but did not about whom men he was

see the crown. tell many tales. by death's

Th. e fifth That

son was Ramadan

by name,

left one shah, though

and he did not survive, he was rich. three

called

summons,

He was the generous them of -Two

Geikhatu,

and he had two sons,

making

together. shah In Iran.

saw the time of greatness One of these was Ala-Fireng, even beyond From the heavens.

but never

became

and none had seen the like Piri was the second, who lived day, good things life on earth happened

of his beauty, to old age. to him. He

his youth

to the present

was called The powerful Arghun, I will

Chang-l-Puld,

but his

did not attain saw the throne

success. after

shah who was known to number group,

as Gelkhatu him here. just

and it is right speak

of the second

as the willow reached this

leaf

is part

of a garden line

of hope.

Although

the royal

succession

son,

no royal

was produced. mentioned proper This

He was the seventh since

son of H61eg and although of his brother,

he has been

second,

he took the place

he must take his

place son,

In the ranking. name, became of this shah, sword but he had been called wielding prince from his were loins, Tegdar. five four In

Ahmad"by

The descendants, number. came into 630B The eldest

In the line

Of his sons the world

and grandsons, and went to their

who sprang

graves. 1410 of them was named Qubilanchi, a famous

and powerful

prince.

202 IL) was Nugajir, of fortunate

Another

farr,

whose

son was Firengshah, princes. amongst these

and he had two famous Another

princes

and handsome a prince

sons,

two highborn riches. ne

was Arsalanji,
was called Ahmad

who loved

by the world.

In the second glorious I mention from From will There rank

part

were

an army

of sons,

none of whom reached

that

of shah. two houses in sweet and pleasing terms. There emanated the throne. shah. I

these

one of them a line of shahs. this powerful their fifty

Of the other, sons,

none reached

shah came twelve great five from farr this

but none became

describe were four There

and use shin i ng realism. line, who entered this transitory world, the

and fifty throne.

of them did not become

shah and were of the crown,

shut off from but his

was one who was worthy

line did

not survive. The first colour group was I Ike a pleasant and sweet rose garden This for rose the mind, garden full of of

and scent

to describe. describe Hteg's

was full of terms.

freshness From of this him, this line in this

in aspect, line, I will

and I will mention

it in the freshest fifth son. Although

the founder after

was worthy world.

of the throne, man's

he sired

a shah,

who ruled

That

name was Taraqal, for

and though

he was full

of farr, 634A There

he was the fountain were five famous

of wisdom in that

his descendants. descended from that high-born

princes

line,

prince.

Four did not become shah or gird their Taraqal,

were

loins for the throne. an d power.

and fart.

The

grandfather,
three princes

was a prince

with judgement
with

The
One of

well-born

grandsons,

beauty

them was called seen the like and the world

Qipchq,

and he was of fortunate The second

nature

and no man had Muhammad, "

of his beauty. was cruel

BAI I and the third was

to both of them. Baidu. mentioned

The one who became succeeded Geikhatu

shah was the well-meaning in kingly power, he is only

Although for

he

the record.

-203-

In terms through from

of great madness.

minds,

the second

group

was uselessly shah,

made empty

None of that line became and of those in this eleven world. shah.

nor did one appear princes, none enjoyed from son, this line were

amongst

them,

highborn

the greatness were fifty

of kingship

The descendants Son following offspring

men of farr souls from

but none became this family.

there

I see none of those them because

who were even if

unworthy

of mention

and I mention shah.

l6 Jmqur, who four. and good

they had farr,

they did not become

One was the sons full famous numbered

was

the sons

second of that The

son

of Hulegu, prince, descended

and he one was from a

and his shah,

Of the fortune.

famous

of courage

grandsons

G310

him, prince,

were

three

chosen

rulers.

The proud

Jshkab The world beautiful

was a lion heartei conquering the moon, Kinshu made

a man of courage who, with

and good nature. his son Shiramun,

had one son, two. Another

like

was Yoshmut, princes. man, There sons.

who was HulegUls He himself

third

son,

and from

his

IIr. e and

came eight fortunate of them. +il famous

was a high-born were

prince,

a famous i will

and his descendants were seven notable

such men that four

make mention and three three in al i,

princes,

grandsons, were

Sge was a brave sons.

prince,

and his branch

for he had two famous Darlnu cheerful

and his handsome and powerful

son were

two liberal

men.

The father 11chi.

was a

prince,

and his son was called

Another
fourth proud

of, Hleguls
son,

Ih in, Takss sons was a famous prince,

were four princes of rank famous.

who was his

and power. The

and in his branch was a wise

TakshTn

prince,

deservedly

rt4 Tbn, and was wise had two fine Tbn sons,

His son was called end purpose. He men. prince,

and skillful,

a man of Judgement

and the three -of them were the musk-scented air,

good and fortunate a warlike and famous

was a man like

-204-

and the sons who came from Qara"Buga The father Rabgan. Tbshin him. was the sixth was another son,

his loins

were

wise

and I iberal. there

princes. were two.

and in number and liberality,

and account

was a man of wealth

and his son was named

son of Hleg, sons, full

and his enemies and famous a wise prince,

went

in fear

of

He had two pleasant was a prince,

both wise

princes.

TbshTn, beauty disposition. son,

the father, and farr. Ajai

of knowledge, Sati, a brave He, too,

man, with

The son was called

i of

sweet

was the eighth

son of Hulegu.

had a wise the father

and liberal

from whose and famous wise

line came two princes. prince. His

We call

Alai, Ildar,

a fortunate and he was

son was called

by the father

and of a lazy nature.

Qonqurtai

was the ninth son of Hleg,

included that chosen king,

and a wise and powerful

there king were nine

cypress.
He

In the i ine that himself, that army

IsunTlmur, son, were

prince,

In number. and from

that highborn destroyer

that two

was a warlike sons

whom army

of pure

descent

came eight
prince, handsome,

and grandsons.
they remember as Kharbanda, Th, e father and his

famous pure,

destroying

princes.

was wise Ildei

and generous,

and the son's son were

fortunate

name was Pulad. and notable prince princes. with farr lidel, and

and his handsome

two fortunate

the father, power.

was successful The son was proud,

In battle, with farr

a lion hearted and strength,

and his name was

Aq Timur.
Kerai

Q
and Tashtimur, in their anything and the fourth Since son Ashightlmur, 170 had their

and Changtimur

sons who left names,

them behind mention

infancy. about them.

none can relate

I cannot

Another

prince

was Yisudar

by name and he was the tenth son of Hteg. with renown and
born

From his stock there was no son, but he was a prince

courage. Fourteen months after his death,

a son was unexpectedly

205 -

to one of his wives, I do not think 632A it fitting

and she claimed to Include Temr,

that the son was of his seed, Iii him here. know that he was the

but

The next was Meng eleventh

and you should in terms were

son of Hleg,

but third

of judgement. seven.

He was victorMeng Temr

ious and upright, was a prince

and in his branch world,

The proud From

in this

who was renowned. The eldest

him and his three and you

sons came six generals. would sons, prudent victorious son,

Anbarchi, his was sons of moon.

say that he was the envy of the full I Ike moons, and self kings, and their willed, line was three.

He had Iwo princely the father,

A

Anbarchl, qunchi I heard

was two had a

and his sons were pearls.

and IsunTimur, that IsunTimur he should

II ke two linked

who was as handsome

as a pearl,

and though

be considered,

he was wretchedly
Another

killed,

in an act of vengeance.
by name, and he raised his head above princes son, the heavens.

son was Taichu

He had a son by the name of Bolad, judgement to another The third Another twelfth his line in birth, and purpose.

and the two were

wi th who went

I have heard

that he had another

pavil I ion in the spring son was Kerai, prince a pure

of life. son, I Ike a pearl. and ambitious light prince, who was the Including and famous, and him, and

was Hulachu, line,

a brave a shining

son of Hleguls comprised there four.

in that house. prince

The father like him.

was a chosen

was no king and the third but the Sultan

His sons were Khwja.

Suleimn

QutlughBuqa, another Next son,

was the pure shed his blood line,

I heard

that he had

in streams. Tu2haTimur, aI ion hearted numbered eight.

was the thirteenth of armies. of wakeful and crown.

of that pure He, fortune From with

destroyer That king of throne princes.

his sons

and grandsons,

himself his stock,

was a prince son by son,

who lived

in the sunlight high born

came seven

206 -

Qurumshl Husain, ones, Haiti

was that prince's Hasan and Baizid, and splendour, younger Ha1Ji, son. ones,

eldest

son,

and he had four

precious These

sons great

and Muhammad made up five son, and with

was the fourth. in number. his son, prince

of rank

was the shah's The father,

made two splendid was the

princes.

was a famous

and Suleiman

name of his notable The remaining reckoning. but he sired one called present great There

of rank

and power,

I omit from

this

pleasant

was a fourteenth

son of Hleg,

by name Shibauchi, of Iran ones, include the

no sons. Ab S-ld.

But the descendants Now none is all. is left

of the shahs famous

of these

except

shah and that Except In Iran. for

Of their

descendants, princes,

none can mention thj re is no evidence

any other. of any other

the names of these

May our new shah garden

1ive for

ever

and may his nature out no act,

be separated other

from

the

of his desires.

May he carry

than good and far from by his never the

may God be good to him. door

May the feet of evil always be with

men be always

of his tent and may the world May the kingship of his stock. always

be made prosperous

Justice. be empty

his lIne, and may the world

AN ACCOUNT

OF THE WIVES

OF

HULEGU

KHAN

6328

Now I will
the amirs Apart beautiful wives, will First from

adorn this history

of Huleg Khn. In his

Iike the moon, with mention of the wives1and

concubines, For

life

Hleg in every

had seven month,

wives,

each like of these account. without

spring.

two weeks a black names, whose

because on their

seven I them.

the moon showed their

face for this

to the world history

now mention

Is valueless

was Bu Sahin,

face was full

of radiance,

and her beautiful

207 -

face was radiance 5

itself.

Tughur Third

was the shah's was Aljai, heart

second

wife,

a picture,

the envy of a new spring. hearts, at the sight

that eloquent would

queen of Fourth

of whom a man's

be refreshed.

was Qul i, a moon emulating Bugshi was the fifth, from

the sun, who whose beautiful

made the heart

of the shah joyful. Its light. Seventh shah. in their

face the sun sought to the moon. wife

Qumlaqtal was Guyuk, These souls,

was the sixth loving wives his

wife,

in beauty

superior

as a new moon, loved him with their

the chosen their lives, hearts chosen

of the fortunate faithful

seven buying

and were

love with

by him in both worlds.

THE

AMIRS

OF

HLEGU

KHAN

113 The amirs of that warrior 10 will were six They now mention leaders in number, were individual

shah were

beyond

number more

in his life, famous.

and i who were

Iy those who were

Those

of tribes,

masters

of the mace and sword

and drum,

all famous

and l ionl ike. of them, who was viceroy to the shah,

K6ke-Ilge,

the senior

and Arghn Aqa, a far seeing prince, r.. Iran, and Shiremn, and Ilge Noyan, Abatal, The rest the world, the sI xth, who were a man In fear in Hleg's were

who was general and Suqunchaq,

of the land of a chosen a fox. companions always In acnir, and

of whom a lion was like were his Intimate

entourage like

and in number

the five

senses,

and were

15

with him.
second fourth

Tudn Noyan was their

Qurjan,

chief,

a man full of wisdom,

Marqal, a powerful

and the
prince, the

was the famous Burultai,

the third

and Tughur of the army guardians

was the fifth, their lions

a lion on the day of battle. before him, his servants in

The generals heart and soul,

girded

of every

land.

The oldest a lion whose

of them was Baiju, like prince. Samaghar higher

who was

in Rt m, and another general and ingai

was Ket-Buga, was another,

was a great

head was raised

-208

than the lightning and raised critic 20 him In

from rank

the planet

Mercury.

The shah had rewarded Another was Shiktr, Qutan, Abachi, a Irka Hindu,

him

above al I others. were Urqatu, Mulafar,

of his elders,

and there

Qara-Buga, Munqutal, Darlal,

Noyn, Wafu,

Buga-Temur Sbedei, Kaharkal, Bukaladar, Buqa, Hasqun, powerful Tulrai,

and aidar, Azatimur, Arig Boqa,

Tumatu,

Qunchl, Yisur,

Qudsun, Rahjan,

Alintimur, Qudusun, man,

Arfasun, Kudai, Abr

Dalavartimur, Sisal Bavrghi, amir,

Iltujul,

Baqu,

Yaqu,

a lionlike Khazn, Talkhwan,

Barghrchi, Buga,

Sunjaq Samachar,

a brave Guchuk

the proud a

Qutlugh. prince,

Inquchi,

Balaghai, lionlike

the famous

Abdullh,

Tudal

Barghrch1, Since the

and LulrT,

another

man and the essence brought

of greatness.

shah had such warriors, With his good fortune down on their enemies.

they bravely

the heavens

down to earth. disaster

Almighty, love the the of and

they brought

HULEGU

APPOINTS

A COUNCIL

TO

GOVERN

THE

KINGDOM

25

The order wax pearl.

went

out to every

land,

that the world of these proud

had been subdued heroes, there

tike

Through

the bravery

was no

place for the foot of an enemy.

every 632A prince country was now under The

Since

the shah had overcome

his enemies,
one a of

his authority, land from

and he sent to every to the borders

and a governor. and Khistn Abaqa, with

the Oxus from

Mazandern, eldest Arohn son,

and Qmis the ring

end to end,

he gave to his The proud Ughhol, in Its the

and tiara

of that-kingdom. The prince

Aga became

adviser

to that prince.

Tegudar

of the stock entirety, senior That

of Chagatal, Shiremn

was given

the governorship

of Jibl istn

with

as his counsellor. AzarbTjn, with

He entrusted Arrn

to Yoshmut,

of all of the princes, region the wise

and all of Mucghn. as far as the

shah entrusted

to him as a benefice,

209 -

sea and rivers to the borders The proud with

of the province of Syria

of Ram.

From

the plains

of Diyrbakr Noyn. proudly

was made the responsibility to Shirz, to Baghdad his loved

of Tudn

Qalaghai

went

ones hurrying and,

him. Clara-Bugawent 'Ala al Din went

as Governor, with for

at the shah's

command, To Terken that city. mother-in-law

to that kingdom Kirmn,

him as co-ruler. that moon-like her, one loved

Khatun There

was entrusted the Sultan

of Kirmn of Iran.

married

became and she

to the Shah gift

By the special his protection. youthful 10 fortune ment,

of the shah,

the vizier

of the world was Slams

held

Iraq

under of

Hleguls

much lauded

vizier

al-Drn,

disposition, appeared

and never in those sole days.

had such a young vizier

of such good govern-

He was the head of the shah's as vizier, by his order.

and exercised

authority

He followed His like it in

the path of rectitude government, the world. khwaja Jumhur as vizier, You would

and there

was great

sagacity

in his actions.

was such

that the shah had seen nothing minded, Nay,

say that the liberal Jumhur of his time.

good Intentioned I am wrong, This for Buzur

was the Buzur

was not I Ike that khwja, while above the other the other. al-DTn was chosen

for justice

or. love.

one was a sun

of the faith, head high Though the work man went

had no faith,

and in faith,

the one held his

Shams

by the pillars

of the state

to undertake and that for him

of the vizierate, from youth

he met with

many sorrows there

in that task, was no profit profit

to old age. to his

In the end, life.

and fate brought matters, but only

affliction grief,

No one finds

in worldly

pain and fear.

THE

DEATH

OF

HULEGU

KHAN

When the shah had done with

the affairs

of State,

his head was raised

above

210 -

all of the other desired,

kings

of the world,

and earth from

and tI me were The world

as he entered

but he found no escape

his destiny.

a path of III fortune

his the night of there affliction. came and dark,

It was

a very unhappy night and pitch misfortune

were

a night that was the source of

and great discord.

and mankind was suddenly

it was a night in which pain and grief

was consumed darkened by grief. There On that dark came a kind night, of

concealed star

the shahIs vapour, From 20 whole

by fate.

and you would the limits world tike

life the that say

of the ruler light,

was cut short. which cross, the world were lit up the from which was illuminconsumed. Bahman

of the east appeared lightning, colours.

a shining

in the form Although

of a jewelled outwardly

it shone ated,

in wonderful their

inside

bodies, like

people's the planet

hearts Mars,

in the kingdom but inwardly of a shooting For a while, for

Outwardly, the untamed.

lt shone

it was like star,

It came swiftly desolate

in the form

and the world shone was of It,

was made totally in its light, made dark

by its violence. frightened by that

the world the world

but it made the world by the misfortune ill. manifestation Those pain,

at heart, light, for

brought

as a result

the shah became When that unlucky disturbed from

soul,

lost

Its i ight, who were find

In that

then Hleg near a cure

severe

also became see no remedy in his

at heart.

doctors

him could for

that severe
for only

and no one could

create a soul.

the pain

God can

ttack

of illness, 114

the world 25

conqueror

Hulegu Khan died at the Jaghatu river. 665/1266 , on the 10th of rabi'
died. He departed,

In the year of the Hijra

left

? Ii, his strength

and the kingship shah had

him and that champion as a memorial Forty eight

In battle to him. years

remained never

You would

say that the chosen

I ived.

was his age and for

nine of them he had all of the princes their faces.

sat on the throne. were grief stricken.

When time came to an end for him, His wives tore their hair

and scratched

-211

633B

The sons of that wise The chief dust elders, their

shah mourned heads

and uttered with

sighs

at the will

of fate. with

covered

ashes From

and their their

clothes

sat in grief,

at the death their

of the shah. blinded

violent ears

lamentations, deaf. Since

clamour the throne

and walling, was empty

eyes were

and their

of the farr

of that shah,

the leaders became

beat their doubled over their in

hands on the ground grief hair at the hero's unbound. their

in that empty place. death. Everyone to Mongol

People

placed custom, After placed

themselves

near,

with

According hair

men and women

lamented, had been

tearing made, 5

on his account. of chosen custom, Sea, princes

the funeral the shah's

preparations body on a bier, ceremonies,

a number

according carried

to Mongol

and made the necessary and there placed

and

him to the Salt

him secretly throne; such

in his grave. is the by It. times ever,

In the Sea of Salmas, justice If, of this world.

that shah found no royal No person rewarded from it. sees its whole

and is gladdened and throne, in this world is like

in this

world, bring

you are you forth give

with

a crown

harsh for

suddenly and desire post along a traveller

No one remains

and glory the road along it.

no one eternity. we pass,

The world

a staging a man is is not for it. you

by which

and because

of his sins, wisdom of gladness, quickly from

The heart post,

of a man who practices there You will it, a carpet pass

bound to that staging will not remain there

so spread

permanently. passes on from

Live to be

so that your

person

and your

name will

remain

10

remembered. will
world, he,

Success

comes from good deeds, Honoured

hearts are those

and in the next abode'you

reap the blessings.

leaves all people's death others

is he who, when he has passed from the

grief stricken at his death. Wicked you will be you is

at whose for

liberated.

If you act justly,

blessed, will

God rewards

who are just. by your peers,

But if you act evilly,

be despised

in the next world

COMMENTARY AND NOTES

The any the

main

objective

in

this

section

is between

to

identify the

and

explain and to a

significant earlier or Mustaufl's on also the

inconsistencies contemporary main historical included where

Zafar-nmah in an attempt in making

sources, sources, accuracy it is and

both to of

identify judgement notes are

assist his work.

Explanatory or

considered

necessary

useful.

BOOK I. I. 1. in Hiileg Khan was the fourth Tolui, was, who son of turn, his Khn, Qi ingiz by the youngest chief son of 614/1217. Hlego born in wife. was the At his death Chingiz Khan had left in 623/1227, He the that had intended in some doubt. succession four his Mongol be shared would out amongst empire them all as the with sons, one of them set above The plan Great KY, was not of conquest in, or Qa'an. in had he a new campaign and started yet complete, In 1229 Ogedei and the east. as Qa'an, was elected brothers, the four between the empire was allocated Khan had desired. much as Chingiz and Chahatai Transoxania, north and the lands ruled east including and modern Afghanistan, of, the Oxus, Darya. Amu the Russian Chinese Turkestan, and of east by his Jochi, ruled very son tG, succeeded quickly the west and Horde territory, the Qipghaq or Golden western part of the empire. north the eastern Ogedei retained part. inherited the Mongol Tolui, as the youngest son, homelands and possessions, and the Ordu, property, 630/1232-3, in Tolui died Chingiz Khan. army of the death father, in the interval following but, of his in the wars had been gedei's general against chief During China. in northern the reigns the Kin Dynasty (625-638/1229-1241) Ogedoi and Gyk his of successor (643-645/1246-1248) the south western province or Iran, Mongol had never been firmly under which control except Khurflsn, by Chorma hun". initially, for was governed then by ICdrge z and finally by a Mongol amir and general, Arghn by local Atha. Rebellions rulers and dissension the Mongol by amongst administrators were exacerbated intrigues the political at the Qa'an's court, while Qa'an in and' his chief governors were preoccupied China Europe. and in Russia and eastern

II

BOOK I. I. 1. }ileg At the time accession was 24 years of Mongko's Persian activities of his old. say nothing sources 652/12511-5. in He is Iran to to his despatch prior been present by Rashid at the mentioned as having al-Din 648/1251, in Quriltai'at Mngke and was elected which during the conflict presumably side was at Mngke's and over the accession of the rebels, and punishment
the the the empire. reorganisation of administration of Both had Juvaini Mngke that Rashid state al-Din and in Iilegii, "signs observed sovereignty, of conquest, he had that One must majesty assume and fortune". taken he in war, was well some part although perhaps, S6bedei, like by generals supported experience of great Ket-Buqa in brought Kke Having been Ilge. up and

tribe. Keraits, Mongol Christian of the a predominantly The chief Keraits, Khatum, wife was Doquz also of the briefly Their to his father. who had been married influence tolerant in his was manifested attitude towards Christians during he himself his life though is believed to have been to Buddhism. converted

having the eastern doubtlessly the part and empire of been involved with in campaigns in China and associated Chinese he household, in the advisers and retainers must have assimilated culture. a good deal of Chinese In addition to the Chinese influence in his youth, Hleg influenced by Christianity. was also strongly His mother Beki, daughter was Sorq, ogtani of Jogambo

Il-Khan The title the Mongol word 11 meaning combines tribe and Khdn - prince application or lord, and its to the Mongol they were indicated that rulers of Iran to the authority though Qa'an, swayed of the great Abaqa, this after was purely nominal. I. 2. Although Mustaufi debt to Rashid later his aladmits Tamil Drn and states his work that is based alon the he he perfected into Tav rilh which verse, and turned heavily tradition, passed on by relied also on verbal who were aware of, or had experienced contemporaries (73613) he In his final important chapter events. "I questioned in the history men, wise of Iran, states for history, in this anecdotes and I sought about events " in every leaders, part. of Arab and Mongol Soo Note. I. 3. 1.5.

Mustaufi to describe generally, uses the word turk those tribes non-Iranians, and particularly emanating from beyond the Amu Darya On river as far as China. he uses the word to mean Mongol numerous occasions, demands it. when the metro The distinction here is firstly between who a ruler by force conquered a kingdom and built of arms, and one who inherited it an empire and ruled and wisely justly. The second distinction is made between a ruler to a devout Shiite like Mustauf1, who, was godless, and one who was a pillar faith of the Muslim and a shining example.

I.

4.

III

BOOK I.
1.5. (or in Pula Timur is Bolad Timur) once only mentioned Rashid his indication position al-Din, of any without did Ras, not or antecedents, obviously al-Din iid and frequent The further him worthy consider mention. of his importance indicate to him by Mustaufi references to the I find in his can no other author sources. in Bagi mention while any source, of a son named Timur's Mustaufi to Pula himself later only refers Timor. son Nura

See II
1.6. Trn lands home

66.

describe to Firdausi by was the used word Oxus, the Chinese thle Turks across and of Iran. the traditional of enemies of

the the

Mustaufi uses it to applies Caucasus.

I. 7.

in the same sense, it the land of the Golden

an important ChormaGhun

though Horde, . 171.

he also beyond EI(4)

the 951-4

Lech

he Iran the in Mongol the where and west, armies of the appointment hand until of with a free governed the from Arghn stretching of the lands as governor Oxus to Mosul. (ii )506-8. Doylo.
I. 8. Persian to the translate I have attempted not the describes farr Essentially farr. charisma by a king lustre or chief, possessed visible he by the legitimacy rules. which part of word and which

Daiju Noyn was He had succeeded

Mongol amir 640/1242 in

and general. as Commander

had

the is

I. 9.

Mulhidin the Mulh4. daor Mustaufi meaning word uses cribe the de heretics, to the infidels of members or Itan in north Ism'lli with west established sect Alamt as their centre. in any detail Juvaini Rashid Neither al-Din mention nor the to hero by Daiju the against referred campaign Ismi, ' ills.

1610.

literally his Fid'i., means one who volunteers or risks himself for life as a ransom another, offering or a to the emissaries The term was applied victim. sent out by the Ism5'I1i rulers of Alamt on missions of leaders hostile assassination against of neighbouring targets be advantageous or other states, would whose death to the Ism1113. cause.. EI (2)iI882. Sbedei was a famous amir and general who was a trusted Chingiz Khan and Ogedei. commander under He should not Sbodei, be confused Prince brother with of Hleg, whom Rashid al-Din mentions seldom, and whose death 1I*legQ's departure occurred Iran. shortly after for

1011,

Successor

56 et

eq.

BOOK I. 1.12. NahrawRn from is the which, starting canal a name of Takrit the bank on the entered west of the Tigris, Tigris Wsit. The city stood on the near of Nahraw6n high bank the road where of this at a point canal, is to Khur&san Baiju's bridge. by it point a crossed that by any army the have to be crossed canal would from direction the Baghdad attempting to attack of Iran.

Lands. I. 13. Sh or Sit h is the name the town of Dih Kjjvarkn.

This letter

29-30. overlooking

of

a mountain

4T. 94.

1.14.

in is Daiju's any other mentioned not of the inconsistent It is usual with certainly source. themselves Mongols, the as who regarded attitude of The ten a hundred race. of any other worth or even to later Daiju being which was excuse of outnumbered Mngke. hardly likely to Iileg to was also please make Farsang. A measure of distance

I.

15.

it
In

(c)

consisted

of
Iran it

3 miles
is

(ir_il),
to

according

to

Dehj

oc

each

of

24432/3 yards

" modern

equal

6 kilometres. Dehhhoda.

1.16.

is "what boyondchin literally Machin Mngke KJjn Qubilai to Ragj rd al-Din, According gave Mchin, Khitai, Qar. jmng, kingdoms the of eastern Salanga, Kuli, Tibet, Jurjih, Tongqt, of and part IChitai IIindustn and Machin. adjoining JT. 21. the Mongols is to the Mc_h1n, known as Nankiys, also South China. j itai, or Cathay. of Manzi, equivalent _ China. M chin territory North of the was the represents Sung Dynasty. " Zaitun, the being Boyle to MchIn's refers capital is Chuanchow, Zaitun the modern on port of India". the coast of Fukien.

Successors
I. 17. Ilasan-i Twelver Sabbh Shiite,

275.

descent, was of HIimyar raised as a to Datini but the was converted or was da'i Ism'ili lie Ray. became in a sect and sent 471/0-778-9 to Egypt. in Ile reached there and became involved in internal the to politics of the sect and had leave. Ile spent the twelve in Khuzistan next years and Dailam, conducting propaganda and converting people,

followers. and gaining In 483/1090, ho seized the fortress in the of Alamt, mountains of Dailam, and started a rebellion against
the SQljuq rulers. murder, eliminating fortresses in the to Khistn. Ile

of political began also a campaign opposition, and occupied other Albur. z mountains the revolt and spread

BOOK I. 1.17. In (cont'd)the 487/1094, succession, in the Ism'ili a major split I1asan to refuse to caused
in the absence supreme chief, of

Pretender and, declared himself Egyptians. the

sect, over the recognize

a legitimate claimant, causing a break with

The'Imamate in the hands remained of the rulers of Alammt, through Hasan-i Sabbh's until successors, death KhOr : bh at the hands of Rukn l-Din of the Mongols in 665/1257. EI (2)iti54

the

Boyle
1.18. The incident of Shams al-Din is his under robes mentioned though by Juvaini. not appearing by Rashid

(ii)

666-683.
armour

wearing al-Drn,

JT. 1.19. This dramatic development nor in any other source. is not

20. by Juvaini

recounted

I. 20.

According 'overseer to Boyle In this instance it is more table servant or cook,

of food and drink'. likely to refer to TJG ii 596N Vide Doerfer.

I.

21.

This version of the choice and T16ngke's of Iiilog, Qd3 is by Juvaini consultation of the not supported Mdngke had or Rashid that al-Di: n, both of whom state decided already to send Illeg to Iran, having seen in him evidence farr. of royal

JT. 20. Boyle(ii)607. 1.22. Chahatai Tegudar Ughu1 Khan and son of Chingiz by him to assist in the was the grandson of Chagiiatai, despatched the contingent commanded of 1101egt in Irhn. campaigns JT. 32.

1.23.

Bait Jerusalem is al-mugaddi. name for s. The Arabic bait The reference to King bl-quds al-Mugadd-As. or Faridn in this to the account, in the verse relates S_ hnamah of the war between Faridn and Zakkh, and Faridun's destruction of Zakkh's magnificent palace in Jerusalem. Shh-nmah 1.91-3. Mas'id Beg was the son of Mahmd Yalavach, whom Rashid al(satiib) Din referred to as "ruler of Turkestan and Trans" gedei had placed oxania. Yalavaj: h, all of I{hitai under the region from Desh-Daliq while Khotan and Qara-Khocho, Kashghar, Almaliq, Qayaliq, Samarband Buc, hara, and as * far as the Oxus, Beg. xus, under government of Mas'd JT. 105 Successors 94.

1.24.

vi

1300K I.
1.25, UGhul brothers, the was one of Iliilegii's eighth by a Naiman son of Tolui concubine. Rashid death his al-DIn as having mentions occurred during M6ngkets Ile had Nangiys. campaign against been instrumental, Mengeser, in along with preventing the by gedei's to seize the throne attempt grandsons, from Mongke Qa'an. Successors 209. Juvaini death brother". only speaks of "another of the Doyle(ii)612N Shams al-Din Kart of Iterit Iran by Mngke as a fief father's the for support His domain included Ilert, had been given eastern in 1245 in gratitude for Mongols Muhammad. against Nishpl Balkh, S'aralchs, Mge

1.26'0'

his r.

D'Ohsson ZAM 250.

5.27,

129-131.

Aqa was an amir who had been appointed Arghn by gedei in 638/1240 to succeed Korguz of as viceroy the western from Shursgn part of the Mongol empire, (see note to the frontiers I. 7") Bakr. of Ram and Diyr Successors 94 CHI-V337-4o.

1.28,

This account of Illegii's crossing of the Oxus is that Illegft in boats. army crossed explicit and his Juvaini that the crossing relates was made on a bridge is supported by Rashid alof boats, and this version Din.
JT.

Doyle ii )613

1.29.

" I. 30.

Shahurfn for Shaburgn. Variant erroneously spellings It was the former are Shaburlhan seat and Ashbrgan. district a populous of government of the Juzjan of Khursn. Marv and town in a fertile between region situated Dalkh. 426. Lands Corcis Arghwn are and flowers Siliquastrum. bright red. A tree whose fruit

DhRhoda,
I. 31. " A fortified Tn. town, with and moat to the a castle in the hilly and west of Qayin, province of Khistn. Tun and Qayin were the chief towns of the region, to by Marco Polo as Tunocain. referred north

NQ 142 Boyle(ii)615,
I. 32. Kke Ilgoi are Ilgel was one of Noyn, Ilg HleGii's Variant generals. Noyn, Ilaga Noyn. JT. 29 et seq. spellings

VII

BOOK I. 1.33. Ket-Buqa Christian by Boyle is described as a Nestorian and was in general, a Mongol who became the Ile lfi leg's column. crossed advance command of 650/1253, in Hlegu Oxus ahead and unsuccessfully of Kh and Sh1h Isma'ill beseiged the of Gird castles by Mustaufi's Diz. frequently His spelt name is diacritical in all three Mss, without copyists, as Kenga. and elsewhere points, Noyn

CII.
I. 34. Ts.

342.

trunk Great K_hursn An important town on the it in NishRpr the was the region, of which road, for the tomb It eighth of the was noted city. second by, the Imam 'Ali of and also grave ar-Rida, close Abbasid Chliph Harlin ar-RashTd.

the

N2 149 Lands. 1.35. Naslj is a form of Chinese brocade.

Delkhnd, 136. Text uses world. here 1.37.

388-90.

a.

k1abyar, Mustaufi has haft although elsewhere haft the to denote seven of the agllm regions logical to assume that It the meaning seems is that mglim. of haft was as town between a small birthplace being the C1habiighn of Nizm

(orRadkan) Rdgn Described and Ts. al-Mulk,

Lands.
I. 38. This is a mis. -spelling Khoshan. (the town of Khabshn modern region of Khursfln.

394

of the name of the in the Nishapur Quohan) Lands 390

I. 39.

the historian, Juvaini, 'Ata Malik 'Ala`al-Din who how He iileg's recounts administrators. was one of ) ( for issue HlegO to he persuaded arll an order the rebuilding of which of the town of Khabshn, he had purchased a quarter. 617 Doyle (ii)

(meaning I. 4Muhtasham O. was the title great or powerful) to the Ism'ili of territories given or governors describes the incident, Rashid fortresses. al-Din identifying the muhtasham as Nsir al-Din, governor Takht. of Quhhistn at Sar-i

JT 29.
According toi Abbas Iqbal, these governors were not to have their them allowed wives or families with during the duration to of their office, presumably distraction from their duties. avoid possible

TH 172.

viii

BOOK I. 1.41. Mas'd Kh was in KhistZn. 0 one of the main Isma'i1l Boyle (ii) castles 637

1.42.

Rukhn the {i al-Din sons ofiAla r Shah was one of father's al-Din, as his nominated who had been Ismaili in northern sect successor, as ruler of the Iran. He succeeded in highly father his suspicious 653/1255 in circumstances

CIII I. 43.

480

Shiite theologian Nasir Tsi al-Din was a famous and astronomer, of important and was one of a group from Qazvin, as hostages who had been taken people Muhammad. by Khr Shh's He was subsequently father, to play to Hlegii as an adviser role an important his release from captivity. after JT CIIT 31 343 et seq.

1.44.

Maimun Diz was one of the best constructed castles, provisioned and of the Ismaili For a description of the ruler. see Boyle

and the residence 627-8. ii

I.

45.

Buqa Timur, Balag jah ai Shah and Tutar Tegudar Iileg's were with main army commanders, along Rashid Tegudar Uhul. that and Ket-Buga al-Din states Iilegii by way of Khuwar while attacked and Simnan, from Ile does the mention attacked not centro. does. Juvaini Balaghai Tutar Uah, though or JT 32 Boyle ii 627 betiioen DAmGhan

1.46.

(Samnn, Simnn and Ray, on the

Samanan) Khursgn

way was half trunk road.

NQ 157
I. 47. Khuwr was the westernmost town of the province of Its trunk QQmis, also located the usual road. on title to avoid with confusion was K. uwr of Ray, town of the same name in Fars province. another known as muhallah-i Mustaufi it was also that states (The Garden "bh Place).

`I. 48.

NQ 157J168
Iran on a

Alamt in northern was the first of the castles It was located to be seized by Hasan-i Sabbh. high rocky peak in the Alburz mountains, north of Qazvln. east Lands 221 For a more detailed description see..

Boyle

ii

720
9r ls3.,

Ix

BOOK I.

I.

49.

Ke-Qubad was and luckless".

Ray,

described

by

Juvaini

as Boyle

"false (11)619

hearted

I.

50.

Rayy, great was one of the more spelt correctly Durirg. the of part cities early province. of Jibl it Abbasid the Caliphate as Muhammadiya, was known Caliph became in honour the Muhammad the who of Mansur. fortified, The city and the was strongly it but districts, fertile never centre of four first had prior to the it the importance recovered Mongol devastation. 214-6 Lands

I. 51.

in Jibl Reference is made here to Talign Talign. (there being town of the same name another province in Juzjr1n).
This the lying town along was the of a district chief Jibl the dividing mountain range southern slopes of Dailam, The is from town to the east. no longer north in its but to be the north was thought site existence, h. east of SultanIye

Lands
I. 52.

423-4

to the north lying A district Rdbr. along of Qazvln, It in Tabaristn. the Shatu; jd river, was separated the main by the Alburz in which from Qazvln mountains, Isma'Ili castles were located. 220 Lands Khitai
According Khitainaptha Hleg's

_"

53.

refers

to

northern

China

(Cathay)See

Note

1.16.
to

to a hld for a thousand throwers and army.

had sent Mngke Qa'an al-Ain, households men, of mangonol to supplement archers cross-bow JT 22

I.

54.

tree, the white Khadang poplar wood is from arrows. malting wood was commonly used for

whose

Dehkhcd. a.
I. 55. Azar was the Syrian month commonly castle of March. another

1.56.

Lamassar important

(or more Ismaili

Lanbasar) was in the Radbr.

Lands Boyle(ii) 221

619

I.

57.

There is no mention of such a pavil:. _ion in Juvaini's description However, nor in any other of Alamt, source. it is reminiscent by Marco Polo of the description Garden Delights" in which the of "the of Earthly Fida'is to be prepared for their were said murderous missions. Hoyle Marco (ii) Polo 720 75

BOOK I.
I. 58. Tair left is Buqa mentioned the to continue by seilte. name only, as having been

Boyle
I. 59. B'All is not mentioned elsewhere.

(ii)

721

I.

60.

Arqa Noyn Noyn, son Malik Anjile

Mustaufi guzida,

probably of Ilgei Agin not

refers Noyn.

to

Urahatu
JT 52

(or

Urqatu)

I. I.
1.63.

61. 620'

Shah Khin.

not

identified.

identified.
castles of these destroyed by been TG in the Iilegii. Tarikh-i

lists all as having

527
al-Din Fadl

1.64.

This Allh

is a reference iiamaddni.

to

Khwja

Rashid

1.65.

This Although those was an exaggeration. captured their were massacred, stock was certainly not wiped himself, by Mustaufi narrated events, out as subsequent in Alamut indicated. They were even able to reoccupy 673/1274-5. Baraq, son of Tabang Khn is not mentioned
Sharrh, one 40 villages.

I.
I.

66.
67.

elsewhere.
of the

This must districts

to Sharhin or refer containing of Hamadan,

The meadows of

Ssg (or

Sk)

not

identified. Krawulsky NQ 75 309

reward or

I.

68.

The fief

has text from the

which king.

read

as

l-

Doh kbbda I. 69. the By describing MustaufI was able (eyebrow j+ and V, Kausar.. tradition journey, heaven journey Sultn of Itm as a bridegroom, to make a pla on the words and eyelashes).

I.

70.

(The According Abundance). to a kausar al from his from Anas, heavenly on returning the Prophet Muhammad referred to a pond in by this name. The pond was reputedly a monthts in circumference.

Quran
I. 71. Diyr Bakr. Literally It was the northern the and comprised Tigris its between turned south east, abode district

CVIII.

1-2
'

tribe of the of Bakr. of Jazirah province, the river region on both sides of it the source, where and point Tall Ffn. near

Lands

86-100

XI

BOOK I. I. 72, Iiji who Ab'l-Rid allegedly Ratan fought Baba was an Indian Muslim saint, Prophet's the at at Medina. side (Supp. ) 183-5 EI. Sunna is and Shi'a the who attributes involving activities

I.

73.

The

between trouble sectarian by Rash! d al-Din, glossed over to political unrest and criminal

the
1,74.

lesser

Davt-d

r.
suburbs of below side, was heavily

See below,

note

77"

Karkh was one of the the area on the we-st, Caliph It al-Mansur.

Daghdad, comprising the of round city by Shiites, populated

and there was of neighbouring al-Muhawwal.

frequent quarters

involving violence, like Dab al-Basra

Lands Baghdad

its and
31 4+6 et

inhabitants Db

seq.

I.

75"

Ma bahr.

Not

identifiable.

Perhaps

spelling a number
I. 76.

of in

Mashra'at Baghdad.

(wharf)

an

erroneous

of

which

there 85

are

Baghdad

Mu'id Muhammad b. Ahmad al-Din al-'Agami, was the last the of the Abb5sid viziers, serving caliph Musta'sim for He was a Shi'ite, lk years. role and his in the Mongol is capture of Baghdad attacked savagely by some Arab Historians. His belief Musta'sim that FilegU reach should a peaceful agreement was with but his thwarted by his pragmatic, rival, efforts were lesser Davt-dr. the

EI (1)i11.900-2 Lech. 102 I. 77. Allah, Ab Ahmad'Abd 13'ill5h was the 37th al-Musta'sim of the and list of the caliphs and the 25th of Baghdad, Ile ruled House of Abbas. from for 15 years and 8 months 680/1242 to 656/1258. EI (l)ii1.772 (or vice-chancellor)was The lesser Davt-Dar Ai-Fiek. His machinations al-DTn were detailed Rays] id al-DIn and D'Ohsson. JT 40 of seq.
Saglab is a misspelling 50 km north of Irbil, mountains.

I.

78.

Mujahid by

I.

79.

town a large of Saqlabad, the foot at situated of the 454 Krawulsky

I.

80.

(literally J3gir, to whom an area as a reward,

one holding a place) was a person had been assigned by a ruler of land in perpetuity.

Deb kh oda.

x==
BOOK I. I. 81. This jjaraf Din. was obviously a misspelling of the name of b. al-Jauzi, by Rashid al-Din mentioned alHis in the exact caliph's position entourage to as "an though he is not given, referred eloquent speaker".

is

JT I. 82, No further as to this details man's are available identity.

52 from other sources

I.

83.

Asf Ibn Bar&yawas the vizier of and confidant to Solomon, He was said and the of wisdom. epitome by have to give Solomon persuaded worship up idol wise counsel. Nihvand. districts. Baghdad A to town and a province The town is situated Isfahn. containing road on the Krawulsky Lands three from

I.

84.

290 196-7

I.

85.

Husm al-Din governor of mountains.

Husm al-Din entourage by

Diusta'sim's 'Akka was the caliph of Dartang in the Zagros the town of Dartang,

JT
1.860 was an M6ngke astrologer, Qa'an.

49-$0
to IIleg's

appointed

JT
I. 87.

50-51

Siyunjq) Suqunchaq(Sunchq, Sughunjq, Savanchq, long a grandson was an army of service, commander C_hilaghun Bahdur who was a lieutenant of Chingiz Khan. Lech 153

of i

I.

88.

Shir. mn Noyan

was

the

son

of

amir JT

Chorman. 55 name in

1.89,

There is no reference to JT. It may be a misspelling Shuthtar Tustar AhwRz. was by the

a prince of this Timur. for

1.90.

the second city located Arabs,

of Khuzist. in, called 90 km north about of

Lands
I. 91. Taqi Girra Ilamadn and was a mountain pass Baghdad near Ilulwan. on the

233-6
road between

CIII
I. 92. Tiulwn is a strategic Khursn great road town, enters at Iran

347
the

the point where from Iraq. Krawulsky 489

EI

(2), li'I,

111

XIII

I3001C I 1.93. KhRifin

a town Baghdad.

is
on

probably
the Ilulwn

a misspelling
river, some

of
25

Khniq
leagues

n,
from

NQ 47,162 1.94.
1.95.

Probably
one of of the

a misspelling
great caliph's

of Tudo'n

Noyn.
b. I3arc_ham, commander-in-chief

Suleiman-S2ih

Aboh was Suleiman-shah and men of Baghdad, armies.

JT 46
1.96. This is probably a reference known 'Isa, as the naLhr which Abhr, near and flowed past 'Isa Canal, to the Euphrates left the Tigris. Baghdad the into HAL 76 Baghdad I. 97. al-Din negotiations, no details this battle. Fath Kurd according him, about ibn had 49-56

been involved in earlier to Rashid al-Din, who gave in that ho was killed except JT 55

I.

98.

This Gate,

is probably which was

a reference inside the

to ICarkli

the Nakhkliasin Gato. 68 Baghdad

I.

99.

a Kurdish

Spahr

Zor is probably
town north

misspelling
west of

for
Dinavar Lands

Sliahrazr
in Jibl province. 90/190/224

I. 100.
I. 101.

'Icing
Ilurj-i

of

Stars'

is

a reference

to

the

sun.
Ja jam al the at which

kati'at its name fromm the bastion or Persian quarter, and was the main the eastern angle of the city at wall, point IIlegt made his main attack. derived

Cajar

Baghdad
1.102.

292-3 341-3

Sq-i Suleimin is a corruption sein al" s'ultn, of bib in north immediately' one of the main gates wall, inside which was the a, q al- sultiin.

Baghdad
1.103. According; to Rashid this al-Din, Darn] lini, whom 1[let; appointed in 13aI;tidad subsequontly.
A adfal-Dln first minister, is in mentioned but according

282
al-[)in I)iwn

was Faklir as hib-i

JT 56

I.

iOIE.

was the requst.

amir

Saif

D'Ohssori as Hlog's to Rashid al-Din,

it

al-Din

13itikc

who

made 227

this

63 JT D'Olisson

XIV

BOOK I. 1.105. The site of the tomb c of Ali at Najaf near Kfah.

Lands
i. 1o6.

76

These the army. were and generals of caliph's elders Davt-dr lesser Rashid the and al-Din names only He their Suleiman-Shah, "with adherents". adding to Dadr heads that three al-Din were also states sent IIa jj Lu'lu', those the al-Din, arnir of Davt-Dr,

his

son,

and

Suleiman-Shah.

JT
I. 107.

57

friend Mosul, Badr al-Din Lu'lu' the a and of ruler was his had son sent of Suleiman-Shah, reluctantly who He Malik Sli1} Iileg. to join was with a contingent in to give Illeg subsequently active support Syria. conquering EI (1)I. 40 It that seems unlikely theological disputation of God. More probably, Illeg with these into have could entered the will Muslims about are Mustaufi's own views.
differ. his death in a sack he was tied RasJ}id gives al-Din D' Ohs s on 2113

1.108.

1,109,

Accounts the of manner of exact D'Ohsson, Nuwairi, quoting says by horses. to death and tramped no details.

I. 110.

(variant Urqatu was or Urqutu)

readings the son

Urthani, Urghatu, See Ilge Noyn. of

JT 624

Ur&hann Note 1.60.

1,111.

between Irbil was situated Zb the greater and lesser by a castle.

Mosul rivers.

between and Takrit, It was fortified Lands 92

1,112.

in the reign Dasrah was founded from the 12 miles 17%638, about by two great is reached canals. city of Iraq. WRsit Dasra district lies and on the Tigris It was Ahwz. and one of the

'Umarof the caliph Tigris estuary which It became a major Lands 44-6 et seq.

I. ll3.

from Kfah, equidistant town of the Kaskar the chief three main cities of Iraq. Lands 39-40 et seq. the chief of the same

1.114.

(or $bushtnr Shustar towns of Khzistn, name.

is one of or Tustar) situatod on the river

NQ 107/108

ACV

BOOKi

I.

115,

Mayy Fragin province, was in Jazira and the Sti confluence of the Tigris The Greeks knew it as Martyropolis.
Lands

the near Damd rivers.

111-12 town Its on the inhabitants

1.116.

In Arabic, Al-Hillat, Euphrates between Kfah largely "Twelver" were

an important and Daghdad. Shilites.

Lands I. 117. Naqib

Rashid divines

26,71 by
number

et

seq.
of 'Alid

Ibn

Al-T

us
who Ililla"

is
.

not

mentioned
only to JT "a 62

name by

al-Din from

refers

1.118.

This

reference

has

not

been

identified.

1.119.

(or Kamil). Gamil Angry the accusation against Mongols for breach defiant resistance and his of faith to the losses they was one of many examples were of incur because in peaceful rulers saw no point submission.
Rashid describes al-Din two warriors much as Lukili as Saif al, Din the does and heroic resistance Mustaufl. Ile names Antar IIabshi. of the them

1,120.

JT 79-80
I. 121" Mrdin in upper Mesopotamia, was a town commanded which Diyr the Dakr-Nasibin junctions. Road, and other road Its by its strategic natural position was enhanced )+000ft Its Najm high. Prince site, al-Din ruler, ii, Ghazi Said had refused to submit to Ille and maintained neutrality.

Lands
1.122. Muzaffar is*confirmed was the son of Najm by Rashid al-Din, al-Din. though

96
Nustaufl's by not version Vassaf.

JT 1.123. The bastinado officers who rank. was failed not an uncommon duty, in their

82 for punishment however senior Nonf; ol their

1,121.

The Darya-i Shor was Lake town the of same name near birth the allegedly place

Urmiyeh, the named after its western shore, of Zardsht or Zoroaster.

Lands

22,1260

xv'

BOOK I. 1.125. Salmas from the some distance was a town situated lake. There is west north of the corner no evidence that Sea of Salmas. the lake Urmr as the was known is, According Urmiyeh. to Lastrange, the of course, treasure in a castle island was stored on the of Shh, leg he was which and where rebuilt, buried. subsequently

Lands 1,126. Aleppo after inland or IIalab Damascus plain of

is in

161 Syria hast

town in the most important tip on the northwest of the Syria. EI (2)i, 85
province. of one of the Daikh river. A fortified tributaries

1.127.

Harrn the near Euphrates,

Jazirah

source the

town of the

Lands 103,124 EI (2)i. 111

1.128. Her of and name Jall brought Khatun was Terken and she was She had been al-Din. captured Mongols. up by the a daughter as a child

JT 1,129. 1.1301.131.

C113: 351+
83

Sanin Sarhard
That North

) not
say,

identified.
as far as the Atlantic Coast of

is to Africa.

1.132.

At time the was fighting Ari brother Qubila While

655/1257 Qubilai Mingko in of of his Nangl: yas, against while a campaign h Ddke was in charge ordu. of Mngke's Nangiyas, from a number was returning the death

to have put ArIh Dko on princes of minor claimed With the the throne, Qubilai. and rebelled against Qubi. lai of the majority was support of the princes, 658/1259-60, h I3ke in in but Ari Salang-tu enthroned 662/1264-5. did to him until not submit

Successors
1.133.

248-65

"

(or Quduz) Qutuz ruler of Egypt. was the Mameluko D'Ohsson letter produces another version of this is notable Nuwairi, Mustauf3's for version quoting the absence quotations. of Qu"ranic 294-302 D'Ohsson Baidar is illustrious described amir". Ghazza, southern by Raallid al-Din only as "a very

I. 134.

JT 73
1.135. Ghaza times or in a caravan Palestine. centre E_ since ancient

(2)i(. 1056

XVII

BOOK I.
1.136. (or Da'labakk) Balbek town in inland was a small high Lebanon plain and commanding on the of the edge from Damascus to IIims the the road main and surrounding district.

EI (2)1.970
1.137. Jalt 'Ain Palestine.,, was inside Nabulus, allegedly where David Baysn between slew Goliath. and

i. (2) EI 786
I. 138. The battle the no mention account makes of in died Ket-Buqa that and records of an ambush, Rashid Mustaufi. fighting, the al-Din states as does Ket-Duqa that and was subsequently alive was captured in Qutuz, words similar after rebuking executed, Arab

Mustauf3 to those put which Duga's Neither Qutlugh son, mentioned elsewhere.

into the mouth Qimish or Isun

of Ketare

D' Ohs s on 340-1 JT 75-6

is not mentioned elsewhere.

1.139. 1.140.

Buriltai's Alai-agh

unfilial (Altq,
area summer

conduct Altq,
north camp

Alahtaq,

Alatq)

A mountainous Site' of the

Armenia. of V, n in Greater 11-khans. early of the

Krawulsky
1.141. Rashid guilty unlikely suicide does

418

Daiju's ltai this Qurj, or mention not al-Din It seems suicide. subsequent conscience or his that imagined have Baiju that should family, in his circumstances. protect such would

I. 142.

Jausaq was the name in Ray and a palace is the most likely.

of in

a quarter Samarra;

of Mosul ,a of the three, 63 Lands Krawulsky 305 Aleppo. 372

castle the former

1.143.

Shams

al-Din

Arhush

was

the

governor

of

D'Ohsson I. 144.

Dt was the second son of Chingiz son of Jochi, 623/1227, After deatin he became Khan. his father's Khan in his Horde place, and undertook of the Golden had failed his father the conquests to achieve, which to Siberia, from Darband Russia in the south and Mdngke Eastern Europe. During part campaign, of this ddedei, by had been assigned to his staff and a friendship developed. Both wielded influence great the princes, amongst and in council, and he was instrumental in transferring the from the succession Gedei line and GUyk to that when he of of Tuli, the election Qa'an. secured of 1'fingke as the Great

Successors

55-7

et

seq.

XVIII

BOOK I.
1.145. Berke, brother Bt's of Bat, who succeeded son Sartak Borde Golden lie ruled as Khan of the which 655-667/1257-1267. from Rashid Both al-Din and Mustaufi the for the give reasons worsening ostensible between I1-Kh5ns: the the of relations rulers of Golden the Horde. Spuler there that and Blochet argue fundamental more were reasons. 1) The assignment to the to Hleg of the region (a Georgia the Caucasus including former south of blocking the vassal state effectively of Bt's) Golden Horde's to the south. expansion 2) The growing division the ideological between Chachatai branches and the and Jo hi on the one hand, Qatan Both lineage. Jochi and his and CJ aChatai of the branches in by had settled inhabited regions mainly Turkish the peoples maintaining and were values, Mngke traditions forbears. of their and way of life becoming increasingly and his successors were influenced Chinese by their predominantly environment, I1-KhTns the Persian while adopting values. were slowly 3) The conflict and Egypt not an opportunity collaboration Chaghatai and 4) Berke destruction favouring than the Transoxania by Turkish was HOlegtt between and his successors but absorbed men and resources was only led to to be exploited, and eventually between Egypt Mongols and the of the Jochi branches.

the and bitterly a Muslim opposed and killing of Musta'sim, of Baghdad Abbsid in Cairo, Egypt the rather and caliph Chinese Qa'an and his aspirations. Volga Basin peopled and the were already with whose settlers affinities speaking

the Qiaghatai their widened 1.146.

and Golden with split

Horde Mongols the Qa+an and

further the Il-Khans.

In the Trikh-i rfus taufi Plain refers r, uzida, of Hazar. Ard Golden including the Horde to the kingdom as of to the north was certainly of the al-Nazar, and it Sea). Nazar is Persian Caspian Caspian Sea (bahr-i for =Lie is another in Turkestan; A place Qipch. aq desert it. name for TG. 573-5 It is also mentioned in Firdausz.

Dehkhoda 1.147. The three

According to Ra Jjd grandsons of Jochi. died Tatar after a banquet, was executed died from and treason, and Quli sorcery Dalarhai is also to as IIaladan. referred Successors

princes

were

Tatar,

Dalaahai

and Quli,

IIalaahai al-Dmn, for by Hulegu causes. unknown 111,122-3

all

XIX

BOOK I.
1.118. River was Iyun crowned. was near Qara Qorum where M6ngke Qa'an

1.149.

Noqai

of Berke. death, he consistently

was

the

Because had no

son

of
of love

Tutar,

and

a great

nephew
his father's copyist

spells

the circumstances of IIlegu. Mustaufi's for his name

Successors
1.150. Darband, (bab-al Caspian, otherwise was abwb) in Shirvn known as the town a major province. Gate of and port

125-30.
Gates on the

Lands NQ
1.151. The Saray It was part of AS of the Khan was district

180 246
as Samandar.

formerly known of Darband.

NQ 246

1,152.

Sharvn shore,

or Shirvn beyond the

province Kr river.

lies

along

the 179

Caspian

Lands
I. 153. Abatai without receives many any personal mentions details,

from Rashid al-Din S amghar as does

Noyn.

I. 154.

According ShamkhI was the capital of Sharvan province. S hiremun that it was at Shamkh3 to Rashid al-Din at Shabarn, and Abatai won his victory was defeated, from Darband. which miles was about sixty Lands 79/80

1,155.

in Abi-Terek Terek, to the River rises which refers them flows the Caucasus with parallel and mountains is It Sea. flank, into the Caspian the on northern in 300 miles in length 500 an d in excess yards of in places. width EI (0026 One of the Shbarn. 80 been have to said major miles towns of Sharvn from Darband. Lands 180 province,

1.156.

I. 157,

This

was text

Shaikh

Sharif

Tabriz!. JT 89 is to Arigh 136ke.

1.158.

The

has

Arta',

but

the

reference

xx

BOOK I.

I.

159,

History The Cambridge of Iran of account of the importance under out at this observatory
his successors.

a detailed gives the work which was Tsi Nasir al-Din

carried and

CIII
I. 160. Mar heh is River. Safi.
of "F,(ariyat Under the Adharb&Tjn,

668-673
on the

Tabriz south of miles seventy about The name is apparently an abbreviation

al caaraaheh" it Mongols earlier but it was later (Village

Pastures) of the of captial was the by Tabr1z. supplanted

Lands
I. 16l. It

160,164-5
listing on different many that

based this Mustaufi is that probable though a very adopting of Rashid al-Din, format. There of discrepancies, a number are

of
1.162. Text

which
has

are

the

result

of

careless

copying.

Qunlach.

1.163.
1.164.

it
"

it
to

f3ugachl.
Alsatachl.

I. 165. 1.166. 1.167. 1.168. "

to to it It

Jmghar. Kasha. Takhshi. Tbat.

1.169.
1.170. 19171. Acco rding
son was

Altimur
Asaqtimur to
Habsh.

Rashid

al-Din,

JT 9-19 the name of

the

alleged Rashid

1.172"

listing This It al-Din.

does not correspond or misspells: omits

with

that

of

Duquz

Qutu I
Yisunjin Du 1 (han
Kukaji

JT 6-8
1.173. The list elsewhere, of amirs contains many names not recorded and some are undoubtedly misspelt.

xx'

BOOK I. I. 174+. Kurdish in the JaChatu river rises to the flows Kh, Siyh neighbourhood into flowing joins rivers other and near mountains h, he. Mara of Urmiyah. Lake

NQ 215
1.175. According of NasTr to Rashid a verse who quotes: al-Din, 11. Rabi' 19 died he Ts3, on al-Din JT 94

212 -

BOOK THE

2-

ABAQA

KHAN

AND

THE

STRUGGLE GEIKHATU

FOR

SUCCESSION

AHMAD, -

ARGHUN,

AND BAIDU

THE

REIGN

OF ABAQA

KHAN,

WHICH

LASTED

17 YEARS

AND

9 MONTHS

Since story

I have of Abaqa

now

finished

with

the matter

of these

people,

I will

tedi

the

Khan.

When the face of the world splendour 15 adornment,

had died from the

was like

the face of a picture, there came excitement You would

resplendent its lips

with

beauty s

and

and the scent

of spring,

at springt

and the land was

and come tulips. its lines, of tulip earth ravishing of spring colour and alive From its again,

in ferment.
and was verdure, become that the

say that the earth

in mountain had The become world and valley, like wells such

the green face had

and from

a picture. earth green seemed

showed fire wine to its from

an abundance edges. cup. and time like The Heart scents found

gardens, a dress amber gardens,

to take red

wore

of pure

and drank blew, full

the

scented which All

breezes perfumed

of the pleasures and earth were up. and

the world, gardens was lit

and scent. the face

quarters

of the gardens secrets

adorned Spring of the was in

a painting royal that his

of the spring and told with land. the its

arranged gardens, turning case

preparations the king to this

to the people colours stirred

of winds, fortunate

a hundred No one

and scents, from his place,

face

he might

see

the one with

trappings

and garments.

20

When they heard hundred. looked garden, came, colours at every

this

news,

the tulips

came out into the gardens

with

and scents. sight,

Al I the new brides Suddenly,

on the face of the meadow from an open space and beauty. Walking in the

one by one. full of farr

a head emerged, with a hundred

and elegance

The rose proudly,

colours

and signs

and ornaments. the new noble

and dallying

in the garden

of spr i ng,

came to that place.

213 in

He lit

up the garden Abaqa,

with whose

his I Ike

farr,

and the in the

ruler sky

of the world had never

walked seen.

the world,

the sun

When it became world,

known

in Khursn spring famous rain

that Hleg to the ordu prayed

that

had passed of the shah,

from

the

they came like of their

and In grief of-Iran.

of

at the passing
25 It was

khan,

to God for

the future

the desire Abaqa

of many was

of the

leaders of many

Yoshmuttshould and there

be ruler was much

the world. discussion all and came agreed ask for

the choice

others, was

in the matter. to send his a wise

In the end, man to Qubilai To every

there z

an end of discussion, him of the discussions that prince,

and

to inform

judgement. fortune.

one who

accepted

there

a lofty

good

6311A

Shiremn
wise. For

had been selected

the hundred in that to Hokad' an answer. illustrious days. days

for

the task,
him

an amir
to go and amir set

of fluent
return, out like his that

tongue
they were

and
in from and in the at

it took The before

agreement Tabriz received name Tabriz years, fortunate

assembly. and came

brave Qubilai, back

the wind message galan,

delivered from back

He brought Abaqa. In three to the court. by fate

a yarligh amir came

of the

That

to the prince a journey an order

in ninety and

months

he completed back throne

of three that the the

returned

He brought to take the

Abaqa

is fitted

and

receive

sovereignty fortune Abaqa before before guide

of the world. him.

To him I give

the kingdom

completely.

May It

By the order

of Qubilai,

of unblemished

judgement. Itself were raised

became

shah in the land of Iran In 663/1265, fortunate

and the moon prostrated of the new star

the crown. him.

the banners

On the third sovereignty

day of the month of Ramazn in the year which

663/1265, call

he assumed the year ion. 10

of the kingdom, in which

the Turks

of the ox,

in the month

the sun seeks

the power

of the I Ike of the

There,

in summer

camp in the meadows The proud

of Ala-Tagh,

he was

the sun,

shining

I Ike the moon.

princes

and the chiefs

214 ( sarn ), amirs ones, d

great

leaders

e buzurgn

and army

commanders,

wort

conquering loosened trad i tion.

servitude together, and crown I will the

heroes their

and haughty together,

who were

the seal of the kingdom, custom and kayenid their

girdles

according

to royal

They
before in that

bent their
him. They

necks
bent

in submission
the knee The

and showed

in recognition elders then took

of the shah, up the goblet granted me the of Iran, I

audience

chamber. said

ruler and the

of the world throne, the

to them,

"Since

God has over the farr

the majesty aid of Almighty

and authority God and

the people

strive

with

of the ga'an.

will

make men to be without purified adorn

evil

doing

on the face of the earth, and liberality, other

and render I will

the world completely justice, kinds 15 advise

of oppression. this land. Anyone

With justice who inclines

than towards first give all

has no righteousness of advice, but if counsel

in his heart. does not profit

To him, him,

I will I will

bind him and then If

him of his evildoing, is such

to draw

him away from away from

that wickedness. evil in this world,

his deviation then after go into

that he will

not turn

advice

and chains,

I will

shed his bl ood,

and that evil

man will

the earth. the army I will I will to be savage, measuring its anger with every dirhem.

I do not wish

By my greatness, of the evil-doer. defender scatter to them. heads. of it,

keep my subjects let no one oppress there

everywhere

safe from

the hands and

them and I will of enmity,

be a friend

Wherever will

is a sign

in that land i will that Paradise rule will and is past. They be blessed be ruler was the by of All

So pure

I make the land of Iran, According

be envious judgement,

on that account. i will

to my father's whose for

in my reign under

not take anyone he appointed

usefulness their deeds. always

those who served poured 20 his farr. the world. down pure May this

his rule,

blessings world

on him,

and may the earth

long remember the sovereignty,

him and may he always and with his royalty

His hand held

215 -

knowledge

that came from

learning.

11

THE

BATTLE

OF THE ARMY

OF ABAQA

KHAN

WITH

PRINCE

NOQAI.

After

Abaqa

had succeeded

in obtaining address him,

the kingship, and everyone

that assembly who was there

considered called

how they should

him by his name and heaped

goodness

When the news of the death Nazar, defeated

and 25

of Hleg the kingdom fear,

upon goodness. +on the plain reached erke, of Iran, by whose a mountain
an army

of

he was greedy

for

been had he army without stone,

it

and wh 1 ch, through

of battle face was

had become
sand. It was

in time its

running trod the

which, foot,

when

turned which, their

to battle, out for

the heads enemy,

of the world the heads

under

an army from to him,

when bodies.

it seeks Eager

severs

vengeance,

he sought

of warriors 5 out Nogai nd said

ttHleg

has departed

to another became

abode and there sated with on.

is now no shah in the the up your the

land of Iran. thicket hatred, army 6348

His heart

is empty,

the lion has passed

his time of greatness, i Now is the time to fire of your stock. for

to make bright of Iran

the face of the fortune

Since them.

has no leader, which, their when bodies.

you must make the day black it seeks out the enemy, now sieze to them, our desires to us. But severs

It is an army warriors battle. heads from

the heads

of In

You should bring battle All

the throne bring

of Iran

If we now violently of the enemy

we will will

down the achieved any delay, one famous

Into the dust. will

be quickly

and the kingdom

of Iran

be obedient grief from

if we allow In Iran,

it may be that we will prince After find 5

suffer

such tardiness.

may take the place that, the task

of Hleg, will

and our plan will and in this

be frustrated. design we shall and bring and allow

of battle

be fierce,

fear

and pain.

You must now go forward You must sieze

to that battlefield throne In battle,

destruction

upon them.

the royal

216 -

no delay In reply Even

in this Nogai

entreprise. said, "I

11 am a servant and bow or my head even to Berkeis though they orders. were of

though or

the battle foaming, both

were I would into

on mountain bring level down plain.

sea,

fI int hard water,

from "

the mountain

top a sea

and make

one

He set out with through Arran,

his army

for

Iran,

and came to Darband, He brought reached

and passed his troops to

that region, to attack Iran

victorious like a lion.

and happy. The news

Abaqa

that Nogai to assemble, and eager

was returning 10 before for

with

noise

and clamour, brave

and he ordered men, experienced

an army In war,

the pavil l ion of the king, He said to Yoshmut, army,

battle.

"Go from for war.

here

to the ranks

of the battle with

and take with Noqal

you this

ready

You must do battle dignity

his come, loins the

on the field.

Like

another
ruler I ion.

king of exalted
girded amirs

of the seed of
for this endeavour of the of men blood ones, In to but

Chaghatal, and set army, battle. flow. act out like

the powerful i Ike a savage Jaiqum1and you face

& BaW has Let the

leaders

Qutlugh-Buqa, him

with

an army bravely multitude so that

of slayers cause

When Do not

in the vanguard, about that

much

concern

yourself wi th

of arrogant afterwards,

on the battlefield

recklessness,

on mountain

15

or plain,

wild

beasts you now, "I will 11

will like

only

seek

to eat the brains sand, from I will

of that army.

I will "

come behind Yoshmut hearts said,

running

the direction break their

of Zangiyn. heads and

obey your

order.

In revenge. departed

The prince of the enemy out with a vast, followed men.

like

a wild

elephant, him,

to wash

his hands fashion,

in the blood the shah set such

leaders.

Behind

in awe-inspiring

his army Illustrious troop,

leaders.

No one had seen, army. and valley

in the face of the day, and plain, by those countless troop

and vengeful and mountain sought

On mountain were terrified

warlike warriors,

The world

protection

in the sky from

those

217 -

and from 20 stones

the wounds

caused

by the hooves like dust.

and shoes In the first

set for out. battle, the army

of the horses, year

the

of the battlefield
of safar, when

became
664/1266, the shah,

of the reign,
days of that

in the month month In that two had

the shah burning call Aqsu

Twenty arrived came

passed

at Arrn. together of of from

place,

which

the Mongols Tuesday,

directions. bringing

On that up its broke and plain,

it drew from

up in ranks

on the field and the heart

battle,

strength

two directions, The clamour struck and many Into

the mountain hurt the ears broad

in terror the heads violent In that

at them. of warriors tumult way, the from

of the war from their

drums shoulders. from on the lion,

were

On that the earth Noqal royal

sounded, army came

passed

palace.

battle, Like army

so that an angry like

became rushed

as red into

as a rose

hearts' bringing

blood. on his was the eyes

the front face

ranks,

a black Arrows became

mountain, rained blinded

and by it the down from bows

of the battlefield a way that

darkened.

in such

of the heavens

by them.

25

From army like

this

direction

came the army The leaders and those Jaiqum

like

a black

mountain,

and attacked the battle lips,

the

of Trn. raging lions,

and Qutlugh-Buqa froth of Trn.

entered

two champions,

foaming They

on their were

brought furious a united 635A

destruction in their attack,

to many of the chiefs like mighty together attack, and sa id

both slew in

attack,

crocodiles. in unison.

The two princes

continuing at their

You would

say that,

the commander to himself,

of the army "if these will

of TGrn act one

lost his spirit together Turanian Like under leader

in the world, these

chiefs

standards

so foolhardily, and the heads army advanced saying, way,

there

not remain will

on his feet, the brave

of the Ieaders to attack this

be underfoot.

roaring

lions,

them and rained as a foundation. "

down arrows

upon them I Ike hall, in this

"Take

The enemy came into battle actions. The generals

and Heaven were

was pleased

by their

Jaiqum

and Qutlugh

killed

in the fierce

218 -

fighting,
5

meeting

destruction
shone brightly.

at the hands of the enemy,

They of being turned routed, to killing, when

and the star

like lions, Ughul, and

of the evil-doers the Iranians were

on the point

Tegdar

like

a destroying and raised arrow

the

elephant, a clamour

advanced

on them.

He brought

his army

Into With

battle, sword,
From

and suddenly

a new battle leaders

maces

was joined. began to fight.

and

and heavy

mace,

those warlike
clubs, have said iron

abundance the steel,

of arrows, you would

and javelins overcast.

swords, The men came

and from earth on that cries river ranks, mountain the enemy.

the sky back from

became

became

the colour Blood "Hull.

of a leopard's flowed The

the blood from flowed the

of brave armies

battlefield. of "Hall Aras there and and

in streams, of brave could see

and men

blood

deeper

than In the was

the

everywhere hills All the

people of bodies time, the

flowing the

streams. like of which went

were 1v

of the slain, army

the

of Qf.

of Tegdar

Ughul

on killing

10

Though their

twice

as numerous

as the army

of Tegdar, to fight,

Noqai

was defeated

by

attacks, tight

but once again, in the battlefield, army

he returned

and once again more numerous.

things

became Then

as the enemy became aid, and Tegdar

the shah's

came to their and violently

was strengthened his face and arm Berke's of that brave ones

and rushed refreshed, fought shah, heads like their

impetuously and Nogai's leopards, hearts full

into the battle, Although In fear

army was beaten. they departed of blood. in flight,

Impetuous the adversar-

In the end, to the wind, and fled

they justly

despatched

and hearts

of the enemy for

and they saw that their helplessly, sallow

ies had no strength 15 Helplessly,

the battle,

of face. When he

they turned of his

away and passed army,

by Nogai

wretchedly.

saw the condition from there.

he had no recourse army,

but to lead them away and fled away from the

He was defeated bewildered,

by that warlike crown

battlefield,

without

or riches,

and the enemy were

219 -

beaten. When were heart Berke in such and soul heard straits, were the news through filled for with battle three wind way, of this the defeat, vicissitudes about Abaqa, and that the army and Noqal of war, his

of the fortunes the enemy,

concern with

and he collected his lions no delay river, The loins and in his and his worldside

an army for

and prepared

bravely

girding

revenge. like

He selected a destroying In this him, there, the

tomns with his

of sword army,

wielding allowing of the

advanced

20

impetuousness. army seeking Abaqa were accompanied man halted halted eager with for

he reached joined

the banks to him for the The

as though full

by a knot. fight, leaders by a deep while

of anxiety of his were army.

on this

leaders but they

of both river saw

armies in the

battle, neither could

separated from

battlefield, crossing. lessly river

which Berke

of the khans, not set foot

either it and "Since

side, his army

any way

of

across

remained cross does not this

help-

on the plain, without

and he said to sit

to himself, side

I cannot

a bridge,

on this

in bewilderment

befit

a warrior. He left

11 that place for and headed for Tiflis, 3and with his leaders, passed over

the river,

the bridge in order

at Tiflis

was the means by which

he must cross and inflict a

25

into that country, savage defeat

to take the encampment But the judgement in his intention.

of Abaqa,

on the enemy.

of God had another set out,

purpose his health

and he was not successful became for call seriously weakened

When Berke

and his constitution knew a cure. 19 ), from

was affected It was an illness

by an illness, which they

which

no one in the world

the pain of death death. become brought

( ranj-e-marg

which

one's

life

ends in a a man's heart

painful and soul 635B

In that passing, sick

so full

of pain and affliction,

at the actions

of fate. and all his desires and mind were But by his and hopes and the

The world were

destruction The purity in place

upon his soul, of his of crown intellect

frustrated. the grave

spoiled,

he found

and throne.

Ill fortune,

220 -

fortunes throne. from this

of Iran When, worldly departed

became in Arran,

full

of hope,

and heaven

sent good tidings his position

to the

Berke

became

sated with

and passed and at

kingdom,

his army became

dispirited

and the elders taken prisoner

princes

in all directions. army, exalted

Many of them were captor brought every

the hands him,

5 and

of Abaga's shahof

and every race

his prisoner prince,

of long to the

before

and that
landholder.

forgave
fell

them,

maubadlS
service shah's in this river to

On each

one of them several

the obligation families became from came

the king, door way, bank

and as a result, When

glorious of Iran that land

in Qazvin. over

the possessor he entrusted who showered

victorious to the

the enemy, Timur,

Darband

to Mngke

praises

on the shah.

In spring, there,

the shah set out from to spend

Arrn

to the land of Ala-Tagh, in Mzandern, where,

and from by God's will,

he went

the summer

a son was born,

and fate was well

intentioned

towards

that royal

house.

THE

HISTORY

OF

THE

WAR WITH

BARAQ

10

Now hear able shah, throne

the story went

of Baraq

who,

thanks

to the Influence obtained

of the Incomparcrown friendship turned and with

luckily

to Trn

and in his youth He turned and full country

at the order son and,

of Qubilai. being clever

his face from of hypocrisy, of the Turks

his uncle's to killing him. towards Wien land, deputy, golden I5

his hand by

and plunder,

and every

was overcome turned

Through ruin.

the injustice

of Baraq,

the world

suddenly

its face

Mas'd he said

Beg,

a wise

prince, "The

saw the evil Illustrious

to himself,

that was being done in that t Alghu Shh chose me as his of the earth heart I will with my

it was to Improve judgement. Like

the kingdoms

and lands

a demon the desires everything this ruler,

of this

lead him to the scatter turn words, from evil

way of battle with

and he destroys before

by fire. and perhaps

my eloquence,

he will

221 -

to the ways He went, knowledge, no effect,

1

of wisdom

and knowledge. forth secrets

11 out of concealment, of many things, After because that, and through his had to activities,
being

and brought

he made evident and the vizier

lo

the meanings

but his words

was perturbed. to say that,

to the land

he sent secretly vengeful

was

Qaidu

and Mngke
was

Timur,
brought

of Baraq's
The

lamentation ruined Mngke evildoing to him, fought killed. tongues together their

of the Turks. was

kingdom

through Timur and the with

his and

injustices, Qaidu wrote for

and the world to him the next and civil a long was time,

undergoing but Baraq The out more

torment. sought they them. only spoke They

at length, two war until months. broke many

oppression

less each

he I istened, other for there

between

brave

men had been

r

Eventually, were silenced.

a reconciliation they each talked other

between the

them three

and their sat down although

When

of peace, fidelity

in secret, were

and showed full

and consent,

hearts

of hypocrisy.

in that Iraq,

land, there

their

pasturage

was difficult, of it,

while

In the fortunate of fodder, be eased, Baraq

valley

of

was a profusion for the difficulty Khursn.

and on account would

two of them if they made

made a plan, a plan

of pasturage With

to attack

the aid of Qaidu,

of the kingdom there. country, of that fall As and

was to attack
of superior he was a great of two of to

Khurasan, strength, prepare

and take

possession his army

by means soon they

and establish to attack Abaqa all of his

as possible, would uproot

in that

25

tree Abaqa, them

and shatter and all became

the branches kingdom because, spy out They of such the

dynasty, into they their did

and break hands. have

the spirit Then the

would

concerned they must

since land

not

a numerical out the truth man, their who

advantage, about was

at leisure, a famous

to find and far In this

conditions wise

in Iran.

needed

sighted matter,

In the methods

an investigation.

tongues

were

as one,

that

this

was a task domainst

for Mas'd in the region

Beg. of Iran. Let him go

636A

Then

they said,

"We have royal

222 -

and collect

the revenues necessary

then gave

of the accounts for our success.

Mas'd so that inside Beg

of our "

lands,

and make a search

of al I matters
The "Take oppressor this

to Tegdar, was a hollow addressed

a reed arrow ilk feel will my cousin that arrow, which help from and said,

as a gift well

and said, towards a letter,

disposed

me. 11 There written to seize Abaqa from

in it he placed "I have design and

on silk, the lands

to Tegdar, You must must attack

an amb i tion of war can

of Iran. You

me in this that side we will

and his this

army.

I will the

advance throne,

direction,

and perhaps,

in this

way,

seize

and at one blow become rulers

defeat

Abaqa

completely. in this

The race good fortune.

of Chaghatai It

-Wvili

and you will

share

Then Mas'd to the wI presence He showed place visit nter

Beg set out quickly, quarters

and came to Iran and strutted

happily proudly

and delighted, into the 6hn. a

in Mzandern, in a robe

of Abaqa, no respect

clothes

that had belonged amirs, for

to Chingiz

towards their

the shah's

the man sought the purpose Abaqa

that was above

hands.

Then he disclosed

of his ordered

and gave the message

of the two leaders should

to Abaqa.

that the accounts to him. In haste, officials, 10 detail From

of the domains Mas'

be quickly

prepared

and entrusted and then, the In he

Mzandern, the accounts

d Beg sent the gift the dTwn,

to Tegdar, to rebuke

sought

from

and began until hostile

but secretly the condition

he was finding of Iran. Since

out everything, he was secretly For a week,

he knew to Abaqa,

did not seek

to spend were

long in. Iran. eager

he collected

his accounts,

and the officials

to entrust and with

them to him. Abagals leave, he set out on the he set out from the court, would news have to Baraq heard the

The shah was gracious way back, court gladly. Abaqa the attack Like shining

to him, lightning

and like

a hurricane,

When Mas'd from Trn,

Beg was a long way from that suddenly from Trn. this kingdom

reached suffer

of an army the river

The army on this

of the oppressor When Abaqa

had already

crossed

and landed

side.

223 -

this

report

from

his informant,

he said

to the princes

and elders, at his and enmity

"Mas-15d Beg was the spy of Baraq, 15 activities. He came here

and we must look closely on account him to escape, of Baraq, for

In bad faith,

was in his heart. the snake will

We must not allow a dragon. 11

if he Is free,

become army,

He sent a valiant capture from

I Ike the wings him quickly back,

of an eagle, at all costs

in pursuit preventing

of him, him

to

him and bring the river.

crossing

The army river,

set out in his tracks,

and followed around had from

him to the swiftly them. You would from

flowing

but they saw no one in the world his very existence returned

have said those

it was as though In despair,

been hidden the Oxus with son, 20

princes.

that army for

to Abaqa's

court.

Then Abaqa of Khursn

called and said

Bishin

Ughhul to speak my beloved in the amir in

him about the proud

the affairs Arghun,

to him, and stay

11Take happily Let

the shield the army for

of the army,

Jhurgsln, Arghun that

and station be your for guide,

on the banks

of the Jaihun. Watch

he knows

the land well.

the enemy

land,

they must not find

a crossing

of that river.

SHIREMUN

NOYAN

GOES

TO WAR WITH

TEGCIDAR

UGHUL

CHAGHATAI

Then

the shah took the road Ughul,

for Azarb1jn

for

the spring.

Concerning who was He said

Tegdar

he had found out about supporters petitioner to show and for

the letter

and its carrier, for Abaqa.

one of Baraq's to himself, with 25

and had no love has become the evil Intent

in his heart to us.

"That

hostile

We must seek battle 11 So, the river destroying the order and take him. Tegdar of ten

him bravely,

in his heart. to cross by utterly an army

went out for battle, war into Georgia,

Shlrem6n

Noyn

and make right Shiremn heard

the world

At Abaqa Is order, Ughul. thousand

set out with

to confront

When Teg6dar battieworthy

of his advance,

he ra t sed to battle.

an army

men and advanced

bravely

He had a hero

224 1who

of a warrior, and like 6368

whose

name was Sagazi, with

was like

a Rustam

for bravery,

Sm in battle,

the body of a living slayer of men. his attack. except fiercely hatred,
came was

elephant

and the heart dragon male a on

of a male lion, and the whole

and was a brave world could

He was like

not escape

When he advanced, from the road into the out his

the day of battle, battlefield, from

army with tumult

back, his no one saw more with

They

and no one attacked his lips foaming

him.

than he.

He rushed brought

the ranks,
into such

as Shiremn
together darkened. to move from

the field force that

to face

the two directions the orbit, excessive and

the face

of heaven was

From in its

on the battlefield,

the moon

unable

from 5

the clashing

of swords

of Indian

steel,

many were

caused

to pass on

to heaven. was a rain though earth violently

You would of blood

say that heavy the leaders.

cl ouds had formed Their blood like souls

and that there as of the

from

said farewell,

escaping into a sea.

from

a snare,

and their aroused

made the surface a leopard, arrows darkened.

Sagazi

became

and rushed from his bow in arrow from the

and ferociously

into battle.

He rained became

heavens face the that the way of a such that was released its wound. After from that, his thumbstall he charged with There

Every

made a brave sword

man worthless

and mace,

and showed

enemy his farr with his valour,

and his stature.

was not a man on that battlefield yellow of face. Sometimes

and at his courage, retribution from

they became

that brave sometimes of his rope,

one sought that warlike sometimes

the enemy with down, a short

bow and arrows, bound with spear, the noose

lion brought he unhorsed

a chieftain one with

and struck

him to the ground. 10 In this not tire way, from until night came down from the mountain, countless and all that warlike numbers lion did

his efforts, continued

and he destroyed in the same way, There

of that army. warriors

Next day,

battle

of the famous

of that army to overcome

incurred him,

dishonour.

was not one who had the strength over all of them.

such was his power

and strength

-225-

When the battle Sagazi's a warrior dynasty whose

had gone on, nt ght and day, became sallow

for

six months

in this way,

A famous amir of the shah, of face. if i had Sagaz famous i, Noqa to the whom and name was and whose heart was full of hatred for him, longed was for in the vengeance

been a servant, battle against 15 battlefield, had a sword was blue brought showed under cried at the side Sagazi. eager

of Shiremn,

and his heart

and soul

One day when Sagazi to fight, Noqai waited

advanced

into the ranks

of the He

in ambush compared shone

as he came out. with which

grasped

in his hand,

a sword sword

the sun fate Nogai entered He

in colour. forward

When his sharp

on the battlefield, At that time, spear, which

the day of judgement and struck to his heart,

for Sagazi. a sharp

his strength, his armpit

him with

and that warlike

one was confounded.

out at that wound, powerless. From

and gave one sigh, that wound, At his death,

and for

good or bad his hand him,

became

his time came to an end for the army

and he died strength defeat

immediately.

of the shah gained was routed, and

in the field, quickly

and the army them.

of Tegbdar

Ughul

overcame

Tegdar

was captured

in the battlefield, and the rest

and taken captured. 20 Noyn, Tegdar

prisoner.

More

than half

his army

was destroyed,

victorious

and happy,

turned

his face

towards

the court,

but when him him

was brought

into the audience However,

chamber, after

they did not allow

into the shah's kindly, with

presence.

that the shah received Abaqa knelt rose

many courtesies. for him, befitting

Out of his grace, his rank. towards When Tegdar

to his feet and for

made a place his heart was with reminding Tegdar Whatever far greater.

in submission, which

was well

disposed

Abaqa,

because

of the sorrow the shah spoke

him for his sins. him of the sins said sins to him, your

he made submission he had committed.

kindly,

which

""O shah, servants forgave

i will

say only

these

few clear

words. shah is

commit,

the forgiveness and said,

of the wise "God forbid

11 Abaqa

him his sins

that your

-226

mind should 25 Then

be turned

by another

demon of ill fortune. it would as for be sufficient his army,

" if that ruler forgave were the sins

the order

was gI ven that Moreover, on condition

to lose his throne. of their leaders,

Abaqa his

that they served

elders, famous on Pl

and by order, men. There

they girded were family, 637A Qazvin land,

themselves

in servitude houses,

to each of those fell

so few of their

that good fortune servants had their to go outside to Baraq of Noqal,

Timur"sl(6 toi in this when

that they now became at his command. They

and they hurried place

abode and resting his rule. From

and they had no desire

that side, him of all he

Mas 'd Beg left

the shah and went in Iran,

and informed Baraq flushed with

had seen and heard account of their

the ambitious in anticipation

like

a rose

on

discussion,

of battle

Abaqa.

BARAQ

SETS

OUT

TO DO BATTLE

WITH

ABAQA

KHAN

On the advice

of Qaidu,

he set

out with

his

army,

intent

on war.

Qaidu

sent him his army, wielding Their warriors commander

his army from

and his country,

two tomans

of sword-

which he had raised to help in this plan. 1XII was Qrpchaq by name, and he was the son of Qa(du. Shirz, for said, Baraq, and they led the army against Iran. In this No

He left his father adventure

one will

Baraq
stand

"My power

and my good fortune

and we wil I pluck

are obvious.
out the heart

up against

us in battle,

of the enemy. It Confidently, the Oxus leader and brought

he left

for

Transoxania, of the river,

and quickly where

crossed and

his army

to this

side

army

halted.

He sent a message our army

to Eishin is numerous

Uohhul to say, beyond from

11In Transoxania But pasturage

and the land of Trn, is difficult 10 direction. direction, comes for

number. that

our people, the Oxus

and I have withdrawn as far as Hert, place

land in this my army in every land

Frox for

i have placed of my fathers.

this

land is the dwelling

Now this Now,

to me, but I do not wish

to take possession

of It In enmity.

227 i unless if not, pitch a demon with black has become and you. your guide, withdraw from I will my dwelling make the day place. Iike

my mace night for

on the field 11

of battle,

When this

message

reached

Bishin,

that illustrious

prince

said,

11Abaqa

is shah of the land of Iran, answer order in this matter.

and it is from an elder

him that you must seek your in his court, and it is at his

I am only land. 11

that I am in this

He sent a message 15 heard

Firstly, Qubilai, out

to Abaqa

to inform reply.
was the gave not allow

him about 11 1 hold this

the situation, land on three

because Thirdly, away

and when he grounds.

the blessed because my throne.

It,

that shah sent this

because out of his my father

shah.

Secondly,

munificence, I will

it to my family. anyone to take

of my own

fortitude,

I will

bring

destruction

upon the bodies

of my enemies,

even though of iron, like I

they

are sons of Z51 in bravery. would I would crush him completely water,

If the enemy were by my valour. as flat

a mountain

If he were

shining

fire,

make him like with

as the earth, lose their

on the day of retribution. lives at my hand. make their If

If they do battle they show

me, the enemy will before

themselves even

me on the day of battle, inscribed on stone.

i will 11

name as nothing, When this shah, 20 message

if it were Baraq, like

reached aroused

concerning leopard,

the words

and deeds

of the

he became

a roaring from Kart

and angrily

led his army Hert, to make with In what for your way war, and

Into battle, from that city,

He set out quickly Shams He praised al-Din

the river

and made for to his court

came quickly

submission. crown

i3araq

and said,

"My fortune

Is joined

and throne.

You are now the king enemy trouble for you? It, for

of the land of Iran. When you gird in the east, yourself your

can the malevolent Abaqa will

this

have no endurance comes

reign

is like was He

the sun, delighted prepared

and now there at these words,

a star

which

has no warmth. swollen with

11 araq pride.

and his head became Ni hpr from Herdt,

to set out for

and everyone

who came

228 before his army, prince his shield Eishin and helmet like drenched in blood.

were

Baraq as or his

encountered Bishin

a rapacious with him,

lion confronting unaware

a tiger,

came forward Arghun

to do battle

of his bravery

past deeds. bravely

Agha came to his assistance In the battle, he advanced They turned Arghun in front attacked yellow, their

and the battle unwise Uchul,

commenced

on that plain.

showed of Bishin

judgement, with an of by the

and on the battlefield inadequate the battle force

of Mongols. faces

the enemy,

but the result defeated towards

was that their Baraq,

and they were faces from

the war-hungry shah. 45378 One by one,

defeated, leaving victorious, looted Qrpchaq over

and they turned

there

they fled
for

from
Iraq.

the battle
They left

with
that

Baraq,
riverside When

and left Khursn

meadow the proud In haste, Baraq became They

making their

goods his army

and was

equipment like

behind.

a pack and from

of wolves

on the battlefield. there was an argument.

everything and Baraq

there

was,

as a result, the path at which and

departed

of agreement, a quarrel quickly broke departed,

and argument out between taking his them.

the booty was

reached angered

the point at the

Qipchaq

argument,

army 5 Baraq

with left

him,

and returned

from

the battlefield

to his father, of Bdghis.

the battlefield

and headed

in the direction

while z

ABAQA

SETS

OUT

TO DO BATTLE

WITH

BARAQ

From

this

side,

when the illustrious in preparation

Abaqa for

learned

of the enemy's Noyn

success,

he drew

up an army

the battlefield.

Shiremn, the as

the defender famous

of the throne, and others brothers of skill,

and the shah set out, of the elders, went

and of the princes, to offer their services,

Yoshmut,

the two warlike The amirs, and Alanchu, full

came to the battlefield. girded of deceit, themselves washed like their mountains, hands and Abaqa like angry

a master

in blood,

229 10 dragons. and Sutai, Tud iI an and Sh iktr and the battle tried and i Inach and the famous Abdal I ah Gur, ,

Balaghai,

Suqunchaq

and Hindu

At inaq, he whose

Tur

Alani

and Imah Kachin inquhi

were

there,

but first

and foremost prince.

was

father

was Baidu,

Kuchuk, army.

a lion hunting The vizier,

Behind khwaja, and In and Tabriz that his

When

each of these adorned weapons accordance departed

leaders like

was a great a spring

the famous kirid

the army of battle, with together Ray,

garden,

with

every

of equipment

and paraded his plan, over

them around

the court

of the shah. to the shah,

the army

gave salutations

mountain

and plain.

The shah went from him from Khursan

and reached
15 army

and there

the news reached

enemy and were

had been

over-run 30

by the

in distracted

flight.

he reached

Khuwr, Arghun

near

Ray,

he was joined to remember

by Bishin his battle

Ughul with

and Arg_un. Baraq. He As

In heart,

Of the am! rs, spoke with

he spoke the heat the army fist,

had reason

the shah about Baraq

of the action fireball, in search they came he had

and his tactics,

the fire the

and the battlefield.

burned With in him. warlike

seen,

of anger prince.

of that set out until

he reviled of battle, near

enemy

in his for

a sword and Abaqa went Ilke a Iion, 31 There he drew up the army to Klpush. was in the centre of the line.

battle,

and of the princes,

Yoshmut

20

Abatai
the right

and Shiktr
went Bishin

supported
Ughul Arqasun, on the went Ailnaq left,

him,
and five Abachi

like

lions,
a ii,

full
irs

of warlike
from among

spirit.

On

chosen and Og

the Mongols Takshl beside guard and the

Sutai, Ughul prince. were

Abdallh, went bravely Gur

while

the proud went

and Suqunchaq his army on the

and Arghhun left. the up its In the sons

Hindu Tudan

with and

advance of Buriltai

Noyn, both tried of the

Imah The

Kachin army

and took

Balaghai, of the wi

In battle. shah,

position,

and mindful

shes

it was

drawn

up In this

way.

Abatai since 25 utmost.

spoke

In this

way to the leaders,

It 0 heroes

and slayers strive

of men, our this

the shah has made us his amirs, However, it Is not on Abagals

we must necessarily account

that we must choose

230 for if this our lives

battle,

but on our own account, actions far from our

enemy were would

carrying soft.

out his If

oppressive that hostile

here, lives,

be very

one spared

we would

undoubtedly

not be his amirs,

and doubtlessly in those

we would

find no other

employment

than as his shepherds, so

circumstances. would

None of us knows turn

how to be a good shepherd, us. So, it is better

good fortune now, 638A Since,

suddenly

its face from with

for us

on our own account, on our own account,

to do battle

the enemy. and revenge, we do not place to him, because to

we seek battle to us.

the shah under of our obligations the shah. chooses should famous

any obligation from

But we owe loyalty weapons

the past.

Horses,

and army

belong This

You might danger for

say that he goes to war himself in this way,

on our behalf. the army praises

shah Why

to give

advantage.

a sovereign jewel should

act in this way, be pierced,

a thousand

on him.

If that with

the orbit

of heaven live for

would

be filled

lamentations. 5 of his enemies ruler souls

with with

May the ruler be severed world.

of the world their

ever

and may the heads person way, be

from

bodies.

May no other in this

in this

When the shah treats

the army

may our

be his ransom
all our our lord might,

on the day of vengeance.

even though in support we must of his

Let us strive
our lives.

together
Let us remain 11

lay down royal

and fight

house,

as Is fitting.

When Abaga [dually, equipment, and a spring After sand. that, 8ishin

heard

the words

of the amirs, horses

he showed and gold,

them affection and

indiv-

and gave them countless and that army garden. he set out from Ughui

and weapons of fruit

was decked

out like

an orchard

trees

that kingdom guard

and his army at his right

was like hand, with

grains

of

was standing

his army, in the

forward with

but when Abaqa

morning mists.

came into Khursn,

Bishin Ughul was the

he had to be on his guard

advance guard, moving

10

the leaders customary

of the Mongols. place of sentinel.

From

the other

31-

side,

Maraghwal from

took up his two

The leaders

came together

231 -

directions,

behind

each of them a large

army.

THE

BATTLE

OF

BISHIN

UGHUL

WITH

MARAGHAWAL

OF

THE

BARAQ

ARMY

Suddenly road, was

Bishin and the two

and his armies

army fell from

came upon that

upon one

Maraghwal,

as they

followed

the There

another

and joined Arrows

in battle. flew like

confusion

and uproar

engagement.

shooting arrows heavy 15

stars Iike

and the enemy were the shouting

like

demons

in causing the wound

torment. inflicted

The by

stars,

of the leaders, sun,

maces,

all surpassed upside

the shining down.

and in the east and the west, of drums and the sound of horns, The blades
became against their black. error. fighting

the world of the war men's

was turned drums,

At the beating of trumpets

and the blowing became

from blood, Bishin some

and the wailing

hearts

and minds
red

confused

among the Turks.

the army flags shield

of swords

became

and around was way,

In the battlefield Some shone of the brightly. enemy

the proud advanced

an inestimable and

in the blackness,

On the battlefield, battle with him.

Bi-shin He wished

became to flee

downcast from acted

that Maraghwal for

had come to do was

there, so that until

his own fortune

sleeping, of great

but his sense fame. In this

of honour way,

it pressed

down on that man from the world. and the

they fought

the sun passed

When the sun was no longer 20 heavens such that the armies Without said, were covered with

to be seen from blackness,

the face of the earth,

suddenly

the face of the day became On both sides,

its colour halted,

was envious and night

of the locks were

of Its mistress.

guards sent

stationed. to Baraq a black about the battle Their Mongols. and general

delay,

Maraghwal of Iran

a message

11The army Ughul,

came upon us like were other

mountain.

was Sishin From before

and there

amirs

and illustrious

dawn until

nightfall,

both sides

fought

and we did not see him

232 -

become greater. have us.

sated

with fine

the fighting, men were

and all killed

the

time

his

efforts

became army. I with remedy

Many that

by that after him,

famous

and mighty join

heard

Abaqa here,

is hurrying we will have

and will See,

the battle what

If he comes

no strength.

now,

25

there befall

is. us,

You must hurry with

here "

quickly,

for

if you do not,

disaster

will

no advantage. reached Baraq,

The message

who was astonished is coming

and replied,

11Do not This is the

be so anx i ous, because same Bishin effort,

Bishin

to the battlefield. before this. for

who was confused or farr ferocity in him,

on the battlefield

We saw no If

strength a little

and he had no stomach battle, do not let your and my strength nor colour to this in him,

fighting.

he shows 638B with there if your sky

in this

heart

be vexed

anxiety. will

When he sees my spirit neither Iran, freshness compared

on the day of battle, for the battle. as the

remain

army

reaches

land It is as different near to the sun, place

is to the new moon. for

AI ight does not burn I will seize his

and he will and

have no stomach blacken battlefield. throne in your You will 5

the strife.

dwelling

his moon in battle, I will spoil

and I will

not allow

him to remain I will gladly

on the sit on his

his day by my bravery. one enemy for In Iran

and I will heart

not leave

on his feet.

Have no fear

about

this war, trample

I have set my heart under foot. "

on the battlefield.

see how I will

his heart their truth for

When he had said See yourself find better report Abaqa's out your

these words,

was not far

from

the heavens. does not is to on

in the world, faults. Pride

my son, prevents Then,

it is better

that another good, three

one from

seeing

but pride spies

than too much evil. on conditions actions

secretly, in Iran,

Baraq

sent

and activities

and to learn he went.

and report

and to follow

him wherever

233 -

ABAQA

KHAN

DECEIVES

BARAQ

All

three

left

Baraq

and plotted of the ruler

together of Iran,

as they went. three

but

They Sufi's

turned

their

faces

in the direction
They

mounted
were

disguised
Immediately

as women.

approached 33

Abaga's

camp,

captured

10

and taken

before their

the shah. crimes,

Abaqa

questioned

them and passed

judgement to to

on them for gain for

but meanwhile over

he had a thought, the enemy. before from

by which secretly

the throne

some advantage

He said

one of the amirs, once again, for war. the army. have carried chamber They

11Go now and appear of Noqal is coming Arrn

the elders the plains of Murghhn,

and say that, of Hazar, girded

the army They They

have captured have reached

and all

and have defeated the purdah, bed-

AzerbTjn, They

and from

tehind

off the royal

children.

have entered too distressed

the royal

of Iran

and the amirs the ordu Our

have become

to take action. house has

have looted

of the shah and the face of the royal reputation

been made black. dust over us. will

pure

has been lost and time has scattered for battle, or the shah's Baraq

Do not now advance be disgraced. are in Iraq.

into Khursn

reputation when your

What Is the use of aiming If you do not quickly be blacked find

at war with

the enemy situation,

some way out of Iran. Since

the light

of the sun will

out over will action,

enemies grasp. through

are already Allow this

in the palace before

and the kingdom

soon be out of our to bring us safely

no delay present

you take defensive 11 ShiktUr departed

difficulty.

At the shahts royal breast. Abaqa court,

command, repeating

the amir what

and came into rained from

that his

he had heard,

and blood

gave the appearance from the anguish raised

of being

disconsolate He said

from

the pain which 11Since into

filled the my

his soul,

of his fear. their heads

to the amirs,

enemy have foolishly bedchamber

and have brought we rush into war

battle

and my kingdom,

why should

distractedly.

234 -

20

First, drive

I will away for plain,

rescue our fears.

my bedchamber Now quickly for

from put

the enemy, an end

and

then spies,

i shall all not three remain of

to those Firstly,

of them, In that the state

there

is now

no room

delay.

I must

and moreover, In Iraq. to a night

I do not want Take the spies

Baraq

to become

aware

of affairs them

to the executioner, $1

so that

he may bring

as black

as smoke.

But secretly three quickly,

he sent word but allow

to the executioner one to escape.

to say,

" Kill

two of the the them,

11 According

to his order,

executioner

bound all three lamenting, departed

and took them out,

but as he was killing escaped. towards

and they were 25 Abaqa quickly

one of the three from that place silently.

companions his army,

with

Mzandern, din was the

and day and night, mountains suitable The evil ambush of Hert for doer battle. Baraq

they travelled with his army,

He continued a place there,

to Tushan which

and chose

Behind

him was the mountain place,

and in front and Abaqa laid

the river. out an good

was to come to this

in the path of the enemy,

as a result

of which,

that enemy's

name was to be changed From 639A from told Iraq, the other the court hIm direction, of Abaqa.

to disgrace. the spy made light He went In Iran. happily Baraq of his journey, the throne hIm as he fled of Baraq and

before asked

of the situation

the good news is ours.

about

and all

the time kept repeating, from your couch

11The kingdom from

The enemy of Khursn from

has drawn into Arrn, the plains taken carried heart

back

and passed Arrn

the kingdom

for news of Hazar. princes slaves,

has come from They

that an army as far

Is advancing

have conquered the harem.

as AzerbTJZn of the ordu he heard

and have have been Abaqa's and

the young off was fiI like

from thanks haste like

The wives When rest,

to III fortune.

this,

led with

and he rose the wind, for

up from

food and sleep, thought

prepared 5 Maliciously, We were

to go to Arran

and gave no more us,

to this war. there.

he gave orders quickly in the hands

them to kill

and hasten

away from

of the executioner

and my two friends

perished.

235 -

I escaped calamity, to this

from

the hands

of that dragon of the night. you said

and freed I fled that

myself

from

a day of

in the darkness famous court. 11

hurriedly

and came here you news of

0 lord,

I was to bring

his troubles.

When the world-seeker fallen totally

Baraq

heard Full

this,

he saw that the world

had of

into his hands. he filled Feeling

of hope of the throne gold,

of the kingdom for his

the world, good news. wind from

the mouth of the spy with secure from his powerful to attack

in return

enemy, Iraq.

he set out like

the

there,

and in haste

went

He rushed

in search as the valley

of throne 10 a result. world

and crown, From there,

but was unaware

that his own fortune along

was ruined path,

as the day passed by his army, like which

Its predestined

seemed

darkened They

occupied lion

all of the plain, in ambush, having

and mountain. taken swords

crouched in their

a dangerous

and maces

hands. so full of fear was his at what so war-

When Bara, c1 saw that army, heart, but though his heart too,

he was enraged, was afraid, became Although full

he was full of fear

of impatience army,

he had to do. like and without

Abaqa,

at Bareq's army he said

number.

he had a larger to prosperity, us, for

than Baraq, to his amirs. of deceit,

because 11This

his throne leader hides

was not a guide treachery from full

that army and doubt. for

is full

and it has caused we shall fear 15

me to become

of fear

I do not know what is full of pain in

see in the work

of the battlefield,

my heart

of him. 11 this answer, 110 famous treachery one, have no fear us, of that warlike

He received army. yourself reduce bravely. From army.

Although

they conceal

towards

you must not allow do, we will and

to be frightened. their splendour cast

When we know what to feebleness.

they will

We must fight our cause.

ferociously 11

Do not the other Next

an evil Baraq

omen over

side,

came down quickly like

and unwittingly

with

his

day,

when the sun shone

a golden

lamp upon mountain,

236 -

plain like

and slopes, male I ions.

the army

of Abaga

took its position

and rose

up together

ABAQA

KHAN'S

BATTLE

WITH

THE

ARMY

OF

BARAQ

20

On I dhu'I

hijja,

668/1270, Each

at Abaqa's one hearts to end, there stood were right were

command, like

each

of the of iron,

leaders

leaped

up on the battlefield. sight that From all of them, the world, the right

a mountain wi

and at the would army. men, of say

the enemy's from to the together. leaped up, end left, At

filled and left,

th fear. was

You

one mighty

weapons,

stores

and armed and The

collected men

the centre,

on the wings, of battle. looked saw have Abaqa

in the place army

ambush, like When said This and

intent and

on the work eyes that

gleamed

lightning Baraq, to his army this will affair one for

on the plain, the amirs, is more malevolent 11 These numerous task

on it became and his for or

dazzled. he skill.

sorcerer, enemies than for us. will

strength, or

no equal of sand know

bravery the leaves will

grains

of trees, end be

be a hard or how us,

I do not turn out. vengeful

what that "

be the will

of this a dark

the battle hands

I fear army.

the day

at the

of this

25

Maraghwal this battle?

said

to him, plain,

110 lord, with

why are you so fearful such an army as this,

of the outcome melancholy will

of

On this me.

your

surprises the enemy will trample

On the day of battle, If we advance If we,

each one of our horsemen on them on foot, ourselves,

outstrip we

in bravery.

in the same way, or clamour,

them underfoot. their spirit,

make shouts

we will into 639B

break

and if each one of us shoots each one will They Alone wound

one straight two hundred army. I will

arrow bodies.

the ranks

on the battlefield, to fight them? battle.

Why do you fear escape from

are not a famous in the fighting, sword

No one will put that enemy the heat mace, the

me in this

to an end in the dust. departs from the sun,

When i take my sharp and if I carry

in my hand, my vengeful

on my shoulder

237 -

city

becomes

silent

in fear

of It.

When I shoot from me.

an arrow

on the battlefield, enter, the is like a vex

the world battlefield, mountain? 5 your heart.

seeks what

a place place

of shelter is there

When I ferociously with my sword, them? like which

compared of war

Why are you so afraid

with

Do not needlessly this, fate will

When a man is deceived

in himself,

excite doubt

bravery your

in his heart. will

Do not be deceived

in anything,

for without

bad thoughts

soon come to an end. 11 reached him, the warlike were JaiaTr ar Ta' it

When the words rushed when forward

of Maraghawal and said,

11if the enemy army I would bring

as high as the heavens, and courage, army

it came into battle, terror in It.

it down by my strength in this way? In your

and arouse there Baraq

Why do you fear It

is not one man who is not brave. answered lack with them In this way.

"Our

horses

have grazed

abundantly,

and they and glory

the stamina

for battle.

I fear said,

that we shall

not see honour yourself find about tribute

them. 11 Marghawai Since,

11Do not concern days, they will

the laziness and booty, 10 Baraq

of our horses. our army

in three them. 11

can overcome position

replied,

It But their

is a good one. ver. Before

On one side

of them is and

the mountain the soft sand,

and on the other and we cannot you should Through

is the ri do battle know

us is the desert 11 They

in that si

tuatlon.

replied, nay,

1' 0 proud even tried in numbers, Then Baraq

leader, in battle. will said,

that your

army

is eager our army,

for battle, though ') to us. light

the farr

of Trn, masters

not leave "0

one of those all things

of war

alive.

prince,

are of great

Importance

The enemy sits the river. hearts river

fiercely

on the river replied,

bank,

and we see no means of crossing is not a reason of strength. to fear, Our the be

11 Maraghwal

It That by want

and souls

are not humbled at Nisturam,

We can cross will

by the bridge

and by this hearts

means our hearts bewildered "

strengthened. for in this

We must not let our business the enemy will

become

and broken, thus

have no advantage.

Having

238 -

encouraged
15 fight. while at the all Sword from lips.

him,

the amir

rushed

into battle
entered the

like
ranks ranks,

a lion

in search

of a
like a lion,

in hand, directions proud was came in battle with him, that that

the hero

of the battle brave

both The of him

the army Maraghwal army, him,

formed advanced

men frothing ranks. bravely. and others and rope On The they came and

in front

of the them

sides

the enemy to attack with one hero that

and he attacked hearts full

chosen died

Iranians

of vengeance, Several

valiantly

famous

warrior. With

to do battle mace Iranian 20 army became

and two killed saw

at a time. them all.

sword

and arrow, army, was

He killed of succeeding

so many

of the The army

no one to attack

any means

In the battle. That fierce. hill great At

helpless

him,

and remained the enemy

powerless. more

feeble, his

and as a result, men into the fight,

became

once, and which of

he brought valley. had mail, been

and shouting the enemy,

bound

together

Sometimes, opened

in battle by the bow;

with somet

he closed spears,

up wounds through coats

i mes with

he opened

the clasps

one by one. the enemy and from

Sometimes, farr and

with greatness.

sword

and mace With the the

and spear, clashings very the

he separated of the spears,

the drawing When his You

of the bows, sword would sought flashed say

he brought

heavens cheeks

down of brave

to earth.

on the battlefield, that, from the When hero injuries he had

men darkened. even

inflicted killed

by his many

mace,

the mountains way,

to escape. a perfect

of the

enemy

in this

he became

on the

battlefield.

25

He saw a thicket enemy.

on the plain, that,

which

opened

up a path to the rear it, he would

of the

Then he thought

by passing

through

not leave

many of the enemy alive. dangerous fighting for them, for,

He emerged when he went

behind through

the enemy,

and made things behind the

that thicket,

and tumult,

he blocked

the enemy's

way of retreat,

by his valour him

and force. immunity

But the hand of fate from passing from

made an end of him, Suddenly someone

and did not give on the battlefield

there.

239 -

loosed

a cross

bow

bolt,

right

at him,

which

struck

his

chest,

and he feil

to the ground. 640A The Blood escaped warlike spurted from Maraghwal from him cried swiftly out, and God sent and pain It was to overwhelm a case him.

and he died, 11

of 11 I have

my worldly

weariness.

When the oppressor been awake,

not All died, emerge of the but

Baraq

heard

of this,

he cried,

11Now fate, and after this,

which it will

had

has been put to sleep

from its were did sleep. with not Alas him, his

by that shah,
that I remain were

like

an ass

in the river. when

"

amirs Baraq Then

and they feelings, Jalir

astonished

Maraghawal on the army,

show

and became T'Tr brought the number

more In his

violent vengeful

battlefield. rushing

the celebrated his lord,

towards

and cutting

down

of enemy

princes.

He came upon the slain He aroused broke fled his army

Maraghwal

and cried

aloud

when he saw him. on the battlefield. were wasted. man. of him. was to resume to show the the real
I will with me, grow

and did justice and their fleeing capital from

to his courage and their profit

He They

the Iranians, away from him,

under

the foot of that arrogant for a day's travel

Shouting

and foaming,

he drove

that army

In front

When the shah came to that plain faring. battle Those with

of passions,

he saw how his army round him, eager fit

who had been dispersed

gathered

the enemy.

He did not see many of them who were and said to himself, Before
achieve army will

much strength 10 Iranians,

state make

in his presence, a point

must

11 In battle

with

I am only

In the middle.
fight, until and show they the

they understand
final victory. battle let

of affairs, a kind

they

of circle I will make

on the plain, an outward

go into and not

together. greater. 11

of courage

my fear

He went amazed of blood

by way of the desert at his ill fortune.

to the battlefield, fear in his heart,

following

his own inclination, full

With

he %"ent, his eyes

at the events

of the world.

240 -

BARAA

RUSHES

HEADLONG

INTO

BATTLE

Then, fade

the world from

seeking

Baraq

went

to battle

and he caused his army,

the colour

to

the cheeks

of the day

as he brought the hearts. emirs

numerous few

beyond In number,

15

number, there times fear was this their

to the battlefield. no fear army hostility, When a wound give each and I gain of battle been when the

Although in their equipped this throne army

had become

He said, for

11 If one hundred battle, why should and who I

had

by the enemy has such

strength, of this rich

courage

stature? suffers I will give heroes

and crown I will make

kingdom, every

everyone kind the

on my account, commander flags.

with

of treasure. army and

k

a governorship. land of Iran,

I will I will

reward raise the

drums

In the level. "

heads

of the

to the

highest

When the army all eager for

heard battle,

his words, with heart

they advanced and tongue, black.

as one into the conflict, their faces to

and they turned

the Iranians, 20 On that part from bodies,

for whom the day became of the plain, and bodies there from

was a clamour, heads. The army destroyed.

and heads were of Trn were

separated victorious of and

the us, and neither By

and two parts the Turks

sat battle defeat men nor under with has

of the Iranian successful

and mind, our

army were In this way,

When the attacks on to the plain,

has black entered for

were

Sutai37 rode
the enemy has

a parasol, a single overtaken

said, like army all

11 Since this,

army become

fortune hands. each

at their support

They

are

creatures, as one.

women.

We must

other,

and fight

this

means,

we shall for

defeat

them by our valour

and by this possessing

victory

we shall ever. The be

i
f

be prosperous So, first 25

ever,

and we will of the day.

have a world Two options

shah for

we must be watchful

are open to us today. is that we shall

is that the enemy will Let

be obliterated; in this

the second

defeated. help us,

us die together

company. for

If the sun and moon should the enemy, we will go to

and we should

make the day black

241 -

Abaqa

In honourable over

fashion

and will

have great

fame in Iran.

If the

enemy prevails will spirit choice 4540B survive

us on the day of battle, Men will will

at least

our reputation fighting we have no

the disaster.

not say that we are without survive the battle. Since

or passion,

and our pride

but to show courage,

It is better

that we die on the battlefield. wh I ch comes from for God would for the shah, It pleasing you will and place

When they see the goodness none will in us, be weak at heart from from

and abundance in this battle, Strive

not find

if we flee

misfortune.

bravely,

in so doing this from

find generosity famous of mine, vengeance, shah. you. 5 But Abaqa multitude to this

both God and the shah. to follow me, i will

If no one from not move again If I am killed

vast this

wishes (and,

not even one span. that my life there

through

the enemy's of our pure or glory for "

it will

be fitting

should will

be the ransom

if I am killed will suffer

in battle,

be no reputation names will you would 11Courage 11 After

the consequences delivered

and your in this way,

be disgraced. say that a is lacking without

At the words great from zeal

of that old man, their

overtook

hearts, Let

and each one said, us choose death.

that state

of adversity.

that,

hesitation, so urgently army was

they hurled that heads immediately

themselves poured broken.

Into the field bodies.

of battle,

and contended the enemy Abaqa was

down from

By one attack,

By one effort

on the battlefield, behind

made victorious. top, enters charges, ant? " there

He said, light

11When the sun descends but lamp and wax candle. for the lame fox?

the mountain

is no other what

When aI ion bravely When the elephant by one desert

a battle,

hope is there furiously, what

trumpeting

can be accomplished

l0

In that battle, Baraq's Turanians one, from people were

that

time of the malevolent destroyed without

enemy was ended by Abaqa, Iimit, in his attack. for flight,

and

were killed,

When countless and fl ed, one by

they girded

themselves

that battlefield, the desert,

and none brooked

any delay.

They

hurried

towards

and one man did not recognise

another.

242 -

BARAQ

FLEES

FROM

THE

BATTLE

WITH

ABAQA

KHN

When Baraq, suddenly turned kinds is

that master

of oppression,

saw what to remain

had happened he was,

so and quickly

to his army, away,

he did not dare

where

the plain, passing by all and went like the wind towards 38 him as he went, and he fled hurriedly, No one recognised of men. full of his mistakes. Heroes from the Iranians set out in pursuit were left alive.

his heart of those

fleeing,

and few of those whom they encountered like lions,

Undoubtedly Two men from Baraq, hypocrisy, at him. wounded, this way.

they breathed

and they did not let the enemy escape. of the enemy came upon was full of

among the Iranians,

in pursuit

and as he was alone, but although An arrow

they did not see that his heart him,

they did not recognise him seriously

they fired horse

a few arrows was also feebly, but In

wounded

and his swift

but though

his horse

was crippled, turned away from

he had to escape him,

When the Iranians him

he ran swiftly,

pain overcame 20 died, what

and he fell.

As a result

he was on foot, just like

and his horse a woman, he called deserted and out by

and he was helpless. suspicion did anyone in his fear this day from

He continued have of him? of death, my throne.

on foot, To anyone

he saw, 0 people,

in a loud voice, fate tike and taken this,

11 1 am Baraq,

I am escaping in battle. " Then

wretchedly

on foot passed

and no longer

am a dragon

Many of his army he prayed although you yourself

him by and no one gave him any assistance. said, "0 pure God, without equal

to God and servant if he

or companion, this multitude, would

your

sees many of his people were to be taken prisoner,

amongst

see that,

the world

then become

Full of torment. overtake i will me. not

Be merciful Other remain 25 While

towards

me, 0 God,

and do not let destruction and except through you,

than you, alive. "

I see no protector,

he thus abased

himself,

God protected that road,

him from

the net of destruction. guards of that

One of those

men escaping

along

one of the horse

243 -

oppressive in that for That good that his

leader,

passed wretched

before and

him, lamenting. his

going

like His

the wind, burned

and saw with his pity

him

condition, leader,

heart

and on his him servant his

account, horse his head

soul

was

exalted before

above him.

heart. That

man gave hearted place.

battle made

and went his

on foot

protection

and escorted

him

from

64i, A

A hundred prince. crossing Khwrazm, of his life full

praises Baraq,

for

that worthy

man,

for

devotion such turned He found

is fitting

to a

the world-seeker, and hurrying

quickly to Makil!

his face to the east, rest In that part of

the Oxus with gone.

the remains The heroes Since

of his sword returned

of Hamadan

steel,

hope all and hearts performsins, he

to his presence, with

all with the army's of their

of blood

and pain.

he was not pleased an enquity.

ance in battle, demanded The amirs full 5

he undertook from left

To the extent dynasty

restitution and princes

them,

but his crooked

was not revived. to their lands,

his presence,

and returned

of perturbation. Baraq remained alone, paralysed affliction. and in his grief, by grief blood filled from there his the remained

The oppressor heart. world only

In the end, as a result his evil side,

he became

and passed

of that terrible Honoured

As a memorial, works left

reputation. when

is he whose the army

are good! the plain. army Everything

On this

the enemy had fled, on the battlefield it in great

that had been left and the heroes victorious In the Arab with Baraq, shah.

by that malignant quantities it, from

was collected, to the

brought

the battlefield

No one could

count

and the shah gave Abaqa returned

it to the army. from the war of Iraq.

calendar, victorious of the king

in the year from

668/1270,

the kingdom

of Khursn

to the lands

By the farr new spring. 10 To every as a result,

and by fate,

the land of Iran

was the envy of the

land an order there

was, sent,

concerning in the world,

the victories

of the shah, before

and

was a gladness

such as had never

-244-

been seen or experienced. and royally prince and gladly,

Winter Abaqa

covered there.

the camp on the Jaghatu, From every country came to Then

rested

and landowner,

to congratulate presented

the shah, them with

and he was gracious robes of honour.

them and gladly from Qubilal

and proudly

came a well-wisher,

bringing

congratulations

to the shah.

THE

LETTER

FROM

QUBILAI

QA'AN

TO ABAQA

KHAN,

CONFIRMING

HIS

ACCESSION

From 15
hundred

Qubilai

came an excellent
blessings from

yarligh
me.

to the mighty
May they fall

shah,
on that

to say,
famous

A
son, of

thousand

nature, Royally, praises After cooled an army

Abaqa,

who,

by his bravery, his desires of evil on,

has made his reputation over the world. are blue The soul

in Iran. of Hleg

he has spread

him and the faces praising by your from him, farr Iraq, he fled of yours; One should their worth. it went

doers

in fear

of him. 11 blood be

1' 0 fortunate

son,

may your

and your

wisdom. with yellow

I have heard Baraq. of face. be joined at these

that you have raised him and in with as your but should even a roaring this

to do battle from you,

You challenged I am pleased with you,

the fighting, achievement defender. measure 20 lion would

may God always not be amazed You are The blade

deeds

of yours, bravery

the son of one whose of his sharp would sword

not face.

was made as of iron, Your race and descent when you are from the Iranians,

and by it the I ion's are from at war. nor seek Iran; the stock From

sharp

claws

be shorn.

of Hleg,

and you must ensure to separate and happiness. Continue

justice,

now on, except

do not seek kingship

yourself I give

anything there

you the land of through head always from your your be

remain

happily

as shah.

in this way, May your

descendants. fresh stock. and your 11

Always heart

be shah and victorious. happy, and may the dynasty

be founded

245 -

When Abaqa blooming

heard from

the command gladness.

of Qubilai,

his face was the colour

of a

rose

He gave so many dirhems by carrying them.

to the messenger, order, fortune. everyone Abaqa For who

that his body was oppressed ascended a second was there 25 before the throne, time,

At Qubilal's and victorious

In kingship

and happiness manner praises that,

according

to custom, room uttered stones.

and tradition, of that shah, at Abaqa's taking

in that throne

and scattered command,, the

him many precious

After

ambassadors kind of rare

set out on the way back gift, all of which were

to Chandu, deposited

with

them every of Qubilai.

In the treasury

ABAQA

SETS

OUT

TO HUNT

IN ARMENIA

Joyfully, 6418

then,

the shah sat on the throne, He wished to leave

but he conceived quickly, wi

a desire of

to

take a party companions, and high born amirs

to hunt.

th a group

and he ordered men to join him,

a number

of princes

and amirs Many famous

of reputation, princes and

the shah in the hunt. and you would

set out with

say that they

illuminated

the face

of the earth. The army to usage 5 began and their and custom, leaders, at Abaqals order, formed a circle, according and everyone of

and plenty A fresh

of game came within passed under in front

the circle, of Abaqa

to hunt there. and startled off alone.

prey

in that part him and

the plain, galloped The place he rode.

the horse

the shah, prince

which

threw

At the same time, bed hunting from

Yoshmut

gal loped up swiftly. person, as

was a reed He fired

ground,

and he saw no other at a prey,

(I

a bolt

his crossbow

and missed,

but the

arrow
the 10

struck

the shah,
and it was

and cut the vein in his neck.

not stopped upon the by binding shah and or saw

Blood poured from

skill. state. Then The

artery, the

medical him

suddenly

proud

Qurjam

amirs 4-'-

came

in that

took his bow and used

it as a means of healing

that wound,

246 -

using that

the string means, life.

to close

the vein, the flow

until of blood

the blood from

became

clotted. and saved

By the deeds, spurs his

he stopped He reproved treat your why here, Ii

the wound 11 0 shah When the army situation in wisdom, If you hope has

shah1s why horse

the shah life with such the

and said, contempt? and unwise

of dazzling the shah hunt too?

do you

to the hunt, far May old from you

should

amirs this

if they not have you no

had been arisen. grow

on guard,

would

ve eternally of the book heart Perhaps for

in the world of knowledge. life, what

and may yourself the world and crown, of good

in the

light

have

compassion

in your

your you are

of your that fortune you

accomplishments? are so careless

sated

with that

throne

of your

life.

I am afraid

the powers

15

will fell

turn from for

away from his horse

you again. beside

Then

they will Because

say,

11The shah suddenly had been cut

the track.

the reeds 11

there,

that reason there for

the shah met disaster.

He stayed he went

forty

days and when he had recovered MSzandern, of Ray right Kuhistn,

from

his

injury, , from

from

there From

to Khursn, the boundaries

imis Q and

end to end. land to Prince since After happily. injustice 20 and earth evil against

up to the Oxus,

he entrusted himself,

Yoshmut.

The prudent from being

shah kept him far destroyed

away from

he had just that,

been saved

by him. of his heart, that spring, in the world the way of his

the fortunate He opened and rebellion was free mankind from

shah ruled

according for

to the desires all and from was everywhere Heaven closed

up the doors slumbered.

of justice

Happiness

envy and destruction.

and opened

the path of wisdom. envy of Paradise.

No one disobeyed The desires and substance.

orders

and earth worthy

was the complete

of the

shah were

ones and all his works

had power

-247-

THE

BIRTH

OF

GHAZAN

KHAN

I will

tell

of the birth

of Ghazan

Khan and adorn

this

history

and make my

pen adorned

by his name. in the world did he arrive? over or lid, It was the of

When did he come and in what place eve of Friday, Iran. when

the moon scattered better

good fortune

the kingdom a night which than a

It was a night like

than the eve of nauruz a night Iran whose worth

has become royal 642A decree,

nauruz

or lid, it,

was greater from all evil.

for

through

found

salvation

You would

felicity fate the his that was say

of heaven,

and by him Iran entered With the sign the birth We of his of

was made into a moon. desires, the prince, see his royal prosperity the world

When the sign of his felicity good tidings like from

received

heaven.

the world greatness

was to become in his ability, praise.

the freshness

of spring.

and on the arrows the constellation summit,

of his purpose, of Mars was in of his he

was to bring

Since

the ascendant, enemies were

and was pointing untied

to the tenth fell

the doors Through

and destruction

on them.

that sign, to

had affluence circumstance. 5 that God acted trine house, point shah. were

and possessions, When his sign in an unfriendly

and the fourth approached way. Mars

passed

according you would

Sagitarius,

not say

was suddenly

in a propitious in its

in the horoscope and the nature of the birth Chances cast

of the prince. of Venus

At his birth, rested.

the sun was

and its arrow showed Its face

The moon at the to be

of the prince and calamities, place.

to the one worthy

by changes

of observance

at his birth,

in every

One day remained on the felicitous arrived. fortunate

of the month of Rab'i birth. In the year which this found happy

II when

they sealed 670/1272

a royal

edict

of the hijra

In the place place remain,

the name of Sultan birth occurred from

that peerless one jlong Dus1, may that his mother. A

hundred praises

01 on such a mother,

who gave birth

to such a ruler,

from

48 -2

whom came wisdom chronology, 10 Saksikh, all found were

The

in abundance, is observed

and kingship as the first call

and faith.

In Turkish

his birth

day of the month of the sheep, in which they eyes

in the month which advantage,

the Mongols

when his fortunate

foot touched

the earth

and all

illuminated
small child known "0 down by

by his brilliance.
Ott was the like event, the a male some tree has lion, and in its face was breeding with The been and farr. the news, moon seen pearl has or has

To make saying, come heard arrived,

of the amirs brought forth

went

to Arghun fruit. never

prince, from anyone. its

royal has dynasty,

firmament, From the sea has

and his of the become

likeness royal

a small made

and

by it the world

as though

of ambergris.

The sun has breathed enmity visible, appeared, shah, 15 with has been sent

felicity to sleep.

on this

fortunate

regt

on,

heart the and

of

In a great

garden,

a new rose

has become has

out of the seed of the shah of the Mongols. I1 ke crown only the sun and the moon. and diadem. is not to do justice with the wisdom and throne prince. his breath to him You would

A son of yours

say he was already

To regard

his face a child,

No one in the world of the great to flourish. ones. You in

has seen such Through would call

and goodness will continue

his farr,

the crown

him a world-possessing of human existence,

When that royal bore

sun appeared of the lineage

the firmament dynasty.

the adoration his

When that moon of the dynasty of happiness

entered

the cradle,

made a covenant

in that cradle.

You would

say that

the famous

Arghun
world

had entered
that he will inheritance

the cradle

then.

Sun and moon gave witness

Because his fart of this

in the
which incr-

be shah of sevencountries. from old. the sun and the moon, In him,

wisdom,

was his

and strength you can see

eased at one year shining the farr

I Ike the I ight of the moon, from near and far. 11

of the dynasty, this news, in this Arghun event.

When he heard 20 fortune

was amazed 11 His heart

and said,

11Throne

and good of his

are joined

was so happy

at the news

249 -

son, with came breast.

that wine,

he became because his son his

like

a tall

cypress. his heart

Arghun and soul

filled were

the wine full held

skins He

in the world immediately, good father, was son good

of love. him to his

before

and the happy the son showed His him

prince its heart the name

Before

beautiful was

face, overjoyed

and by at Khn so that say

it the father's the sight Mahmud. the hearts that sound because of silver were and when of that

affection beautiful

demonstrated. and he gave fortune,

of Ghazan

Because of men of the

of this should sound

he ordered because

celebrations, You would

be gladdened of singing ferment

of him.

and dancing Songs

and music, of Iraq

and at the from of

strings, everywhere lsfahn,

ceased.

and dances the way joy. were

the Hijaz Nihvand feasting,

performed

by musicians. ones were lit

From with

the faces was

of great

In that filled

the music

heard,

the hearts

of enemies

25

with their

lament. hands;

They

ate to the sound of the organ,

and took red wine of the rebeck,

in the

at the sound of the strings were

and the noise

feasting Everyone

and entertainment drank

complemented

by happiness. and the winecup and bass strings, of sadness. everyone found From was with the

to the sound

of the reed with

instruments, its treble

in the hand of the prince. all its lament, expelled

The harp from

the heart

the onslaught

face of the tambour, of enjoyment. hearts C542B were

and the lip of the instrument, there

a portion sad

When in the assembly quickly inflamed. and the crystal prince

was the sound of the lyre,

The ruby

of the wine

of the

goblets

at once caused gifts, and with

agitation those

In the heart. treasures, not tire weary

The famous he made gifts

began

to dispense

of money.

He gave away gold

and land and he did

at all of his generosity. carrying Arghun his gifts. In this

He gave away so much that they became way, until Next the sun went down behind day, when the

mountain, stars moon,

did not tire the sky from

of giving. end to end, beauty.

the sun and the grew like a new had

illuminated

the new prince When a watch

his face bearing

the moon's

of ten days

250 -

passed, 5

he was growing

like

his own wideawake

fortune. you would say that his and walktwo,

When he was seven throne ing, was fit for

months a moon. before

old,

he began to sit up; of age, dignity. hastened for

When one year the prince

he was erect

and he appeared the ability

with

When he became

he found For lions

to speak

and his tongue

to speak of the dynasty. they were not fitting

and beehives, dignity. scholars which

he showed

an aversion,

for his royal Experienced

from grew

the land of Iran in the garden Although

spoke

with

him about past events. was clearly rank, evident

The young plant there suitable stars. from

of the dynasty without

the beginning. for

they were his lineage

they were than the high of spring years'

companions

him,

though

was higher

He had the farr the world evident a pure

of the new year's like

day at the beginning

and regreshed growth were

the face of a picture. rank and dignity

When several

in him, son,

came from

that new year. on this a was of his

Suddenly, 10 earth. killer

like There

he outstripped evidence after shone for him.

his mother

in royalty

was a clear

of his farr, fame.

that he was a hero, Ghazan

of enemies

and a seeker

In his childhood,

such a one that all his royalty royal descent were observed

in his forehead. For play,

The customs

he had around descent. for

him countless There were

children, other

all of them of the stock who were collected

of amirs, there,

of exalted

children

each one appointed viziers,

a particular and dignity.

purpose. Some were wishing

Some were generals

his amirs, of the famous

and some were army,

of rank

some were land,

the army

of the wellto the each one, he he his

prince.

Some were one.

subjects

of every

all obedient by him,

commands quickly 15 first

of that famous

When a command and if a child sought

was given to disobey

followed instituted

that order, an enquity which

h[s order, small,

into the offence.

If the sinner head; with

was very

put the crown head from 11This

was his on the offenders he knocked off the crown

Instead one blow. his face

of separating He said, away from

his body,

is the requital

of my kindness,

that he turns

me.

251 -

If he had his for that

portion

of intelligence, one. 11

the

shah

would

have

no further

use

wretched

The best part world heart Ghazan was like

of his games was with him. were One day, full

his grandfather,

and no one in the his grandfather, saw the face of games the heart his

when he came before When Abaqa

and tongue Khn,

of sagacity.

he gazed of the world

saw manifest ruler

at it long,

in amazement; his eyes.

In those

of the ruler
seeing shah

did not believe

his farr

In his face the wise11 This fledgling greatness become of his by rare child

and power. When becomes become he will many

He said, this noble

20

will

become when

a great this

in the world. new earth moon will

becomes will a

strong,

fortunate and this

royal, paradise.

this

be of great shah father full

price

He will

of greatness reign.

and wisdom; He will bring

build

up the kingdom under his authority,

in his

cities

his rule gives

and government, of his future prince, the fire of fate. Aqa, newly

for glory.

the farr 11

and the greatness

of this

famous

one

signs

The proud He brought protector

grown

to manhood,

grew

like

a moving

fir

tree. the

of the Creator

in his goodness,

and he became

Then Arghun

the great for

amir,

the great palace,

leader

of the Turkish

people, of

set out unexpectedly men and women were 25 away in Ts.

a different

and at his death that chosen

the hearts amir passed

made sad. than thirty

In 673/1274-5, years

In more

that he was amir was again

in the land of Iran, by the heretics.

his rule

was obeyed.

But then the world

troubled

In 674/1275-6,
was one, oppression. Jaifar

tumult and strife 4V

by name,

became evident

among the heretics.

was to create

There

and the object

of his desires

252 -

REBELLION
ACTIONS

OF
OF

THE
JAtFAR

LEADERS
BEG

OF

THE

ISMAILTS

AND

THE

643A

That evil
ruler 46

intending

man conceived
He became

such an idea that he should

arrogant, after the example

become
of rAlIal-

of the heretics.

Din, their world.

and he opened former castles

the door

of heresy. fear

He seized amongst

and restored the people of Khr From of his a

and then spread from

He was a man descended one whom Khur had a son,

a concubine

Shh,

moon-faced KhUr Shah claim call, world. 5 his. All

Shah had made his wife. averted

that wife, him. He made

and the world

its gaze from his object. he again

anew to kingship to rally All to him;

and made its possession to fighting valley and evil from doing,

He made this exposed the fiefs of

of the river

end to end suddenly

became

of the servile to him. They

ones came before turned their fortress greatly.

him and each one of them swore in deceit towards For opened this the fortress reason their

allegiance of Alamt, reputation oppression

and turruit.

face:

and took that strong and standing all over,

When

in battle. They

increased

the hand of: full of -, trif(.!

had once

and the wcrld,

of this

becauoo
the

cf them,
shah, that

bo:carne

news

reached

the heretics 107

again boldly

shown

themselves, their should castle

he ordered subjugation. flow like

that,

like

a lion,

Arqasun

should fam I Iies to their

undertake blood their

He was to destroy the river Oxus.

ail of their raze

and their foundations Arqasun order 10

He should of their

tops and leave no place body of horsemen everyone They arrived

fortifications. with them, there, at the set valley

set out with of the shah. him, from

a large

to do battle

From

Barik,

who was a landowner in the region In that task, from their hands

out with

all sides. of Alamt

of the river

and put the fortress attacks, fall but no harm

to the siege.

they made many There in no way did not lifted

came to the heretics or stone

efforts. were

on that place They

one arrow were

and their

in battle.

in the field

in this

way for

ten months,

as the Mongols

..

253 -

sought

to bring

that people

to battle. were without

There

was no profit

In continuing News

the siege

and the Mongols

recourse there,

on the battlefield. of the army, and the siege of the castle This

of this was sent to the wise saying, 11The army

shah from

by the amir

has not laid In its capture to excite

its hand on the fortress in battle. contention The tower for

of

it has not resulted strong that

is so place

it is useless

it In battle. does the shah,

has not fallen of the world, 15 conquering field, finished men will sallow, will

to us by bravery. give us? "

What command heard

the servant the city-

When Abaqa reply. care

the words

of the amir,

shah sent this

11Since

there

is no advantage

in the battleis

you must take great inside, they will

in besieging

it well,

for when the food it. The will

have no option

but to come down from and all of their come in battle,

have to come down from in face of death. any power with

the fdrtress end will

faces

be

Then their "

and no one

retain

or strength. Shishi

The shah spoke the heretics,

and Wala like

Timur roaring

and sent lions,

that army they brought

out to attack down the shah, attack-

and with

Arqasun, The amirs,

top of that fortress. ed the army valley there heretics 20 their famous

at the, order They

of the victorious took the way towards On that side,

of the heretics

in battle.

the river

and the army remained inside

put the castle

under

siege.

in the fortress, The of

no food to eat, became i ons.

and the way of obtaining

it was closed. as a result

enfeebled

and some of them came out, of the successful was Bahdur

harsh for

condit

In the army his honorific and skilled brought

shah was one who was and his name tAdil,

his greatness; man,

and he was a wise castle and by sweet when

in negotiation. them down before all the heretics

He went

up to the Thanks

words

that assembly. submitted

to his words, The amirs The castle it was reported

they came down, according utterly, from

to the amir. shah. it,

killed

them all,

to the instructions and lest anyone else

of the wise should

they destroyed They went

capture

levelled.

there

to the presence by the shah's

of the shah and order, the dynasty

on the circumstnces

of the war;

254 -

of Jaffar heretics

no longer was black.

existed, Shashi evident.

and so it happened brought The destruction world

that the fate of the on them and the heretics restful again at his was

did not again hands, 25 full year peace. rebellion

become

became se shah,

and by the farr

of Abaqa,

the wi

the whole

world

of security had passed

and the world in this

praised

the crown-worthy once again troubled there

hero. became

But when a sated with

manner,

the world were Egypt

In 675/1276-77, flared

the Mongols

by the Egyptians; for that kingdom.

up in Rm and from

came evil

THE

EGYPTIANS

ATTACK

RUM

643B

An army enemies

advanced as well

from

Egypt

and Syria,

among whom were They approached with

the morning Iran and Qidar, to attack

as those

of the evening. at that time,

who was the ruler this country,

of Egypt

advanced

an army which

and entered arrived

the land of Rum. from Egypt

In a place and Syria. for

was called was leader

Albulustn a vast army,

the armies

In Rm there battle. Their

all of them lions Noyn,

of men,

and ready for lions

was Tudn famous when 5

who used to lay traps was Nafu,

In thickets. to Shaklyu they hastened

Another Noyn, quickly and to

warlike he learned

leader

who was brother of the Egyptians, an army become their

of the advance

the attack. it reached The ranks from their their

The amirs Albulustn, came together hatred. rose

of Rm collected they saw the world from

and led it there, black lips from their

but when enemies. to froth and

two directions,

covered

From

all quarters

they came together, From

ten by ten,

clamour

to the orbit of the spears,

of the moon. you would bows

the deeds

of the army, were mist of the

and the glistening same. arrows Arrows

say that day and night a way that a frothy the vast number

flew

from

cross

in such From

came down from

the heavens. of battle, strove

of arrows with arrows that of

that rained khadang

down on that field The Mongols

the sky was clouded

wood.

mightily,

but it was decreed

255 -

heaven breeze,

would

make a different of which

judgement. the leader army,

Suddenly

there

came a strong was delighted. the world

as a result

of the Egyptians as a result

It blew dust became 10 From black

in the faces for

of this

of which

the Mongols. army, a mighty clamour army, arose and everyone killed cried,

the Egyptian

1' The day is won. ". count, and destruction

Of the Mongol

the number

was beyond There or the army,

came upon the heroes in the battlefield, whose

of the Turks.

remained

none of the Mongols a reputation. malevolent

of the leaders

who earned from

Anyone enemy.

time did not come to an end ran they fled from the land of

that evil,

One by one,

Rum and some of them reached the shah seeking aware ment, of the situat he left justice against

this country. the Egyptians. he became

The fugitives

came before

When the shah became anxious. At this developHe went was the
the

i on of the army, 9h,

the land of Ala-Ta.

so

and set out for Albulustn. situation

against

among the dead and looked

fault of the parvana, who

at them and saw that this

spoke in the shah's presence

Egyptians,

but was secretly

in friendship

with

them.

15

It was by arrangement
him,

with him that this army had come, for apart from
enemies. Their talk seemed to please the shah,

the shah had no other

but he kept his secret

in his heart

I Ike a painting

of the hunt.

During

that year,
his secret.

he did not make his feelings

Next year, when he went before

evident
with

and this liberal

to Ala-Tagh, the enemy's

shah kept
he sent action.

his army

and summoned

the parvna

him and discussed

He said to him,
sought jointly

111 entered

Into this design,

only on the basis that we

You, land, with were the army to give of lion-like your on your thousand own? "

to bring the army half

the enemy to battle. which you kept for in this

men of Rm, assistance The parvna

with

of them,

how can you hold I will

that kingdom bring twenty

replied, 11

11On the day of battle,

I ion-i ike warriors. The leader

of the army

said,

11Now

I ask for

your

help

to the work

of

256 -

20

revenge. hunters,

"

The parvna

answered,

11I will

bring

fifty

thousand

enemy If I

men I Ike i ions. 11 The shah said, this matter time, to a conclusion said, with

1' I wil I need more men, an army. bring 11 one hundred

am to bring For sword Abaqa the third

the parvna "

111 will

thousand

wielding said

horsemen.

to him, 11i will

"1 seek strive

an even larger my utmost

army

from

you,

from

this With

land. ' the

He replied, good fortune horsemen Abaqa said

in the matter

of the army. foot soldiers

of the shah, be found

twice in this

one hundred land. 11 with

thousand

and

could

to himself,

" Why,

these words, collected?

did he turn The truth

his head from

my orders,

If he had such an army he honoured

is that he wants

to be shah. 11 Outwardly secrets Then 25

the parvna,

and he kept his other

hi dden In his head. the parvna diwn. for became worried and went quickly to ask for for the help of vizier,

the shib-I Shams

He had friendship

in his heart

the chosen to the vizier, in the matter pleased

al-Din,

his own name was Mu' n.

He said for,

11Concerning enemy, words.

the help which

the shah has asked

of the with my

I have responded 1' said, where

to him in this way.

He was very

The vizier life. From

11You spoke will

evil

and you are such an army.

leaving

the house

of your

you raise

God forbid you good,

that you have for the shah

done this

out of revenge. the purpose

May the great of your words.

God bring 11 life,

has fathomed

644. A

Since words affairs, with

the parvna of the vizier, his life

was at the end of his and since

he showed involved day,

no concern

for

the

he was no longer Next

in the shah's was harsh In the year of the

suddenly

came to an end. he killed

Abaqa man.

him and,

in his hatred, the heart

that well-known with

682/1263-4, parvna.

of the shah was delighted

the death

When the kingdom

of Rm was empty

of the parv5*na,

the vizier

set out for

257 -

that land to strengthen

servant of the world.

the kingdom,
He sent

and he came before

sons, r, Bah'al-Din,

the shah,
to his

the

one of his

presence, role with

for and

some time Baha' a year longer

al-Din the wise

was at the shah1s court and experienced Syria shib

in the remained a

of vizier. the shah, time,

For

who then sent an army Abaqa sent an army army

against

and Egypt. to avenge

For

second defeat,

to that land to try set forth.

that former

and the battle-tried

THE

WAR

OF PRINCE

MENGU - TEMUR

WITH

THE

ARMY

FROM

THE

Q PCHAK

PLAINS

While

these

events

happened, ruler

a man came from

Darband

to the presence was coming been seen headed

of the celebrated from 10 the plains

of the world, greater girded

to say that an army than any army this which

of Hagar, were

had ever

before. only

Its loins

to attack

kingdom Arrn

and they were

In the path of destruction. and it had opened to close on this heard

By that army,

had been totally If the shah did not move on from Arran

subjugated find

the hand of oppression. action, mention He said the army of Iran, would

the door

to Iran. place from

When Abaqa in this for

he saw that there It First expel

was no the enemy to

hesitation.

to himself, activities.

the house

and then stop his warlike "Set out and attack

11 The shah said A brother

Meng -Temr, suffers brother. attack the grief

the army

of the enemy. attacks

of a brother, with your

and a brother great army,

the enemy of his to of

So quickly,

go to the land of Arran he crosses " over

that evil -intentioned then greet

enemy. club

Wait until and sword.

the waters set out

the river, from 15

him with

Meng -Temr

the court

and brought

his army

to the river. and the dynasty received

He crossed

the river

and halted

on that side

salutations
fear of him,

from fortune.
their cheeks

News of his arrival

were empty of colour.

reached
Next

the enemy, and in

day, when the sun

258 -

rose

over

the mountain,

those

two warlike

armies

entered

combat.

In were

676/1272, drawn
The

they came together

on that side of the plain. they all sought

the battlefield, 52

The armies battle

up on both sides,
of war

and suddenly
all around

and enmity.
strove

apparatus

was

and everyone

in the work arrows,

arrows, S3

of killing. erect
hostility,

First

Archah

Gur came,

bearing times

a bow,

with

his

and stood
in angry

between

the ranks.

Three

he shot his
before him.

everywhere,

without

a shield

Nizeh girded caused from 20

his

loins

for

the fight,

ready

to ward

off the injury

being

by the enemy.

With an arrow,

he sought

to remove full

that hero of enmity.

his place,

and that battle-experienced there

those

man became as he fell,

Indian sword The became

In the middle,
equally and that befell head with

was a pain and sorrow

of fortunate race. the middle An

and good and evil

cut off his head

was him,

borne

into

ground.

killing stained

in the battle red. By the were

started red made stain

and swords bladed

in the battlefield swords, the faces

on the blue black.

of the army

of Hazar

totally

When the brave battle with

ones,

full

of pugnacity, They filled fell

entered

the battlefield, rapacious

they sought wolves,

the army

of Hazar. were

on them like ferocity. the plain

and as one the two armies killed each other

with

So many of them from end to end. of Arrn

that the dead were looked

covering

When Meng - Temr filled heads with dead.

into that place,

he saw all of the plain like a male dragon

He came into the battle rendered without

and by him the so many of

of the enemy were killed

bodies. were

In one attack, with

of the enemy were blood. 25 The battlefield were turned

that many places

running

streams

was a deep sea of blood upside down. By the army people,

and the people of the famous In fear were

of the plain prince,

of Hazer defeat

a total

was imposed battlefield, army

upon those warlike all of the faces fled away,

of the Iranians as yellow for

In the The Son fled

of those

people

leaves.

of Hazer

and no one had any care

any other.

259 -

before 644B

father,

and father little

before

son, haste.

as they took to the road In anguish, like a river

to fear, across

and they differed the river, swiftly then,

in their

they departed

and the warlike

army followed

and they killed Victorious had

and terribly

many of the brave

ones of the enemy army. the river.

Mengu - Temr came and crossed and killed

The enemy army deeds, and uttered like

been attacked lion.

and he had done glorious before his brother

a terrible for on

He came,

and arrived Abaqa

praises him,

him when he saw him. account of the love

caressed

him lovingly

and kissed for

in his heart. stint.

his royal

He held him to his breast Thanks

work

a long time and

They were

and praised
5 glory, together but army.

him without
farr, for year,

to him,
has been

he had seen victory

accomplished. with food him

and by his happily

a year,

occupied

in mind shah again

only

and dalliance, to collect his

in the next

the celebrated

ordered

THE

WAR

OF

MENGIJ

-TEMR

WITH

THE

EGYPTIANS

The army

assembled said

at the audience to Meng -Temr, attack.

chamber

of the shah, of Syria

and the chief has attacked been defeated My reputation for

of us, by

that assembly thinking them and, for valour

11The army My army full of grief

us weak

to a sudden

has twice and pain.

as a result, has been

i have ruled disgraced will

and the world tried

has been made difficult in battle, But sinbe

Let

me, by them. i may retrieve

10 everywhere, famous seek amirs it. "

I myself

now become in this

so that,

perchance, is

my reputation
it is not who has for

struggle.

the enemy
any

me to go to that to bring

kingdom. back that

one of those go and

the power

reputation

in answer,

one of the free

servants

of the shah said,

11 1 do not want in case

them

to be my defenders.

I must go to that battleground, of the shah. 11 His words

i can make my to the

name by the good fortune

were

pleasing

260 -

shah,

who praised

him unstintingly

for

them. shining with in the great the enemy, dome, like a

Next day, the prince, fierce lion.

when the yellow girded

cup of the sun rose set out for

at the waist, with

battle army

He brought

him a Mongol for Syria,

that was without his army

News pleased. girded

number,

and from
kingdom reached an army the shah.

the court
of Syria, Qidu Qadar,

he headed
to take

and brought
kingdom. was were

into the
of his advance

vengeance powerful

on that prince they

and that troops

He selected to do battle with

of veteran

and saw

that

15

He advanced of Hims. and strife was raised arrived wings,

to attack

the army

of Iran

and on the way, that the war

came into the plain in Syria, by, when

It was

in the year

680/1281, Half

took place passed

and contention. tumult and terror blowing

of the month of rajab

at the hands of the Mongols. and horns. heroes

The two armies and on the

together,

trumpets

In the centre advanced

and on the left

and right, were

brave drawn

in both directions. for battle. back from The two the

The battle-seeking armies leader

armies

up, both eager

came together, in front killing for hooves, of him.

in such a way that no man looked They killed on the battlefield, The Egyptians wind,

without received and dusts

measure, help from from the of the

each army heavens, horses 20

many of the enemy. there

suddenly cutting

came a powerful

into the battlefield, general from

was carried

into the faces

the Mongols. the Mongol conflict

The Egyptian army, who fled

was victorious, people,

and totally and no more

defeated sought

the Arab

and strife.

They saw no answer

victorious away from lessly

to their

prayers

from God, and the warlike

land,

enemy was

by his help. that kingdom. their faces

Disaster

came to them in that army back.

and they turned general helpbroken, and came of

The fleeing to the road

and its defeated The army, retreated with

turned

completely

hastened

to cross

both rivers.

The army

to Baghdad,

to the shah

in the winter,

and he was filled

anxiety

at the valour

261 -

that battle-tried After that, Iran

enemy. itself became warlike, and the blood heaven, of enemies that, flowed In

streams. give

No help came to them from

and after

fate did not

them immunity.

MENTION

OF

THE

WIVES

AND

AMIRS

OF

ABAQA

KHAN

25

Now i will and tell The chief

speak

of the wives that

of the shah,

sf

and of the amirs proud Turks

of exalted

race,

a story

Is I Ike a rose,

about those

and Mongols. beauty

one of those wives wife. Khan.

was Nu'adan was Aljal,

by name,

an affectionate

and a self-willed 644A married no other, to Huleg for

Another Another

that sweet

moon who had been whom there was

was Tugshl, and hair. shone

the one like Another the light

the beauty face,

of her breast in whose

was Martel, of the sun. wife to

that moon of lovely Another beautiful shah. wives,

cheeks

moon faced

one was Badshah,

who was a loving

that kindly These shah. chosen five

of beautiful bought from

face,

gave their

love to that victorious and

They were

the world

by the love of his heart, ones, for their

by his heart from 0, The amirs of that famous them were The proud fortunate too, four

amongst

the fairest

beauty. and ability. was at his and Abatai

shah were amirs

all men of farr, and their

excellence integrity of them,

Amongst service. S

of the ulus, his son,

Arghun, prince.

was the chief

was another and Shlktr close

Suqunehaq, of pure

the treasurer, There times.

was the third were also eight

that prince of the shah, Ii,

judgement. at all

companions

honoured

There

was the proud Another was

and fortunate Bar Nawaz,

Qurjan a prince that general

who was a loving descent,

friend

to the shah.

of pure

who was a son of Abatai, fortune, through Pula

and there

was Buqa, crown of pure

of victorious

and throne, descent,

and Buraq and Taghachar

and the famous Agha,

whom Arghun found a Timur, two eloquent men a

who was the son of Qutlugh-Buqa,

262 -

wise

amir

of pure

judgement.

There

was Hindu and Hindu were

Qahin,

the son of that prince and who had

Qurjn,

to whom fate gave a dynasty, without fault,

Kalklyash, amirs

who was a hero, 10 commanders supported

and there

of the army and power,

of troops, Hteg

all of them proud this

men of rank

and served

shah in the same way. strove to avoid being

Some men went separated from

and some remained, him. There were

and each amir

many who had made compacts were commanders of arm i es,

with

the shah,

and by their and

greatness Qldgary, brother imkajin, of the hi

thin, The

Ii ke Nikbai'Yarghurchi and Arq,

and Nikbai of Buga, those

Saghawat,

and Tuladal

who was the Allnaq, and

the wise

and famous Aqbuqa, chosen amirs

the warlike

great

men who were world-possessor

the kingdom and the army

of the shah.

The vizier Shams al-

ghly praised
strategy flourished of gold closed,

was that same famous

had aroused was not his the 'jealousy The

by whose country full was

of the world. treasury was

needed. wisdom,

always and far evil

and jewels. but fate did

Through not allow

the door

of oppression to be

injustice

and oppression

away.

THE OF

ELEVATION SAHIB -I

OF MAJD DIWAN

AL-DIN

YAZDI

TO

THE

OFFICE

15

Everything eternally reason elegance him before

under

the vault with

of heaven

became

peaceful

and the world heart. Since

was by full of

in accordance of the judgement and farr, the shah. showed liberal

the desires

of the shah's the world

of the famous were

Mwja, inimical

had become evil

some people

to him and spoke

against ones,

The shah listened in his manner and eloquent,

to the words him.

of the .Jealous

and a change who was wise,

towards full

There

was a man of Yazd, and nobly born. His his

of knowledge

name was Majd al-Dian,

and he was selected

by the shah from

amongst

'--M

263 -

elders, fitting. 20 al-Din, kingdom, power exalted Through

who raised

him above Shams

al-Din, over

and flattered the kingdom,

him,

as was

The shah appointed and at this, questions evident his heart of faith In him,

him overlord was exalted settled

above Shams In the and rank and

above

the heavens.

were

by his discourses, matters. While

were

in worldly

Majd al-Din

was

in the kingdom, his actions,

the kingdom life

found greatness for Shams

( maid ) in his name. al-Din, and his life of his was done As a broken

became di fficult hand.

was made sad at the otherts master, without result but the other his seal of this,

He used to seal

the orders Nothing shah.

did not do the same in return. by the order was heart

of approval, the chosen

of that famous sick,

vizier

and his heart

in his body. of that wise Abaqa world, the devil 25 In this numbers and thanks protection the world place

He did not see the fulfillment man came to an end. shah, ruling happily

of his own work,

and the work

was a fortunate which found

and royally and the door

in that pleasant of the works of

security

in his justice,

was I ocked. ten years and twice as eighteen. It was atI times four years passed by, which in of God, the

way,

is reckoned

In the land of Iran was the world me of plenty. only of good, according In this way, to his desires distractedly

to his Justice, of God,

under

the shah reigned in place

but into gave

came affliction

and goodness

to evil.

THE

DEATH

OF

ABAQA

KHAN

645B

In the season to Hamadn. for a moment for

of spring, The mighty

the ruler

of the world

went

happily

from

Baghdad

shah entered In spring,

into pleasures

and was not separated there were

from drinking. men according shah set about

to the land of Hamadn, of their heart.

pleasures

to the choice enjoying

In that new spring, an amir

that powerful

his pleasures.

Each day,

264 -

greeted drinking. a pleasant seated

him

with

a feast,

and he had no other gave a banquet

Interest for arrived. on the brain the

but shah.

in eating They all

and set up

One day, place

the vizier

in the garden, the wine showed

and the shah its effect

When

were

in order,

of the shah.

Blackness sight. affected. a result. said sits

descended

Abaqa the of eyes on became

and the world

was blue

in his

The ruler

of the world

confused,

and his two eyes were lamp was darkened him, which as and he now

His brain

became demented

and the royal bird

The shah fancied

that a black is troubled

came down before crow,

to his guards, in that wood. for

1' My heart Quickly

by that black

put an end to it and cleanse is the growing shah of but nowhere dark.

the place 11

of it with

an arrow, The guards a crow, shown

by it the star round

went

the garden, not find,

did they see any si any such bird say that the angel

gns of

and they could itself

in that garden, You would bird

that had of death him to

to the eyes of Abaqa. his soul,

had possessed 10 the shah. the presence Since

and that black did not find

had been sent from of any crow, and said, and behind.

the guards

a trace

they came to Since none

of the shah, a bird,

before

the summer

house,

of us has found In answer place, for

some of us will

look before More level

he said, that bird angry.

11Make a better was sitting 11

search.

of you must look with the tree

in every and

on a branch,

tops,

it was very He spoke, His soul

and his condition departed from when

worsened

as a result, those

and he fell of hIs

to the ground. friends.

that garden that peerless

and joined

famous

It was 680/1282, palace.

one set out from

Hamadn

to another the

The world 1I-hija

remained, when this

but he departed. tyrannous condition

It was nine days past occurred. when In the

month of dhu Turkish 15

calendar,

it was the year When he passed

of the snake, by his crown

the disaster fortune

overtook turned to

the shah of Iran. its face from heaven,

and throne, went

the Mongols,

as a result. tore

A clamour their hair.

up from

earth

and pure

men and women

Out of pain

and sorrow,

265 11Alas for that shah, the world conqueror, alas for that

each man said, head of the race, Alas for

alas for

that commander of farr Alas

of the army,

and defender. for that of and

that world-possessor, of great Alas for power.

and dignity, for

and alas

world-conqueror wakeful throne. dwelling world fortune. For

that world-distributor with crown

that keeper

of the world,

he has passed

away and gone too are his palace world has become ones, wretched

and summer 11 The had

place,

and the whole

and vile.

had been totally to hell. on,

cleansed

of evil

for by him their enjoyed

bodies

been sent

Since,

at that time, turned deaf ears,

the world

his presence,

when he passed Against 20 had farr

gladness turned

to grief. and that world-possessor in this, no longer

him fortune and power.

The shah saw no advantage 1' went and hastened amirs

when fate showed

him so much ill will. Then funeral. dispositions benefit carried throne. conquering said world, with 25 the proud

Sh iktr

to make arrangements of the army custom,

for made for

the

He himself for

and several burial. princes there,

and leaders

the shah's wise

According dealt with

to Mongol the burial

the They

of the shah,

arrangements.

his body away from They

and his place was changed from his S6 the worldto be with Hleg, took him to the sea of Salsas, In that mountain they made a secret and power, but such grave; you would of the have

shah.

that he was not a man of farr 0 my son, the other when with your for

Is the work above

one hand it places palace to the sword.

the crown

the head, in the hope

it gives

Do not strive good.

of good in the world, gives your days

in It even princes

do not find

Although III-temper.

it

goodness,

in the end its playfulness remain of one colour, love equally Since

becomes

The world not a secret. was always no longer In these

does not ever

and the good or bad of it is on king after and beggar. this life, Such

It does not bestow the world

and the heavens. a person, reputation

the world In the world. world

exists ears,

for your

do not look for does not remain

a good reputation for ever

good in this

266 -

or In that pavillion, Except for that,

for my son,

a good reputation seek for nothing

belongs

to a different

life.

in the world.

THE

REIGN

OF AHMAD

644A

Now

listen

to the history

of the reign

of Ahmad,

in the words

of one who

speaks

the truth. journey his on off set from the world, the crown was parted

When Abaqa

important the The amirs wished wives and from the throne of the shah. S-7 Arghun was, The Ahmad. and powerful kingship proud shah to to the go at that time, three were the ruler arrogant Barghchi, was Bolad Arghun of Khursn. and seeking the second Timur, Of the amirs who were Nogai, near the who of to him,

fame.

One was amir Bakhshi,

celebrated 5 was wise, pearls. hands wi

was Shisheloquence

and the third, than a string empty,

whose

was better became full

was then in Marv, of victorious from

and his fortune fortune. the army, Timur Shishi,

at the was

of that prince

of wisdom, without

th him,

and some persons Buqa and the famous Ahmad

who were were

judgement the and

or farr. prince. soul were

Bolad for

not then with office,

Since full

had a desire thoughts.

the kingly

hi s heart 11Since

of anxious from

He said

to himself,

the father

has departed Since shah? profitable He spoke out into 10 desire sending

the world,

the place

of the shah must go to his son. how can his brother throne, I must obtain become some

his son is a man of wisdom So that I can find " amirs

and integrity, and lofty

that crown

counsel. with

the wise

in this way, the well quickly

and brought princes

his secret replied. from here

thoughts

the open. the throne greetings

In reply, and crown,

meaning

11 If you to Arghun, of

send a message

and good wishes,

and make him aware court.

of the death us

his father, quickly,

and ask him to come to this about the slowness

He must speak with which is without

of government

of Iran,

orderly

267 -

administration. judgement becomes about it, of ours.

If he comes

to us in haste,

he can Illuminate in this affair,

this

dark

We must obtain

his consent If we do not, kind

as to who words he Is a of

shah of the land of Iran. then this

and we exchange of end. Although

can come to a different wisdom, he will

man of considerable the death is true of Abaqa,

we must stop the news be uncertain and will to this

reaching

his ears if this story matter

not know

or false.

Let him come quickly of goodwill. this "

court

and let this

be resolved

in a spirit

When they had considered 15 endowed

matter

together,

Ahmad

chose

a man to of

wi th much wisdom,

and at once sent him as a messenger, left Ahmad, he hurried

that prince. Arghun, finally

When that messenger to him.

to the court has

and he repeated submitted

11Now the shah,

in his faith,

to his destiny. rites

You must come in order for him. "

that together

we

may carry

out the funeral heard

When Arghun

these words, dark.

he was amazed; a council

you would with his

say that the elders, for' It

eyes of his heart was not without

went wisdom

He ordered

that a plan would

be formulated

in that situation. form of lamentation, 11It in for the

He did not remain but he completed would be better

in mourning, his obligatory if the ruler

or make the customary customs then.

To himself

he said.

of the world

did not mourn we will gird

uselessly ourselves

Khursn. funeral Like 20

In the camp of the famous arrangements. 11 left the city other

shah,

a lion,

Arghun

of Marv,

and departed there

road,

from

the kingdom who

with him

of Khursn.
went with him.

Of the amirs, 58
In haste, army. not

than Shishl,
set two out Turks on the

was no other
but set he took out

Arqqhun When the

no one journey,

from they

the did

hurriedly place.

on their place,

stop

in any

resting

In every

stopping

there

was another from top.

horse, swift

which

they got from

everyone travelled rushed

whom they saw. over from plain Marv and to

Like

an arrow mountain

a bow,

as the wind, the ruler

Arghun

In ten days,

of the world

268 -

Ala-Tagh. place, those

The

hooves

of his

horses

raised

the dust, resting

but from

at every

halting

hooves who full

remained pursued his

on the ground, path, about helplessly the

the resolution When and

of the prince, he went, throne;

and full from

of concern. the crown

he was he came,

of anxiety

separation

travelling

by day

and night,

to the presence

of Ahmad,

25

who was his uncle. ceremony, customary said. his cheeks condolences

According flushed

to royal

custom,

he performed bi tter. After

the mourning the He of good

red and his heart

and mourning,

the kingship

was discussed. of every kind

11Every

man of every

kind has many stories like this

and bad thing. without

How can a kingdom

discharge

its obligations

a shah? " spoke of Arghun and Ahmad 01 although as claimants many people for the kingship, that but

Many people they reached Arghun 646B

no final

conclusion,

had a wish

should

be ruler

of the world. and princes shah, said and the well-known wives and landowners of

But most of the amirs wanted honour. the better obtain rested Ahmad

to become

and did not see Arghun 11He is an elder,

in that place

Mengu - Temur of the two.

this.

and as shah,

he is to

He did not argue,

and he has made no plans has chosen him, became

the throne. for the work

He does not know of crown

the army

and he is aware of

and throne.

11 When Ahmad there

these words, from

he replied.

110 speaker

of eloquence, that

is an obligation should and

him to me, on account for

of my deeds, side

the place

of greatness an opportunity

not long be empty, casts 5

on every

the enemy seeks 11

his eyes on this heard

happy kingdom. reply from

When Arghun apparent, be wise which from

this

Ahmad, 11They

the good in the answer are deceiving I will

was

but he said, and patient, for

to himself.

me and now I must from him,

if I am obstinate,

meet opposition might

will

not be pleasant.

It may be that some harm man. I must agree rise

come to me shah

that hostile

and unprofitable him. Afterwards

to his becoming up and seize the

and not oppose

I can secretly

269 -

world
Happy from there men, They

bravely
in heart, the ordu.

from

his grasp.

11
to Ahmad's was willing argument. al i in favour and placed showed kingship, that and Ahmad The of this great course after should ones, that set out

he assented Since no one Arghun

be shah, the wise

remained and

to provoke one were

the upright that 681/1282,

of action. over his head.

adorned

precious the sky

palace above

the crown moon

I0

In the year In the rabi'l

the new saw

of his

fortune.

In the season

of spring,

the world

the entry

of a new

shah.

In the land of Ala-Tagh, They exceeded

in his palace,

Ahmad became 'iand

ruler

over of

the world. his office

gave the shah and title his farr. Although

of Sultan,

the greatness

he was of the faith were parts

of the Muslims, in women and in

in knowledge good I iving, Near every

he was very

ignorant.

His pleasures for the further shaikhs with men,

and he had no concern shah were

of the world. on ate and he did not turned his

to that notable fast day,

countless publicly

and dervishes; but privately

he worshipped in wisdom

sat at table. know the truths

Since

his intellect of the faith.

was not far-seeing, Many hypocrites

of the secrets his favourites.

head and became

15

Of them,

he called

one his father,

one his brother and the hearts

and one his son; of his elders of his vizier,

heart

he paid became

no attention filled with

to the words enmity. of all Since the amirs

with

of his amirs

he did not accept were saddened.

times.

the advice His chosen

Since his

ministers, Shams
was full

the hearts
Din, had

alof

influence

him 60

at some

hatred strove,

for Majd

al-Mulk,

he furthered time, brought

his

design

by his knowledge. on the shib.

He

and in a short ,

destruction position,

When he life. him for met

had ach 1 eyed the ruin Two months to be killed. his blood. 20 destruction. of Ahmadis

of the shib's reign

he prepared

to take his for

had elapsed, 681/1282,

when he gave the order the order

When it was the year On the twentieth, On the plain

was sent forth Majd al-Mulk brought

of Jamaditl before the city,

awwal,

that great world

the ignoble

an end

'`_..

270 -

suddenly

to his life

and his endurance. of the mushrif

That became

proud

man came with

yasa and all

the family

extinguished.

THE

RETURN

OF ARQdUN

TO OPPOSE

THE

DECEIVER

When

Arghun 61

left

the ordu,

from

that

side

he quickly

headed

towards

the

Siyh

Kph.

The treasures

which whatever

Abaqa there

had had there, was, great

which

he had he collected Buqa and be Now for

secreted and carried C,olad shah, 25 what

in that region, away,

or small, the state.

and in so doing,

seized

it from

Timur for

came there

to his presence word

and asked when he would that he was returning. and sorrowing,

the master

had not given

reason

had he come, and lofty

dishonoured throne?

he who had had in when he went there? to

his hand crown that court brought

What had happened so quickly place from

and why had he returned from

The prince

out the secret

its hiding He said,

and each one was astonished me to prolong The desire my stay,

at the disposal but I made for was for Ahmad boon companions throne minds 6r .A

of the throne. this direction,

11He wished that plain.

away from

of all men his the their

to become a different

leader

of the flock

in the world;

amongst him with of his,

law prevails,

and I entrusted heard these words

and returned. were filled Timur with

11 When the amirs anger

at his treatment. 110 wise and well-intentioned prince, anyone when and the

Then olad

said for from

to him. a father,

who has had Abaqa his father after leaders that, departed depart

and had a son I Ike you in the world, how could fashion, for that son not mourn him, with

the world, a hasty

in such

that he did not speak the succession to you. knelt

of the army?

The arrangements attitude

had not been have

made and we did not know what shown service. such patience To quarrel you from

to show

You should

so that the leaders with your the great place. ones, When

of the army in this you went

to you in your results only In

affair, at one,

them turning

the throne

-271

escaped

from

your

grasp

and your

enemy now sits

upon It. of wise

Since men.

you have Do not

made one error go again

in this

affair,

now take the advice this, will

to the court

of the shah after line of discussion heart. every Order kind

in such a wretched have some effect,

condition. so do not and I will

May it be that another needlessly speak with matter tear him, your with

me to go to his presence I will raise

of argument. domain, and with

before will

him-the deal with

of the late shah's matter. heard 11

royal

good Intent

an unpleasant When Arghun actions.

these words

from

him,

he regretted became

very very

much his own that he

At the recollection let the throne him, since

of them, go from

Arghun

angry

had needlessly advantage for

his graps,

but regret

then had no So, do.

he had said what he should and explained in detail

not have said. to him what from

he sent Bo lad to his uncle, The famous Bolad Timur

he should

set out for

the court

of Ahmed,

his presence,

Ike the wind. 10 When he came into the presence front of the throne, shah. and said Now of Ahmad, he uttered sends praises greetings before him, in

to him, I bring

Arghun a message

and salams

to the honoured Arghun's I will Ahmad me. "

to the shah concerning his permission,

t

personal

rights,

In this

court. 11

If the shah gives

speak sa id

as I was instructed. to him.

11What have you to say? 11That famous one says.

Recount

his message

before

Bo lad replied.

11If the shah does not hold to the late shah, of all, those shah. things No

me in contempt, should which quickly Shams

everything be given al-Din which has,

which

belonged

personally First

to me as my inheritance. when he was vizier domain,

of the far-seeing was clear

one else served 15

knows

is my royal

which

to him when he an account, 1Z property, without an equal. al-Din, All and

that shah.

In that matter,

when they make him render has the remaining

that one by whom the world measure, these which were

was ruined

was entrusted entrusted

to him by that shah without by that crown wearer to Shams

things

-272-

those

things

now are entirely

mine and it is fitting

that the shah gives of the shah should be sent to me, of that shah, also, all

them to me, as his jgir. be mine, by custom

Moreover,

all of the wives

and right.

It is fitting assembly,

that they should and the treasure animals

at the command which remains,

of Ahmad,

in this

and the crowns

and the four-legged and as a matter

come to me as my inheritance, them to me. the pure shower gives 20

of judgement,

he must give on to me by

If all of the possessions I will eternally

of that shah are passed before I will

leader, him with

be his servant If not, " with surely

him and I will not do this, if he

my possessions. ki

me a different heard

nd of answer.

When Ahmad "No Since

these words

he was torn

anxiety,

and replied, of his household. what wi I be left a

one speaks

to a ruler things

In this way, Arghun

even in matters are for to him, him,

all of these for

mentions said Since Since

in the world message greater

me? "

So lad Timur time. for?

11Do not send such what

to Arghun thing

at th Is

you are shah of Iran, has pledged Since

do you wish

Arghun

the crown Arghun

to you, had

do not make a present

to yourself of your

of his

inheritance.

done good to you in respect Return good to him for good,

position,

do not do him evil evil

In return. for

and do not speak

to him in return, for

a man does not approve has received. Ahmad asked, It

of a shah who does harm

in return

the good he

11What good has Arghun

done for

me,

that I should

render

him so much good? "

25

olad Timur
shah Qa'an, an army ruler is blind.

answered,

11The shah's question

his question

surprises

me.

Perhaps
Mngke

the

If he Is not bl Ind,

must be devious.

that ruler

on whom be praise,

sent Hleg

to the land of Iran Hlegu,

with that

to do battle,

and did not appoint of kings,

him shah of Iran.

and enslaver matter,

did not make himself

shah by proclamation. shah was that an order came

In every 6478

by his

order,

the name of the ali -powerful seen In the world,

of the ga&an.

When Hleg

was no longer

..

273 this kingdom, Now, by which the blessed Abaqa

from

Qubilal

concerning

girded from It be glad

his loins the world, Is fitting

to become

shah of Iran.

when Abaqa

has departed manner. would

good men should that his throne

his place seek

in a dignified

should

go to his son,

and the world

at his good fortune. of greatness throne fortune.

When Arghun

gave you the office

of shah,

the crown and

and the throne him,

of glory,

you must see that your the ruler

crown

come from For this

and not by way of the galan, it would should be better to offer

of good tribute In

reason, prince

some other

so that the proud return you. 11 S When Ahmad leaf of a tree. heard

gain some advantage. will arise enmity

If you do evil between

for his good,

there

certainly

the two of

this,

he was very to his famous one. Such

astonished ones,

and he trembled of a wise

like

the

He said

11The words is better

and

eloquent

man are good for

an amir

than an army; that such

such an army a man should An eloquent high of head,

is more beautiful string together

than a country. his words,

it is not fitting

and no one should and possessions, foot. In the world, are

heed them. for the one is an eloquent of words. when they you do Is like You

man is better the other

than treasure, under

is trodden

man has no equal, Words are for are better pleasure speak

for both kingdom than a crown to the heart. flowing pearls.

and the faith

the subjects especially

or a throne Although Words

or couch,

we may be harmed are jewels them,

by them,

not always mother

and the tongue thoughtlessly.

of pearl,

and it is not right time,

to waste

must speak

at the right

and then no one can give

you an answer.

10

The shah praised

Arghun has asked.

Molad in approval
He sought

and then ordered

asked

all to be prepared
for, so truthfully that palace

as

out everything successful,

had

he spoken. presence Arghun desires.

The emissaries, of Arghun,

set out from

to the

and recounted

to him the words 11May your

of that man of knowledge. wives always be to your 11

heaped

praises

on him and said, of winter

Now the season

is upon us and shahs

go to hide.

3 +. "+y.

274 for his winter Ahmad hastened returned while to pass

Arghun Arran. from 15

went

to Baghdad

quarters was young,

while

to

At New Year, their winter

when the year Ahmad

the leaders

abode.

went with

his army

to Ala-Tagh, caused
sent

Arghun

went

I Ike aI ion to Khursn.

and sovereignty were

Day after
Then

day were
Ahmad

and fortune

pleasant.

messengers

from

the land of Azerbaijan

to Arghun

say i ng, 11News has come to me of the gatan, the possessions it is from that I have spoken of the ga'an to

that they are saying, evil, force answer, saying

in the presence has exposed

that Arghun

and conflict.

I say to the ga'an,

him you must seek your Before he stretches out

that his conduct Arghun story

has not been upright. must be laying is false; a trap.

his hand in enmity, against this There 20 him and this 11

I have not spoken be angry at

God forbid

that he should

calumny.

was no sincerity heard 11Either

in this

message, he secretly

and it was sent out of duplicity. knew seeks this was a trick. to try me in this, has no future He said or if since

When Arghun to himself,

the words, that ruler he speaks

of the world the truth, towards

he is not an enemy,

But his trick me,

he does not have good in his heart his enemies. future I must take care to escape.

and he reckons him,

me among and in

to preserve 11

my II fe from

take the road

THE

MESSAGE

FROM

QONGQURTAI

TO ARGHUN

ABOUT

OPPOSING

AHMAD

Then there came a message from the powerful

11Ahmad is not worthy Suddenly, of the throne it is clear will

43 Qongqurtal to this effect,

patience with matters his the

and he has little in talking wi

of the faith. rule,

th him,

that under

the affairs

of the world

not prosper.

You must become

25

ruler
sick

of the world;
of Ahmad, for

this crown
no one's

and ring belong to you.

are acceptable

The amirs are

I am

words

in his presence.

275 to have my father's and has farr. not bring said throne, but we seek for it one who Is ways, and

not worthy brave their

and strong words will Timur

Each one speaks

in different " ruler

this matter

to a conclusion. became

Then Bolad

to him,

When Ahmad 11 It is futile

of the world, outcome.

you gave your A wise 64,aA

assent

in that debate.

to seek some other will plan, not become by which become

man would

not approve

dynasty our of us and

renowned attain enemies servant,

by such a step. and lofty

We must make a fruitful throne. us from We will him. This

you will his

the crown

not foolishly

lest harm befalls of which the wise

is the plan of this This will winter

your hurry

one may approve. quarters

we will

to the land of Ray, one toman will you should Everyone service, 5 your flock. way.

and our winter

be there. the yort become

Of the army, and home; if

remain

in that kingdom, foothold,

to guard

gain a firm else

that army will will gird their

your

followers. you, in your in

in that kingdom armies

loins

before become fall will

and those

of Frs

and K, i rmn will will easily

slaves

The treasury, During We will with this

such as it is, event, Geikhatu for

into our hands, be in Baghdad to bring it will guard become be will

in this

and Baidu

and Mosul. back

send a message them.

them to go to the shah, goes to winter of spring, in Arrn, our

the army

When Ahmad

easy to carry easily harsh

out this Sawar,

go to Pil

plan. and

In the season for Ahmad

advance will

the face of the earth and diadem. "

and you will this

get the throne,

crown

Although the amirs, this

plan was advantageous,

it was not to the liking that it was to Dolad's and that his wives the ill-washers. and abandoned

of forty advantage,

of that

each of whom kept saying had taken safe place,

conversation were went

and children

and

household 10 The prince well-meaning

in QazvTn against in Mzandern,

to winter

the plan of that

amir.
t

'

276 -

'

THE

KILLING

OF

QONGQURTAI,

AT

THE

ORDER

OF AHMAD

Ahmad winter

took the army quarters. Ahmadis

with

him to Arrn, side,

and it remained

there, had turned towards

in-its his head and

On the other approval,

when Qongqurtai Georgia

away from

he set out from were

Arrn, From

he saw that the hearts everyone The hearts chosen shah. whose opinion

of the amirs he secretly

troubled

at Ahmad.

solicited, from

he received

a true

reply.

of the amirs him.

had been severed Each one said, were

the shah and they had that he should be

to oppose Would that

11lt is not fitting

the world

empty of him. comes from

The crown

and the throne " the The of

are fitting

for Arghun; heard

his worthiness these words

from

his good fortune. he recognised to himself, to the farr

When Qongqurtai 15 opposition

everyone,

to Ahmad

and the love for Arghun. will

He said thanks

time has now come that the throne that unfortunate He expressed one. these thoughts

be empty,

secretly

to Kuchuk, crown

saying,

11The world to Arghun, matter, for

must end for Ahmad. he is the epitome that the world

The glorious

must be entrusted

of a shah.

Kuchuk

was at one with Two other When all four Someone

him in this amirs were

should

be ended for Ahmad. hostile to Ahmad.

came to them agreed, of their to they

and both of them were began to plot against

him in the court.

became

aware

conferences him in secret frightened concern for

and hastened alI the details actions,

away to the portals of what they were

of the shah and repeated saying. filled Ahmad was very with blood, with him,

at their

and his heart the amirs

became were

out of he

the throne.

Since 6G

not pleased

20

said to himself,
enemies, heart brave against for for

11Al inaq will

prince

nobly rid me of these vengeance-seeking

is my son in law and the friendship I do not know in the battlefield. make a successful of anyone Since in his

that proud

me is not to be doubted.

out of this he has no grudge "

band who has his courage me, he will undoubtedly

enterprise.

,N

277 -

He called

him to his presence hostile to me. their

and explained According to me, him,

the situation.

11The amirs Qongqurtai I am Apart

are becoming they seek meeting from heart. ife. 11 25

to the plan of the stupid in their rancour. Since

to break

bonds from

such difficulties

you must kill who has this remedy for

him as a remedy.

you,

I do not know any friend out this

much love for me in his me, disaster will end my

If you do not carry

When Al inaq heard heart and soul.

the words

of Ahmad,

his love for

him overcame God,

his cast

He said

to him, into hell;

11By the farr I will flow

of the pure

i will

the heads world,

of the enemies

not allow their

them to remain

in the

and I will

make the blood

from

hearts.

If the sun were for the shining of life. destruction sun. If

to be the enemy of the shah, If a lion were their army your enemy,

I would in battle

make the day black i would strong, quickly

make it tired bring

was a hundred 11

thousand

i alone would

on their 648B Happy

bodies. at this

conversation, some horsemen with

Alinaq

turned

his attention of the famous and brought

to his work, Qongqurtai.

and He to by

set out with

to the dwelling other amirs

took him prisoner, the shah. reason before ruler. Ahmad without He said farr,

three

them from

there

to Ahmad,

11Anyone

nowadays

who opposes delay

the shah, bring him at the

of your you. 11 praised you.

I bind his hands

thus and without he should

As long as he is your

subject,

not be angry

him abundantly May you always and crown

and said,

11May place behind

and time never the army, for

k be by the

be the rearguard

you my throne 5 horse against loner. violence destruction

are made resplendent. the door

11 Then Ahmad

mounted He spoke

of oppression the life

and closed

of love and justice. man over

of his brother

and gave that famous great or small,

to the execut-

He was allowed to his Iife

no words,

but the shah caused and out of rancour brought 11Now

on earth.

The shah unjustly three amirs.

on him and the other

He said

to himself,

278 -

I am safe,

now that this hostile alive to oppose

one has left

the world,

but I will

not

leave Arghun life.

me; for him too I will quickly, to attack honour after me. 11

end the days of his To write like the sun, life he

I must send out an army

Khursn.

about him is to say that he possesses enters there 10 the garden will remain of kingship. When,

and glory; this,

I end his

for him,

none who is against that, in this world,

He did not know That shah, with

none can pass by the decree and treasures and army,

of God. was not

his opinions that decree

and plans, to another. the actions

able to change

No one has the power that is that.

to alter

of God.

It is so written

and

When Al; mad undertook

against
went

the Iife of Arghun.

order this were

he turned his heart war and hatred, 68 b7 QururTrhi and Jshkeb, two nobly born mep,
and Baldu, and seized were them, without on the side Iike seized

at Ahmad's At They

to Geikhatu time, several Jubad,

explanation. of Arghun. Arjal them

famous Juchi

amirs

totally

Tugha was

and Tuladal, Those highborn

and men princes

and Yaska. too,

Another

Jaurghan. .

at the command

of the shah.

15

At this

point

Arghun

had sent a message

q

to Gelkhatu with this

to say,

1' You should

send a message depart from that

quickly

to Nura

Timur

request.

It Immediately friendship but evil with the

land and come to me like his heart,

the wind,

for Ahrnad's nothing

has been torn from him.

from

and I have been hearing of my father son should

I will

take back

the throne A living

by battle,

strength glorious

of a man of battle. father.

take the place should gird his

of a loins in

It is not fitting

that any other

the kingship. At the shah's everywhere, his days. high born ordu. command, seized Qurum^hi amirs, Nura Qurum5hi Timur and Jshkeb, too, having seized the princes of

and even he received the two princes, in the direction

the measure both along of Ahmad's with

and Jshkeb

seized

and took them from

there

279 -

20

There him. every

were One

two hundred day, while

horsemen

as guards

for

Geikhatu, from

surrounding the princes Ge I khatu a gentle the prince them and

hunting, great

he became or small,

separated accompanied from

one of the to hunt While from

guards, in every

him. like way,

continued breeze. set all out

place,

and passed were

there in this

some

of the guards for in the end, retainers,

occupied

there, With fled heard did his

no guards he found

remained, a way

and he left through

behind. and

brave

the pathless Qurumshi after

country

to the ordu of his not found see

of the battleseeking those of his two

Arghun.

When men went they but

and Jshkeb

action, the dust

pugnacious Though

25

him,

but

they

feet.

sought to give rein

diligently,

they

nothing,

and had no alternative

to their happened. Those Ahmad, watchful destroyed

horses

and go with

Baidu

to the shah and tell

him what had

amirs

who were

close

to Arghun

were in their Nura

now bound bonds, Timur

in service

to all

and the shah kept them tightly of that prince. by Ahmad, his father, But the famous because was making someone

and they were was cruelly before

had repeated for war.

him that Bolad was

649A

Timur, that,

preparations

The evidence

contrary

to the agreement, was not true, with Bolad

he had seized it still

Qazvln

and that region, on the shah, and

and though since

the story

had an effect

he was angry to himself,

Timur, I will

for he was aware quickly

of his criticisms,

he said son,

11At this "

out

time,

put an end to that man's

in vengeance.
him born cruelly, amir.

He killed princely

of his

hatred,

and

thereby

destroyed

the

AHMAD

DECIDES

TO

GO TO WAR WITH

ARGHUN

Then at his order, army of 100,000

they collected famous like lion-like

a warlike horsemen,

army

to attack

Arghun, adorned He

an that

and the leader

band until

they were

the cheeks

of the virgins

of paradise.

280 -

rewarded care.

them with

treasure

and dirhems, for battle,

until

not one of them had a army was thus army, that the

He gave them equipment Such were

and the famous of that countless

equipped. Mongols warriors went

the arrangements

had not seen such an army from Georgia and Armenia

In the world, went with with

and many famous them. The brave Indian war ones

to attack

the kingdom Alinaq

of Khursn,

their

swords. order.

in the forefront, Basar heart lo

led the army, of Baraq,

in haste, was with

by the shahts

who was the brother great hatred

him and he had in his grudge against Arghun

for Abaqa. with

desire

He nursed him filled

in his

his ancient his heart

and the thought

with the army,

of battle
no other

and soul.
with

He set out
Arghun. Amongst

mind

but

battle 110

the descendants and justice. Arghun. path, heads

of Hlegu, He advanced

there quickly,

was Tabat like

Shah,

a warrior for yort

with

farr

a Iion,

ready

Some of the followers of Basar

of Arghun

had their

with at Ujan., in his severed and no

battle

and when the army from bodies. They

saw them,

they frantically from killed bodies,

scattered Many worthy men,

those heads men were

one spoke between

save of war. battle

in the fighting in the way of

those

hungry

and all that was there and the evil remained Then

possessions them. Basar1s IS' Arghun powered killing

and houses,

was plundered only

of the enemy reached in its place and

Out of every army quickly

hundred,

one house there.

moved on from

the news reached His enmity Arghun, so overbut for his

that Ahmad was spreading him that he had no other of Qonqur tai he suffered

his hatred desire disaster

in war. with

but battle

and fate brought

his end in misery.

ARGHUN

LEARNS

OF AHMAD'S

RESOLVE

FOR

WAR

Al inaq,

with

a warlike

army,

turned

his face

towards

Khursan, of enmity.

making In were

his

way there Ojn there

relentlessly, did not remain

and the face of the land was full a person alive

and many of the leaders

281 -

carried scarcely

off.

When

Arghun at hearing

heard

what

was

happening, awhile

at once

he could deep

breathe

the report.

For

he remained

in thought

and then he ordered court, warlike,

the army

to assemble. horsemen,

A large brave

army men,

came like

to the shah's lions self 20

sword-wielding great heroes battle

on the day of battle, willed brave All men, were

of high birth, with Tarn, all

all powerful men of farr the shah's seekers,

and and

all seeking lion-like

reputation.

men of property, all praiseworthy

knights, all proud

men of substance men wi th swords

and rank, ready

battle

to avenge. things which armour, spread brought

The famous were needed,

shah drew horses as well, after

up his army and maces, and bows of

and equipped and sharp

them with

swords

and horse coats of mall, were

and shields among troop

chak and gilded and lassoos He distributed gold and jewels. 25 time of spring. and set out,

troop, ruler

and arrows of the world.

and spears dirhems

by the victorious the crown worthy

to the army;

one even gave them like a garden at the men

The army Then

of the shah was adorned through the middle of the battle.

he passed for

of the six thousand That prince

concerned with

the outcome

of free

men set out for war guard Empire the left. enemy. 649B grew in advance

Alinaq

and the princes. and prosperity went

Felicity together with fortune and plain,

was the night with him. went the on

of the army,

set out on the right Although The prince from

hand,

and good fortune

its chattels

the prince's

army was small, over mountain

was not with

led that army their horses'

and the land Alinaq on hear i ng full of

withered

hooves.

The proud Tabat, a slayer

and arrogant in battle, a snake,

and Basar, word anxiety from

the warlike,

and the famous

of his coming, at heart,

each one turned

away,

as though

from

at the thought again

of the battlefield. hurriedly

They

quickly

departed

there

and returned

to the shah.

282 -

ARGHUN'S

BATTLE

WITH

THE

ARMY

OF

AHMAD 7y which afterwards again to do the two

The Mongols became battle armies 5 washed known with

at first

called

that place From

Qonqur there,

Uleng,

as Sultniyeh. and near

they returned

Arghun,

to Qazvin, from

in the month of safar, two directions, for a little, things

came together. their hands

In 6831284, in blood. Arghun

the armies for his army and small, he

held back

was not a tenth had no fear, for

of the number justice

of the enemy. were

In great

and purity fear

on his side.

Why should

anyone,

who has the right his army from

to victory,

the enmity

of an empire? of a victorious Also there Nogai

He adorned prince. On v

end to end with ima Kayin,

the standard

the left went and with left their

and the Jarghaudai.

was Tavanai, went on the

aid he undertook

what he had to do.

hand side,

famous centre

by Bolad T Imur and the taking his army with him, preceded S Ghazan and Fidan went In the both eager for battle. Lagazi, their hands in the enemy's the Identification with him cavalry blood. The standards Arehun From the of

and washed near

the shah were

the leader, taking full with

of the shah. and equipment. towards

went out on the right, other 10 side came Aiinaq,

of ferocity,

clamouring of a lion,

the battlefield.

He had adorned

the army

the trappings like

a shah and sent out many Arqasun rushed forward -r

men in all directions. with his brave horsemen,

On the right, while

towards went

the left was the hero, all three full

Anal. of

Al inaq with pugnacity.

Tabat Loud

and Basar, cries filled

in the centre,

the battlefield of the heroes life. Swords

and no one recognised

which took

was his troop. away from

The clamour care for

in the hand to hand fighting shone with every kind From of a

men their

brilliance distance shoot i5 passed armies,

in the course of ten farsangs, like

of that fighting anyone There headed

on the field

of battle.

who was there was fighting spears.

could

see each sword

edge

forth

II ghtning. of eight as night

in the reed From night

beds and lives of the day. Arrows

at the thrust day became

the exertions overcame

and In the gloom,

283 -

of khadang warlike attack hatred sides

wood and eagle

feathers

concealed

the sun in the sky. men and pressed of battle

The their

Alinaq

and the princes and Qidan. of leaders

came upon the free They fell stirred

on Ghazan

up the fires

and on both AlInaq of

and the heads were killed

to the earth.

Many soldiers

at the attack

of that warlike

body of horsemen. consumed

was victorious 20 hatred. Ghazan

in the battle and Qidan

and the enemy were turned their faces

In that plain

in flight away with

away from

him and

fled headlong of the prince. immediately blood, battlefield From

from

the battlefield,

carrying

them the standard they too became a sea of left the

When the army fled from

no longer

saw the standard,

the battlefield, were

and all of the centre Ghazan lion.

as Arghun's in flight,

nobles

overthrown. an angry

and Qidan

as though

from

the land of Khursn, full of bravery

many famous ability,

ones came towards on which defeat

the battlefield, had never

an army fallen,

and fighting a male lion

and it came like with hearts

to the aid of Arghun, army was forgetful full

all of them girded of its homeland,

for battle and their Their

the enemy. were full

That warlike of hatred Nauruz,

and breasts

of righteousness. amir and a consumer

general

was the amir For bravery memory side,

who was a brave

25

of enemies.

and heart, of Arghun

he was the Rustam In the world.

of his time and he I Ike the

had an affectionate wind to Arghunls

He was coming of the chosen

when he saw the standards took flight Nauruz said now, in this

prince

retreat. reached fled vain That

When the two amirs him from the battle,

way and the sound of clamour 1' Since the prince it will has be in

to himself, though

in this

way from

the battlefield, 11 back this from side

I seek battle,

for me to take part. proud man turned From

the road

and did not join conquering His

the prince like with

on the

650A

plain bravely

of battle. entered

the world

Arghun, labours

a lion, the string his bow,

the battle joyful from

to attack news

the enemy.

of his bow brought just as the hail

to his tears.

He rained

arrows He rained

from

rains

the clouds

in springtime.

down arrows

2$4 -

like i ion,

hall,

a hail

that brought

death

to the enemy.

Arghun, while,

like

a roaring i Ike a

brought

down the heads of a great Imah Kahin advanced,

many leaders,

roaring sorrow, colour 5 slew amir, bravery, armies,

elephant,

and the enemy were entered a roaring Towards Bolad with the battle, leopard,

filled

with

by his sword. from

When Jarghaudai Like hand. to fight.

he took the ferociously, he

the face of the sun. a warlike started

the enemy with the brave for like

the left wing Timur showed

the stiffnecked that Ilonlike the two and on from holding their in his

Nogai

he enhanced a lion,

his bravery full

bravery.

Between

he went,

of pugnacity

and bravery, enemy far elephant,

that battlefield, shoulders. hand sword the days full lions,

he sent the heads of the hapless L. akazi, like a destroying fell

The proud and arrows

and bow,

upon the army

of the enemy and ended

of many men of war. of these famous

On the right men,

and the left hand the enemy, The world-conquering army. It was defeated of battle, them. was no his those the

of fear

came to the earth. struck that mighty

bringing

battle,

together in flight streams, with them.

by them and departed there 10 were countless was flowing over

from with

that battlefield. running water like

On the field and mud filling and there

The earth

those

streams,

walls

means of passing horse sank

When a warrior could

got into one of them, provide an escape tail. from

immediately.

No efforts having

streams, army

to escape

was like

a dragon

on one's

One by one, died

sank helplessly were

into those killed the shah. possessor, In battle. that enemy.

streams ranks

and countless by the enemy,

numbers thanks

In them.

Many soldiers fortune Arghun, increased Abhar, behind amirs "Since

in their

to the good

of Arghun the world

advanced This

on the malevolent until, near

enemy and the town of have followed but the to him, thanks to

his stature he overcame

continued

That was the time he should end their Each time for

in their were

tracks,

so that he could permission for

them,

not given doing

this.

one of them said the world gives

the evil

enemy has been scattered,

285 -

15

you from some that Iike di harm prince

God, will

but why come

must

you

needlessly "

break At

off

pursuit?

Maybe

to you as a result? from Abhar

the words twisting

of the amirs, the reins, From and

departed wind

1Ike the wind,

a destroying rection, from

set out

on the way ground,

to Khurasan. turned in full their battlefield, his

the other towards In fear of

the hunting Qurumshi near Arghun

Geikhatu

face

Khursn. the prince. Khurasan.

In front, From When

and Jshkebwere they from turned this

flight,

Baghdad, returned

heads

in flight he passed

towards from

Qazvin

towards

the kingdom

of Ray and there

Geikhatu

came to Arghun, rosy

and brother red

saw the face of brother. and they embraced, the wind

The cheeks seeing

of both of them were as they desired. each other,

in amazement

each other and at seeing

The two had gone Iike they were 20 overjoyed.

to Jajaral,

When Al inaq returned the plain and told heard

from

that battle,

he entered

the ordu from

of Ahmad

from

him of the fate of the army, these words to himself, from 11Since

in flight

the battlefield. was full Arghun, in If of

When Ahmad anxiety. because this

his general, i sought

that leader with

He said

to do battle

of him all my desires of Arghun, i find he will

have become become hard

thorns. of heart will

If I now act weakly and become bring warlike.

matter that

before position. hands

another

way to battle, against

battle

me fame and make his my heart be

I must gird

myself

him and quickly with him;

in revenge

empty.

I must myself "

go to battle

why should

weakened After

by his actions?

he had thought He called a name for an army, dirhems

in this

way,

for

a second

time he set his foot prepared a second like

towards

vengeance. 25 and gained equipped distributed warriors attack

together bravery like

an army,

and himself For

for battle, time the shah He of the to

out of disgrace.

shining

the sun and gleaming to the army

the moon.

and treasure

and made the hearts army from

glad by this. Khuresn; it filled

He despatched the land from

the great mountain

his ordu

to mountain,

and no one

- -286 -

had seen

such

might.

The

noble

shah

himself

accompanied

that

countless

army. 650B Then the news reached attack Like him, Arghun that the shah had sent out an army this, he was fearful and called of that warlike two chosen to enemy. amirs to

and when he heard he sent for

the wind,

his entourage,

his presence.

ARGHUN

SENDS

AN APOLOGY

TO AHMAD

The proud message never 5 him. father? elders the pit. before I sought

Lakazi to Ahmad.

and Ordu-Qaya

went

to the shah, before

and Arghun

sent this May I without

11 I am the servant on the shah,

that assembly. for

seek to make war You, I ike my father,

for

I do not wish Why should world,

a world

are my shah. from you in this

I be an enemy of my the into

I want no crown will call me evil

and if I seek battle, will go down

and impure, at me, for

so that my reputation this assembly is full

You may be angry God, battle in another with

of slanderers;

place,

my shame will and Al inaq,

be seen by my grandfathers. from that assembly, with me. because It was not did not wish

the princes

they stirred a desire for with for

up the war pre-eminence

and all of them sought on my part

battle

that led to war;

my heart

the judgement a vast army,

of battle,

but when they attacked for

me and came at me otherwise

it was not fitting

me to show weakness, Basar

I would 10

not have been able to resist. all attacking me.

too was one of those virtuous means they brought destruction up the showed I had those shah of destruct-

men who were

By devious protection in this with for

on the land and gave no person land for such evil no choice actions. Iran, plunder towards and showed

his

life.

They

tore

no pity

destruction. force

When Alinaq than the rest. against Ahmad,

me, he did battle an army

greater

but to bring If my intention

to the field

to defend and hatred

myself against

had been of war

when

'I was victorious

in the battlefield,

I would

have brought

287 -

ion on the enemy but passed would bravely

in my campaign. from that land.

I did not advance If i had boldly

from attacked 11

the battlefield, the shah, i

have brought

about rivers

of blood

by my valour. Ahmad's opened

When the amirs a rose, He knew from 15 fear. for

repeated

the words

of Arghun,

face lit up like up with gladness. spoke

the words

pleased were

him and his heart full of deceit there

that those words He said

and that the prince is fear in him, answer his si

to himself, 1 will

1' Since

i can bring that is just

down ruin as full raise

on his affairs.

now senda

deceitful with will

of trickery, an army

and I will with I will

have no patience and his army

tuation.

I wi II as

for war a lion. those

him,

have as much effect and I will

an ant against be safe from In answer

bravely

put an end to his life

then

people. he replied, against It I, too, have no desire why should of my sweet for war. I encourage brother, I see of Since

to the amirs, designs

he has no evil evil only against his son,

me in this world, In the memory

him In the world? of noble descent.

He is the I ight of my eyes and the peace sorrowful. of my brother. and I will feeling When I see his Everything

my heart. sweet face,

May I never in love, for will

act to make his heart kiss it in memory to him by me, has this return

I will

he wishes that son's 20 too,

be entrusted Since

not turn for

away from

words.

his heart Quickly

true

me, my heart, and do not and secure to put not

is empty

of duplicity.

to his presence

remind with

him of the anxiety

in his heart.

Make him feel happy For

me, and diminish

the fear

in his heart. for

i am hurrying deeds,

foot to stirrup, remind with for

to reprove

Arghun but I wish

his warlike

but I will

him of his enmity, Quickly

only joy

and happiness and listen

in friendship to his reply, except

him.

go to Arghun behind

and tell him with

him this my army,

I am coming

slowly

and i say nothing him, to stay

in modesty. kingdom 25 Lakazi

I shall grief

spend

the winter

together

with

in that

without

or pain. 11 departed quickly from the house of the shah, and those

and Ordu-Qaya

.____

-2$8

amirs what, They attack

returned according spoke with you.

to Arghun

and told him everything Ahmad planned.

that had been said,

and

to his message, that proud prince

and said,

11Ahmad will

soon come to doubt is it to if

His heart he would

and tongue not be bringing

are not the same and without an army to this land. What

they were, that the wise 651A the country?

and happy

man said about the shah being the skin

an adornment

When the body is under his claw. it. It

of the leopard, in this

at the same affair, in

time the head is under case destruction When Arghun truth.

We must be watchful

comes from

heard

these words,

he knew

that the other I will

was speaking

the

He said

to himself, lessen

11Once again his anxiety. presence, It

send a deceitful

message,

and perhaps

it will

He sent his son to Ahmad's He said shah, to him,

to make br i ght his black 10 famous

design.

11Go to Ahmad, before with him,

and say to him, like the other

and warlike court. in

i am a slave

great

ones in this

I do not seek war my heart.

the ruler

of the world,

and I hide only against me,

the truth

If the shah should assembly, out his treaty

have a vexation

let him say so before him, and by me,

in that august 5 that means

so that desires. with

I can make my apologies

carry

If the shah has no vexation compact son. For of war court, he would

against make, this

let him make a firm servant to fear Ghazan departure, secure, one's Khn,

me, by which prostrate

and raise

up this

it is no dishonour in his heart. and after 1 11

shah,

in a man who has no thought his father's Ilke

from at once out set turned this side, hIs face

Ghazan's of Kalat14 the

Arghun

the wind

to the castle

11 and JajarM. From kingdom

Ahmad

set out with

his aryny to attack

of Khursen.

AHMAD

GOES

TO WAR WITH

ARGHUN

10

Since

his army

was undistinguished

and without

order,

the provision

of

289 -

fodder which
was

for

his horses

was a problem. mountain

reached

In every were

wretched

region

through It
there

that army
thus until

passed,
the army

and plain
the outskirts

empty of fodder.
8o and from

of Dmghn, r..

came lamentations. to the believers, unbelievers. oppression at these a ys, without women, 15 curses

In that part and the Muslims

of Armenia, oppressed their

the Armenians and killed rights more from

were

hostile

the wretched the faithful, A clamour and if anyone but arose sought

The unbelievers

sought

by the men of the faith injustices, but Ahmad abundant

became

evident.

gave them no redress, curses on him.

Ahmad heaped farr brought

The injustice

of that shah men and and their of In

him down

in the world.

Day and night, cursed low. acted heaven injustice, him,

young reached

and old in the world, heaven, and his star

one by one, was brought

The complaints in the matter. brought

oppression return for

reached

the eyes of God and he quickly injustice of that shah, do

the contemptible 1ife. God forbid suddenly

destructa

ion on his calamity acceptable diction

that a shah should In the world, does good, a lofty

by which are

might

occur.

no acts of injustice the Creator sends

to God.

When a ruler to him,

the bene-

of the world

and gives

name to him for kingship, On the day of reckoning, God. But if h1s against him in

and he is free

of the sight

of approaching

harm.

he wil I be complimented practices the world. 20 are heaped leave behind and customs

by the Prophet

and the pure for

are evil , fate searches becomes

vengeance

His name on earth on him. an evil passed He will memory. on from

abominable

and the curses in pain,

of princes and will

die miserably

and wretchedly

When Ahmad Arghun. him. Though him their astonished

Dmghhn,

Ghazan shah,

arrived

from

the court

of

At the order

of the warlike the shah's

they brought

the prince his face.

before

When Ghazan Ahmad

entered

presence, in years,

he kissed the great his father's

was wise

and knowing

ones used to give message, he was and say,

advice,

and when Ghazan wisdom,

recounted and said

at the youth's

to him,

It Go to Arghun

290 -

Do not look for to this country

an excuse

to avoid of feasting,

this

time of gladness.

I have come

on account

and I no longer

have any recollection intentions My heart for against you,

of fighting

or war. there

in no way do i have any warlike is no dispute is clean over your affairs.

and in my heart towards you,

is pure conduct

and my soul You, too,

and I have no reproach inside you,

your

25

In the world. happily quickly full

if you have no evil You and Geikhatu,

now come to me, come face and you

and willingly. to me, for for

happily

and willingly, the sight for of your

I have a heart your friendship. in my heart away, with

full

of love for

of desire

What need

is there 1 1'

the message

sent me, for That 6518

the love

is much greater. two generals

shah sent Ghazan

of his army,

Buqa and and the the to and

Tulada'i prince presence his father,

tongue.

and gave them many reassuring left that court of Arghun, 11The evil and went like

messages.

The amirs

the wind.

When Ghazan

reached and said heart

he told him what he had seen and heard intentioned

Ahmad does not have a single

11

At this,

Arghun

grew

very

downcast,

and was afraid, to Ray, way,

and said,

11My fate

is overturned. suggested, will overtake

I had intended but if I now turn me there. 11

to take my army toward Ray, in this

as my advisers that vengeful shah

GEIKHATU

IS ORDERED

TO APPEAR

BEFORE

AHMAD

Although fear

the order

had been that he should Arghun did not dare Is angry

appear

with

his brother, Secretly

from he said not go to

of that evil

shah,

go himself. against

Geikhatu, before against first. Geikhatu him.

11 The ruler It is better less.

of the world for

me and 1 dare

you to go than

I, for his anger

and hatred If you go my life. I will

you are Perhaps said

His anger will

at you is less,

so It is better

his anger to him,

be diminished, obey your order.

and he may spare On your account,

11 1 will

-291

lose my I ife and my head. 1' Geikhatu The prince Hastily, 10 set out, his heart full of pain, and cold shivers afflicted him.

and the amirs elders

took the road,

and appeared of the world,

before

the shah. saw

those

came to the ruler he showed to watch

Ahmad when and Secretly, disquiet

the face of Geikhatu, he appointed mind. Arghun fear for remained guards

him affection him, for

as was proper. he had another

over

in his

in that fortress, and in his fear, in his mind,

his eyes full his heart

of tears. broke

He was full

of

his brother

in two. wet,

Day and night, and his two lips

as a result dry. Such

of the fear

his two eyes were

was the state Amongst

of his mind that he did not know the amirs of Arghun, to Ahmad, there

the remedy

for

his situation. deserted

had been many who had submission to him.

him and gone helplessly his kinsmen they knew went

and offered in submission

Out of fear, shah, 15 for

one at a time would

to that famous shah, in those at the

that Arghun

not now become him in their

circumstances. breath

They went,

and deserted

affliction

of the dragon. became aware of their desertion, he became melancholy in

When Arghun his splendour, here, with

and said

to himself, army, full

11When that malevolent my ainirs, of blood. one and all, What will

enemy arrives go over to for

his destroying their

Ahmad's myself. His soul

court, Perhaps was full

hearts

hope do I have of life

my tomb will of grief

be the fortress full

of halat. of fear, and from these emotions

and his heart For him,

he was broken and night before

hearted.

the day was as black On the other the court said side,

as night,

and day came

he wept

and was silent. in a body, from

when

the amirs lamenting,

the shah

and reached him, Ahmad

of Ahmad,

and sought 20 no fear

Immunity

to himself, have turned

Now there their for faces

remains from him,

in my heart

of Arghun.

The amirs There

and have come to desp I se him. and fighting, for without my aid,

is now no profit life

him in battle 11

the eyes of his

slumber.

292 -

Ahmad

did

not would

know

that

soon,

at the will When, his sins

of fate,

the

throne

and crown of his

of

the world good Ahmad

be Arghun's. sleeping, to Alinaq, to Arghun,

through led him take him

adversity, from the path

the eyes

fortune said

were quickly

of rectitude. horse, to this

11 Quickly and bring

the reins down from

of a swift that castle

and go at a gallop court. 11

The general shah Ahmad, Ahmad's the castle, 25 disaster

set out at that very and went like

moment,

at the order I

of the malevolent and soul bent on from him saw and

the wind reached

to Halwa,

his heart

order.

When Aiinaq to himself, my life. him?

the fortress,

Arghun

and said has overcome

It Now my fate

is out of my hands, this

What can I do now against Undoubtedly, Alas i cannot will deceive

dragon? for his

How can I escape enmity hands small,

from

him,

for me is in his heart. and that i will

that my life 11 He could

no longer

be in my great or

be destroyed. like a bird

see no way out,

and he waited

in a cage. to his royal and said

He entrusted place.

his soul

to God saw Ahmad father? to you;

and came down and said farewell him, 65Z? he showed him reverence of your

When Alinaq prince, from your

to him,

11O proud

has taken The life turn why, Arghun your

the place

father;

why then do you turn yours, and I count

of that shah is bound up with head from him.

it as a crime evil against

I do not see In him any outward of him? 11 there Is no dishonour to burn

if you are wise, said to him,

are you afraid It to the world fire,

in fearing

the shah, If I

for he Is IIke a shining

and he is swift

up the world.

fear him as a father,

it Is right,

for In truth he is also the shah. 11

ALINAQ

BRINGS

ARGHUN

BEFORE

AHMAD

Hurrying

like

the wind,

Alinaq

and that prince Ahmad,

came from

there

to the court. of

When Arphhun came before death. He placed

the proud

he greeted

h1m

in fear him

his head on the ground

in humility

and praised

293 -

abundantly. kissed him,

Ahmad

in turn

was courteous that prince, over

to him, and ordered

without

stint.

He Ai inaq his

out of love for keep watch

the warlike until

that he should ordu,

him on the journey, the court

they reached They would

when he would the matter

appear

before

of litigation.

investigate in it.

of the war

and the battle,

and why he had engaged then the vengeful said to Ahmad, fire. of

When the enquiry announce

had investigated

his crimes, general

shah would 10

his order.

That battling shah,

110 battle-tried He should the wind

and knowledgeable tranquil, in haste; to Arghun, though under

do not seek to play with

be utterly

the ground.

It is the playfulness

that you seek immunity Even prince

look to see if the basket 0 shah, for

can hold water. from fire,

Do not give except

no one escapes now, like

sparks.

he is despised

the dust,

he is still his life the head it with

an illustrious to the wind, of a venomous a stone. become bring For

as long as he lives.

You must now give When

that we may be victorious snake in battle, find Since

and happy.

you hold quickly

if you are wise, an escape from

you will your hand,

kill

if it should

it may suddenly you must

a male dragon.

we have now become

victorious,

an end to his I ife. 11 to him, It 0 battle-hungry to kill him quickly; In that way, God. He will hero, Iw1 i will wait until he dies for in pain and

The shah said torment. 15 grief, with

I do not wish great

II wait

him to die of so for

lamentation. from

keep him in misery, in sorrow, die in

that he will I seek misery, total

seek his death revenge against i bring like

die helplessly

him.

Since,

without on his life,

my aid he will

why should that,

destruction Ahmad

that men may slander " never to the world him, that for

me by saying From

Arghun, justice

is a dissembler? the wind; Arhun

the shah's

injustice, way.

went with

may a ruler enmity prince drove

act this

When Ahmad from his heart. the situation

captured

and betrayed

the wisdom

He so desired of the other.

to be safe from In his passion

that he himself 82.

forgot

Tudal,

the moon of his love,

the shah's

heart was full of anxiety.

Love of

-294-

Tudal for 20

had filled Love

the innermost for

part

of his soul

and his heart

was breaking of

her.

her had brought ended his I ife.

that shah to treachery The desire making intimate for

and because for Tudal

his love, Khatun large

bad luck

of his passion her ordu. went

dazzled army

him and he set out, and he and his man is confounded He who seeks Sometimes

He left his to his ordu. of

there,

companions

See how a wise truth is tattered.

by events, to arrange

and how the meaning a battle is incited

by heaven the

to make a banquet. banquet is a battle;

the battle

is a banquet

and sometimes of one's

it is not fitting

to seek out the object

desires.

AHMAD

ARRANGES

THE

AFFAIRS

OF

THE

KINGSHIP

When he proposed to that manes mind, although 25 in truth

to visit

the ordu

of his mistress, his life

the idea first

occurred ruined, '

and by that

idea,

and his property Since

were

it was the path of rectitude. became crimes

the shah was unjust, led to destruction. of injustice

his righteous To know

deeds

and his good deeds is to know injustice

the truth,

if you are wise, evil. Doing

that the result

is that you meet with by which That

in the world

is a lighthouse,

man can warm shah,

himself,

or pass by. which was the end of his fortune. place and remained Tetan with Since the

powerful

had this

idea,

the fighting shah. chosen 652B shib, their There

was ended, were

the amlrs

took their

Alinaq,

and the brave amir, while

and proud

and Abugan83 the chosen and in of any of spoke

and battle-proved Shams talk, al-Din.

the fourth together Idea. for Ahmad other that

was the allpowerfui with one another,

They

conferred

each one had a different minded

did not approve versions., in the garden from Tetan

them and the simple thus to the shah, there

shah asked

11Know

the truth,

0 shah,

of the dynasty

is an old tree, its shade

which over

has occupied hill and slopes, Apart

that garden and because from those

top to bottom. of the

It spreads

of it the light

sun does not shine nothing else will

in the garden. grow there.

trees

In the garden, has no

The earth

and the water

of the garden

295 -

use;

there

is no vigour

for edible its friends

things

to grow.

Although

that garden from it. Roses

remains 5

in this way,

do not find

any advantage those

and narcissus and the saffron shine

and oxeye which

and odoriferous be lamps for gain no power

herbs,

tulips

and lilies,

should They

the dynasty, from the sun, bring

none of them now neither their hollow. at the heads from

in that garden.

same ti me the earth? trees

do they find water. Now the garden for

How can th is dynasty

forth

of your

is a desolate there, will

The old

must be uprooted,

they have no business so that all as it were, Now, the fruits

as It were. grow better for

New trees you.

must be set in place, is growing, good fortune. is the ruler

In that garden is having since

a new tree,

and now the of this who are riddle the

gardener is that, leaders 10

the interpretation the amirs for strife.

Ahmad

of the world, themselves

of that assembly firmly

must gird in place,

The amirs by him. The They the pride and do worldgreat-

must put Ahmad amirs

so that they may be ruled do not speak in rank of Ahmad

who are of the old dynasty themselves

as shah.

consider

to be as great They

and they do not know to their in their

of the ruler not obey their possessing, ness will

of the world. shah. victorious

act according

own desires places, your

You must put new amirs lions. and by this too, whether will They will action

take their

place,

and their

be evident

the shah will

gain glory. of the the land is

You must empty war-mongering without Ahmad agreed 15 Khatun. evening, them,

the world, Arghun,

of the princes in secret be filled with

who are supporters for when

or in public, farr

the kingdom with

and beauty

and elegance. in that assembly

was pleased with the plan.

these words Than Ahmad

of his,

and all of them there,

set out from

to go to Tudal of this discussion that

One amir, and he went

whose like

name was Khalifa, the wind

learned

to the well-intentioned

Noyn.

296 -

BUQA

ARRANGES

TO RELEASE

ARGHUN

His

name day

was

Buga

and his

honorific well told

Ching-Sang, of him Buqa

and he had his and

supported in pure was

Abaqa service a guide

and night. Khaiifa

He spoke secretly " Before

and girded the story,

loins

to him. to him. bravely

afterwards Into effect,

He said,

Ahmad Ahmad

puts left

his

judgement place, will by his

you must day

do the same. black for him. will

When For

this

It enabled become action.

the

to become grave, Arghun "

Ahmad,

the world the world

as narrow It can to the

20

as the make

and calamity into a shah,

overtake hIs

and by this,

head

will

be raised

heavens.

Buqa replied, here.

110 famous

one,

it is better

for

you not to speak

of anyone

When you loosen

your

tongue

in friendship for Abaqa I did.

for ArQhhun, you say that guarded me against to set free for evil his the blood

I am greater things, son, for

in body than In spirit, me for what

and protected harm will

It is not fitting the malignant belong

then come to us from in our bones

Ahmad,

in our veins possess. escape in his amirs, are with

and the marrow this

to him,

as khan of all you cannot and

However,

marrow I will

and blood strive

are mine,

and my heart

my love for Arghun. interests I hold my life

to help him as much as I can, We must now assemble After that, with some

in contempt.

to take Arfhun us,

out of his chains.

all the amirs " round him,

who

Ar2hhun will

show the love that

Is in his nature. his people

25

That

same night, gathered were

he sent a messenger round amirs him, like planning IArq,

to collect

and

the amirs told. amir,

the fate of the dynasty,

as is being

There

and a third

was Khu Yisu

his brother, Qurumshl, the chosen 84 Buqa and Khal ifa was the guide of that group. them, us, 11Ahmadis plans for us are

Buqa spoke made. 651A

to the amirs

and reminded against

Ahmad

has such hostility they went secrets.

that he wishes amirs were and spoke full

to end our days to them of at this, swear

for us. 11 One by one, their council and their

to the other The amirs

of concern

because

of Ahmad's

secret

malevolence.

uqa said,

11 If you should

297 -

an oath our for

in such a way that no one would from We will our friendship free him from with

break

it,

we will

roughly Arghun

tear and work

hearts him.

Ahmad,

and favour and bonds

his chains

into him a make and and crown from his

great hands.

shah.

We will gird

defeat

Ahmad like

and take the throne a mountain

We will

ourselves

of vengeance, for It

to attack them, and we

his amirs. will 5 separate

We will

make the world

the eye of a needle from their bodies.

the heads hands

of the leaders

The amirs broken. potent

clasped

in his and made a compact an oath,

which

could

not be

Each famous creator,

one swore

In the name of God the omni. and the earth and the sky, allow no and

and by the sun and the moon, whose face is like

by the farr

of the shah,

the sun,

that we will and we will be filled i with

one to: dispute until from Arghun pain. "

the authority becomes shah,

of Arghun

and the amirs, our hearts

strive blood

even though

When he heard illuminated, accord with

the oath given

firmly

In this way,

Arghun's

good fortune are not in our task,

was

and Buqa said, us free men, will hurry

11If It should

be that the princes

it will

not be easy to accomplish by thorns. and speak From here,

and each of

our whole us free heads 10 They

dynasty

be scratched to the princes

now,

men will from

to them and pull

their I

the trap, to Hulachu in such

and let us hope that our words and Jshkeb and spoke

are not ineffectual. thus,

went

to them briefly, he will

11Ahmad time

has acted for him,

a way that,

out of vengeance,

end ArghunIs

and empty their

the face of the earth heads down that,

of the amirs He will remain suffer

and elders, hand over

and at the their ranks

same time cast to his own amirs, amirs. vengeful

into the pit. there will will

and after too,

no trace destruction is with will

of the former from that and no

The princes, shah, find it will

one by one, until

continue

the kingship

his seed, return "

one else will totally,, people

that honour turn

and glory. his head from

The world Ahmadis

to him Several ones.

and no one will went

authority. from

to the princes

and gave them evidence

the freeborn

298 -

" We have heard his partisans.

these words

from

Ahmad,

which

he spoke

secretly

to

15

When the princes and cut off their they met together What evil severed. not travelled killed, this, shall

heard

this

talk,

they became with

filled

with That this

warlike

feelings,

heads from in a place,

friendship

Ahmad. about

same night, Buqa said, be

and spoke more done,

plan.

has Arghun A sweet

apparently

that for

it his head should of the world,

prince,

who has seen nothing

and has

the earth,

why should court.

he thus be cruelly What shall

and wretchedly Abaqa about We were

in torment,

in this

we say before

if we are bewildered not be pleasing

by that shah,

when he seeks a wise

vengeance. prince,

to God If Arghun, captured his life and killed from

and prudent

now to be wretchedly 20 have the power are feeble, to free

of hand fate, at the of this terrible will

when we dragon. be filled If we with

the trap

before

God on the day of reckoning

our souls

shame. 11 The amir spoke In this way, good advice and his companions of that pure man, were and their Filled with hearts exaltation

at the abundant towards

turned for Arhun elders In the concluded, interests, to Al inaq this with Take

that prince. him,

The hearts the cheeks

of those great of the leaders

ones burned shone. hearts All

and in love for were world. Buga

of those

of one heart When

and tongue,

and they set their meeting

on Arghun,

the matters

of their

had been successfully in your give wine

sent a message life will

to Arghun.

111 am so perturbed, from Ahmad. Today,

that your

be delivered stupid with

and make him totally trickery care,

intoxication.

We must effect unaware so that drunk

and shrewdness, too, will of his people provide

so that he becomes and g1 ve them wine, Make Alinaq

of our actions. in our prudence, with wine,

25

fortune

our desires.

and by

wine bring
for

his star

low.
of your

When he is drunk and the world

dynasty will be your guide.

has become dark,

Our clamour will

you the fortune you,

reach

at the time when we hurry

to come for

you. 11

-299-

In the early free with 653B

morning, sitting

Arghun together,

and the princes happily with

and the famous the festival,

elders

and

men were the wine their

observing

assembled of the there

cup circulating, cheeks drinking flushed

songs

of the Turks

and music

Mongols, began

as red as the rose. was talk of battle

In that assembly,

a rowdy

and there

and the sound of rebeck. and landowners pleasantly from were to their

A group drinking lord. cup,

of Alinaq's

princes

and women and amirs

cups of wine Alinaq, always

incessantly mindful

and each one spoke drank steadily

of Ahmad,

a crystal the now, it is were

and when traces with that from

of the wine 11Since

appeared

in him,

he addressed to Arghun

princes not right drunk, A wise

these words, i should a sensible drink

i am theguardian

more wine. of view, fortune 11

If one of Arghun's how could

guards "

point

he do his work? Anyone

man said, here said

II Arghun's as a mirage.

is asleep.

who drinks,

sees

misfortune 5 Jshkeb

to Alinaq, yourself with

11 1 am now his guardian this task, but feast

amongst and drink

this wine

assembly. to the limit

Do of

not concern your your desires. trust.

You will I will watch

not find

a guardian

like

me in whom you can place prince, that i will not

him so well,

0 famous

give way to disappointment.

At the words feasting. ness with A wise life. of Jshkeb,

11
Alinaq drank a great deal of wine, on that day of enjoy good-

He said, wine. 11

11On a day of such enjoyment,

one can only

man said,

11Bring

wine, very

but its excellence drunk and, deserted with

is that it w1 11 end your by his star, him, and with he fell his star, to his

11 So Al inaq became He slept,

asleep. 10 his III-luck

and his good fortune When the earth

slept

was joined.

became

musk-like,

the road

desires

on earth

was closed.

- 300 -

ARGHUN

SURPRISES

THE

AMIRS

OF AHMAD

When Al inaq's benefitted lit up, from

fortune

became calamitous, In the darkness, Buqa, that wise with several

you would

say that the world star suddenly

that event. by fire.

the prince's and proud horsemen, amir,

as though

in the manner to the tents ones. him. The They

of the commander of the leaders, amirs, reached word, with

of the guard, with

went

all the trappings formed

of the amirs a brave

and famous

their

supporters, of Arghun

band to assist there.

the prison

and saw some guards bold faced, far

At Buga's

Ylsu

E3uga went up I Ike a1 ion, guards

Arghun,

and Arghun's

saw him from They

making for the tent of 87 They thought that off. him and were As part satisfied of the plot He sent

some servant

was coming

to him.

spoke

with

and the man walked 15 he took a saffron the servants The guards Arghun, from

on and bravely coloured robe

entered

to Arghun. clothed Arghun coming

and quickly

Arghun

in It.

into the tent, thought

and he and prince two aides,

came out i Ike heroes. from the presence of

that they were with

and spoke Arghun

them and were mounted

satisfied, a horse

and the prince

came away

there.

quickly

and rode

away to the presence he scattered endless with always fear. your be May May your and may

of the Noyn, blessings desire glad 20 Mars Venus arrows the world Arghun 110 amir your over

When Buqa saw the face of the prince, him. 11May fortune In all Its works and like continue favour Jupiter,

to act in accordance you. May your heart from

and may fate at the ills always play

of Saturn

may you be free

be your her

army;

may you be I Ike the sun in this feasts the light in your of your palace,

sovereignty.

lute at your From

when you scatter

of wisdom.

face may the Moon be ! It, 11 The worldhe himself

be the recipient praised

of Arghun's

liberality.

conquering

him in his turn, army, and your Thanks

in the way which

had done. our army. May

of a mighty

may you for all heart happy,

time be behind

head be fresh secrets.

and may the sun be the repository are shining; II by

of your your

to you,

the eyes of the prince like a rose garden.

deeds,

the world

has become

- 301 -

On that black be washed with 25 full him,

night

the world-possessing Buqa and the amirs to seek out Alinaq,

Arghun

ordered

their

hands

to

in blood. like I ions, Near men,

and princes going bravely,

and free with

men went their hearts came of

of anger.

to the pavil l ion and the veil and at the order When of ArLhun, from to him. amir.

of the purdah, they rained

there

many skilled arrows tent,

a shower aimed

on his tent. fate disclosed the arrows from

the arrows

the bows were From front

at the left was of

the face of death flew

and back,

and right, like

at the proud

The body of the amir through

a thicket

the arrows

and his soul departed was like

the reeds was

that thicket. 654A fate's

The form

of that amir A sword horse

a hedgehog, like

so great

destruction

of him. his turkish

in his hand, and dragged and stained

a lion,

Ishaq Bugat

came down from separated drunk with

him out of the tent and it with fell blood. So Alinaq, a steep

his head from wine, met this

his body,

fate and his fortune amlr slept

utterly

asleep,

such that that sword-wielding judgement. shah, while From there,

in it until

the day of the last lion soul to pursue the

a group

set out like

a roaring Alinagis

In lamentation by those amirs.

and wretchedness, Three other

left his body, days, Tanaq, upon them. the

in tho attack Sugai Tabat 5

amirs with

ended their them,

and Qara-Buga. and captured

When they had finished him and bound him cruelly from the hostile ones,

they rushed him with towards

and brought they hastened him.

When they were prince's night deeds.

secure

tent and showed day,

the enemy heads were full

before

Joyfully, at the result

the black of their

became

and hearts

of exaltation

AHMAD

LEARNS

OF

ARGHUN'S

ESCAPE

AND

TAKES

FLIGHT

Arun

and his dynasty

were

young,

and heaven locks with

set our to fulfill the world

his desires. shone

When they rubbed from end to end.

his musk bearing His cheeks

saffron,

and locks,

I Ike day

and night,

were

302 -

dark

in colour,

the one

shining,

the other

dull.

In the black

night,

the

10

musky

dawned day and set moon Ahmad of perished;

with

lofty

dignity.

Anyone he fell

who was a

supporter You might

if he was wounded number of warriors,

to the earth. in one night. Like the

say that a countless alive,

perished and amirs. enemy, to him,

Not one of them remained wind, their

among the warriors the work of that alert events

the young ones fled from faces to Ahmad. They slept.

and turned suddenly,

reported

these

how,

the eyes you would

of greatness say his soul

When Ahmad heard

the words Ahmad

of the speakers, was so disturbed There

left his body.

At the news,

that wounds remained After

II ke those of arrows

and spears

pierced

his heart.

in him no pride

or capability

or power, breath, In order

and he was helpless. he said in pain and grief IIIand

an hour,

draw he to was able when my spirits, like

and fear, 15 disposed do battle steel,

11 1 must now raise enemy. with

to beat off that here

I must go back

the wind,

from wi from

to that place, of Indian "

the enemy. sever

On the day of battle, of the iliwishers 110 shah, remains

th my sword their bodies.

I shall

the heads

He found your

his answer

in these words. Since hatred?

do not despise of your army

the action not one sovereignty

of

enemies

in this way. your

there

horseman, without amirs

why renew All

How are you to exercise in your army

an army?

those who were

have been killed. all rise up for

Your you,

have all been killed, are your it would and fear

and if suddenly

they could

all of the princes of your accept track dynasty. bondage, for all time,

enemy and are digging be better to accept full

up by the roots

the tree and

the end of your who will

power

a bad enemy, a destroying of flight,

of harm, wind

be on your Since and battle. and sank of into

and bring

upon your

dynasty.

you have your 20 When Ahmad himself, death

feet on the road heard this kind

do not hurry he became

into strife

of answer,

melancholy

like

an ass with I shall

a saddle, not free "

and said myself from

to himself, Arghunls

11The hour hands, for

Is upon me. from

he too from

Is descended

a male dragon.

Helplessly,

Ahmadwent

In flight

303 89 of Asfarin crown-wearer country. separated mountain through famous In fear from plain, Ray, olad

the kingdom and arrived looked of his her, at her life, and

of Khurasan, at the face yort then, not spirits

and from of Tudai, and hurried his

there the silver

went

in the direction The that became over

cypress. through but

to pass mistress, like

he did lost his

remember too. of the was

He went Iranian

the wind When

in fear

of that

prince heart

people. by God.

he passed that

the desire

of his

granted

Suddenly

25

Timur

encountered
from but

him again on that journey.

from slow Qazvin, the prince fallen

He had remained
was leading

In front

and

separated hurrying,

Arghun; he was

an army,

of foot,

and had

behind

the prince.

When Ahmad Ahmad

saw him on that

journey,

the tree

of his desire sated

bore

fruit, Out of

for

was so vindictive he killed heart It prince

to him that his actions with

his heart. sons. towards

vengeance, place, his

that amir, full

two of his chosen he hastened

From

that

and soul

of hatred,

the town

of Sharwiyaz. 6548 From this

direction leaders,

Arghun,

as a precaution, the general and experienced

sent after of the great warrior,

him two army, the

battle-tried other

one was Shlktr prince

was Jarik, with

that chosen

who had tat. The

remained

the shah as one of the amirs set out from

of the famous with

Qongqur that,

two willingly

the land of nursn they should place bearing pass seize

the order

wherever

they saw him on the way, Messengers and deserts Is In flight where, Then, kingship. were

him and bring

him to Arghun. to the towns 11Ahmad

sent to every

in advance this

of the army from

of the land of Iran, before me.

message

Arghun.

If he should seize

through if not,

that country, I wil I destroy these words

no matter that person. about the "

anyone those

should

him en route; wise in nature,

amirs

who were

spoke

-304-

THE

DISAGREEMENT KINGSHIP

OF

THE

PILLARS

OF

THE

STATE

OVER

THE

While

Ahmad was in flight in place.

in this way,

the throne

and crown

and diadem on

remained

A shah was needed farr and fortune

who was worthy fall,

of the throne, foresight who,

whom the kingship, and wisdom;

could

a man of skill,

a man of courage over

and farr

and judgement would bring

and dignity,

when he was ruler by his wisdom. prosperous

the kingdom, would

prosperity

to the world wholly

The world

be adorned said,

by his farr

and become one man of

by reason and that It The wish 11Arghun

of him.

Arq

11There

is only

I0

this

kind,

is the famous Jshkeb, of fate

and no other. should

11 To this,

Baktal

replied,

is that the throne prince

go to Hulachu. is his rightful that famous or acquisition, to his judgement, on became If You place,

Buga said, for

is a wise and wisdom

and the throne

he has the farr of this

and beauty we speak

of his father, of inheritance

leader the call

assembly.

Whether

to the throne would

must fall

on him. This

If everyone quarrel will

looked

the world the world, sated with

not be destroyed. prince

have that effect his father

if any other throne

is put to his place. the son must become without will doubt the state great

Since

and crown, ruler,

shah in the world. will split into two. of blood. "

you seek for too,

another

if you speak Buktal Hulachu

in this way, angry

encounter

streams

At this

grew

and said,

11You must certainly

cut off my head,

15

since

is in that position, of the crown 11 from his waist

how can any one else be set in his place? and he is a prince with wisdom and

He is worthy victorious Buqa drew said, shah,

and throne,

fortune. a sword

and grew

angry, in Buga's overcomes

like

a fierce

lion.

He be

11As long as there but Arghun.

is any endurance painfully Since loins; hair

body,

no one will

If destruction you wish. gird shah. his

me, you can entrust of farr and greatonly

the throne ness,

to whomever should

there

is a son,

his brother

as long as my sword and beard at this

is keen,

Ar2hhun is fit

to become

Your

time are white

305 -

and battle sword,

will

not bring my anger person to him,

you good from will bring

me.

Otherwise,

with

this

sharp Now,

bravely

you to the day of resurrection. shah in the land of Iran? " amid such strife
desire in this

can any other 20 Arghun

argument. is that

but Arghun 11The throne

become

said

must not be mine,

me, my chosen want this

and
world Why, "

If the princes I seek

do not want

to go to Khursn; shah,

I do not should Let for shah

the crown great

and diadem.

on account In reply, not again

of my becoming Buqa make Since said,

assembly untrue throw you

be in dispute? things. the world possess leaders entrusted has arisen. of Do to the

11 Enough. difficult was royalty under

no one me,

say

such

my work your

and do not

anyone. throne those Ahmad Do not

father The

in the world, inheritance.

must The

and diadem. who with cut follow the

is your your

you are throne, off

authority. to that from action the

You this throne

once

and thanks a second

confusion and do not

yourself

time

show

25

friendship another spoken

in error.

Why give

your

throne you.

to someone

else,

for him to bring are not to be

such day of disaster now, for

before

But these words and doing of these

now is not the time for. saying for Ahmad, that, men after and speak this,

these things

things. only after enter

We

must first that. your

end the world

But I do not wish mind. The wise for

such bewilderment these

should will

of Iran, of this

in recounting kind, when

events,,

recall

them correctly, 65SA weakness to exceed will

in events

the burden matter

is excessive, to the utmost;

soon appear.

It Is good to act In every is to risk disgrace. heard these all 11

the burden

of wisdom

When Arghun nothing else

and the amirs about

and princes

words

from

him,

they did

the succession. the Ir attention

They were to Ahmad. the wind, a young like with

I ionl ike heroes

and one

by one they turned First wi of all, th Ahmad. full Arun Full

set out like of hatred, That

no other

thought

but battle

'like

eagle,

he set out in pursuit, lightning, led a them like

his heart

of urgency. army

prince,

glistening

world-seeking

out in pursuit.

Hulachu

and JOshkeb followed

306 -

lions,

their

hearts with

full

of vengeance

and heads

full

of heat and turmoil, and the valiant the great brave leaders

they hastened warriors

the army. pursued

The amirs

and the generals

steadily

the enemy as they ran. in hatred a helpless

One by one, Those

ones of the land of Iran set out I ike a runn i ng

searched I ion after

for Ahmad. bird.

AHMAD

IS CAPTURED

BY

ARGHUN

From

the other

side, doubt

Ahmad,

fleeing

in haste, following

did not stop behind him,

in Sharwiyaz. and would and day, from In that end

He knew without his days traversing 10 the kingdom city, stay for him.

that they were quickly

He went like

to the town of Sarab, In six days, hastily

night

the road

the wind. and arrived

the shah travelled of Sarab.

of Khursn

in the city

he came to his mother, there. He said of Hazar,

but saw that

it was unacceptable leave this

that he should

to himself,

" Now I must

land and make for with every

the plain kind

and go to my uncle's to obtain 11 from behind, from

sons and win them over to assist

of argument, my position.

them an army

me and once again

recover

It was at this

time that,

came the amirs. him at the order

Jarik

and Sutal and in Siyh

ordu,

came upon him suddenly his grief,

Kuh, came

and seized day became

of the prince, from

his

the shining
a band

bI ack.

At the same time,

93 who looted

of horsemen,

Kurds

and bandits,

15

and his

royal

star

became

darkened

for

him.

For

his beautiful They

wives, their

they

left none of their clothes completely

possessions, from their Neither

not even a small bodies, rings

coin.

tore

and none of the attackers were left to them, nor

had any fear ear-rings, seized

or anxiety nothing

in so doing.

wh i ch

was of use to the women. brought before the amirs.

Al I of the wives In the early dawn

were

and helplessly property

they possessed up in grief. the

and treasure; the world

at the end of the day, was under their

they were. doubled

In the morning

orders,

and by the evening

world

was free of their

rule.

At the beginning

of the aay,

they had possessions

307 -

and treasure; eyes were hastened battlefield. full

at the end of the day, of blood and their

they had pain and misery. were like cooked

Their

two

hearts

away from

there.

Then Arghun

came to Saura

meat, and they 14 'aj from that

When he came to that yort, sent him its blessings; 20 from Tabriz

its pleasantness

increased who were

and good fortune pledged to him, came

those of his amirs

Tuladal First came Taghachar; to his court. next was Juchi, qS q The high born Tamiska. Abjai 'ughar Ja wives of the shah and and and and the famous came together saying,
The

warrior

amirs

turned

the ir

faces poured

from

every

place

and

to the ordu. is the throne

in favour

They

rightfully

out praises "

put

for him,

11Yours
were

and the crown,

of his becoming

of right.
shah,

majority

and they

aside

vengeance

and strife.

Arghun calamity tradition,

asked, from

11Where him.

is Ahmad,

for

the world this 1' son, throne,

has seen trouble

and and

Bring

him before h1s trial.

so that by custom

we can institute came before He said

The uncle grief 25

his brother's to himself,

and in fear

his heart bad;

was full I became

of a

and pain.

11My seed

is entirely

worshipper, I brought crimes, pure soul

but into me came a tiger. it quickly to its end.

When I altered in such

my seed by injustice, a way that I committed my

When I acted myself.

I made the world is full

bl-ack for for,

If its place

is the earth, men, t have

of lamentation,

in the words

of wise

reached being Anyone quences 655B

the end and I am speaking to me, my enemies carries

of good to no avail. partners it is only

Now that evil in my misfortune. fitting

is

repaid

have become deeds,

who himself

out evil

that the conse-

come to meet him. 1t entered that audience chamber, there began an enquiry into his and had

When Ahmad various

crimes. turned

One was that he had shed the blood his hatred on him. death, The second nor

of his brother

needlessly_ any enquiry

was that he had not made for an explanation.

Into his brother's

had he asked

- 308 The third was totally the bringing without and sin. of death The to the descendants fourth was that of the prince, who

had been war that

he had chosen him. action The

to make fifth was the and

Arghun, on Iran

recklessly

sent

an army not

against take any

had been The passed his the

devastated sixth time yasa was that

and he did

against

oppressor. always 5 uously

he had held The not believe

the kingship was. that use.

In contempt

in solitude. and did

seventh

he had contemptThe eighth was

Ignored

in their

that the amirs harmed army by him.

about him were The ninth

not considered

worthy,

and many had been the affa i rs of the

was that he had neglected in all directions.

and sent out armies his sheikhs

The tenth was that he had sat the royal dignity had

down with suffered.

Although

and dervishes,

and by this

there

were But about in this

ten charges the mother Ahmad, too,

of crime of the

against

him,

the tai

shah

asked

that

he be pardoned. before about her Arghun him, family that

famous strong

Qongqur complaints injustice.

complained court same time,

and made

in that At the shah,

he had committed who had been say

and connections, enough grants seek

afflicted to deafen seeking

by that the ears. redress

together of them

raised said,

a clamour, 11 If the prince

you would justice else

Each for

to those

Ahmad's

injustice,

we will

nothing

In the world

from

Arghun

and we will

10

befind ourselves day of judgement princes

to serve

him too.

If not,

we will prince.

complain

to God on the above all ask " of

about our enemy and this of both Is subject since

He is king

and the greatness

to his order,

and we will

that he gives Arghun

us that one of them, concerned with

his authority matter

is supreme

everywhere.

was greatly was filled

about this

and the heart

of the keeper

the throne

anxiety. take my uncle's life, maybe far I shalt be setting for having I do a

" If I now contemptuously bad example. sought not give evil

I may be renowned against for my uncle's life.

in the world, But I will

and wide, wretched before

if in this

business,

justice

the oppressed,

be shamed

God on the day

- 309 -

of reckoning, What shall

God will

say to me,

I Why did you treat God? " and very thoughtful.

such a task lightly?

I then say before in this

the pure matter,

He was of two minds princes 15 set free, seeking in these and wives the throne redress times,

In this

affair is

the

and the free will bring mes,

men said,

11 If it should

be that Ahmad is no use in he wishes.

you no advantage. everyone will

If there

for cri

do whatever

Since

Ahmad has committed Why should anyone

crimes, for

why do you not put an end his crimes, when there is

to his time? no fear

When revived. On account

be afraid

in a landowner
heard

or a shah? "
words path from that them, his will old pain and hatred he will must be were take.

Arghun

these 1' The killing

He said, of his

he chose

be the path tai, his life

of the famous

Qongqur

brought

to an end.

THE

KILLING

OF AHMAD

AT

THE

ORDER

OF ARGHUN

KHAN

For 20

this

task,

Javqr

girded

his loins

and by order

quickly

seized to avenge tai,

Ahmad. his father. and those of his

Javaran91who Harik three

forward was the son of Kujuk came eagerly 9E ful i of revenge for Qongqur Moghul came forward, him, In hatred, and this

killed They

in the end was his portion sons painfully, and suddenly of his

the kingship.

killed They

his two eminent did not leave that Ahmad

line was at an end.

alive

one male member and no more.

stock

and this was the profit

earned,

That oppressor
oppression. remains, save

ruled
Such

in Iran for two years,

and the malignant

nothing

one saw much

of his things,

Is the end of a world-worshipper; God forbid that, for

the wind.

the sake of worldly

a person
evil, said,

should hasten to do evil in abundance.

he does it, he does it for which himself.

He who sees evil,

The omnipotent

does
God and

and though 11Man stri

ves for everything

is on the face of the earth,

25

all pleasures

are before

him.

If he has pain or trouble,

If he has glory

or

310 -

desires, God hangs earth world

because over it,

a man has nothing him.

except evil

for

his efforts,

the sword

of

if a man commits what

in secret, and what nothing

so that no man on is plain, and in the from him; do

knows evil

yet God knows fall

is hidden

days will

on him.

0 my son, truth

is hidden

not have any doubt to be true,

656A Do not speak

of the undoubted

of this. in the world.

If now you know my words

do not be an example
hatred and only

of evil

do good,

otherwise

you

are

your

own

enemy.

it would reputation

be better for

for

you if you only Another

spoke

good,

famous have that a you so in the world in avoiding from that, you, one to

goodness.

evil

can arise for princes.

when you are a prince must prepare, an example partner otherwise

or an example

none of it is good for in it.

you.

When one conforms say that he is a

of evil, who,

God sees that evil as a shah,

You would it wisely. man,

in evil

does not resist

When Ahmad his evil action God's fortune.

went to protect S was not pleasing witnesses There there

himself to God,

even though who brought

he was a noble destruction and caused left

down on him. him to meet ill

accused

him of oppression, one of his stock evil.

did not remain was no hidden

in the world

and undoubtedly it would one, have

If the shah was rough of the evil. is a hundred works

and unjust, 0 famous thousand

been better great

If he had had no knowledge is, for one evil

see how

the difference

times

worse

than the other. made splendid until their life

Renowned

is he whose All

are famous, should

and his day is strive in goodness he has gone and

by his goodness.

living

beings

span ends in goodness. i iberal bring and noble

His name is good after 0 God,

and he is always end of a matter,

minded.

in the beginning

us to a good end in this world.

A DESCRIPTION A MONTH

OF SHORT

THE OF

REIGN SEVEN

OF ARGHUN YEARS

KHAN

WHICH

LASTED

Now,

I will

tell the story

Arghun; of

I will

draw forth

from

his passionate

311 -

heart

this

horoscope.

Since

love chooses

to be far from

a lofty

house, it

it

reaches went like from

the constellation

of Venus for

and the Pleiades. from his goodness, with

In love of him, the world tulips, like

the moon to paradise, paradise.

became the say

a fresh

The mountain cheek

was ablaze and from brocade

many colours

of the loved one's

its green, of golden just

you would Chinese

that the face of the earth the garden night gleamed with

was wearing the colour lamp. From

weaving; of the

of the narcissus, waterlily and iris seller. were

as the black

is lit by a shining had the scent the khiri

and jasmine,

meadows dizzy iS face. brings granate

of the shop of a perfume which in colour colour part

The soul became the rose of Arehun's which

from

flowers,

like

You would a hundred opened

say that the golden colours its flower from every

was the colour of its flower.

of rice,

When the pome110 why do was once

at this

sight,

it said

to the nightingale, to be a lover, that there but farr with

you who have become you needlessly a lover

bent with

desire,

if you claim love?

hold yourself

back from

I heard

who was blind of my face,

and deaf, the heart

but you have nothing of the rose is filled

and glory. so why and beauty

At the sight

love,

do you not choose of yours Union your are

to be bashful

at the sight your for

of me? heart

If that mirth soul

inconstant,

do not give useless,

if your

is not honest. the desire of is full of ever

with heart?

the rose

is quite

how can you enjoy face,

Do not be deceived If you are a faithful

by his smiling lover

for his garden

of thorns. my face, bear for

to me, come and see the beauty and no rose will

I am both handsome as mine.

of face and faithful,

such fruit

When I am nourished show of delicate red,

by the pomegranate which of those

fruit, brings

in which forth fruit,

is a countless

red roses

and how much of that red can men eat? " said harsh to him, words. 110 speaker of nonsense, to put your with I have never own beauty its hundred seen before leaves is

The nightingale one i Ike you for that of the rose. and its perfection

It is useless

Men seek the beauty for its glory

of the rose,

and beauty.

By smell

I ng it, the soul

`,r -31.2-

inspired; decorates refreshed is deceived

eating

it fills

the mind with the garden,

power

and ability;

the sight

of it are it

and beautifies by it.

and the minds with your

of men's

leaders

If the mind is filled it sweeter

beauty

and delicacy,

in thinking

than the rose.

The garden The beauty The rose

is adorned and delicacy is the favourite

by it and the hearts

of friends refresh

are made happy. the happy nature. that it Is the nature there

2&

of its colour of all people, king. every Even

and scent for

the reason is faithful

Arab face the the of of love, for,

the rose

to you,

is no sign of your lover.

love which

it chooses In someone's

is the love of an unfaithful heart, wisdom finds

When love

sets up its house it.

an easy way to leave of knowledge it has no other became is choice.

When the sultan All

of love enters love becomes body fortune other

the heart, like

the soul

broken-hearted. 656B When Arghun, event, of Iran kingship day which In the year

the autumn; like love,

in whose forgot

lived

shah by this the heart

all people under

princes.

When the shah brought most people opposed with were

the Influence

of his farr, they became

happy at his They found a

and one by one, was fitting, 683/1284,

to fighting. the raising for

and in conformity fortune

of him to the throne. him. In the month for the shah. a good

was most auspicious to fate, they adorned the planets

of J umad i 'I a wwal , thanks On the day which 5 sign. With three

the throne provided

was most auspicious, and six-fold

him with Arun

juxtapositions Hulachu They

of the stars,

achieved

his desires him In place together throne

on the throne. on the throne. their girdles

Anbarchi and placed their above necks.

took his hand and seated him the golden They knelt crown before and his took the prince of the took

threw and were

around

glad and happy

at his enthronement. countless praises.

The leaders That famous sign

cup to him, the throne; zodiac.

and each one uttered you would

say that he was the moon in the highest

He made all hearts he made the world

glad by his generosity, free.

and by his Justice in great

and liberality and small,

The face of the world,

things

- 313 -

was

washed

by the water of that shah, From made fruit

of good the soot the garden the world from his

faith

from

oppression was wiped

and from

injustice. the mirror were

By

the justice of good 10

of calamity of greatness, right. justice that In it,

fortune. shah it bore

the weeds the tree

cleared was time and like

and the new fruitful place King and became Samar.

of fidelity By it,

and generosity. sweet fruit, Arun

prosperous

and from

became

After dom,

that,

the shah of lofty frontier,

descent

and fame sent out to safeguard chosen princes

the king-

to every

a famous

army under

and sword

wielders.
JG they turned pure went that keb

Quickly
and Baidu. the path faces

he sent two liberal

They went with

men to Mosul,
the amir The Arq

whom they called

and in every place

closed their descent, with

of oppression. the court for with

famous Ram.

Hulachu Ghazan and like those

and Geikhatu Khan, the amir his son of

from

towards

headed along Nauruz

the kingdom a brave away army from

of Khursn, that him, was and

Nauruz In became

him,

a raging two

lion.

kingdom,

turned

princes

15

hostile
disl every prince I ke

towards
sprang

one another.
up between opposed nature, was

Many quarrels
the one and son;

arose

between
The

them and
amir, on the amir. continued When of them in submission

the other. on the same with

brave

occasion, of fortunate

the shah's sought successful, right hand all

way,

Ghazan,

confrontation sometimes became bounds,

the belligerent This another. of both amir After

Sometimes until their became submission

the amir

the prince. one

the prince strife and

and his enmity with

hostile-to

exceeded war

the hearts the

strained before

and hatred. the prince

In the end, and city-taker.

came the and

Ghazan,

of the haughty When was Arghun rewarded

amirs, had sent

men girded a prince, shah,

themselves a famous

in generosity hero, praises to every

tribute. Buga extent

country, greater

by the

and he heaped

to an even

20

upon the shah, he heaped gifts

who collected. upon him, until

gold and jewels

and poured

them over by them.

his head; Then

Buga was completely

hidden

-3(4-

the shah gave the order 11No one is to disobey is the amir, no authority Buga became, his order. to issue

for

the kingdom for

to be put under everyone is under

his protection. his authority. of the kingdom, He

his orders,

and he is our vizier, is held back. 11 you might say,

and in the government

the master

of the world

and Iran was under

Arghun orders.
man,

had the name of the shah, A khwja

a world

but Buqa had the authority Buga, a famous, wise

was appointed
of liberality

under

and fortunate nobility with

and a sky a world

of fidelity,

encompassing and a place of

clemency

and modesty,

of generosity

25

wisdom,

a master

of greatness of the faith

the glorification his judgement, efforts vizierate, like

He was to the human race. 4 and his name was Fakhr ti-Din, and thanks to and an ornament golden. His title was Mustaufi, and by his of the

things

became

the kingdom his work

reached

reputation

and honour. and by reason

In the manner of him, affairs Iran were

was outstanding Under

became changed

a pleasant

spring. For

his administration, chancellery

and improved. enclosure 657A wisdom

the shah's there

he set up a court for the shah's office,

in the shah's and by his like it before,

and placed in this,

the registers justice.

dispensed

No one had a chancellery As a result than any from

and he created judgement,

the procedures

of the office. higher

of his golden among the elders.

Buqa's

head was raised Iran

He administered his authority. al. Din.

in such a way that he chose,

and no one questioned vizier was Fakhr

Buga was the shah in Iran

and his chosen

THE

END

OF

THE

CAREER

OF

WAJA

SHAMS

AL-DIN

AS

SAH IB -1 DIWAN

Now,

if you wish,

I will

scatter

many words,
for your

in which by reason of my skill

life, for you have followed desert your faith,

I am fruitful. 5a path that

Beware, leads

0 oppressor,

to eternity.

God forbid

that you should

for faith takes away the fog from your religion.

If your soul worships

the

315 -

faith,

you

must

wash

your way,

hands

In your have

faith, not

too. fostered

They worship

have

brought

you no profit Why do you religion?

in this senselessly

and they lose

of the faith. of your can bring the path, for you you

the path, follow turns

and abandon an enterprise your faith

the worship which from

Why

do you When glory are

purposely your heart faith.

no advantage? should path, heart of your no glory not for for seek there ready desire. in that, head

away

In that no golden for

No one will in copper. and your

be a guide Do not

you on that away your

qualities that is deceit you let

give the

money,

it destroys desires his

foundations It; there is how

I suppose only

that

overcome faith for

reproach. of happiness? take the

If a man follows Now, this for

profit,

I0

can

his

be full

a little,

let us look for

at the work never had servant. For hands. like

of the vizier, was seen such him,

and eternally before have chosen

advice, of a shah.

in the world, If Asaf that like like bin

there

a vizier he would and the

throne

Barkhiya his

written Pur

without

hypocrisy were not was

he was

Aristotle thirty By his

Zajanhar

Shams a bridle

al-Din. In his

years, justice,

i:, the whole knowledge

of Iran,

the world

and golden

judgement,

he made

the world

a corner property

of Paradise. that, compared

He acquired with It,

so much in the way of treasure of Karah

and

the wealth

was contemptible. dust to his soul. him, Abaqa Tughan

But his end was without of Kuhistan saying, brought

advantage

and fate brought

before

the shah many famous out of hatred,

ones to slander and from diwan,

11He gave the shah poison, The shah had demanded of cunning. to kill Abaqa.

that poison

15

died. was full inflamed Ahmad.

money from

the sahib-i

and his heart was to by

As long as he had money After this, when Abaqa

and power, died,

his heart

the throne have been by which

went

If you had then obtained He raised

the throne,

you would behalf,

injured to make to despise

his vengeance. your your day black. fatherts

an army,

on Ahmadis do not allow fatherts blood

Now you are shah, blood. Avenge enmity. " your

him any longer and destroy

him; for

a wise

man does not prolong

- 316 -

These

words

were

like

an engraving was filled

in stone with fear

in the shah's and dread from

heart. and his heart

At these remained 20 Khursn, sahib

events, split

the sahib into

two by fear

of Arghun. black

When,

the kingdom for Ahmad,

of the

the shah made the world very fearful, star and said

and desperate

became

to himself,

11My fortune

has suddenly is

changed. assailed
He did the path fled away

By that evil by anxiety.

not see

I have become bewildered

and my heart

I
of safety the wind, before the shah for and he resolved of Sabahan, to take loo and

the face Like Khursn.

of flight. from

he made

the city

He and some of his male descendants During jewels, beyond should tomans with 25 the time of his vizierate, such as rubies, count. He said, against were emeralds, 11They will

turned

their

faces

to the deserts. a fortune precious day, in stones

Shams

al-Din

had bought and other in an evil was more

fine pearls be useful value worthy

if the shah

be vengeful

me. 11 Their very nearly

than one thousand He had a cushion, he hid the took it

and the jewels

of a shah. cloth,

linen

on both sides,

and in it,

under

the cotton

treasure. with

He was not separated he went. secret Only from

from

it anywhere,

and always

him wherever

he knew of the existence everyone. like

of that treasure he put crossed the

and he kept

the jewels

On that journey, the wind. They walking

them on a led horse, moving sands

and they journeyed like the wind,

of the desert,

alternately into

and running. one of his and that out immense the cushion I brought

When they had crossed servants drove 657B saw the horse from

some part

of the way

the desert,

was weakening,

and he threw

off the cushion action, such

the horse

there,

and fate was stupefied this to happen

by this

of ignorance injury

a person

had caused Moreover,

and brought

and trouble.

out of Ignorance,

he had thought passed

to be of no value, have heard that,

and threw

it down and the horsemen shah,

it by.

in the time of a fortunate as he passed. At this

the wind

suddenly

him a treasure,

time,

you might

say,

contrariwise,

-31.7-

the treasure you may ask,

became in this?

hidden

in the ground.

What was God' s purpose, priceless jewels? halted and

Why did he give

away those

When they had gone on some distance, looked could

5 cut off

the weit-meaning 11We threw to himself,

way, "

khwaja

for his cushion. go no further.

its love After from this,

They

replied, said

it away when that horse 11Now fortune

thrown

11 The shib
me, in that, can

has totally
to

in this

it has 101

my treasure

the wind.

how

i be happy?

His soul, his heart no place separate but there he sought his friends, kingdom world? bravery. 10 It will with "

full

of grief, until

and his heart he reached

full

of anxiety,

he went

on quickly, found to Luristn,

breaking, to stay. himself

the city

of Sabahan

there and ,

He saw all his friends from that city. Quickly, place.

as enemies, from In every there

and he chose he made for

too he found no resting a place, but in his fear said,

direction, find

as he went, Among in the of the in

of the shah could

no safety. for

everyone

11You must make for hidden 11There

Hindustn, from

of Iran

how can you keep yourself that famous where from one said,

the ruler honour

In reply, To remain

is great for

I am will

be miserable

my wives

and children.

be worse

to flee

that assembly. It Is better

How can I now take my family for my condition So, to be one of It Is better for

me on that journey

there?

ruination, me to stay fear ation,

than to endanger before the shah;

my family

and children.

for my body to be afflicted is to be something of God?

Is better

than the

of calamity, how should

if fate my and I flee from

different, Now,

by predestinwith

the decree be a guide i will around

I must agree for me.

his decree, should harmed.

in case

he should Arghun, those

to prosperity

If harm

come to me from Perhaps from

not see my wives

and children to

the shah who seek an opportunity

harm me, no evil will

may not vex himself

come.
with such

The shah brings

a trifle. $1

his greatness

with him; he

Since his Intention of Qum.

to remajn was firm,

he left there and went to the city to the city of Qm to that famous

From the shah came messengers

318 -

one, I5 Whan, spoke

to bring

him to his presence, command, to their

before

the throne

of that sovereign. each of them they

at the shah's

the messengers usual custom, thanks

saw him,

to him according

and at that point, to the shah's

gave him news of great "The chains, anyone exalted

hope for him,

goodness. from Ahmad's

shah has made an oath that, him the throne Since one,

since

he has escaped

and God has given who had committed crime,

and sceptre, you yourself

he would

pardon

a crime.

have committed the

no manifest shah will At this, were

nor any secret

have no fear forgive

of him;; for all your

not go back on his word the heart of the khw5ja

that he will

sins.

was strengthened,

but many new demands of the shah, six hundred a

put upon him.

When he turned

his face to the doors to collect

mandatory 20 tomans, revenues, is required gold.

tax was put upon him; and that good Kbwja there will

he was required 11 If he wishes gold

said,

me to make good the If some penalty he will find no

be found no more it should

than this. kind, for

of me,

be of some other

He set out with the envoys,

door went of the court towards of Ar2hun. Buqa

full of bewilderment,
He came and sought instructed him what

and the vizier

reached

the

out Buga and at his order, to say before the shah halted him had Everyone Buga, for twice your to the

Arghun.

and told him what Arghun before evil Buqa and received

had said

about his crimes. But the great their against necks

The khwja ones with him.

his blessings.

thoughts

and all of them stretched all kinds of evil give words

to harm

of them spoke saying, people 25 doors your

the khwE; a, before your for own people, he comes

It Do not again are anxious

way to him over of power,

at his knowledge

of the shah and may seek a new position. office, and he may reduce your power the power of your

His heart position

may be set on with the shah and farr If

may turn from you,

back

and position. that one, tricks,

If he should you will

take away your authority.

undoubtedly were

before

have no more will

that prince

to use these

many leaders

be cast down. "

319 His is without

Buqa

s&d,

11Observe and weak

the gold In its

of his "

nature.

currency

substance

assay.

He turned ruler 65CA

away from

him, Arghun

and spoke said,

evil

of him, from thirty

secretly,

before

the revenue gold

of the world.

11Demand Since for

him one year's years

as a punishment
without The stint,

and deterrent.
now let him give

he has extorted
" one quarter demanded threat, given

back

one year's that

acquisition. vast sum,

treasurers

quickly restitution,

went

and demanded three

being by fine

the khwaja's the and shah. extortion. and

the remaining sum was It The due

quarters

being

The

whole

to be paid

as punishment, I have resource; day, from

He said, a fine country.

demand

is excessive. useful Each

you

kingdom ions are

I have shah's

no other estate.

my possessthe property

the kingdom

and the

I administered obtain 5 more

in Iran, than this

the increase amount, since

was one tom5n. his income

Where

would

a vizier

Is so much less? " the profit of

As that threat,
another him. should that piece

deterrent
of gold that, head, or

and punishment
silver, they told for

did not produce

the shah

and Arghun of his

abandoned the khwaja received him in anger, suddenly ban,

He ordered lose his

in retribution cruelly

the killing When wise year man,

father,

and painfully. of that In the days black were was

the executioner and killed

order,

he hurried near the of his the day all town life.

to the side of Abhar. Four

In a wadi became when

663/1264,

the world of sha'

tired at once him, had

had passed for him.

of the monthdestruction A vizier in this

became family

When killed.

wretchedly like way. whom How the can

overtook world

of his seen

cruelly cruelly

never

the equal,

martyred

10

they see another the vizierate.

like

him in this world? one desire in this

It is not fitting to work for For

for

princes

to seek He

Why should of friends

the good of the faith? thirty years that wellin power,

had an abundance intentioned rank, khwja

quarrel. support

was the shah's

in the land of Iran. without equal

property country,

and possessions, his authority

he was totally was obeyed,

in the world, he had a

In every

and in every

region

320 -

palace were

and a maidan. continually star asking was his

In Iran, for his

sultans help. His

were Earth

servants and time

before were

him, and his confidants of the

and a good earth, turned stock, cast yet into great into

friend. threw

constellation Into

shone the pit. those

on the face That friendship

suddenly hatred ones

they

him down and

and anger, were not left

in the end only and the heads

remained. ones

Of his were

alive their

of the chief a measure

the pit. remained

In the world, for them

end came

with

of ground

and nothing

in the world.

15

Why should and wealth punishment as it were that wise Come, with

worshippers and position? and his

have offices You would

which

bring

them such a high rank, were a

say that those possessions by his riches.

life was betrayed

In that place, black for him.

he fell If

into a pit and from man was obedient,

that pit the day became the world saw nothing for

of him but his destruction. by it the soul is filled in the

let us not struggle Let us only

against

obedience,

purpose.

seek to submit submission are countless It Is fitting life. cannot

and let us be obedient

face of injustice. we avoid over arrogance.

We choose There

at the hand of fate and in the world numbers of us men, all hurrying there Is no

the face of the earth. for us in this

only

that we obey God; our fortune our existence. desire

other-purpose 20 and lusts seeker Humility For your

We choose prolong

by our desires You, 0 proud

and we ourselves fortune,

after

may you have no other step in obedience

than your all

submission. are ended.

is the first humility, your

and by humility, but he will

things

God will pride. Since

be open-handed, your being

bring earth,

wretchedness 0 my son, like fire or man

on you for like wind, earth,

is created

from

despise

every

place. pour

Do not be sharp out the water

and angry, cheeks.

and do not uselessly earth And

of your

Since

is made from become dust.

and we are men, if there

If you are a man, in your beyond heart,

my friend, know that,

you will I Ike IbI is, to take from his

is any pride

It is from

the fire.

When a man boasts When Iblis became

his strength, to obey,

he ought as profit

God as his guide.

too haughty

321 -

action, 25 earth,

he was for

accursed. sprang

May from

it be your earth

tendency

to go from May

earth

to

man who

returns

to earth.

you not

be proud atonement. essence

In all his out over

and sharp

like

fire,

for

fire

will

be your

fate on the day of throw the

Do not think of your Iife

seek

of earth

and fire,

and do not uselessly

to the wind.
succour But from God, that for you he created should He has any court both worlds, him, power out for of

matters,

graciousness. of that servitude world

It is proper

serve

only

comes

chieftainship. recognise In his

the supreme for

the whole

and do not and every

other, Is lower

he possesses to him than a

the ultimate

power

shah

658B

beggar. the wind wisdom,

Do not yourself is your gift,

seek anything more.

from

anyone;

In his court,

only heart in

nothing

If you open the eyes of your of Buqa.

look as an example

at the story

THE

END

OF

THE

RULE

OF AMIR

BUQA

CHING-SANG

That beautiful

ruler

and maker of time could

of orders he become

was an amir, so great him with

greater

than a shah. time and

How in the course fate bring why did 5

and at another power

him so low? it throw

Why did fate nourish

and rank

him into calamity? for

Do not try

to understand

the workings The planets

of the foolish

firmament,

it is no guide

to good fortune. you with dust

do not have far-seeing When it elects worldly not wish sees, to choose

eyes and fate covers a person,

in this

life. of his it does it

it measures until from

out the good fortune worthiness,

existence. to take away him,

In that respect, Its friendship

It sees one's him, so,

on account him, comes

of what

it exalts

and if he is a good man, for

it gratifies ruin for

If he is evil, quickly, will on come

it brings the other from

him wretchedness, hand, do not hasten

on the one hand, of evil,

into paths

your

undoing

that evil.

You see how, when Buqa became an enemy of the shah,

that evil rebounded

-322-

on him. shah's
and 10 or was

When Iran came under chancellor.

was turned

the rule

of the shah,

Buqa became and also

the

He was the amir

denied his

of the amirs,
authority. writing, like

the vizier,
there was, court, great it

there small,

no one who their

Everyone a pen.

heads

to his

in that

as if the

amirs

smelt

in the presence

of the amir.

In the court

of that

prince, for

everyone

jumped

in accordance

with

his order.

He had no courtesy of that amir, status

anyone,

fly. less than him to was a man a and ones were

an atom

In the court

the stiff
was less

necked
than

greater
Ioz

than pearls
he came

(clurra),

but their

(zurra).

When

to the ordu,

the clamour

and the tumult

reached

the heavens.

In his private heaven.

court,

men were

treated

in such a way that they were to return to his house, in a dream,

in the seventh

When he left in it. him.

the ordu say

not one of his elders a millstone revolved

remained around

You would

it was as if, the world 15 He said

world ones

When E3uqa saw to evil. ruler in the

under

his authority, 11Since

the power live

he forsook nowadays
over

good works is no other

and turned famous

and

to himself,
me,

there

except

the world me.

is in my hands not

the great In this

of the assembly the seed

through

If I were

the foremost

assembly,

of Chingiz

Khan

would

be at an end. "

That that

amir

attributed

his fortune

to his bravery; he took over

he did not acknowledge the government and fate

it came from to oppose

brought for

God. him.
disaster

In this way,

hurried
fate were close like soon

When the amir

to his right found life. to act their Fan

was arrogant
The hearts

among his people,

of the people Those amirs them, of the ordu who by him; and were amirs

afraid friends Juchi

it is never shah

deceitfully. made black and like for him came a wise

of the

days

for

and Sultn who who was was were

Ardu and the leader

and Tuladai who felt man,

Barghchi him, in hIs before

Tuhachar, and 20 their sought amirs that Tughn, rank

of those at that began some

and Qunjugbal presence, the shah as a result, good, even and those if

angry

famous

despised. injury. all

They Although the dies.

to attack harm

to do him were

to him

unhappy, of wisdom

same.

In evil,

man does

speaker

323 -

TughSn was even more full inferior order quence shah's sought widely to his own. against Tughn, Without

of anger authority,

against

Buqa,

whose hero

status

was an

that great

had issued

on account

of bawdy a y5s5

behav i our,

and as a consein the

of some sin, court. For

Buqa had raised this reason, Since

to have him beaten to him,

Tughn

was hostile

and continually spoke for

to do him harm.

his sins were Arghun

not evident, with

Tughn this

about his arrogance. he recalled

was displeased to Buqa. loosened ill

talk,

in his heart 25

his obligation when amir Sultan also

On the next occasion, about Buqa, "Buga's control people every other

his tongue

in evil

talk saying, the order, a

spoke

of him before

the shah,

position

has reached

the point were

that his actions not according Moreover,

are beyond to the shah's

of the shah. would

If his order order

not know which

to obey.

when he issues a yarl iah The amirs

igh to anyone, yari 6! 9A without the army authority,

he seeks no authority you, the shah, and their for

to use it.

If he uses over him.

have no control heads

of

are his servants a desire the affairs deeply. people I spoke

are scattered he would

by his command. bring it to his this

If he conceived hand. matter Before very

the kingship,

quickly

of the shah are ruined,

you must Investigate

When several effect master world, on him.

to the shah in this

vein,

their

words

had an evil, the

What did that one say, wisdom

who recognises

good from matter

of understanding, set your a rose heart

and reason?

11 In every

in this When be no 110 find a

on it and you will if the rose

be successful

in the end. there will

one grows trace 5 wise

on a wall,

does not survive, by that wise

of it left. king

11 The same thing of Hind,

was said

man of Hind, of evil should

and ruler the throne

God forbid for

that a speaker

path near they would

of the king,

when his words of stone

are full from Sind.

of enmity, 11

make an Impression of that group

on a heart

At the words Arghunts

of leaders,

the shah was angry little from

at the amir. When

heart

was so angry

that he sought

the world.

324 -

Buga went before wisher

him,

he was furious the shah's

at him. wrath.

Everyone

who was a well to approach frightened

of Buqa also except action, for this

incurred

He gave leave to Buqa, who grew

him to no one, at the shah's

those who were

hostile

and he did not go near you see, he treats

to him,

but said, while

11 In secret he has become

he is an enemy, angry 10 At this, missed against

you all alike,

administration. heated and his anger as vizier. became evident dishe and

the shah became him instantly from from

his office

He ordered

them to remove ones

the diwan

his residence,

to reduce both great

his position, and small,

and the great left his presence. against

of the diwan At this

and the cl erks,

command, in him.

Buqa became more furious He sent word of you. secretly He wishes

and resentment to say,

Arghun

took root the world of you, more Come,

to Jshkeb

It The shah of

Is suspicious and I, too,

the face of the day to be empty at him. I see you as being in Iran. In Iran, you

am full for

of pain and anger you are

fitting

to be shah,

the support on this to your

of the throne unjust shah.

so that we can bring of the world

destruction and the road

are the master 15 your feet.

throne,

as shah,

is under

The leaders

of the army

support shah,

me and no one will

act outside step

my command. lightly. 11

You must now become

but you must not take this

When Jshkeb in fear

heard

this son.

message,

he was amazed

and his cheeks to himself out about

went dark and said, this message,

of his uncle's

He was afraid Buqa. in this to Arghun. 11 I cannot

and turned

11A demon of desire not a trace well,

has seized remain

If Arghun world. It

found

of us would

In this

matter

i must search

and then give reply

the story to Buqa,

He made this words matter, kept for 20 in battle.

see the truth

in your

words;

If these in this will be and

you speak it would ever.

are

true,

then you have not Iled to swear an oath,

In your

account. compact

be fitting For

so that th Is

good or evil, deserted

you have been my servant, times and you never

In feasting regarded

You never

me In hard

325 -

anyone

as more worthy

than me.

You have striven a letter it. 11

hard

in my affairs, this

even when matter fully

it did you harm.

Now write

to me, explaining

so that we may undertake reached Buqa,

When this Without saying,

answer

a demon of desire and in It recounted oath at this praises a river

became

his guide. plan, become entrust No one order. who

concern,

he sent a letter

all of this

11With Jshkeb

we make this will pour forth

time,

that he will We will Arghhun.

shah of Iran, the kingship will 25 disobey

and the amirs to him,

upon him. of blood from

and bring

the commands to this oath,

of Jshkeb

and we will

obey his every from,

According fails

which

he too will

not, deviate

everyone cruelly.

to carry

out his part of our

of the plan, agreement,

we will

shed his blood turn

God is the witness from this act. letter

that none of us will

our faces

When this

reached fear

Jshkeb, life,

he saw no reason to Arun

for delay and recounted vas

in the matter, the whole at that

and in inward story.

for his the letter

he went

He showed He said

to the shah and Arghun It I must. not act kindly, If one carries will a snake fall heart

astounded since

deep plot. 659B there return

to himself, Buqa.

at the root, the

is need to fear for its venom a stone

in his bosom, life.

is that destruction and leave has become

on his

We must beat for battle. to allow none

its head under Now, when

it neither a dragon,

nor strength

the snake

it is not right

foolishly if I do not,

him to escape. of the princes He gave orders an enquiry, had sought brought 5 the amirs response brave

I must bring will remain for

the world 11

to an end for him;

alive.

quickly

Buqa to be seized into They

and brought,

like

smoke,

before

which the life

was to enquire of the shah.

the matter seized

of his crimes

and why he

him and bound his hands-. and In the enquiry, and small. In as a

him to the place sat together to the enquiry, Shi ktr said

of enquiry

and sat him in his place. in great things

to make examination Buqa was to him, 0 like

a lion

and made his answers man,

man.

foolish

why have you -become

326 enemy to the shah? an criminal. Buqa said, Shiktiir princes, chosen become said your shah. " you have made yourself retribution for It. "

By this evil it will

action

If you meet death, It i have no sin to him, crimes

be a fitting

in me.

Why do you talk of death one, in Iran and Tiir in,

in this way? " before acted these

110 malevolent before

this were 11Heaven

that you constantly forbid that

as the I should

Buqa replied,

in this world Is against

an enemy of the shah by choice. of the shah amongst court,

My anger

the amirs

and companions By speaking ever. 10

whom my position they have unjustly them, because

has been made low. closed for way my

ill of me in this is full

My heart

of anger

against

they have alienated from Arghun; He has

the shah from

me.

In this world,

I have had no gratitude recognise when his obligation

why does not that crown-wearer forgotten and throne. lies all my great trouble, of this

to me?

I got and entrusted will from know

to him the crown about the

The leaders

assembly

the truth one,

of my ill-wishers.

I hold my crown

that famous

but I do

not seek shah;

any end to his authority.

I do not seek for objective? such words.

upside clown.

anyone

but him to be for any-

how could heart

I seek such a dreadful is guileless

my life has 1'

It Is not right

one whose

to speak
been turned

By the accusations
Why do you strive

of my enemies, so urgently for

my blood?

When Shiktr of the world, your

heard your

these words heart and your

coming

from

him,

he said,

110 old wolf Undoubtedly this

two lips

are not the same. such me. 11 and said, letter Iles before

I ife is coming for your

to its close. Iles that plotting

Do not speak before

enquiry, 15

have no weight letter evil.

Then he gave Buqa were this not secretly letter, your

of agreement

11You said and read it,

that you for by

Now take your

time has come to Its end. 11 he cried out, for his life had suddenly and they told become the shah

When Buqa saw the letter, without what hope. Helplessly

he confessed

his crime,

he had done.

_ '-

327 -

Arghun
Is better

said,
that

11When a lesser
he is killed. As

prince

becomes
take

overthrown
off his

in the world,
head and in

it

a penalty,

vengeance,

lay him open with his whole

prince,

the sword. in blood.

given They Out

Take 11
the flayed task

his heart

from

his black

body and drown

Jshkeb, in it,

face

the famous it out greatness

was

and he immersed from him, took

himself cruelly, him away

carrying

to the end. brought low.

the skin

and so was

of hatred, i o4.

Tughn

20

and hung him from hi gh position place. between placed He went

the bridge

at Chaghan.

Buqa's

desire

had been for was his resting the difference that Buqa was yourself,

and you would from

say that that high position to the other; note well 687/1288,

one position

one and the other. in concealment. You,

It was in the year my friend, Though

if you wish

good for

God forbid you yourself desires

that you commit will

evil.

you send away all Then it is better

your

brothers,

deep in that pit. up end so that your Arghun

that your

should

be good,

end will

be good.

If Buqa had not for

been hostile him.

to the shah,

would

not have made his day black he would

If he had not wickedly Although no sign brought

opposed

the shah,

not have seen in this world, When Buqa was His brother,

destruction. there 25 dead, whose region remained Arghun

Buqa was the embodiment of him from one world

of a prince

to the next.

time to an end for

all of his stock.

Arq, name was Siphdr was taken at the order of Arghun to the 'Dc of Kasaf, without hatred or battle or drawn-up ranks, and, with sons, came to an unhappy in the world, Hulachu their end in the fire. There remained

many beautiful

none of that family mention his name.

and if one had remained, some time later, resting place

no one would became frightened their

and Jshkeb, souls

of the shah and he sent beginning 660A and end. a place

to an airy

and forgot

When they sought Hulachu sword

of greatness,

he became

aware

of their

ambitions. by the God forbid

and Jshkeb of vengeance.

brought In that

down on their

own heads

destruction crown,

land of the gold encrusted

328 -

that that

anyone

should

get a crown high

in that rank

way.

It Is not for , Buga

that

purpose them In

one should

achieve

in the world.

deceived they

the matter him. part these Many of this evil

of the kingship, famous action. thoughts, life

but

in the matter and position

of greatness, were killed

deceived as of

am i rs of rank Many went

by order, as a result

handsome wretchedly which

and famous with

princes, Look takes

the wind.

at the vanity head and haart.

of a short

of greatness,

contemptuously

Everyone reality beggar,

who seeks in his heart. in reality

the outward For

form

of greatness,

has no awareness appearance of a

of

anyone who has the outward

is a shah. beggars gifts do not seek the outward has rank appearance of a shah,

if they are prudent, for the one bears in reality. is better

and the other

and position;

they make their

choice which anyone They ished state

The beggar's than being

condition

is one of empty-handedness, or possessions, for

a shah with a beggar will

a kingdom

who is in reality have not brought you with

not be such a ruler of this business, will

in this world.

you the profit

nor have they nourbring you into a

its excellence.

In time,

the creator

of servitude. creatures in this world a servant, heart and soul you

If you make God's destroy 10 In this evildoing which

his reputation. world. will Anyone become

The God of earth who gives rebellious. help

and time set over

you one of them of that that path or vizier

to an evildoer, remedy

by reason

Your

is in seeking

only

leads

to the presence from

of that God.

He has no need of amirs In the world,

and he is purified come from

that which

is in the mind. you will

good deeds of him. call him

him and in the two worlds who is the master

be safe because

He is dishonoured beggar. Now that Simnan.

of the world

when they secretly

I have finished COL

the story

of Buga,

I will

start

to speak

of Darl

.'.

329 -

THE

VIZIERATE

OF

MALIK

JALAL

AL-

DIN

SAMNANI

AND

HIS

EXECUTION

When Arun Darius

I5 from

tore

his heart

from

love for full

vizier

Buqa,

the vizierate and gravity,

years in the

came to the who was far

land of Iran. was the When for his

of Simnn,
being

to that khwja
He was

of wisdom
for two

an evildoer.

He was Jalal, work that

addressed

as Malik,

by reason

of his continued in years

age and his in him. and his way days

honorific He undertook restful.

and the dignity of the vizierate famous man fell He saw who was

of the vizierate but he was into no one a capable old

the vizierate, as a competitor man. come

he gave

to greediness except Fakhr

relatives. Mustaufl, shah,

to himself, to himself, for,

He said to ruin.,

11 If he is near respect of-

the

my fortunes

will

quickly than place, had

In every at the work adversary how

government, I must He did fall put not

he Is better someone know him. in his fate

I and he is better for in store I have for

of the vizier. like was him. to and "

no other him, from or

what Envy

disaster of humility

upon

incited

him

to depart

the path

20

there

was no fear

or care

in his fortune. shah, saying,

He went

secretly

to Arghun of Rm will

and be

spoke deceitfully ruined, man, for

to that wise there

11The whole

everyone

is roused

to violence. land, rapidly

We must find for without overtake

a skilled

and famous, of evil

to govern action,

that pleasant will

a man who is the land of Ram.

incapable

misfortune

We need a man who will

in his that can that presence.

show Geikhatu
said, vizier

the r1 ght path

be best 11 In this man. for

and act as vizier

someone to go to we out shah

11 Arghun land. " The

11 It would replied,

pleasant only task. send

important

matter, to carry two

a famous

and outstanding MustaufT. quickly. 11

I am prepared of the

Another he should

is Fakhr go there

Whichever

of us the

decides,

Arghun chosen 25

said, to go.

It Is not right

that

the vizier

should

go.

Let

the other

be

He ordered

that Fakhr

Mustaufi'should

come to him,

and praised

him and

330 -

showed

him abundant horses,

courtesy,

and gave him ring, and falcons

crown

and girdle, dogs and

and army, hawks. honorific

men and weapons and power.

and hunting

He gave him glory of Nizm

In that kingdom

they gave him the This good man

and he wrote the court

his commands

in this way.

came to Rm from practices. fitting 660B

of the shah and he made manifest that land became free

many good of the

By his judgement, he introduced.

as a result

practices time,

In a short rule, horses, thanks

he made Rm such that God became did not see oppression That kingdom of that khwja Malik

envious

of it.

By his with

the people arms

and the army was furnished became completely like

and money.

a garden, Fakhr al-

to the government from

of good repute. over

When

Din was far Since

the court,

was in authority

all of the country. by the affairs and people farr or judgement, there spoke of

he was very

idle and negligent, were spoken under

he was confused

the kingdom. made complaints Iran 5 would in this would

Bad things

about him at length, this man without

to the shah that,

end in desolation. left

If such a man remained in the land of Iran. of the world with

as vizier,

not be one building way before very the ruler angry

When many elders

about his government, khwgja. of the vizier.

that shah criticism,

ended by being the brave

that well-meaning at the actions him,

At this

shah was sick

at heart

He quickly

put an end to his Iife; In the year had passed from this of the Hijra in the year life.

he had fostered and the Arab 688/1289,

but he did not give him immunity. half of the month of Rajab Malik for passed him; of On

calendar,

when by order

of the shah,

in the field

of Slyh-Kh,

his day became Such

black

for his work, fortune account

he was far from

the law of the shah.

is the usage one low.

and heaven;

one by one fate brings in this world,

each wretched

of two days work It would from

it carried

off his soul wretchedly and separated prefer contentfrom the

and cruelly. 10 themselves ment for

be better

If men did not seek power, Everywhere they should

lust and desire.

in contentment

a man can be shah.

When he was removed

331 -

hand Jews.

of the vizierate,

the world

became

a burning

fire

on account

of the

THE OF

VIZIERATE FAKHR

OF

SAID

AL-DAULAT

JAHUDI

AND

THE MARTYRDOM

MUSTAUF!

Sa'd

al-Daulat

quickly

took over

the work

of the vizierate

and to Iran

he

took command favoured before

of the diwan the shah, of wisdom

and the army because

of the shah. skilled

Although

he was not yet he had At a skillful

though

he was a Jew,

the appearance first vizier, 15

and the rhetoric

of his words

was clever. sought

his profession

was that of medicine,

but when Arghun

he saw in him the signs ones.

of his capability man took over

and he chose responsib Although

him from for all

among the great of the reins

That wise

I Iity

of government

of the land of Iran. treacherous he ruined

he had the appearWhen he

ance of prudence, placed ones.

he was In reality

and malignant.

his hand on the vizierate, When

completely to all

many of the great lands, Fakhr Mustauf'i of the

the news of his activities the kingdom of Ram.

spread

came back from shah,

He came proudly in the government.

to the court

to be congratulated he was gracious of the vizier that famous

on his work to him,

When Arghhun in rank. In his

saw him, The heart

and raised at this one day, worth? "

him appropriately event and there

was anxious man. So,

was evil

mind against in Iran. 20

the shah asked

about conditions has i' I

11How much is my kingdom and how much remains? offhand.

How much of the revenue answered Arghun, it,

been expended cannot give

The vitier

an answer the facts

It will After

take one month to give that, I can give a full II

In order to

to explain the shah, When Fakhr which affairs.

completely.

account

about what al-Din

money and how much is everywhere. this story, he brought which

heard

out a piece explained

of paper,

on of

he had written He had noted

a form there

of account, every

exactly

the state from the

collection

and expenditure,

332 -

knowledge city this great

of that chosen

one of pure descent. and expenditure

He told and what

the shah of every remained, such as, of the of

and the amount of income much has been the income shah,

and so much remains for by other When Fakhr the vizier

to the account matters

and what was accounted in the ordu everywhere.

necessary al-Din

the shah,

recited

to the

shah an account about 25 enmity. lied

of the affairs

of Iran,

was even with

more worried the spirit and of

his activities,

and impotently

his heart

was filled the ruler from

He took an opportunity in order hearted,

to approach to deliver his heart

of the world that man.

to him secretly,

himself

Since The of a on its

the shah was simple purpose Muslim. decree.

was broken itself

as a result. the blood

of that malevolent Fie upon the work By the work

Jew showed of fate,

in spilling

that good deeds one against

had no effect

of a faithless him down.

a man of faith, 689/1290,

fate bewildthat the flag

ered him and brought 661 A of happiness

the month

It was in the year

was overturned,

on Friday,
near

on the night
Shahrwan, that

of the new moon of

Iran was martyred ! G7

of Ramadhan,

at night,

by the sword For the family

of Dara'i

and by his work

evil

came to our hearts. to night, and

of Mustaufi, were filled

it was as if the day had turned with with for anger grief at his death.

hearts a child, son. hatred. fall

and souls my heart Now I will

Although

I was but

was filled utter praises

and pain on account and curses the one,

of my uncle's of

his woul, for

on that speaker and pain and grief than happy hell. For

May eternal For

blessings this one,

be spoken

on the other. for one,

may the grave

be sweeter like

paradise; murdered 5

the other, may there On this

may it be hideously always

obscene,

the the be

be hour Is as companions and compassion For this

who speak of paradise one,

same tongue. strewn;

one, smoke

may the mercy and fire for

on the other with

and sparks. the other

may the be locked and on the and goodness;

path of union against other him.

God be opened; one,

may everything

On this

the blessing of hell.

and tranquility On this one,

of paradise, peace

the scorn

and torment

eternal

333 bring fall down

on the May

other,

may

the apostle of the creator a hundred

torments murdered

of a hideous one; may

kind. the other

the approval

on this

be killed

by him with

tortures.

Since

the stars

favoured

the faithless avoid

Sald

al-Daulat,

he arranged

things

as he pleased, stipends He sought brighter. without

and no one could stint, in every the shah's

his authority.

He cut down on or other matter.

expenditure wealth, the shah's enmity. in his calling,

or business

to increase

to make the face of the dynasty affairs in this way, the hearts

When he administered were vizier filled with

of his colleagues 10 The oppressive enemies involved my work enemies, He spoke

was wise

and he was fearful as his assistant, a Turk

of his to be me,

in the way he acted. in his harshness. and my rewards if I could find

He wanted He said,

a Mongol

1' If there

were

to protect

would a Turk

be good.

I would

be safe from 11

my vengeful

to help me in my rule. example for

thus to the shah, amirs,

110 wise

princes, form

if there a council

were to

one or two wise advise under the vizier. my view.

in their

greatness this

they could suggestion,

if the shah accepts

I can keep all matters

11 three wise amirs became officials and partners to

At Arehunls the vizier. I5 men. Shiraz. order Three country elders

command, There

was Quhn and Juchl aml

and Ordu-Qaya, and Juchi descent,

a II good and true became ruler of at the

He made Ordu-Qaya At Tabriz of the shah. experienced at Arghun's amirs order. there

r of Baghdad, of exalted

was Quhn,

appointed

in those Apart

three from

cities them, from

took control the other their

of a part

of the

amirs

and famous At the order to look

did not see the rest shah,

of the country

desert.

of the victorious after All the army. of Iran,

each one of them was appointed

as commander

through to tell

those

four

men, amirs

was collectively about this

under

their

control,

and none dared

the other

stratagem.

334 -

Then, gained

from

the plain

of Hazar,

through through

the agency the work

of scouts,

the shah He learned

important

Intelligence

of the army.

that a faithless

army was advancing

against him, led by a warlike

prince.

THE

BATTLE OF

OF

THE

IRANIANS

AGAINST

THE

ARMY

FROM

THE

PLAINS

QIPCHAQ Boa Bai by name,

20

They prince.

called

him Pular

and he was a powerful Darband, That towards brave army,

and warlike this direction, Intent on war,

They

had found passage towards like

from

hurrying rushed Iran defeat They group;

bravely forward

this kingdom. lion. They

a roaring

intended

completely

to overwhelm to bring and crown. from that

and throw

down the heads

of the leaders

to the ground, his throne elders

on the government would from leave as rulers

of Arghun, neither

and to seize Arghun nor

or amir's leave

the seed of Hleg

in this

country this,

they wbuld

no trace Khan

of any prince. would be hailed

In the land of Iran, as khans. the news of this to his amirs,

after

the seed of Tshi

When Arghun anxiety. 25 direction,

heard

from

his spies,

he was breathless Is coming

with

Then he said before

11Since Kr,

the enemy

In this of Iran

he can cross and we wi

the river

let all of the cities in battle against

send many troops perhaps Tughachar you. their

II take the road for them. 11 God forbid,

them and

day will to him,

be black

said

It 0 shah,

that misfortune for you are both

should lion

come to

It is not for

me to teach

you anything, we are slow

in nature, that

and true, we will army 6616

but If in this matter do badly.

to act,

then you must know

We must not allow of battle. 11Draw with

any delay

In this,

but must send our

to the plain

Ar2hhun said Take those

to him,

up the army you,

and quickly

set out on the way. Advance " on

some of the amirs enemies from

men of courage and bring their

and fame. army

this direction

to battle.

335 By of Tughachar, with an amir they Qurumshi, Immediately who was out from the ordu, and Balkur like

the

order

set

a running Baram, loy

elephant, who was

the son

of Alinaq, and Baru,

of a thousand,

and Daratu

Sari', 5 their with

and other order. their

men of rank

and position

went with amirs

him,

according

to

Tughachar baggage trains,

and the stiff making They like

necked

went with

the army, all

the wind faces

for Arran, to do battle

the army with

of one heart

and mind. lions

turned

their

the enemy, said to

II ke destroying Choban, delay, bring

at heart, smoke

and full

of pugnacity. Bai

Arghun in battle;

11Set out like I Ike a rogue

to seek out Pular army

go without Bravely

I ion,

and take your them for

to that plain

of war.

the world

to an end for

among our princes,

I see no one

Ike you. At Arghun's having 10 command, the brave amir set out from the camp like amongst a lion, the tulips he

adorned

his army

Iike a garden

or the east wind

of the meadow. sent out heroes he set out along equipment char

In the centre

and the wings under free

and on the right

and left,

and men of action; wi th the fortunate

the standards men.

of shah and princes, and In the When Tughathe other

In that army,

of that horde,

he astonished of them,

the sun and the moon. army came from

came toward

the west

a mighty

direction. The warlike their equal went hands in size, out from Pular Bai was In the forefront and his army had already washed

in blood.

The two armies panting for

advanced battle

both of them more Scouting surprise

or less parties

all of them each army, with

and strife. of making and strife,

to seek out ways in hatred

attacks.

Men sought

battle

each other Each battle,

each one standing out the other, in battle, of the other. each other on

face to face with girding his loins

the other. first for

one of them was seeking in an effort perilous sought

to gain superiority by the deeds to overcome

but the work 15 In this way,

of the one was made more for one week, both armies came from

the battlefield,

when Choban

the court

to the victorious

shah,

336 -

and came to assist and the heavens Pular

In that battlefield. touched

His army

was adorned

like

a bride

were

by the sound

of his drums. his teeth like this

From

afar,

Bai saw that army to himself, of the world, men. 11 arrived

and he bit his lip with an army equipped

in amazement. one, he would not not

He said be ruler be free

11Without

and but for

the fame of the princes,

they would

When Choban him.

before

Tughachar,

he praised by his arrival, the other side,

him as soon as he saw and they advanced Pular for Bai advanced he was full on he of

The brave

army was strengthened like lions. From

to do battle bravely, fight, like like

as one,

a destroying

elephant,

against

the enemy,

an elephant With

in heat,

and you would

say that he was sitting and the heart

top of a mountain. attacked 20 the brave

the strength Everyone

of physique

of a lion,

Iranians.

who came hear Like a fierce

him imagined

that they

saw a mountain of the armies, from battle. became a battle not recall From every this side, There difficult became

on top of a mountain. he sought battle with

lion between on the battlefield, full man,

the ranks while for

the warriors

the arrogant were for

amirs

came to meet him, to that proud

of ardour

not any men equal the Iranians. between You would

and the battle to Pular Bai, could

When Choban them, a battle

came near such

evident it. there

that the memory opened

one like part,

say that the world and the world each other, and spear

up in the fighting. in the battle.

was fighting armies killed

was ruined and from

The two battle-seeking flowed killed pieces 25 face hand, intense, opened streams of blood.

each of the two and bow, broken its his more they in

With sword

and arrow

many of their and combatants

enemies. became

The arms helpless. hero. Bal. from

of the brave In the end,

men were fortune

showed and opened

to Choban,

the battle-seeking attacked Pular

He gave a shout In that way,

and valiantly until

the battle

became

the colour

was torn ,;

the face of the sun. of Pular Bai stumbled

When Choban in the battle. Though he

his hand in the fight, hero fell

the horse

The battle-tried

from

it and fate overthrew

his dynasty.

'..,.

337 -

was strong pain.

in his physique,

that famous left for fighting

one broke

his backbone

with

great ones

He had no strength him. They cruelly

in his body,

and the brave

662A

killed threw

cut his head from

his body and contemptuously a mountain on that plain

down the body of that warrior. remained his teeth amazed

He was like

and the army bit his lip with

at his physique.

Everyone

who saw his body his body

in amazement;

many of them sat around

and people After The

looked

at each other of Pular Bai,

in amazement. that battling army brought bodies defeat were to his army. piled as

the killing leaders killed

fight in that many so The malignant

that their

high as a mountain. killers 5 Iran raised their

enemy fled hatred

away,

while

these

armyof

hands and in their

Tughachar Then

and the amirs they pursued amirs the

did not leave like fierce

one of the enemy am: rs alive. lions and destroying elephants. number. as far

enemy

The brave

of the

land of Iran The army leave there,

cut off enemy heads without the enemy agressors

pursued

as Darband

Bt

and did not From shah. They

a trace

of them in Arrn, returned

and drove

them out of Darband. of the victorious praises

the army

and came to the court

came to his presence princes. fitting

and he rained of honour, achievement,

down abundant according

upon his and tradit I on, saddles,

He sent robes rewards for their

to custom horses

and Arab

with

golden

and gold embroidered He raised own body; Choban since

garments above

and collars the elders

and girdles. and gave him the robe army from his

In rank

it was by him that the destroying

had been defeated,

I0

he raised
shah raised

him to an exalted position.

that famous an order man to a higher to every city

From these beginnings

rank. and place In Iran,

in battle,

the

Then he issued the amirs the shah. made this cheeks

annountjng

that of

had been victorious There possible was gladness with their

in battle

and had strengthened the world,

the dynasty

throughout lives. Thanks blackened.

that the dead had work, the

to the victorious By the farr

of the enemy dynasty

were

of the shah and

338 -

his shining After that,

heart,

the world

was safe from Iran to greatness battle with

that struggle. according to the wishes of

the shah raised It became were

his heart. 15 activities the desires

safe from

and anger music lips

and enmity

and Arghhun's

only concerned

and feasting. of moon-like from

The shah found beauties. wine. From the

of his heart footed

in the sweet sgTs,

pale hands of fleet desires of his heart,

he drank

cups of ruby

In the

that famous

shah spent

the cycle

of those days of passed of winter, on to someof

good fortune. Ala-Tank.

times Siyh-.

Sometimes

he went to Arrn

and sometimes for the season

spring

Sometimes

he went to Baghdad
Sometimes

to Qongqur-lenq. Kh.

he spent

in the meadows

This

famous for

shah was full beauty

of wisdom of which

and everywhere men had never from which completed

he carried seen.

out much of

building,

the like

Remains

it can be seen in the world One such place battle-seeking

and it is not hidden of Sharwiyaz, of the faith

men of wisdom. was started by that

is that fortress shah. The sultan

it and it became

named Sultniyeh.

THE

REBELLION

OF

THE

AMIRS

AND

THE

KILLING

OF SAID

AL-DAULAT

When the shah was safe from 20 as high notable as the moon. one like him.

his enemies,

the head of Said

al-Daulat was no

was

He had so surpassed Since

the shah that there above those

his head was raised rebellion

of the moons His secretly

of the earth, heart was full

his deceit of hatred this.

In the subsequent of the religion 11Since

wits evident. and he spoke a religion

of the world

to Arghun it would Buddhists Since

about be fitting

the shah has chosen

for himself,

that no other religion should be observed. Since Ito are his guide, why should the people of Islam be increasing? of idols is so poor, why should the Kaaba be

the Budda&s house

339 -

richly

furnished.

it would

be fitting

if you destroyed

the Kaaba

and

ended the exaltation why should 25 for the place

of that sect. be a world

Moreover,

in the burial

place

of 'Ali,

of gold and silver? and give

at once he thought

It would

be fitting With that

him to take that gold and silver

he should shah idea was send simple a vast

it to the army.
to make this war

intention, Since With sought brought of the the that

army

on the Kaaba. idea. they and fate

of heart, on the part but this was

to be a perfect and the shah,

and thought an army,

of the vizier not pleasing

to raise

to the creator,

an end to the two shah, and many

of them. sought

He caused for a way

a madness to cure it.

in the make-up Every kind of

people

remedy 662B They

was tried

on his behalf several

by everyone. but from such them he became terrible full pain, of grief full of pain.

gave him

medicines,

He asked became

everyone III for this

why he was suffering reason, hearts for

and when he and pain.

of men became for

The physicians itself.

saw no cure

him,

the sickness

of death was showing came to for him

One by one,

they despaired him.

of success, remained him.

and the sorcerers no hope of health Although

make incantations and everyone intelligent,

before

There

turned

his face away from

the mind of man is for death. kingdom greatly was from of

no one has ever

been able to give him the remedy illness became public, were amirs, the whole suffering for from

When the news of the shah's 5 torn by war and contention. of the vizier destruction learned

The other and his three

amirs chosen amirs.

the conduct those men,

the power

came to other

The amirs a kind

of the Illness

of Arghun

and their

hearts will

were bring

filled

with

of hope.

Each one of them said We will destruction and others

to himself,

11Fate of their four. "

destruction fortune, Qunjuqbal, this,

upon the shah. and we will Tughn bring

take advantage upon those as well, plot,

opportunity TUhachar, talking that There

of

and Tukal kind

sat together

about it was was

exploring

every

of means. their hands

In this in blood

it was agreed

necessary

that they wash

of the leaders.

340 ICI a young who

behind race.

Arghun Taghachar

a prince was

whose

name

was

Khalta, youth,

man of exalted to them,

the guardian

of that

said

10

11Tomorrow banquet, and during There in this. hearts were

is the birthday

of that prince, We will destroy amirs,

and for

this we should

hold a place,

according the feast, five

to custom. we will chosen

invite them. 11

them to this banqueting

brave

who were

of one mind and one tongue to the house and their from over the

In the darkness were hostile

of night,

they all went

to the shah.

When the sun shone brightly with its light,

mountain, prepared

and lit up the whole a banquet

face of the world

Taghachar

and made all preparations to Mongol custom,

and gracious and sought slain

arrangements. Iran

He prepared for for special

it according dishes for

throughout

and wine. the great

Many sheep were shah.

and many a she-ass, were their complete, Mongol When Tachachar rank. worthy cups

that banquet

When the preparations them great respect for

he invited 15 leaders the three offered Each

the leaders came before amirs

and showed him from

rank.

far and near,

both male and female. to that banquet, due to their had a goblet and drank

and the vizier to the leaders

came unsuspectingly

praises leader,

and gave them the respect generalship of their in that war, unjust actions,

who had attained They their were hands.

of his rank. of wine A wise vine for from

unaware

man said,

11 if you look at the winecup, but your own blood. feast Blood

it Is not the blood is the wine

of the

that you drink, the work

of the heart

of the body, of the colour speaks.

and in this of the wine

the work for

of the body was distracted. by its sweetness, of the wine wine takes Is such the that

Do not sing wine itself

in the cup, the bitterness

Do you not know to the work

it brings

melancholy

of the body? departs

When from

possession distracts

of a leader, 20 wisdom desire

the appearance

of wisdom

the land; become

desire

and the cheeks of the eyes joins five

of the dynasty sorrow with showed

and its glory wisdom, their

dark.

The hope. 11 of the

and desire

exalts

Then those

conspirators

bravery

and tied

the hands

'.

341 -

vizier

and the leaders. them according

at once, and for

They did not speak to custom

those famous

aword

to them, They
came

good or evil,

but killed
cruelly

and wisdom.
ones, time

put them to death

to an end. ls-

Those

amirs

and the vizier I am astounded is permanent. strives

were

killed

at that banquet, of fate, for

through

the courage

of the amirs. anything Everyone purposes, difficult powerful that

at the actions

I do not see

in the world

in every

way and every troubled

place

for his own confronted and that evil for and sin another by

and the dynasty matters.

was sorely

and suddenly came tonothing, There remained departed

The struggles separated

and troubles from while them.

shah became

and unpleasantness palace.

and profit,

he wretchedly

THE

DEATH

OF ARGHUN

KHAN

25

When the news his illness tired After of life. a week, All

reached

the shah that the vizier became worse,

and the amirs

had been kilted, became

immediately

and the world-protector

the crown-wearer the moonfaced

expired ones tore

and a clamour their hair were

arose

from

grief of and

at

his death. their 663A khan.

and wept

on account

The rose

and the arjl was closed

uwn tree on them.

red and wounded, the red

the door flowers

of happiness were wet,

In the narcissus,

and by that wetness, also The land.

the almond

was sleepless. of the cypress heavens this

In and passed

this condition, the evergreen over

the hyacinth was bent. that

appeared,

the stature

leaders

mourned

and the eight 690/1291, when days star

the sky over

it was the year awwal

happened when the the

to the shah and the month was rabi'l day ended for shah died, 5 the moon of the world. In accordance that land, like

and seven

old,

When that royal with Mongol rose

became Shiktr

black, brought him

in Arrn. from

custom, petals.

the shah back

a hundred

He placed

342 -

in a casket in that evil

They prince that went who very

in place time,
in this knew

of the throne, the litter

as far his duty.

and quickly

secured

his head.

Then,

carried
way, well they

of the shah from

Arrn.
by that and in

as the mountain They entrusted

113 of Sahas, carried him to the earth

place,

made,

as it were,

a desert.

Wives under

and noble the earth.

men wept

for him,

when that crown-wearer in sorrow and in pain, of sun-like

was hidden 11Alas face. for Alas that for

Each one said, shah. Alas and farr for

world-illuminating that shah, The world the chosen Such that 10

that ruler and Iove. 11

ful I of pride,

did not see that one who died so wretchedly; shah had not lived. of the blue vault of heaven, for

you would

say that

Is the manner it cannot

the heart with

is not such out of is there,

be wounded.

He was not compassionate lives out of vengeance. from care

anyone, What ruler

pleasure, near Man's

nor did he seek men's who comes except

to heaven,

to be free the earth,

for what

has occurred. heart is

end is nothing

and depraved

is he whose

not pure. Remember sharp now the words concerning Geikhatu, with authority, recounted by Mustaufi, in that

of intellect.

When he speaks shah.

he remembers

way that victorious

THE

REIGN

OF

GEIKHATU MONTHS

KHAN

WHICH

LASTED

THREE

YEARS

AND

SEVEN

When Arahun

departed

from

the world evil

and the place suddenly

of the sun was empty, not sleep retribution. Their hearts easily. Since were Each one

all of the amirs 15 They were

who had committed for their

could

frightened Geikhatu,

wrongdoing in favour

and feared of Baidu.

they feared averse

they were

to Ghazan

Khan,

and they opposed

both him and Gelkhatu.

343 -

said, Evil

11 If either would from fall

of these on us from

two come to power,

we will

be totally vengeance It would him.

destroyed. would be

the shah and undoubtedly and the vizier we killed.

sought if Baidu quite

Since began

us for

the amirs for

be better be

became

shah, to us,

good would our

come to us from lord.

those

It would

a benefit
they

if he became
these and left

I
amirs who had committed crimes

thought

along

lines, Arghun's

to praise

Baidu,

ordu

to go to him.

20

Those

who had not been guilty and from every

of making

trouble

approved

only

the course of in

of wisdom, Rum. Iran. while fear Since

land they hurried Incl inationt Saidu of concern, That proud throne. this country. feared

to Geikhatu, there

in the region

each had a different, the kingship, was full

was much conflict of Geikhatuf

In seeking Ghazan,

the vengeance being

too,

his heart

split

Into two by and

of both of the others. no desire for

man took the path of wisdom

showed From fortune, a horse gudie,

the royal set out for

RDm, Geikhatu the crown

He put on the robe of the nation. He bravely his desires mounted were his

of his desires,

and split

and set out from where and earth and time were

he was,. obedient

As he went,

to him in his quest. the wives all the and

When word amirs

of him reached there

the ordu,

that he was on his way, at the news. '

who were

became

overjoyed him.

The leaders

approved leaders 663B become

of him and praised went ruler, out to greet and joyfully action. for

When Gelkhatu notable

arrived agreed for

at the ordu, that he should him. Baidu

him,

and every

adorned At Sailaq,

the golden in the dI

throne strict

acquiesced placed Twenty shah.

in this

of Ala-Ta&h, the kingship. khatu

they

the throne four days

, him and In 690/1291,

he achieved

of the month of Rajab that famous golden

had Passed, throne,

when Gei

became

He ascended

Just as the globe custom,

of the

sun rises

in the heavens. before

In accordance their shah, Each

wl th Mongol one by one,

the elders him, and and

came ceremoniously he became master

and praised

of the earth.

one knelt

In obedience

to him,

; .

- 344 t

the chosen
flattering

leaders
words

of the army came,

threw

off their

girdles

and spoke

of obedience.

When Gei called sad for banquet, into this measure

khatu

became

shah,

he put the affairs

of Iran

In order. and said, killed

He 11I am at a

Shiktr

to him and asked him about famous elders,

the kingdom

some of those

who were fatal illness. retribution, is a star,

recklessly There

at the ti me of the shah's matter.

must be an enquiry to the

Each one must suffer A subject

according

of his culpability.

and the shah is the sun. ascends

does

10

The stars
sun, back affair. can one

do not take the heat from

is exposed from to misery

the sun.
and pain. that can

If a star

beyond
not

the

the world his hand Except man kill

If a subject we mete exact

hold

the shah,

it is fitting how

out justice retribution? "

in the How

through another,

the shah, except

a man

by permission

of the shah?

Shiktr star

said

to him, itself

110 shah,

may things it quickly it nears

always meets

be as you wish. retribution for its

If a

raises

above the sun, up when

presumption. its vicinity. 11

It burns

the sun,

and it may not pass beyond

THE

ENQUIRY

INTO

THE

AMIRS

WHO REBELLED

Then

at' the shah's

order,

Shiktr

brought

for

examination

those

amirs

in

15

whom rebellion
closely, with

had been evident,

wise words,

their

hands bound.
guilty hearts.

They were questioned

Tughn's was guilt was of

to open their

established, Tu; hn's role.

as being

the key to the troubles, Geikhatu ordering was well

and Geikhatu disposed Aq-Buga

informed Tushn,

In his heart not see himself

towards said

and he could 110 shah, oppressor Through 20

his death.

to the shah, from the

since for

God made you shah, his crime, and only

now you must seek Justice act according there will

to the path of righteousness. be justice amongst his subjects. to your

the Justice

of a Just shah, oppressed

When the wretched

ones come with

cries

and lamentations

346 THE HIS INVASION DEATH BY THE ATA1EG AFRASIYAB OF LUR AND

Now Know were killed

I will

speak

of the Lurs, had departed The amirs close

and of events from turned

which

have long grown

old.

that Arghun made black. the shah's

the world, away from With this

and the days of the princes custo' i and precedent deed, the world Everywhere, became everyone and

companions.

confused raised 10

and strife his hand,

washed

the hand of oppression.

and the world

In the land of Luristan, heard army cousin, the army and defeat their throw blood stories of strife

in the throes of rebellion. was suddenly 114 Afrsiyb, who was called by the title of Atabeg, to become a throne ruler In Iran. He sent an He had a 11Go with

and attempted

to Isfahan, a lion-like from

in the hope of securing man whose

and title.

name was 'Aral

he told him, and , Conquer the city you find or Mongols that fair

here

to the land of Sabahan. Any of the Turks Leave works.

and region, there, alive, land, into shed and you

the Turks. in rivers.

or Mongols

not one of the Turks

down all their nothing

When you have conquered justice. Take the hearts

must find your 15 Then

but true justice

of the kingdom

hands with conquer

and generosity of Iraq,

and make that land resplendent. has become by Arfhun for us the epitome of

the kingdom

which

heaven.

The world Then

has been devastated I will bring

and now I can become of Iran under this rIng. the of I

its conqueror. 'Aral

all of the lands making

set out in warlike of lsfahn

spirit,

for Sabahan. prince, 'Aral,

At that time,

governor

was a famous under

Mongol

and when he heard he drew

the approach and advanced country their 20 quickly loins

of the Lurs impetuously joined him.

the warlike All

up his army in that land girded

to battle.

of the Turks

who were of that

him,

and the rulers

and governors

with

The two armies Baidu

soon met and the din of battle to the Lr army,

reached

the vault blood

of heaven. in

was not equal

and the Turks'

flowed

'.

_..

347 -

streams. star land, said,

By 'Aral

Is attack,

Saidu

was destroyed remained

and the Mongols' on earth In that desert He

was black countless

that day. numbers

Not one Turk were annihilated

and 'Aral

was victorious.

11Now the Atabeg prayer

Is the world land,

conqueror. to say,

11 He had his name Included is ruler of the these.

in the Friday world. events enraged 25 nest?

them for

in that

11Afrsiyb

"

Since

Geikhatu

was the ruler what

of the world, the Lurs

they recounted he became his foot

to him,

and when he heard 11How can this

had done, place I will

and said,

owl of ill-fortune for empire?

in our on

How can the Lurs

this. "

have desires

take revenge

He ordered guard,

uS Tuladal to come to him, to him, 11Choose

for he was the chief from

of his personal and in this in

and said

an army a trace alive.

among our troops, or 'Aral

go to Luristan. world. this war. Leave 11

You must not leave not one of those Lurs

of Afrsiyb May this

be your

purpose

At the shah's 664B made swiftly

" Go to their river a rope be pulled or

order, for

Tuladai

set out, to settle

mountain be afraid. so that,

a fierce the matter.

and valley. I have if they fall

army

at his back,

and he

Luristn,
through do not waists, It

He sa id

to his army,
come people they to a bind can

tents,

If you should heard that many helpless,

a mountain, their

around out

and are

by a horse.

When the Lurs and that brave the Lurs 5 their were

heard

that a vast coming

army

was approaching where

these

mountains,

men were afraid, swords, Afrsiyb

to a place

leopards

did not walk, brandishing of water. like killed fled On a on from

especially caus I ng drew

when they saw the Mongols blood to flow Iike streams

vengeful side,

the other lion,

up his army began.

and attacked numbers

Tuladai were

and hand to hand fighting

Countless were

each side,

but in the end the Mongols

victorious. for

Afrsiyb the Lurs. for

the battlefield, of their army

and the face of the sun was black were killed that the ground could

So many their bodies.

seen be not

348 -

Since thing was the took

none they

of the Lur had. They Then,

horsemen turned after gave their

were

left,

the Mongols at once Afrsiyb to come

scattered and

everythe land to Tuladai

hands

to looting, sent

devastated. amir, him

the battle, him safe the

a messenger him.

and Tuladai from Luristn

conduct shah.

to meet

to meet

10

When the shah had exhausted door of s41 icitude for them,

his vengeance and forgave where for

against

the Lurs, their crimes,

he opened and sent

the

them for

Afrsiyb Khn,

back to Luristn,

he remained

until

the time of Ghazan Ghazan from killed him His the whole and heart. of

when an order

was issued

his execution. only profit Nasra,

for vengeance, brother, kingdom rank. whose

and that was Afrsiyb's name was Ahmad, by Ghazan, king

that war.

and his title

was given him in dignity

of Luristn He is still

and no one equalled and he rules with

in that land, with goodwill,

an affectionate the reputation

He follows that pleasant

his desires land.

and has increased

GEIKHATU

GOES

TO RUM

TO

INDULGE

HIMSELF

IN PLEASURE

Then IS

Geikhatu

left Arrn

for

Ram,

leaving

the kingdom and there

in the hands

of

Shlktur.

Aqbuqa

went with

him to that land, everywhere. in wine

the young ruler he sought His desire he was faced. them. or intimate his companions, his enemies were his

gave himself desires continued by plain Mountain

up to pleasures,

Day and night, and drinking. all fear. for

in the company to be for or mountain, or plain were wine,

of friends,

and he dismissed

Whether passing

he had no worldly the same to him, he spent his time

concerns as were

strangers

companions. but while busy. 20

In this

way,

some time in Rm,

in Rmwith

he was spending

everywhere

Some of the princes planning for this

had the' desire plans

to be ruler became

of Iran,

and were

secretly learned

when their

known.

When Gelkhatu

i \`? v.v.

345 against justice Tughn, now will they will theirs seek justice from you in atonement. By

court, your

be measured. but concern

Do not despise yourself with

the complaints

of those who seek redress, and custom, you will lost since so that,

the God of justice the Almighty, exalted, it will who, be

if they complain harm. Even

against rank

you before becomes

be safe from

if your

if you despise

sin.

Give a thought servant, heart girded he served

to the case of Ordu-Qaya, his joins shahs to serve

he was a sincere With a loyal

shah Arahun acted unfaithfully

faithfully.

and never

in his I ife. 11
When Geikhatu sheet spilled 25 heard his words, and said, in that evil he made a judgement 11Since act. he stirred for Tughn's winding he for to the

to be made ready his own blood

up rebellion,

Shed his b lood in retribution one living person it? " the amir Aq-Buga be subject

the blood

of the leaders. while

How should another

law of retribution,

is exempted should

from

When the shah agreed left his presence with

that his blood

be shed,

the sons of Juchi

and Ordu-Qaya

and they went as the shah

together ordered. 664.A Tughn enemies, himself Whatever and one's you wish 5 evil, human

to Tughn

and killed

him in that court,

in retribution,

had killed

many men,

and when we recollect cut off the heads it. 0 my son,

the evil. of their

of his harsh and then

we see that he rashly met with evil retribution for

leaders,

do not do evil of retribution Do good,

in the world. in the world, unless

things

one does, deeds

we see a house are not hidden. A man who a man,

good and evil evil

my son,

to overwhelm

you.

does good does not encounter The essence which is inspired comes 0 evil of

and evil life

does not come from Count for

if he is Wisti. the evil for only

is to do good. No one looks Man's

as worthless

by demons. from a devil.

good in demons, in the world

malevolence hidden.

goodness ,

does not remain

God of the seven ones.

heavens,

put me with

good men,

and keep me from

349 -

that Iran, Tagh

the royal and hIs

farr farr

might

become

tarmished, and ring.

he returned

from

R17m to In Alaa thicket,

lit up both seal his auspicious

He came to Bilaq

and mounted

throne,

as a male lion enters

and his enemies him, and placed

dispersed their heads

in noise

and tumult.

They came and praised his face from became God

on the earth,

and he did not turn Then

them until far

he knew what each one had been doing. from his enemies, things after which he spent

the world

removed

his days happilv. his time

Almighty 25

arranged

fortuitously,

and he passed or forbidden,

in pleasure. Indulged

He did not think his desires. outnumbered others ever

of what was lawful were

but day and night at his banquets, he went were

There

so many young girls Sometimes

that they at

the houris

of paradise.

to the river,

he went he heard

to the mountain, of a beautiful

and his actions ,

outrageous. her to his camp,

Whenfor

young girl there

he brought

665A

sexual

pleasures. him.

in his day,

was not a beauty

who was not called as long as he as men and was no

upon to satisfy lived,

Such was his way of seeking person escaped

pleasure,

and no beautiful taken virtue

the hand of the shah, were

women were sign Near of kingly and far,

to his camp. In him.

His excesses

such that there

the hearts anyone

of the famous himself

were

disgusted

by his excesses. of corruption Is nothing sees no In but of a

Undoubtedly desire

who entrusts which he will

to the paths There should

In the world than this.

not gratify. tK4t anyone

worse

the world especially great 5 There world ruler

God forbid

follow

that path,

one who Is a shah, destroyed. which

for by such conduct

Is the reputation

was no desire enjoyed

that shah had, but hie evil

which

he did not pursue. gave him a bad name. for his llberality and jewels

The Thanks turned and

his justice, there

conduct

to his generosity, a beggar robes

was not a beggar of giving,

in Iran,

into a king. number

on days as gifts.

he gave pearls

In great

He is not generous

who gives

what

is asked

for;

he Is generous

who gives

-350is not of Tai.

what those

asked I I'

for.

The stories

of the shah's

generosity

exceeded

THE

VIZIERATE

OF

KHWAJA

SADR

AL-DIN

AHMAD

There almost 10

was a man of the race a paradise.

of Khal id,

by whom the times and his title Sadr

were

made into and he

His name was Ahmad but his place

al-DTn,

had been born these times,

in Zanian, the truth

of residence

-in. During was Qaz%; came from heavent for

became known and that office

that his title derived

he was the chancellor, He had no equal Liberality by him. seemed certainty, presence with only

for him a high reputation. saw no vizier and greatness uncovered, like him. was clothed while shine his speech with His

in knowledge, the ultimate his fingers

and the times through difficulties life. him, were

reached Through to give just

the shape of words as the sun uncovers

He made the truth of the seven

the secrets

heavens.

was such that you would gentleness.

say that God had brought recall a large My heart

him into being who was he said,

the utmost

No one could If he collected

such a vizier, amount

happy when giving. is a def 1clency dirhems giving,

of money,

11There 15 and since useful piece only Like shah, for

In our giving. me,

Is saddened them.

by di rhems , Money this Is

sadden otherwise

I do not seek

to amass

what

Is the difference

between

miserable he would

of earth, have formed Gelkhatu, and such

and that? Man. "

if Adam had known

the Joy of giving,

he saw no purpose a vizier, fortune

In anything should

but liberality. Even for

With such In a dream, both of them from their

be praised.

fate did not visual were hearts. At that time, and intelligent.

Ise such a ruler since

and such a minister, dispelled

of the same mind,

generosity

sadness

the shah looked They

for

a vizier

for

Iran,

who was eloquent, one as he, and

wise

had not seen such

a high born

351 -

Gelkhatu entrusted 20 above

chose

him from

all others,

as being of all

fitted

for

the vizierate.

He

him with

the government

the world,

and raised one was chief

him in rank of

all of the elders. advisers, Ge I khatu

At that time, and at his order, asked Taghachar

that chosen

Taghachar's intellect. suitability, elders. minister. of Iran. pleased evil

sat In the dTwan, for his services,

a man of shining

when he saw his among the

and gave him the vizierate, He was a wise He undertook Through and prudent the affairs

and he was a model vizier, for his title

was that of chief the ruler were -

of that office civillsed, like

and sat beside

him the world

became

and the heavens paradise

by his sincerity. and customs. a good man. He undertook

He made the earth He brought

and he eliminated as

practices such

Into use many good practices, fault, except

befitted 25

He had no other all kinds

that on occasions and nowhere there in

he was hasty. the world In this this

of activities From others,

at once,

was there

such prosperity. from a hundred

one point there

of view

is'truth When

account,

though

Is falsehood.

man received

the title caused

of vizier,

he did not have a name for to lies

dishonesty.

Then circumstances and the outcome

him to have. recourse than that which

and sin and crime, before. Good Is the cheek

was worse

had existed

the man who does not seek his faith of patience with the water he will

in wrongdoing, For,

but washes If a person the will

of contentment. be happy

has patience him.

in time of calamity, 665B The truth eternally stance.

at whatever

of God brings God.

was that the shah was loved present In the palace,

by God and he loved

God was circum-

I Ike the past and the future

In every

THE

CAUSE

OF

THE

QUARREL

BETWEEN

IBAIDU

AND

GEIKHATU

K HX. N

After were

that,

one day,

Baidu

17 was sitting feasting with Goikhatu was . Their heads by

hot with

the fumes

of the wine

and their

judgement

impaired

352 -

drunkeness. to his 5 father

Baldu

addressed

Ge i khatu which from

with

a Mongol

word,

referring

and grandfather, heard this word

was considered Baldu, he turned

to be an insult. against his kinsman severely him.

When Geikhatu on account

of it.

The shah was enraged kicked him from to his tent, he fell

and his people

beat Baidu

and contemptuously They carried

the door

of the court,

and ejected

him weeping Drunkenly, awoke,

and you would asleep with

say that his heart around

was topsy him.

turvy.

hIs own people He said,

When Baidu

his body was full

of pain.

It What

happened They

last night?

My back and breast night's

are a mass of pain. " and Baidu the world was afraid of me,

told him of the previous He said to himself, 11

happening, bring

Gelkhatu.

11He will

to an end for

when he comes 10 So, shah, order allow Baidu

to himself.

used a ploy, body

and sent a message

to Gelkhatu,

to say,

110 famous

my whole that person

is a mass of pain.

If I have committed If not, If you agree

some fault, that it is fitting, I do not

to take off my head. a horse,

me, as soon as I can ride last night, on account this

to return

to my home.

remember

of the pain his

In my head, Ba(du

feet and shoulders* and his simplehim in rank. occurrence, burned for

When the shah received heartedness Someone he said revenge bringing

message, him for back

love for

made him forgive took Baidu happily

his fault,

and he raised and after this

to Baghdad,

little

In public. Gelkhatu,

When he reached and in every

Baghdad, way,

his heart for

against

he looked

a means of

that shah down.

AN

ACCOUNT PAPER

OF

THE

DISTURBANCES

AGAINST

THE

USE

OF

MONEY

IN IRAN

Since Sadr al-15-in was very

15 with gifts, and the shah, for their alms, too,

liberal

and dispensed

justice

In his government
of gold was

was openhanded, was always

and a mountain empty

too little

the treasury

of money and there

353 -

were

drafts

against

the royal

estates

overdue

for payment. Incurred was wise

The revenues

of Iran were the vizier

not enough

to meet the obligations of the shah. The vizier

by the hand of as well as f from the am Ir of the and smal I advantages.

and the heart

I iberal, and one day he said to Gel khatu , 111 have heard It% that In KhItai paper money is circulating, Bolad, at the order ruler. accept 20 All in the same way as coinage. Ili It and they call It "chav" and men understand It Is used to introduce chavs, would until it, following people,

great

Its long term In KhItal,

If the shah were issue these

the custom

we will

auspicious

and by that means suppress result. you wish Firstly, all

the use of gold money to

and silver. would your

Two savings

the world's It,

end up in the palace, wishes. will for The second be no en-nity. all men will

to dI spense become present Otherwise, rich

according

is that men will Since In this

by using there

the chav, Is no

and there pity, life

system, there In this

become

easier.

are great there is

difficulties money

and little

hope of raising trouble, world.

much money. so It is better

idea,

in plenty

and little

to discontinue

the use of

gold and sI lver When Gelkhatu 25 was Issued.

In the Mongol heard It,

he approved

of the old man1s Idea,

and the order In Iran, of for

"Henceforth, chav is better

gold and silver

are not to circulae Though

the blessed

than gold or silver. of It,

he Is unaware anythlr)g

the advantage, but the chav, who turns

the hope or the fear and the advantages the chav, will will

no one will

find

In future,

be both overt not again find

and hidden. themselves

Anyone In the world.,, had no dis-

away from order, It.

At the shah's power to stop

the chav went Everyone

Into circulation by this

and the world

was upset

decision Although

and men were there

mayed on account judgement U6A After They behind

of the removal this change,

of coinage.

was golden

In the land of Iran their

It Was not a success. value suddenly diminished.

everyone failed

had used some of the chavs, useless 11This

and became and said,

and no one used them again. chav of mine is secretly being

The shah went undermined.

to the vizier

'.

354 -

if we change affected.

the system

back

to what

it was,

my government

will

not be

11 The wisdom

of this

suggestion the chav.

had no effect At this appealed there

on the vizier, were complaints Suddenly

who did not agree and protests the bazars Confusion currency 5 from closed reigned were

to discontinue the people

and everyone

to the shah. were in chaos.

and all the affairs through the actions

of the kingdom of the rulers,

and gold and silver

finally

restored. people turned against the shah and the and near and far

But as a result vizier. there All were

of these events, there

at once, disturbances

was hostility

In the kingdom,

in the country. and through In Iran,

The shah foolishly judgement

confiscated

property

In punishment,

the poor

of the rulers, was

money was squandered. no longer safe.

many people's

money and property them from this

Men prayed

to God to redeem

oppression.

THE

REASONS

FOR

THE

END

OF

GEIKHATUS

REIGN

God answered that self-willed fell on him from the world

their

prayers

by ending withdrew

his reign,

and turned him,

away from and calamity desire

shah.

Heaven

the sun from which

the sky. for him,

The very

thing

was his heart's

ended Baidu 10

in heartbreak. eyebrows and for like wings and a nature like the sun.

had a pure called

son,

with

His father Gelkhatu's

him Qipchaq

household.

Gelkhatu

some time he had been attached to I 12o conceived a passion for him and that

moon-faced
the shah's complain It would place for

boy was full of pain and anger,

actions. At the same time, the shah, saying,

and secretly

told his father

to Baidu to

of

many notables hearts for for

wrote

against be better heart

11Our

are saddened he no longer

by Geikhatu. has any

if you accepted

the throne, only

and pride

and wisdom,

his lust. ruined

He Is not worthy the kingdom. are full of The

of the place hearts

of a shah,

because

he has completely towards him,

of the elders

are cold

and their

hearts

'-... fi __

--

355 -

pain. 15

We wish

that lives

long ago you had taken harsh. God forbid

the throne

and crown,

for

he

has made our

that such a man should If you como here, Praise

be shah. the world to you In shah Is

You must become yours your

master

of this kingdom.

and all of this kingship, for for this

group

are bound by oath to you.

you must now be shah in Iran. throne befits you.

We want no other

but you,

golden

When the letter before him,

was sealed,

a hero

went to Baldu him reverence, to him.

In Baghdad,

and appeared spoke at

praised before Though

him and showed reading the letter

and elegantly was astonished In secret,

his words, this event.

Baldu

he was an enemy of Ge I khatu at the words. an army. household were There and then,

his face for war and

bloomed from 20

I Ike a rose side

he prepared

every

raised

Two clever in lraq-i wise amir

princes

of the shah's

In that kingdom,

as judges a equal

Arab, with

on duty night elegance

and day.

One was Muhammad The other-was from

SakGrchT,

and presence.

a man without ird,

in his faith,

named Jam5l.

He was descended of nur5s5n.

Dastaj

who was

one of the sages Baldu went would to Baidu

of the kingdom

rebel , he had the governor and spoke of all kinds

When It was evident that 1 *41 Then khwlija Jam5l executed. and flattered 11Draw him abundantly,

of matters, He told him,

and became campaign 25 That rich great Baidu sides for

his aide

In that design. for

up a plan of matter. It Every a

the army, Dastailrdani

I must deal with to the people together which for

a dif f erent

famous

went

and demanded In one place, he equipped

money.

man In Baghdad deal

was gathered them, with

and he obtained the army coming suitably. all

of money from his army,

collected to join

and headed

6jan,

people

from

him.

THE OF

BATTLE GEIKHATU

BETWEEN

GEIKHATU I

AND

BAIDU,

AND

THE

DEFEAT

6668

From

several

houses

other

amirs

came to him,

!girded

for war.

Then

from

356 -

spies,

news

reached

Gelkhatu him,

of these secretly.

activities They

and he said have chosen

to himself, him for the

11My amirs throne for war him, attack Since turned

against

are at one with

and they no longer with

wi-sh me to possess from Baghdad

that glory. with an army. dare

He prepares If It Is not an army to

me and is coming this

who Is attacking me? 11

court,

who else would

to bring

the Idea was firmly against

him.

rooted

In the shah's anyone

XpShaq,

heart whose

that his amirs heart

had

him,
First

he quickly
he seized

arrested
the proud

held animosity
1 seemed

in whom

the world

to have entrusted Another

beauty,

the musk-curled, a third IIjatai,

tall

cypress,

son of Baidu. were Taukal, He

was Tuladai and others

Irdachl,

and there

Qunjuqibal, seized them,

who harboured victims

resentment

against

the shah.

bound the wretched his army

and Imprisoned from

them In Tabriz. 17JI;n In haste led the way, with

Then he prepared towards thirty to

for battle

and advanced the proud for nothing

the battlefield. thousand warriors

At his order, who looked

Aqbuqa other

than battle. Binaq,

Then a horseman of

came Taghachar

wi th one toman of men, seen.

then the famous

I Ike whom t Ime has never the age, wielders the shah's two armies for he sowed

You would

say that he was the Rustam of the enemy. He led 10,000 the battlefield lions.

doubt

In the hearts Many other against everywhere

of Indian order,

swords. advancing

amirs

made for roaring

at

Baldu blood

like

When the

came together,

flowed

in streams.

Taghachar

rushed to the battlefield,

reins

In hand, and turned against When

the

shah, and. with his whole army, Taltaq 15 battle

went over to the side of BaIdu. action,

and Aqbuqa heard of this dI shonourable to settle their score with him.

they rushed

into

One hero came Into that battlefield, his sword above his head, just and the air', became black from ran with blood. Heads sought a
Heads

who made the sky seem black. as the sun and moon rotate his darts,
place

He whirled orbits,

in their

and the face of the battlefield

from shoulders, In fear

underfoot,

of the hand of that warrior.

357 detested bodies in that fighting, Amir Aqbuqa and hearts sought flight at the sight Taltaq In battle

were

afflicted

of

the combatants. bravely with him, raised

and left headlong. arrows.

his head and shot his armour-piercing a lion hunter,

the enemy hero was like feeble.

and it was as if the old covered by the his and with as

fox had grown feathers 20 great sword though so tight were

The face of the sun and moon were of that warriorls the height onslaught.

and arrows

When he Indulged his spear, their

anger,

he measured

of the enemy with bodies,

and arrow

cut and stitched

their

and tore

faces,

he was made of Iron. that the clasps could

The pain

In his body was like His armour

a coat of mail,

not be freed. lamented

and his hands He showed mace. The for them

black,

and the vault

of heaven

at his deeds.

the noose

of his lassoo, were After

then preferred faint hearted

to them his heavy mounts,

enemy horsemen the way to death. champion from 25

on their

and they prepared

he had killed Before him,

many of the enemy, the enemy sought

he was undisputed to flight from

on the field.

the road

the battle.

Then Taghachar Taltaq

made a sally,

and severed band,

heads

horsemen's Ing went amir left

bodies. on until

then confronted from

that brave

and the fight-

the sun departed

the plain, left

but In the end the brave the enemy

the battlefield, the shah.

and by so doing,

the way open for

to attack

GEIKHATU

FLEES

FROM

BAIDU

TOWARDS

ARR7kN

The watchful %67A against Geikhatu, realised Events

Baidu

sent the amir while

Ta. 9hachar, the other defeat.

full side,

of agression Aqbuqa

and vengeance, went to he situation.

the shah of Iran, to tell what

from

him of the army's he had to make, from his grasp, defection

When he learned from

of this,

plans

to escape

that dangerous turned T al-Din

had escaped for

and Gelkhatu he had Sadr

on his own people. cruelly put to

In revenge

Ta. 9hachar's

358 -

death.

On a dark

night,

he had him seized, The vizier him.

In orderlo beneath

wreak

his when

vengeance

on him first.

was hiding

his balcony,

an unexpected 5 Ge i khatu battle, road take

fate overtook

then had no alternative, unwillingly

for he saw that he had no power him.

for

and life to Darband, Iran.

hid Its head from raise

The shah then took the there, and return to

to see If he could

an army

He and a few horsemen Tuladai

then made for

E311saw'Sr, but when they One night, unrecogthere, but

arrived nised,

in that region, he hid there

found his encampment.

and no one knew that the shah was concealed for his tongue became

his good fortune

came to an end, sweet sleep,

his oppressor. to make for Arr9n. when the tonqu e, and tied

\Ahen he woke from His host to said

at dawn,

he intended

to his family, was my quest.

11It was a great 11 That

day In the world, spoke

shah of Iran

man of Iran they attacked fell low.

the Turkish him,

and when they heard his bands

these words, high star

and captured

and that ruler's

THE

KILLING

OF

GEIKHATU

BY

THE

AM IRS

While

the shah was on his way to Arr5n, by him.

news of him reached they flushed, of Arr5n. mountains,

the amirs and broke

who had been imprisoned their

At the news,

bonds and went quickly

in the dI rection

They came to and there in a

Bilsawgr meaduw, 15

and saw the shah In those wretched they put him to a cruel In safar, death.

In 694/1294i
about his which with I Ife.

he met his death,

full

and Sadr al-b-In said these words 0

essence, Mongol I have written three flower,

11Of many verses

of Pure "That

speak

of my sorrow

at his end. and dewy

was a handsome

the stature

of a cypress

as a rose.

The shah of Iran wore

a black robe In mourning, that robe, hIs

his heart full of anguish,

his body enfeebled.

in

face shone I Ike the sun in the blue sky. " that he does not kill

Such are the signs 11

of this hunchback,

anyone he has not fostered.

359 I and seek from

What them when

a game are all pain you

is- this

crown

and throne When you

treasure, your desire

when from

all

you

see

and grief. see from

heaven, throne

and or

It is perpetual

oppression,

no royal

20

crown evil

is worth and would

a wise

man,

In these a pure

hard

days.

All

worldly

desire

Is

not be worth

man.

Why should under

one seek his heart's the earth?

desires

in the world,

when they will

be hidden

THE

KINGSHIP

OF EIGHT

BAIDU

KHAN

IBN

TARFAI

IBN

HULEGU,

LASTING

MONTHS

Now that Saiduls

I have finished reign. heard young

with

the history

of Geikhatu,

I will

speak

of

When Saidu old became desire 25 for

the news of Gelkhatuls again, and his cheeks his intellect reason of Iran,

death, bloomed

the heart the colour

of a man growing of a rose. The

of his eyes augmented filled

and understanding, and wisdom.

his passion to Bilaq was of

the throne

his mind with of the throne

He hurried of amirs

in Qjin held,

to the place as a result

and a conference age, Baldu

of which,

In his advancing

became

ruler

the world. in 694/1295, on Ist rabil In that meadow, Baldu became master of the CL'L for 11 him May hold throne the you and said, world, and the amTrs praised ever. May your throne and crown be resplendent. 11 Then, as was customary,

wI th knee and goblet, 667E3 Although

young and old accepted his authority. of the world,

and on such Since 11old man,

he became ruler
occurrence,

secretly

he did not believe

It It not rare

It, for
that some shah,

this was a rare people refuse

occasions

to bow to authority. lamented and said, as being for this

that old man had become you are unworthy better will years by your cost

many people

of the throne. You will life. 11 of

I do not see the crown not enjoy this power,

protected action

sword. you your

of yours

But the famous

ones flattered

the advancing

and the new authority

\q.

360 -

the shah, you might

for

those who were

in his entourage

acquired and became

rank

and position. than the

became a prince that one each say

higher

moon in his rank. 5 Among there Tukal. His army there were the princes, were lidar Arajai was close Qunjuqbal, the vizier to him, Sudaju, and among the amirs Jahak, Lakazi and

ah-iktrJaghachar, this time,

During

was Jamal 9 an outstanding

administrator. but he In

was strong no amirs shah,

and ready, or troops he could

each man bound remaining close

to his own emir, to the shah.

Although

was- a powerful eight months,

not see any

permanence Injustice

In the situation. and oppression

he was dead,

and heaven

brought

upon him.

THE

MESSAGE

OF

BAIDU

TO GHAZAN,

SEEKING

PEACE,

AND

GHAZANIS

ANSWER

10

Although

that new, powerful

shah had suddenly become the ruler, Day and night he feared He said,

he did

not feel safe from Ghazan Khan. actions prince I Ife. 11

He sent his greetings said, our 11 By the pure rulers to Ghazan God,

Ghazan, whose that

eventually

overthrew

his throne.

It I must deceive

now, to bring

him unwittingly

into a trap,

where

I might end his

in a carefully

written of Chingiz

message, KhEn,

which and all son, of

by the descendants time, praise

down to this

be to the life the chosen

of that pure Ghazan

like that pure of the than praise,

whom there-is 15 prince wI se, from chief

no one else, that pure stock,

near

or far,

Kh5n,

most noble and a wise successful.

of the great prince, From greater me, 11

ones and support In the world unstinted

of the princes

Arghun, In which

long may he remain there is neither

too,

hypocrisy

nor deceit.

After

praising

him,

the message went on, 11Do not suddenly

fear Baldu,

over

whom much time has passed,

and over whom,, for a long t1me, good things

361 -

have passed. safeguard

Anyone

who has seen evil

In the world

knows

that he must folly, but think while

his life.

Do not think

that my actions Know that

came from I speak

of them as being Gel 20 khatu spoke

based on wisdom. lies. from

the truth,

When Arghun palace,

was removed

the throne

and his soul departed to you,

for

another

the inheritance

of the kingdom

passed

as did the sbah's became shah.

household.

By the connivance this with

of dishonest him,

amirs,

Geikhatu raised

You did not question great ones.

and Geikhatu

his head abov e the and there was of Iran

By his conduct In his time.

he made the world

confused

much strife became Through

Through

him the resources of the elders became

of the kingdom full

depleted

and the hearts the will

of pain and woe. and It seemed because the assembly right

his actions,

of the world

was weakened away from the great

to me to oppose world were this

his rule.

I took the throne Because In their of him,

him,

was ful I of disaster. not safe from evil from Iran your him,

ones of this

person

or in their

property.

I removed

and I made the world kingdom, lord

I Ike a paradise. of this

Now come and

be shah over 25 It was on your good shepherd is not fitting of my heart. this office

and master trouble, beauty be shah, transfr

la6d of Iran. be the of It. It

account

that I took this and your

so that you would and farr are worthy

of the flock,

that an old man should if you come here, is too hard for

and the throne crown

is not a desire to you, for

I will

and throne I your

my I Ife.

I was not shah, for you.

nor was Come,

fortunate

father. be joined

This with

crown your

and girdle desserts,

are fitting

so that you may may

and by that means,

what was concealed

be made manifest. 660A Long soul may your mind be fresh all evil. 11 Baldu to Ghazan, with the intention of drawing He and your heart happy, and may your body and

be safe from

The messenger the prince

set out from

Into the snare,

by means of these and delivered

greetings

and good wishes.

came Into Ghazan's

presence,

his message,

362 -

When Ghazan thoughts, He praised 5 "Baldu

heard

Balduls

message, for

he knew

the other's was alert

crooked and ambitious. answer. In

but he gave no sign, him, In front

the messenger

of the elders,

and gave him a courteous may his farr

was always

ke my father. 1.1 not sympathetic I give thanks I gird

Long

be preserved

the world. prosper shah. fierce

If he were In the world?

to my cause, to the Almighty my loins

how could

my affairs

and to that gracious

Now, I ion. "

at his command,

and come at the pace of a

He then gave the messenger Ghazan was full of concern Is hidden recourse

leave

to return

to Baldu.

After

he had gone, and said, desire

at the message,

and sent for I ask what

Nauruz

Tel I me what in this,

in this message. do I have against digestible.

Is the shah's Now

and what

his action?

I suspect of

that his words

are not easily

The outward

appearance for clear

them I see as being the coinage so that 10 Nauruz of this

gold encrusted, old man. doing what Look

but hypocrisy for a way out,

and lies, with your

me, are spirit,

I can avoid replied,

he asks. 11 has been made clear to you, for Baldu speaks

11The secret

only lies,

because compared with You, he has no light. for God gave you Intelligence

it Is not for me to Do not But so

teach you anything,

and Ingenuity. trap.

go near that shah, or risk that you do not disobey direction the river The prince of the plain, bank. 11 approved

body and soul In that despicable

the order while

of the shah, go very slowly

in the Is playing, at

I myself see what games fortune

of his plan and set out slowly, this land.

and came from the direct-

Ion of Khur5siin

towards

THE

BATTLE

BETWEEN

SAIDU

AND

GHAZAN

KH

15

The messenger

returned

from

and came to Saidu on the plains _Ghazan

and

gave him Ghazan's message. Baldu was surprised

and real Ised that Ghazan

363 -

had not been deceived, informed trouble a black full All the amirs in my heart. fate hangs

and he had no more

patience

In his heart. there

He

of the situation. What shall over

11Because

of him, matter?

Is pain and of him, for I am

we do In this

Because will end,

me and I do not know how this It 11Why do you fear us it would be like what fighting

of fear

of that prince. replied, for

of the amirs

he will a fox.

do?

If he was

a lion or a leopard, have to fear amirs? We will 20 will from

What do you

him and his generals, farr, we will

when you have us enemy-destroying dust rise to the sun in battle. we

With your

make their on the earth,

not let one of them walk

and In our vengeance, 11 None would turn

make sure

that his day has no good fortune. together.

Then they al I took an oath to go to war from Baidu, even though still this their lives

away to

were

at stake, his oath.

and If only one were

be left,

he would heard drew

not dare binding

to break oath,

When Baidu He quickly Ing Ildar foot, Tukal

he was freed

from

grief First,

and misfortune. the war seek-

up an army

and turned Ghazan,

to the attack. saying,

set out to confront

11 If I do not bring

him under-

I am not of the stock also desired

of the I lon"I Ike HGlegU. 11 and battle, wielding and the two of them went conquerors. According forward, to them He led

only war

25

each one with Turkish from

a tom9n of sword this

custom,

army went forward, like a black

and Ba I du set out after drawn up by troop. Ghazan. to attack

his camp,

his army roads

mountain, deserts,

that army

through

and trackless that Daidu n here I will

to attack

When Ghazan said until to himself,

Khan heard

had sent out his army stupidly attack In fear

him,

he

11To remal their hands.

Is not good, bring

or to wait on

they raise

and valiantly

defeat

them. 11 668 B He ordered his army of fighters to assemble before him, and they came

together

In front

of his tent.
went

The generals
In the advance

sent the army out, Qutluqhsh5hp

guard, that famous trio leading

Hor QLdaq and Qlrachar

-364Saidu,

a toman of chosen including

kings

men.

The amirs princes,

near

turned

the Ir

faces

to attack

Nauruz,

and other

who advanced
12.3, -

swiftly.

The two

met on the battlefield

Hashtru -

The warriors drew up their

chose ranks while

ground

which

was suitable

for

battle, from

the amirs the field reached and was was

on both sides,

and the clamour drums

the heavens, roused cut up, like from earth fear

the sound of the war From the hooves

reached

the sun,

in its soul.

of the horses,

the ground

and it was hard

for anyone

to see the battle.

The battlefield

from bed reed a the ground until

the spears one could a pitch

In the warriors'

hands.

The dust rose sun. The

not see the face of the shining mantle had been drawn over

was as though of battleaxes on both sides flowed

black

the battlefield. Battle Eighty was

The glint 10 joined rivers

and the flash

of spears

made it shine. In rivers. the blood his generals

if blood It was as and and a sea formed fierce, ahazan

flowed from

in HashtrUd, became

of heroes. to dismount

When the fighting

ordered HashtrZd

all of the men in one place, a rain of arrows, like killed

and make for rainfall ranks.

fired foot they and on by which army, many

a spring In their

on the battlefield, From BaIduls

of the enemy were whose better killed sword. 15 were

one warrior and was and

name was TughFn, than a hundred innumerable The prince's killed. There

and who was a factotum

of prince

lidar,

men, was the Rustam with his sword

of the day.

He advanced

enemies

and none could

deny that sharp

army was demorallsed was no one equal

by him and many of the leaders who could overcome

to him on the field

that ferocious Bahadin, arrow

enemy.

Among Qlra's

horsemen Quickly

was a man, whose title an

was

because he was vengeful.

he took from his quiver feathers.

of khadang wood and fitted

It with three eaglels

He advanced, became

rubbed his chachi bow with his hand, and notch and bowstring intimate friends and partners in the dynasty of Ghazan.

When the arrow

came from the breast from the world.

to the ear,

you would say that there came a lamentation and the throne Is

11Now Ghazan has become victorious

365 -

entirely become directed 20 struck man fell

his.

He has let loose the will

an arrow

from

a Shachl

bow and fate has a well It

at one with khadang his forehead

of God. 11 From

In front

of TughEn,

arrow like

was shot by the power the wind killed, life. and he died

of a warl Ike hand. I Ike I ightning. by an arrow.

That worthy He writhed been

to the ground,

I Ike Isfandiyar, You would

and gave up his sweet born. Balduls fight. army were

say that Tughgn

had never

frightened learned

at this, event,

desire had any and no one else he was dismayed trembled and afraid. with fear

to The like

When Ildar

of this

shah lost hope, willows army

and so did the army, Ildar went

and bodies

In a breeze. is broken

to Baidu for

and said,

If The heart

of my life Is

and the road star

to victory

us Is closed.

Tughgnls

ended and the enemy's remains will 25 down. for one moment

has been made bright in the battlefield, and the heads

as a result. not one brave ones will

If our army warrior be thrown

longer

be left for one

our endeavour

of great

recourse

must be attempted. and ceasing

We must deceive their savage

the enemy Into attack on us. If

callin_q a truce the army can collect will For 669A finds

to the fighting, respite, perhaps

Its vengeance from all parts,

will

be exhausted.

Then you It, It

an army

in the field,

and when you have

be easy for now, because

them to fight,

and they will your

not be afraid army Is like

as they are now. a dry become leaf In a fire. Act

of Tu. QhFn's death, of peace, your for

Now you must talk deviously

our army star

has suddenly

weak.

and waken

sleeping

by that means. "

When Baidu heard these words,

deliver his troops from Ghazan,

the old man conceived

and the battlefield. man whose

an Idea, by which to
Immediately, that wise J2S'

man sent a cheat

to Ghazan

Khi; n, a brave

name was JanJal,

and who was one of his guard.

'.

366 SENDS A MESSAGE TO GHAZAN

BAIDU

KHZN

SEEKING

PEACE

Baldu

said "A

to him,

11Go quickly praises heart

to Ghazan from

Khan and give him my greetings one. Since you ar e a way of useour

and say,

thousand

me to the chosen

a man of wisdom in which I-assly glorious of our better my son. 10

and your

is guided

by Intelligence,

seek for Instead Moreover,

God may approve our blood,

our actions

on the battlefield. our guide. ruler, war.

shedding

let us make peace

ancestors, reckless example,

each of whom was a world In seeking a useless Soup

would Mongols

not approve should set a

conduct so listen

to the shah. to pour

is better

eaten with

a spoon, for a

It is not fitting to waste

It Into a cup, In this way.

and It Is not fitting

man of prudence when his army land. brought dishonour. glad of It. Their

his army All

How can a shah be powerful, In every we have into are become for by Why you. My to no

Is weakened.

around enough

us are many enemies against us, but since

hands

are not strong

this war

upon ourselves, I nor you will work will

we have brought have an army not he happy should

our reputations left,

Neither

and our enemies will of us, seduced

Our warlike for them. in fear.

for

this kingdom because

an easy mark

The throne

be blamed two days such strife

one cal Is us lord the thought

We have spent It Is not worth Baldu

in enmity,

of the throne. about from

and contention. solution for will

did we quarrel son, 15 you, end, lands.

the throne?

has a simple

on that side that is Iraq,

the RUd Safed,

the whole

of the kingdom

belong end to

IhurZislgn, FSrs,

MEzanderZin,

Kuhistgn You will

and QZ!mis from be ruler will of all

Shabankarah, On this side

all of Kirm3n. the rest

those that

of the river,

of the kingdom Georgia and a( ,I

be mine,

Is, AzerbVjn 'Arab binding

up to Mu2hiin Dly5r

and Arran, Bakr, Girdan,

of RC]m, Iraq-i We will make a son

In Its entirety, treaty,

Abashustar. You will without

that neither and we will

of us will rule

break.

be my chosen strife

and 1, the father, 20 The world

the world,

or disagreement. offer. When

Is not worth

our enmity,

so do not reject

Balduls

367 -

this

enmity

between

us Is ended, to our lands

we w1l I meet face to face, and live together happily.

make our It would be

treaty, untimely

and return for

us to meet on this

battlefield,

so let each of us,

accompanied to the

by a few advisers, make peace between world We wIII will prosper

meet together, ourselves. through

for we do not need a multitude If you heart Is in favour of peace,

our justice, before

and remember

us with

gratitude.

be ful ly honoured we will our wisdom to him. " 11

our h Igh born of our

ancestors,

day the on and God. May

of reckoning, God bless submission Janjai

not be ashamed and bring

activities only

before the memory

to our hearts

of our

set out swiftly for word. with you.

and went at once to Ghazan, approved and said In reply,

and gave him the message It I will cease further

25

word battle

Ghazan

The wise

men of Iran, 11Peace

in these

events, to war

should

remember

the words

of the righteous,

is preferable This devil

and vengeance, that man, and

and good is much better

than evil.

counterfeits 11 Since In every

the pain of one' Is the happiness in the world, 669B commit when the evening which

of the other. tales will are. told delight

I have a good reputation land, may I never men. :;

any act but good,

the hearts bring evil

of wise

If not, A shah It

then Baidu

w1 11 be the sinner died, thanks

and he will

to the world. of sedition.

I Ike Ge I khatu would death. pleasing close mise, half be fitting,

to the work

of that creator

therefore, he comes

In the cI rcumstances, to me, sincerely

If I put him to a wretched It would not be , is so

But since

repentant, me.

to the wise,

if harm came to him from the mastery

Since

his wish

to mine,

that we share

of the world,

I will

keep my proHe will have of that this I

as he desires, of Iran as shah,

and may the conclusion and the other half will

be a good one. be mine.

On the basis with

division, solution,

we will

not discuss

a larger

kingdom.

I am Pleased

and I seek no further

hostilities.

Moreover,

as he suggests,

will

see him and we will we will

disc, uss the details.

When we finish I will

talking

of

friendship,

not again speak of enmity.

come to him at the same

368 -

time that he comes conclusions remain glorious world, happy

to me.

We will

discuss

all matters, with

and see what good will, we will of our In the next

we reach.

If we two come together Better

and high spirited.

to have the approval for our actions.

ancestors, before

than to be reproached we will

our Creator, our proposal,

not be ashamed

of what we have done. In our

May God bless discussions. 10 When Janjai Ghazan's 11

so that there

Is no dishonesty

received

this Balduls

message, cheeks

he hurried flushed like

back

to Baldu

and gave him he

answer.

the rose,

and the desire are bearing from all plan I shall

had quickened fruit sides, will and I will all

his wits.

He said to himself, blood. I will

11Now my hopes raise a great

shed Ghazan's

army

sword-wielding Then I will

I Ions, settle

and when his fate

I have my army, In battle, I will I will

my dark

succeed.

and If I do not, Invite

not be fit

to feast

one more day.

Cunningly,

him to a banquet from him,

and then make an end of him. and the whole

Undoubtedly

get my desire

of Iran w1 11 be mine. 11

BAIDU

AND GHAZAN

KH. N MEET

is

Then the two shahs set out, both of those high-minded

without army or escort. Baldu took a number

men Intent on peace,

proud, warlike I 'I

of notables,

and noble from

men from

amongst

the princes, and from

the stock

of Arghun,

Talchu such as 11dar, Isun Timur, ILI the amirs, Taghachar, Aju, Lakazl, Qunjuqbal prince Targal and , Jorghaudal, Gurgan , Kukabal

and Jahak , Tul adal , and the chosen E3ahZdur, 20 Janjai Ghazan Tughal Akhtajl, Qutla

Saranla,

and S; t-1,

aind Altamar. also came with a few aides - among the princes were Suqa, E3alaghal

who was descended and amirs

TuqtImur,

from Mubaraksh5h, NurTht

who was of the stock of Chaahatai Satalmish,

Hamtash,

like Nauruz,
Noyin Radeh,

Qutlugh-Shah,
Barsaz,

Horqudaq,
Bolad-Qaya,

Lur-Timur,

SultEn 4

...

369 -

25

Najayeh

Tug-hai,

Saijar,

Yusuf-E3uqa

and Basfarad.

As though without

In the armies, and

open space

of a battlefield, under

the two shahs of God, way.

came together they embraced spoke Saidu

and as though exchanged and there 670A shah, me, you, commit settle

the protection In a friendly

each other,

greetings

They Then

together said

of hospitality 110 evil from

was much bustle

and noise.

to Ghazan,

let us not remember courageously I will overlook act, overlook

what has passed. that episode,

If you have met with

and If evil

has come to me from After this, let us

it completely, but strive only

In the same way. for

no evil the throne

the path of wisdom. to war, strife

Now let us or enmity. Accord-

of Iran without

recourse

Ing to the way we act now, actions. argument It is fitting belong

so shall

we remember, of Arghun,

and be joyful all of them,

at our without

that the wives

should

to Ghazan.

Now If this not break 11

friendship

between

us Is evident, wh Ich

I et us take an oath wIII we and , Saidu Ghazan makes now, said, on these

that oath and treaty,

terms.

11 1 am del Ighted When your

at this.

I do not wish -my promise

for will

more war, be firm

strife

or enmity. same way. They sealed

oath Is affirmed,

In the

their

compact

and each of the two proud left before brought SaIdu,

shahs

returned

towards

his own court. behind road heart him. In front

Since Kukatai

Ghazan BahZdur

Baiduls army

army

followed the

up the great

and blocked

of Ghazan. fear

When Ghazan of Eaidu

was fil led with

his a distance, lit 11Go and he -sald to the prince Sugel 11Are you now breaking his

saw that army

from

to that shah and so rashly promise 10 to break

s how aston ishm e nt and say to him, we have just stupid now settled? In every Every

the treaty will their

shah who breaks It is not for in-famous.

be considered word

assembly.

rulers if you are

In secret,

so do not make yourself

being stupid, deceitful but I will

false and deceitful,

in the hope of doing me harm, After this restraint,

I am not a

man, or aI iar or trickster. bring my army up for battle,

I do not seek war, and turn

in response

to this action,

370 -

the day into darkness war,

and strife. whose words

I shall bravery to you, word

not be the first you have shown which

to undertake to be complete.

but I am that person

I now say these valuable advice men. " SU*ge set out to see Baldu he heard it, Baldu replied, know that,

you may take as profitless amongst

to break

your

wil I make you despised

and gave him the message 110 powerful by It. 11 of Kukatal the army courts. from warrior,

from I never

Ghazan. ordered

When this

to be done,

and I am ashamed in pursuit

He sent a messenger 15 rebelliousness, two shahs

and reprimanded that place.

him for After that,

his the

and recalled to their

returned

Ghazan dismissed

his army from the field

to their

homes, and he himself, When!

with a thousand of the army leaders,

remained

In that battle ground.

the face of the earth was as black as pitch, their rest camp.

the shah and the amirs went to

BAIDU

INVITES N

GHAZAN

TO A BANQUET,

BUT

HE

GOES

TO

KHURAS;

He rested

there In his tent until

Its face

It was morning,

and thought no more of war.

scoured the colour from

When the sun showed

In the sky,

and mists

the world, ZO

his army came before Baldu,

with many sword-wielding Baldu said,

for my warlike

men, and

when the princes

hold a banquet for

and amirs were In his presence,

Ghazan E_hSn, to make apology

111 Intend to
and hostile

heart.
for

You must go to him and Invite him to my housci for a feast,

we can be happy together and neither

so that,
the

a day,

of us need remember

when or why. 11

Such was Balduls

perturbation

that he Intended to seize and bind Ghazan, securing him, end his life.
and by his order

when he came to the feast,

kept that design secret from

and after

But he
Khar-Danda,

the messengers,

371 -

I Ike a dupe, 25 other amirs.

went They

to Ghazan with approached

men I Ike Qi'pShaq,

Isun Timur

and many

the camp and came Into the audience the messengers When Ghazan pricked bowed their heads to

chamber the earth, brother

of the shah. with praises

At his door, on their the love

lips.

saw the face of his his soul. He kissed him. on

Khar-Banda,

In his heart

his face and embraced The princes Ghazan's 670B After and amirs

him and asked

him how fortune

was treating

who had been chosen

began to heap praises

I Ife. the wine cup from him, they told him of Baiduls greetings and salams will to not

they had received 11Baldu

message. Ghazan. know

the self-willed

shah sends

May such peace and woof

and blessings of him. Baldu

be on him, sends this

that heaven request,

the warp

that you will It too

come to him and partake much to spend you under that act, 5 and his rest

of a banquet,

and that you will wine, together He will cup.

not think

a day of enjoyment

in drinking sit

so that he can sit with in the feast, accept and by

a good star. their friendship will wait

Two shahs will will be evident.

you as a son, will have a It '

ladies war

on you with

the wine

The world

from

and enmity, heard their

when the two of you are thus together. words, he said for during to himself, 11That

When Ghazan tedly will

old wolf. undoubundoubtedly

eat me in friendship, me.

that banquet, such

time will

come to an end for wisdom Will

He who regards of safety

an event with 11

an eye of

see no evidence any sign

In that feast. but said with

He did not show right that

of his disquiet and drink

to the leaderso him at table

11 It Is way. I will and On

I go to his house day,

wine above

in this

the third

when the sun appears and joyfully heard

the tip of the mountain, Saidu,

come to his assembly activity. Ghazan 10 anxious banquet,

sit with this

and Join him In talk from

11 When the elders remained thoughts. seeing with

reply,

they went

him to Baldu. with the

perturbation

In his heart near

and his mind occupied worried from

The amIr, s who were no safety In It for him,

to him were It a trick

about

thinking

the old head

-372-

of Baldu. to Khuriisiin.

In the end,

they were

all of one mind, of the night in the dI

that Ghazan

should

go

When the darkness the darkness

. Kh5n set out through the curtain took with selected

overcame

the day,

2hazan wh I le He

rect ton of the plain, after

of the throne him the amir sword bearTng

room remained

In place,

his departure. and a thousand

Nauruz men.

and some other

leaders

GHAZAN

SENDS

NAURUZ

TO BAIDU

They

followed

the long road,

away from

the banquet,

up hill

and downg

turning
15

their

faces to the kingdom of Khurgs5n,

They did not seek rest or sleep

in fear of the bad old

or halting place, but Went

head of Baldu.

from there but their

like the wind. and fortune

The difficult

terrain

was like crossing Nauruz

the sea,

farr

outshone the sun.

said to the shah,

11 When Baldu hears what you have done, he wIII send a warl Ike army in pursuit of you. In this, I must try to find a remedy, by which tadisperse

h Is forces.

11 Ghazan said

Tel I me what your thoughts are In this mattero" 11 May my life be a sacrifice for the shahl I have

The famous one replied,

been your enemy and have sought power, me, but now I am penitent
20 am fearful of Baldu,

and you have been very angry with Although

life,

and will

become your messenger.

In this matter of your

I despise

myself;

I cannot

remain

aloof,

so I will

go from here to Baldu and by sweet words the raw meat of this affair.

lead him By my "

into a trap,

and cook to-, perfection I will

elegant words,
Ghazan said,

turn his face from enmity to the shah to pure marrow.

plan Is a good one, for there Is no escape for

11The amir's

me In this affair. doing You will should be shah. accomplish I will raise

Undoubtedly,

you must lead him Into a snare, reputation.

and'by so

earn yourself The crown

a great

I do not think that ho to me. But If you In this, In the

of greatness

must return

this task,

your house will

be raised

to the heavens;

your head to the sky and you will

be amir of the amirs

373 -

land of Iran. will rule

You will

be the rul. er of my kingdom Be faithful

and your

authority and

In every

assembly.

and prudent

In this matter,

25

guard yourself
Baldu. wind. He Baldu like

from harm. " At his order,

Buqa-Timur, aware

the brave amir hurried

travelling action like

to

set out at once with suddenly a black this inflamed, became mountain, army

a rushing

of Ghazan's

and he sent out The his and

an army, amir

to capture

him as he travelled. of them,

encountered became

on the way,

and at the sight so great

cheeks 671A desert

to see an army They for

that the face of track I Ike thunder of the East. longer Like " and Nauruz

was bI ack w ith them. their loins girded

hastened, like for

roaring Darius

lightning, said

battle,

to himself, catch

11 If this up with

army

hurries

a moment him down. drunk

in this direction, a fox, I must

they will play

the shah and bring army will remain

a trick, their

so that this leader, Where

In sleep.

He asked this

110 famous

young man, here

why has the army

In out set laying In

fashion?

do they go from

and for whom are they

ambush? " He received before Nauruz 5 for this reply. 11We go to war with Ghazan Kh5n, 1 11Do not perverselY the door to war return to preparations for war, of for he has fled

the shah. 11 said to them,

the rulers

have locked

and have washed

the faces

their

hearts

In the water of sincerity.

God forbid

that you should once Ghazan has left- his of

again depart

from the words of peace and friendship. because he wishes After that,

camp for this reason, Baidu his Infirm body.

to remove from the presence

he has sent me urgently, I am therefore

lest the shah to his doubt

may say It was for some other reason. presence, In this purpose;

hastening

once Baldu Is made aware of this, In this sI tuation,

without

he wil I not want to make war because of it. the servant

It is not for Why

of the shah to run his army into battle with Ghazan Khan. Into battle, in this way?

do you hasten so foolishly where you are.

You must remain here enmity, why hasten

Since they do not wish to renew their

374-

so distractedly 10 When the army the night way. there loins

across heard

this

plain?

" they swift Ignored Balduls orders, Nauruz and slept went on his

these words, while

In that place, girded of Baidu

as the wind, like

With

and tongue and said

speaking to him,

a flute,

he went straight shah, after

to the presence such uprightness, good, In a ruler,

It 0 just battle

and upright

why do you now raise recklessly

and hostility? Ghazan

It Is not is III and has

to seek such strife.

departed,

lamenting.

In his body you would 111, he said,

say the skin

Is bursting. " He said to

When he was taken me, 11Go to Baidu treaty

11How can I go to the feast? me, and remind Ask

and ask him to forgive which

him of everything a letter out this of

In our

and the promise that our

he made.

him for Carry

agreement 15 important your

to me, task

treaty

may be confirmed. day or night. guide. It So,

and do not delay, let wisdom

why do you overturn half of the kingdom be fitting shah. as a gift. Ghazan Do not It to

promises;

be your

Entrust

that prince; in a glorious

entrust shah.

to him the women of Arg-hun. Anything other

That would

than this does not suit and give him a generous bless

a pure word, your

Let him have a yarlTgh wager. When he enters for a wise

and a treaty your

presence,

he will

you for

Is not right

and generous

shah to break

his promise,

has no strength take back gave him, 20 When Baldu your

for battle promise,

and his body will for he Is leaving

not long sustain the security which

a fight.

you liberally

because heard

of the weakness these words from

of his body. Nauruz, his heart no longer wished for

war.

He recalled

that army from Its pursuit After that,

of Ghazan,

that same army

that Nauruz

had encountered. 111 shall raise

the shah spoke to his elders and protect him who

about Nauruz. from vengeance hated Nauruz, will

him to high rank and office

and harm. 11 There were two amirs, and both of them sa I d, When h returns

Alu and Janjak,

" If you let Nauruz to Ghazan

go, your throne become shah An amir like him

be of no value.

Ghazan will of all Iran.

afterwards.

His plan is to make Ghazan ruler

- 375 -

25

Is a great dragon your BaIdu fully

serpent,

which

in time changes It,

Into a dragon.

No one lets a stone, or

escape.

When you catch be in its claws. of these words "

you beat Its head with

body will approved

and said,

11First

I must Investigate

carebad,

and make a plan, ruler 11.It

lest he suspect. said, 11Haste

The man who knew good from of the sultanj but It Is

and was a wise always 671B Though became word regretted. he feared aware

Is the work

Ghazan,

Baidu

had no wish

to harm

Nauruz, short.

and Nauruz He sent will Iran.

of the situation and said, to you, to this

and sleep

and rest secret

became desire.

to Taghachar grateful

11 1 have this

Ghazan of all

be very

if he secures shah,

the throne

and crown nor

Why are you tied expectations to Ghazan viewpoint, 5

who is neither this

clever

able? Turn

What your heart every a

do you have from Kh5n, for

old and stupid and farr

shah?

he has power belongs

andjudgement.

From

the throne

to him.

He, is the source

of Intelligence, His that

mine of sincerity, essence is ambition,

the destiny bravery

of his dynasty, and wisdom. and yields burns

and the arm of God. Compare to their your shah with

young one,

who enjoys

his desires

commands.

The sight Ineage,

of him I ightens wisdom

the eyes and the heart

at his words. 11

In ski IIII

and power, seductive

no one has seen such words, Taghachar's swore to Baidu

a prince. heart

With these Ghazan battle. Nauruz,

was warmed they would

quickly

towards from about

and he and Nauruz Ta2hachar went

an oath that and said until Baidu

not shrink

all manner

of good things

and softened

his heart,

let him return.

NAURUZ

DECEIVES

BAIDU

10

Then,

Nauruz,

his heart full of deceit,

shah', the world judgement

went to Saidu In fear and anxiety

has never seen a ruler knowledge like you. No

and said,

110 powerful

one has surpassed

you in farr,

and wisdom,

or greatness.

376 -

Since
one

you are ruler

you. I did

of Iran
not think

and TOr5n,
that

there

Is not and has never

t a shah, attained with this golden

been

like

you were I had Now

such not

judgement my heart comings, shining

In royal was I can sun, content see

matters, with no one moon

and since Ghazan. else

knowledge, shortthe of

that but

I am aware you.

of his

as shah,

Compared alone should

with

the new

has no warmth.

You

be ruler

15

all

lands

and peoples,

You know that

I had evil

des I gns,

what evil

how hostile and saw and how I displeased

I was and what I did to Ghazan In battle him, and how me made the world in order difficult

In Khurss9n, for me. If you

I am here at his command to seek peace, give me your word today, will be better

to exalt him.

and make a pact with me to ensure that no man I will bring ghazan to you, bound I will work against

than I before your throne, without battle. I will

like a stone,

not break my word.

him with trickery

and deceit. 11 E3aidu, who believed his words, and In

He swore this oath before the foolish did not real ise that It was a trick return,
20 man's one,

of the old wolf,

and he gave his word exulting

despise

his heart filled

plan. A wise

with malice against

Ghazan,
will

In the wise
you, 0 foolish

man once said, stupid,

11The world

if you are secretly

and If a ruler

Is flattered

by such a trick,

he Is deserving Baldu praised

of contempt, Nauruz for his wise words, and approved his plan and let back.

him return

to Iran,

sending

him from

his presence

to take the road

NAURUZ K, KH; N

RETURNS

FROM SAIDU

TO THE

PRESENCE

OF GHAZAN

Nauruz
25 mountain Nauruz,

hurried

away from Baiduls

without halting.

court

to KhurEs7ano travelling
after

over
of has and

and plain, Ghazan

Meanwhile, about

the departure 11 If that amir

had been anxious evil

his safety.

been harmed

by Baldu,

wi 11 come to me through

omens and fates

377 -

if he joins

the enemy,

undoubtedly would

my situation be totally full di

will

become

worse. 11 With

From such that him to

such a catastrophe thoughts, Baidu 672A go. his heart

my future

sastrous.

and mind were Nauruz returned and freed Nauruz kissed

of uncertainty.

He feared

might Suddenly,

have harmed Nauruz

and repented and Ghazan frcm doubt,

that he had a llowed was delighted and his wishes In the throne

to see him and were satisfied

his heart

w,as relieved of him.

at the sight Ghazan the help Baldu I said

the earth

room and told from there your presence

at length

of all that had occurred. the army an the way, situation,

11How I went how I went what from

I got from

to meet

and what

I told him of your

Ta. 9hachar

said and what

to him and the oath I took and how I deceived the thought of war. 11 AII of these things

that shah and how he he explained to Ghazan

abandoned

and filled

him with pride

as a result.

Then he said,

11Do not be afraid

of I

that shah and his army,

for I have seen them al I, amirs young and old. knowledge

worth, for

have tested their wisdom and their

gold of their Is useless. None of their Undoubtedly, enemies like inlay When Is silver their of I Ittle

doe-s not measure up.

In the crucible, Is poor their

The
Intellect

wisdom

Is refinedp

Its purity

In my view. presence.

leaders

has wisdom

and they are not fit they would like

to be In your

If they had any wisdom, us. Anyone

not feel

safe against like me

who had an enemy I

you and a prince

10

fall

Into their

hands,

I would shed their their

blood If they left him alive.

it would

have been better

If they had filled

pockets with deadly snakes than to

have spared me. 11 ghazan praised defender

crown

him and said,

11There

Is no one braver of the army,

than you.

You are the

of the kingdom and the support

May you always always be far

and you have given me

"Vithority Increase,

and throne.

be haPPy and your you. 11

and may evildoers

from

-376-

NAURUZ

REGRETS

HAVING

DECEIVED

BAIDU

Then

the wisdom

of Nauruz

caused

hi m to regret and he felt

the oath he had made sorry for him. Though

and the trick

he had played

on Baldu,

faith, In had the he good oath used ered 15 for as having breaking committed a sin,

as a ploy,

he did not wish man wish

to be considto be despised

nor did that pure ( gharghan

his oath.

Now a cauldron of subtleties

) has the name of Ghazan He

In Turkish,

and that speaker

made use of that name. it with a message

bound one in the noose of his lassoo and said, you. word 111 now release you see before myself

and sent

to Baldu, with my

from

the obligation bound,

of my agreement I broke

Since

you ghazan,

do not say that

to Baldu. message reached Baidu, his face became and became tongued black hostile as pitch with and me

When this anger, Nauruz. with

and he was enraged He said to himself,

at the trick 11That

to Ghazan

sweet

demon escaped

from

his life,

through I tried

his words.

I did not know

that he was, I acted

In reality, In making Without dead prey Since him evil I can. on him. will

an enemy, the attempt, doubt,

when

to win him over surely kill

to my side. the sword flatteryr. be full to tear

wisely

and I will

him with

of revenge. If he were

Baidu

has been ridiculed my heart

by that wise would still

and under

the ground, from

of blood.

A fine

has escaped that dragon

it Is hand and useless my how can I catch so I will every

out my heart. Through

has got away,

him again? bring down evil

come to me, without Now IwIII collect

any doubt, an army In this from

on anyone

quarter a nightingale

and get my revenge

When I have my way, Then house he ate,

fashion,

wil I come to my hand. " made the head of his and never got his

and forgot

the battlefield from

and the world

confused.

He rested conquering

the cares

of the army,

hand on that world

prince.

379 -

THE

END

OF

BAIDUIS

REIGN

AND

THE

FLIGHT

OF

SADR

JEHAN

When fortune judgement;

turns

from away

a man,

It takes

away his wisdom

and his

he chooses

to do that which had tired

he should evil

not do and his actions doing and In eight

are of no avail. r572B months

Fortune

of Baiduls Duri

fate brought

destruction

on him.

ng the time of his kingship, that vengeful him from vizier. In full. the vizierate

he had not fully ruler and,

considered

his actions, Sadr Din,

and one mistake by removing the latter

had made was to alienate thanks to the deceit of Jam3l's

of Jamil,

making

reckoning

deviousness secretly

and paid him back to the amirs,

Sadr kept a 0 After some many of them to Ghazan. and

consideration, from 5 Then allegiance the wary

he went to Baldu Jam5l,

and seduced

and bound them by oaths that S*adrls activities

and agreements would

fearful

be his ruin,,

that the other would somehow regain secretly

the vizierate,

went to Baldu and spoke the

about Sadr and sa I d, 11You must send him to RCrm, to settle large revenues for you to pay an army.

land and raise Is suitable?

Who else Is there who

He Is full of wisdom for such a great task. " was given for Sadr to go to ROm. Sadr Baldu, and as he went he planned.

By this devious means, the order left the ordu, He hurried 10

heart full of anger against

to GlIan,

his head full of thoughts

of GTIEn came to welcome him, and fed him. IS1% headed for t-ahij3n, and his heart was disturbed

The amirs 13f From the land of Kashgar, he by the world and the khan,

about his enemies.

and he halted there for some time to pass the days. When he met Hajdar133 Qaya, he had to use subterfuge, girding his loins with wisdom, and In this
way, there escaped the hand of that prince. between anyone HaIdar-Qaya who came from from It was the custom and the GIIFnTs, the direction the prophet. of of that prince and he quickly 6-11n. In ecstacy that

was enmity in blood

drowned

He used to say,

11 1 am descended

I am a mortal

like a soul In the light. learning In this world

Par adise Is within the circle of my kingdom and I I Is from the tIP Of My pen. I am aarpet for whomsoever

380 -

I wish, 15 words

and I am the guide and there

to this paradise. in the land,

11 His people except

accepted Anyone

his who

was no worship this, quickly

of him.

did not believe So, when Sadr

lost his life. the hoof of his horse, I have a secret and said that to that I might

met him,

he kissed

madman, sit before sun.

0 ruler you for

of the two worlds, a while.

desire,

It Is not the desire

of everyone

to be In the Is to see the lord. happy. It ones

My heart grant

desire, have this and soul me my wish, for " Is your request, the sight

and my purpose of you will for

if you will would

make my soul

be fitting

you to grant

my wish,

It Is good for

the great

I to act generously. Haidar Sadr where world. 20 said, replied,

11Say what

that I might In search the cares

consider of paradise and strife

granting in them, of the

It.

111 have sought

many lands,

I may seek to remain 11 said, of this

and be safe from

Haidar-Qaya the limits search place

11Do not worry. land. Even If there

I have granted remained I will 11 and by that,

your

wish, In It,

here since

Within your of the

no place

brings which

you here

In sincerity,

make over

to You a portion

I have kept for myself. confirmation, I iberal

He then gave him written

made someone

happy.

And so that W Ise man found From design. audience then, there, !adr

Ity at the hand of Ha ldar-Qaya. and easily prince to see him. him about Then achieved and entered He kissed his planned the the ground, of man

DTn hurried

to L<_hur5s5n, of the victorious was pleased

He came to the court chamber, and Ghazan

In front

of the prince, and showed

and Ghazan

asked

the difficulties wise

the Journey,

him every

courtesy.

that worldly,

25

had a secret

meeting with Ghazan.

are sworn

He sa id9

11The Princes
the throne.

favour

you,

and many of the amirs an agreement throne, and bring with

to support never

You for break,

If you make

me, which

you will

that when you have the I wi II send to the amirs

you wIII their

have no one, el se but me as vizier, leaders into your net, and those

who are at one with

me will

381 -

come to your 67,A Ghazan important

throne

room,

without is noway

fall. that this your will be overlooked. have no doubt If this that In before

replied, event

11There comes

to pass through you will

efforts, There

when I am shah in Iran, the kingdom me. 11 They made this from firm

be my vizier. who will

Is no one else

but you amongst

the elders,

hold that position

agreement,

after

which

both were

delighted

and Sadr He

returned quickly 5 11Ghazan

the prince's

presence

to the place

of his adherents. and said, Ba Iduls and gird

sent word will

to Taghachar without

of -what he had heard You must leave

and told him, camp and your loins In

attack

delay.

come willingly in his service. the world. come. 11 Ghazan secretly

to Ghazan, That proud

to see the face of the prince prince has entrusted

to me great with

influence

Bring

every

amir,

of whom I have memory

you when you

sent a chosen join him.

emissary They court,

to the wives 11Your

of his father, words

to tell

them that they should appealing, so? Winter

replied,

are very such as we do In spring, "

that we come to your

but how can a group journey to your of your

Is no tI me to make a hasty Long matter

court.

we will 10

come to you. in this

may we be the-pledge was Shaikh

head and crown. as the go-

The messenger

Malm(3d, who acted

between,

reporting

of the shalkhs mission,

He was known as the shalkh what was said and heard. I ( shalkh al ma 5h5 I'kh ) and because of the success of his entourage. who said, At the same time, 11The amirs he heard

found high rank In Ghazan's secretly,

from the amirs and princes ones support you.

and tho great that, we will

None of us looks towards leaves KhurSsZn

Baldu.

We have decided

when In spring, Join him. 11

the prince

for the kingdom of Iraq,

Ghazan was delighted

with this news.

-382-

GHAZAN

CHOOSES

TO BECOME

CONVERTED

TO

ISLAM

The proud 15 sIble said crown in this ruler. Ghazan God, for

Nauruz the farr

of pure

faith,

a thousand

praises

upon him,

was respontime. He the

of Ghazan 11If you wish of Iran,

adorning

the Muslim ruler

religion,

at this

to Ghazan, and throne world. 11 said,

to become

of the world

and regain

you must find with

some way of pleasing you, he will

the Creator

When

God is pleased

make you a powerful

11You only say what pleases of a fortunate outcome.

my heart. Tell from

You speak of pleasing please him,

In the matter I can ensure answered, his trust

me what would the throne. "

so that Nauruz faith, 20

that I am not separated 11God's pleasure

is in your 11

hands.

If you were

a man of

in you would this, truth,

be eternal.

When Ghazan religions

heard

his wisdom

showed

as having

but he chose

him the way. He saw all W the Muslim faith above the rest. Moses and Jesus. He In

Noah and Abraham turned them.

did not please trifl

him and he rejected because

his face from He chose

Ing rel Igions,

he saw no good substance there was none better.

the religion

of Muhammad he chose faith I should

because

If he was to be helped He sa Id to Nauruz,

by God,

to follow

Islam. I do not cons I der I shall faith. " talth, as they faith. have

11The Muslim God forbid that

Is best for me. reject it. Now

any to be better. far-seeing 25 As a result recognised !adr Din, wisdom,

now that I have the benefit many in that

of that true

of his example, the appropriateness the chosen wise, vizier, skilled

land sought of that

the Muslim lofty

of the choice said to him,

man on pure

11There Joyous, nature

Is a great eloquent

man In QazvTn

who Is famous, descent. 673B

In the faith, has a sweet

and of good was on this

He does good works, in that land.

and his only desire faith, he excels

to be a abalkb heap of earth. preacher.

In the Island In wisdom

of the pure and there

He has no equal his wisdom

Is none II ke him as a by land and sea,

Through

he has become

the muftl,

383 -

and the Inspiration nature

of the shalkhs. trusts

The purity

of his wisdom You would

Is his very sayl from He

and he always

In the path of wisdom.

the purity has become His fingers 5 of faith.. father

of his wisdom, a disciple

that God created

his likeness and his only

out of light. purpose

on the path of God, of difficulties, at his works, after

Is submission. to men him, Before Is

are unravellers God is pleased father

his explanations which are only good.

are life Through

after

and shaikh

shaikh

achieved

fame In Islam. with him,

him the world

was smaller

than a coin.

Compared

the world

nothing.

His descent Is from the chosen shalkh Nurqll,

In the chessgame of the Faith. faith found great Happy His father fortune,

who was like an

al.

elephant 134 Din, and In him the Arab happiness his. Increased

named him Salad and through wishes

his name,

happiness.

Is he whose

are the same as has

Muhammad white

Is his name and bl essed of Islam. followed

is his nature, call path.

and his hair

become Lhwlijas

in the service

They the true

him the elephant If the prince If he became

of the were to

and he has always

bring and send at that khwBjals elephant 10

him to the court, hand,

It would

be fitting

a Muslim the

for he would

speak with

wisdom

by following

of the khw9jas. agreed and at once sent messengers they kissed and brought intent to that man. When they

The prince reached They

that worshipper,

his hand In respect him back

for his sincerity. Ghazan religion. and down sat With

gave him the message

to the court. God's

came and spoke customary annointed together

to him about his greeting,

I on of following the prince's the prince reverently

religious them,

he bent over Then

two hands

as was customary. room,

and the shalkh knelt near

in the throne

and Ghazan

him and asked The I bear without

him to take some time in Instructing shalkh witness said, that 11Remember the pure these

him In the faith In the truth

of the Creator. of your heart.

things

God Is one.

He is such and he Is In my heart,

15

any doubt. creator

I know of no other God, In secret

or openly,

except Allgh,

the

of the world.

Muhammad is his prophet 0

In both worlds,

the seal of

384 -

the prophets. Muhammad pure God, here

I accept

the true

Creator,

here

and now,

by the words

of

and now, truth

and of the kings and sincerity, and practices

and princes without will fear.

of the faith The Muslim

of the faith

and their

is now mine and my customs Without change soul hypocrisy, my practice in this I will true follow I will

now follow

those precepts. and will of my heart not and path

follow

the example faith.

of Muhammad

of that weighty path,

The sincerity

lies

and I will

not deviate commands

or seek the crooked without I will path not

of lies. hypocr-1sy, stray

the prophet's not observe

and prohibitions

and I will

them wI

th an III nature. follow no other

from

the path of the holy

law,

and I will

In the

world. 20 1Ife.
Ghazan

strive In the Faith with all my might, even If I must give my I God Is the witness of my faith, as are the angels and the prophet. " I will
too spoke these wise words, following the lead of the old man. he was accepted these pure as a guarantees$ By

the command musllm a cry before

of God and the word that shalkh.

of the prophet,

When Ghazan

had spoken prince

Yvent up around on him from

the world, everyone.

It May this 11

I ive long.

A thousand

blessings

a
to God. The shalkh Instructed them

When Ghazan became a muslim, and all of them prayed In the ritual eating, sayings souls. 25 When Ghazan had learned
secrets. threw He strove down Idols.

aP those who served him became muslims,

In supplication

of prayer

and the ceremony and hajj.

of ablution Regarding

and of things concerning obligations and the their

and fasting,

alms, war,

of Muhammad, the saintly

shalkh taught them all,

and purified

the ritual

of prayer,

he spgke with God of pure

faith, and contemptuously and by these

In the performance He destroyed fire

of the pure temples

and churches,

acts Islam became great.

replaced by divine decrees.

Moreover,
Minarets

wine was forbidden

became Through a proud his f_arr,

and the gong was

sight In the kingdom

and made manifest

the falth, of Islam.

the face of religion

shone so bright

that the souls of all other religions

were consumed.

385 -

671j'A

So he made Islam Amongst became mountain

renowned

and other faith

rel l9lons

but his were abroad,

despised.

the Mongols, safe from war tops,

the muslim and anger.

was spread

and the world his faith for from

The prince

made manifest

so that you would victorious

say his name came from

heaven,

Islam became

In his time.

CHOBAN

COMES

TO SUBMIT

TO

GHAZAN

KHAN,
I

AND

QURUMSHI

TOO

Then

men

left

Saiduls

court

to join

Ghazan.

The

first

of the amirs

with

intentions good 5* of the world towards place. his army his army, for having

towards

Ghazan was the proud It happened against

Choban,

before

whom sultans

were

as slaves. and spoke

that Ounjuqibal with

was hostile his but left

Choban The order

him to Baidu, should

the aim of taking

was written behind

that Choban in Iraq.

come to the court, Choban

was to remain

The sI mple hearted without his army,

and when he arrived acted as an enemy. BaIdu

at the court At this forced time,

he was taunted on his black that Incidentp the wise dangerous

he was mounted From Qurumshl, aided

horse, Choban general

and the malignant

him to alight. him well.

real ised that Saidu of the army,

did not wish

who was the son of Alinaq,

him In this

10

situation,
their

and they joined together,

and finally hurry, agreed

wary of their

fortune.
go over

They considered
to Ghazan KhEin as pitch,

situation

that they would

and they would they hurried praised position him.

and take no rest. there

When the land was as black Ghazan KhEn,

away from Ghazan

and came before them unstintingly that, in twos

and both of them

welcomed After

and gave them an exalted and threes, amirs came over

in his presence.

to Ghazan.

GHAZAN

SENDS

NAURUZ

TO ATTACK

SAIDU

Then Ghazan chose an army at Firuz

KGh to brIng battle

to Baldus

and bravely

386 bring him down and sever his head from Nauruz his body with and Without

15

a sharp

sword,

cut him to pieces. delay, Nauruz

He chose

to be the general

of that army.

for out set

that land,

and when he came to Ray, 11Now Ghazan

he cunningly

sent messengers on the path of war ance at his door. guard. Now,

In all directions and twelve

to say,

Kh5n has set out are In attendas his of

tom5ns

of experienced

fighters

He has given

me command of his

of an army

of heroes,

anyone Anyone

who Is not tired who comes earliest Any person

I Ife must obey the orders will

the prince. achieve heroes rank should

to the prince, who has fear "

all the sooner of these

and position.

In his heart

come I Ike the wind

to the court.

20

As ordered,

Nauruz

set out from Ray towards sword at the ready.

Qaz%7inand from there advanced ROd-i-Saf7do with a

with mace and cutting his heart trembled

When he approached had arrived,

like a willow,

for there Al-Timur

In Balduls Ike thousand ten chosen men, of warl and vast army Nauruz was afraid of him, and fearful

service. for he

of the outcome of the battle, He said to himself,

had only three thousand men with him. knew my numbers, a solution 25 quickly.

If If that army I must f Ind seeking

here and now, they would wipe out Nauruz. Although they are advancing

against me In enmity, In this situation

revenge against
his I Ife from

mej a wise man might play a trick

and save

the enemy. "

He said to his army, tents, led by Janjal into their

11An army of thirty and Jamlal, hands,

thousand men Is heading for your 134 and AnIsh Is their guide In thiss If your bring disaster mighty -a upon us. It Is

homes fall not fitting

674E3 My army

they will

that they should take them again,

Is not to be despised

or take a single person

quickly from

from them.
Of

and we must advance

here.

Al-Timurfs

thousand horsemen,

we will

not leave one alive. God forbid

Let us rush that that evJl-

from here like a terrible

doing enemy should heard bring

wind and seek no rest.

harm upon your s of the emir, for

homes. 11 they rushed the army forward like lions, than to

When the army for

the worl

It was better,

as he said,

them to fight

of Al-Timur,

387 -

let the enemy go to their that 5 battle your left, before fortune region, with guide fortune and Nauruz the enemy.

homes.

Like

the wind perturbed,

they passed

swiftly

through

was no longer Victory said Since

and advanced amir,

to do I will be

to him, empire

110 high born has chosen

on the battlefield. will appear for

Its place

on your guard

on the right. purity

Good luck will has shortened and free

be the advance the path. about

the army,

the prince's ground,

Since the

Is In the centre

be happy

of anxiety

enemy. 11

BAIDU

SENDS

AN

ARMY

INTO

BATTLE

AND

IT DESERTS

HIM

Then from

Baldu amongst

became

aware

of the warl Ike advance experienced troops,

of Nauruz thousand

and he chose reckless men

his brave,

three

and put at the head of them Tuladal. 10 their order, brother tumult reached the heavens, other amirs prepared Salman,

As they set out, as advance guard, as they hurried Including to face Nauruz. Taghachar At his

for battle,

and his After and as he

Taqdal and Sangasan, ' each one with his troops. hurrying raised towards the scene of strife, When Tuladal

them came Baidu himself, went, Safid, sleeping his heart rebellion

its head.

neared the Rad-lwith his ferocious his heart full has come,

lost hope of life when he saw Nauruz, Tuladai was afraid,

army behind him. of weakness. full of battle. 15 Baidu replied,

Do not walt,

and avoided battle, saying,

He sent a message to Paidu, What Is the shah's order? 11Follow

11Nauruz

How am I to fight him? " who has Judgement In battle.

the lead of Taqhachar,

army with Into battle. his amirs

but lead Your drew near

When Ta. 9hachar

and army,

his heart

turned

against

Saldu,

for he read Saiduls

message without

trust.

He abandoned them

Baldu and from there went over to Ghazan Khirn.

warmly, according to their)worth.

Ghazan welcome4

- 388 ACTION THE ARMY AND TAKES

BAIDU

LEARNS

OF

THE

OF

TO FLIGHT

When Tuladal

heard

of their

action,

he was filled

with

fear

and loosened

his reins
20 and heard,

had he him Salclu, to like told seen the what wind and and went
and Balclu of tears lost hope for his and his heart full life. The ageing shah took flight, 11Evil lost has

his eyes full befallen me. All

of blood.

He said,

fate, hand the of me at I wished for for

and fortune

has suddenly and ring.

Its love for Why have I Why Is

In the world myself?

was the crown Where

made the day black have from I become the wind,

am I and where Curses to me.

Is the throne? which

the shah of foolishness? and may fortune be unkind

on my cupidity, Even if I remain

long In

the world, I am tired the world. He began Then

I shal I not see the throne. of my I Ife. 11 to weep for himself, Alas that

Though

I have not seen the world, In my I ife and in

I have been led astray

that his heart a little

was melancholy the road,

of his

life.

the luckless

shah travelled just from

way along and

accompanied like men

by two amirs, 25 In terror.

and no army, departed

QynjUqbal the battlefield,

11jatal, leaving

fleeing the army

They

there,

fleeing

without

giving battle,

heading quickly

for NaEbQblvEn. barsh fatep but at

warriors, prince

Those three unfortunates

the gate they encountered

sought refuge there from their

two off Icers and many chosen

11dar and prince

676A that warlike

Naukil,

who had come to'Nakhchivan

the fugitives. Zuqa

from afar.

Therel
two proud

band attacked

and Ta. 9hachar,

heroes, princes

advanced on them and battle was joined. were captured for their sins.

In that fighting,

the two

Baldu escaped for a short distance, by the two leaders. Illatal

accompanied fled before

by Qunjuqbal them, terrified,

but were captured , like fire

over dry reeds.

- 389 -

THE

KILLING

OF SAIDU

AT THE ORDER OF GHAZAN

KHZN

From this side,

at Nakhchiviin, 5 Qunjuqbal. delay, with

Gjgn, Ghazan came to where he received

and that Baidu had been unexpectedly ordered Sutai

news of events
along with without escape.

captured,

The young prince orders to kill

to go to Nakhchivgn

the two enemies heard this,

and allow

them no further

When the wife shah,

of Qunjuqbal that wife

she went for

to the wife Ghazan.

of the young She said, this one request.

and asked

to Intercede shah,

her with

It 0 wife

of the fortunate

bemerciful

to me and grant to Qunjuqbal

The shah will

not deny you.

Be merciful

and ask the shah to

IQ

spare his life.

He will

not deny your request In mercy,

and will

forgive

him, even so that he

though he has sinned. without will

let the shah order If that hero's

a little

pain,

doubt his life will

be spared.

flesh Is bloody,

not sit at ease for some time. " to her, It 0 moon-faced of retribution one, do not speak to me In this way. does not allow evil to I would risk

The wife replied

Know that the pavillion be concealed for ever.

In this world

By taking this action on his behalf, 0 famous beauty,

two black misfortunes. evil,

if you, too, took the path of Like Arghun

you would Incur retaliation,

no matter how good you are. through his enmity,

and young Gelkhatu,

15 by vengeance be justice Why should which for will for

who left the world

that would

If he Is destroyed
Since this would

In this way, him,

be just

retribution. foolish

why do you ask me to speak on behalf of her,

words from

on his account? me that of me,

I say these words give me pain?

who seeks

What

they do to him, of pain for Is better him,

let them not do In front but as the w1se man said It . 11

my heart

and soul

are full

to-a wife,

11Love

of a husband

than body and soul.

Then Sutat brought

GjWn Mahy from and set out and on arrival before reign, them. Sutal

In Nak.hshlvgn

they

the shah, a prisoner, old shah. Inhis

killed

him as ordered, He sought

that rebellious

he dI dnot find his desire.

the moon, and the morning

of his life became evening.

390 if you seek a position but apart earthly 20 from pavillion? In this world, you may become of the world, this Is

ruler

pain and fear if your

and trouble,

what else will before

you gain from God, the result

harvest pale.

Is deficient, He will

that he will

make you turn destroy

take your

crown

and lofty

throne left

and contemptuously in the world, forget choose eternal

you In the world. be filled

You will with blood.

have no place Come, of It.

and In the end you will and keep secret and obedience

let us

the world

our hopes to God, giver they dealt

and desires and by these

Let us seek

contentment grace,

two means,

and may the justice with Saidu,

reward with

judgement. day the of us on the amir. Life ended for

When they had dealt Qunjuqbal 25

and he departed from

from his house

and possessions. who said to him,

When 11tajall fled

the battlefield,

he came to Ghazan,

11Evil doing villain, before this court,

you have made your name dishonoured from which you have received

before me and Why did

great kindness.

you turn your face away from me, although my father raised you to a high rank? glory

and my ancestors of my

You became well known In the retinue there. Why, at Balduls order,

uncle and achieved me In war? " 675B He was brought

did you come against

down helpless

from his place,

and the shah ordered

him to be

cut to pieces with a sharp sword, order, they severed

at the door of the pavilion. a fitting

At Ghazan's

him joint from joint,

end for such deeds. Vile Is

Seek nothing but rectitude,

for a man only excels by good deeds.

he who does not seek only what Is good, for by such deeds will be made corpplete.

his sorrows

COMMENTARY AND NOTES. BOOK 11.. 111 11 the version that The CHI repeats of Raahid al-Din Yoshmutg arriving at the Jaahatu river camp before he could that Abaqa, realised not win the thronot Abaqa accepted aiid withdrew, reluctantly, subject Nevertheless, to the qalan's to in order approval. lie was ceremonially of authority, continuity establish

enthronedt

pending

Qubilails

approval. CHI. 355

of the messenger's

111

2.

Raublid identity.

al-Din

makes

no mention

Qubilai's According to RashId al-DIn, ordu was at 1-n Mongolia. Hokad has not Jidun, Qaralun northern it the only to been identified, place name similar (modern Lhojand Khozdent) in being Khogand or is unlikely Transoxanial to be correct. which

KrawulskY Successors
The text copyists has Terlcai a frequent miss ,, the name of Berkai(Berke, of

574 247
by the of Jo"i.

ellini; son

See note
11.5. is This Berke's misspollingt another army commander* successor the Iti4nate

1.147

this time of Noqaij See noto Io 149 to Jochi, son of Wngiz Hordeo Golden of tn See note 1.148 boon identified,

11.6.

BlItt was the first &han, who founded

1111.8.

7-

Jaiqum

or

Jaifum

ahlr

has

not

(Araxe8), in town Aras the Zangiygn on river was a important Murd. 'In provinces strategically as it bridge down river from NajL4cbivRn. the next contained (the bridge khudR-afarln This bridge was named pfl-i in 15/653to God) and was built of praise Lands 189 Jaihan, slopes

11,9,

The Aqsu was one of the descendina into UiarvRn of the Caucasus*

headwaters from the

of the southern 122

Lands

C111.356
This was TeCudar Uahult son of Mo!ami, son See note of 1.22 Charhatais

ii

BOOK 11. (now Araxes) The river Aras in the K511kall! rises Armenial in an region of western and flows generally (Cyrus), direction to join the Kiir easterly the two then flowing into the Caspian, rivers Most of Azarbaljnn lay South of the Aras. Lands 11.12. This was encircle a fabled mountain the earth. rangel NQ 11.13Tiflis was the capital situated on the upper It was well fortified because bridge of its 179 to

believed 182

(Gujist5n)o Georgia of Mir. waters of the river important and strategically tho river. of boats across Lands 179 et seq,

11.14,

According to(Abbas Steingas translates

Strictly but it

lqbal, he died of qulanjt as "cholic", TH 205

which

111

15*

the term speakingp means a Zorastrian is often used to denote a man of great

priest# wisdom*

11.16.

Daraq Alghgn was a great grandson of Char-hatai, and became ruler khanate of the Chaghatai from 665-70/ 1266-71, deposing hi; -nephow Mubarakahah in the processe Successors 151 et seq.

Il.
11.18.

17.

See note 1.24.

The text obviously J. chan of has Allu Daht but the reference to Aldhu, Itubarakgjjgh who precedod ghaghatai the 659-6511260-6. Monaols is as

lie

was

the

son

of

Daidar,

son

of

CliaChatai, 142 et seq.

Successors 11.19. Qaidu Khan was the son d he rul; the territory lands of the Chanhatai

bgodoi, Qa2biq of son of and the of Tangqut, adjoining khans. Successors 22 ot seq* as khan of the in 681/1282-3. Successors 108 Golden et
to

11.20.

MOngke Timur Berke succeeded Horde in 666/1267-8He died

seq*
as

11.21.

These

due to were revenues to state opposed revenuesq Qbap, hatai by Ehingiz Khan,

Ichan presumably

the

personally$ given

Successors:

Glossary

III

BOOK II o,
Il. 11.23. 1.24. 22. See note 1.22. is a misspelling
of Tuibshingbrother

Ughul Bishin of Abaqa.

in SaGazi is not men tioned the heroic Mirliliwand relates army, of ToCudar's amir T mentions

other sources, deeds on an TRS again v. 291 later

though un-named

25,

Although

Mustaufi

the

amir# a Mongol of Noqaiq in is not found incident 11.26. There is no indication this man and the Bolad passages* earlier QipShaq therefore 28.

(see

name

other

II. note sources.

55)g

this

between of the relationship in Timur who is mentioned 6gedei#

11.27-

was the son of Qadan, Qaiduls cousin.

son

of

and

BadahIs and populous province of was an important between the country the IferRt ]KhurMsnn, occupying in the west and the upper of the waters river Murahilbo 412-6 Lands has not been Alanchu Altaju one mentions this campaign. with identified. NoyZZn, but Raslild not in
or the of Pay.

11.29.

al-DTn connection

I: E-

30-

ILhuvRr QCImis,

was the situated

westernmost south and

town east

region

of

Lands 1131.

3679371 reading the Ar(lliiySn

but the alternativo has Kalpush, The text in is Halbusht, a towWnorth of Jajarm KIlurZisiln, western of province Cllr 366 described by Rastird is merely Maraah9wal 7 knew the roads who or man, a warlike as the and protector was support and well,

11.32.

al-Drn that roCion of the army.

JT 118 11.33. different RaabTid al-Din gives a slightly version According to him, one of the spies event. of this to cooperate to save his life, and was persuaded information about Daraq's strength gave Abaqa full Ile was allowed'to to and plans, and return escape the news of the pretended Daraq, with invasion of Iraq, which he did not know was fabricated. JT 123

IV

BOOK II.

11.34.

Tushan is a misspelling of Dushang, a town between the mountains-and the Ilertit river, sii-uated JT 125 T"rlcestan: 208 Ras-hid al-Din has Jalalirtaiq whom lie describes the same namel as an amir. D'Olisson also mentions to him as Baraq's generalissimo. referring JT 124 437 D'Olisson
This bridge identified. across the llerRt river has not been

11.35-

36.

37-

this incident RashId al-Dirn describes in the same terms, adding that Suntai 90 years old. JT 129

substantially Noyan was

38.

T al-DIn, Daraq was not deserted According to Rashid -ld, but escaped with his family on the battlefi; The incident and aides. of the faithful soldier up his horse is not recorded, giving
JT 130 at seq.

39ii. 4o.

Makil
Chandu 5hitFyan

has not
is

been

identified.

is a corruption of Jungdu, which Khan Dall: q, where Qubilai had for his summer camp. It established was the former had residence of the rulers of lWitai, which by Oingiz DMn, Qubilai been destroyed and which rebuilt.

Successors
11*0' 41. Mustaufl's version dramatically differs it who attributes (ggv-i ku-ih). of to

274-6

Abaqa's hunting accident from that of RahTd al-DIn, being by an antelope cored

JT 149-50
11.42, Aga's thinking in m sing Qurjan a bow string quick is substantiated by RashId al-DIno as a tourniquet the wound swelled who adds that# subsequently$ TGsT was called and NasTr al-DIn painfullyg upon it* to relieve JT 149-5o Sult6c'n. Dis is not may be a mis-roading Sultaniyeh. identified by that name, but Dih-i for Sult9nq near it

11.43'-

NQ 169

BOOK 11.

11.44.

describing the childhood The following passage, a similar of Oazang summarises and precocity It is also reminiscent al-DIn, eulogy by Rapid description of of the childhoods of Firdausils Rustam and Sohrab. JT 246-255 ShML-"h Rashld al-Dln the IsmAlTs does not mention under Jaffar. the resureonco of

IT.

45.
46.

This was 'Ala' al-DIn father of Rukn al-DTn

b, Hasan 1119 Ub5r'Lh5h.

Muhammad 111,

CIII
47*-' Argasun or Arqasun was the son of JT 11.48i

332
Kuka (Pihrist) Ilecis 622

This is a corruption the title of of BunduqdEr, to althe Mamelukes and refers an office under UnduqW09 Baibars Malik who had al-Zahir Qutuz, the battle killed his predecessor after JalUto the throne and seized of Egypt, of 'Ain El-(2) i. 1114D'Ohsson 348 Albulustan (the ancient mountains and flows and plain important to Rnm. Abulustan is on the Upper Jaihan in the Pyramus), river which risos (Molitene) Malatiya to the west of The to the Mediterranean. west south lie inside just city one of the in the Taurus leading passes mountainsp or Lands 133,146

11.49.

Il.

50.

The title or 'keeper of Parvana, of the deals' the belonged to a high administrative under office ; Seljuks, and the incumbent was Milin al-Din Sulaiman, who had been appointed of Ram roCent, Sult5n, the infancy during of the son of tho fortnor IV, Qilie. h Arslan

CIII 361
11.51. 11,32* This was Baha al-Din Juvaini, son in of abams al-Din.

Arqjah or any Nizoh

Gur is not identified other source. is not mentioned in

Hash-id

aj-D1n

IIS

534

other

sources,

vi

BOOK Il

11.54.

There are some discrepancies between Mustauflis list of Abaqats wives and that of Ra2lild al-Drn:
JT has Nuqadan natun. For Nuladant Khatunq is Uljai Aljai, widow of lliile6e Martai by Rashild Bad O_liih Kftatun agreed al-Din. the names of all Abaqa's MustaufT omits JT 96-7

other

wives@

55-

Mustaufils
q urjan . Neither Nikpai Nikpai Noqai Aqbuqa

list

of

amirs

also

contains

discrepancies:

11 must See Note II, be Qurjan Aga. Duraq, Hindu Qalqiyashp QahinjIlindu Saghaural appear or Qidqari elsewhere. Yarghurchi be a misspolline of could DarghurcRi, gon Noyan. was a of Ilgoi

11.56.
11.57-

See Note 1,128.

Aga and Buqa claim to have heard Abaqa say, abiktUr his before deathl "After To-nur, me, W; ngu shortly himq Arghun. 11 In the event, Mbngu Temur and after died five days after twenty Abaqa, JT 191 was accompanied Ahmad. lie confronted 180 first of the ll-jLh-ans

58.

Ras-hid al-Din that states followers thousand by three

Arghun when JT

59. . ii. 6o.

Ahmad was t; assume

a Musliml the title

and was the of SultjTn,

had twice Majd al-Mulk Shams al-Din accused nnd jith beinG in loaGue Qla! al-Din the EGyptians of The second Arpun and of embezzlement. occasion, Abaqa that in there manaGed to convince was truth However, the Juvainis the accusations* were able to surviveg and Majd al-11ulk although was killed, his Aroun did not lose suspicions of the family.

CIII
ii. 61. K-5h had been Sikah Abaqa's tho a mountain overlooking Azarbaljanq tho near sourco

362
It was in river*

summor quarters. town of Kalantar Jaghatu the of

NQ 215
11.62. disparaging Arahun's to Shams references indicated the hatred he had for the-Jtxvainl ,.both because of Majd al-Mulic's accusations, a strong that they suspicion had had his poisoned. al-Din family, and fattier

CIII 36!;

Vil

BOOK 11

11.63.

Qongqurtai son of HUleCUO and brother was tho ninth time, hexias to Ahmads At this governor of Ram. CIII 365
in ArrEn

64'0'

PiJL-Suvgr province.

or

Pilah-SuvEr

was

a town

Lands 65*'
11.66.

176

Kuchuk

was the

son of Ilulachu.
himself a one of

Alinaq was an amir who had distinguished Daraq, in the battle against and acquired Ile had married for bravery. reputation Amadls daughters, JT 130 Qurumshi 68. was the son of Alinaq CIII The son mss constantly and of Jumqurg misspoll nephew 378 of

11.67-

the name to Ahmad,

J6sWcobj

69.

Nura Timur was the son his name nor his death a1-D 31n,

but neither of Dolad Timur, in Rashrd are mentioned in or T5bat but without

Il-

70-

Ras-hId'al-DIn mentions a Tubut this with campaign, connection details. further

any

JT 178
1171fJjgn was a favourite summer camp of the 11-URns in Azarba-ijEng Sarc--Lvl bank of the river on the left from TabrIz, to Miyanah. miles about sixty on the road

XQ 8) et soq.
11.72 Abhar in Qongqur-ijleng was between and Zanjant flowina between to the Groat rivers plain east Mid. to the Safld Horo ArGhun Desert and west later to found to be completed a city, started 151jeitu SultSn, and named Sultanlyeh. NQ 61 ot soq. not identified. the

by

11.73.

11-

74. 75.

not LakzI

identified. or Lakazi Gurkan was a son-in-law JT 173 at of seq. Ifuloaus

Vill

BOOK :IT-

76.
77.

Possibly

Ajai,

son of IIlen.
in Jib6l provincog was strategically to on the Mur6sZin Lands 221 et seq*

Abhar was a fortified city It to the west of Qazvln. for its important position AzarbZLIjan trunk road, has Kal5b, The text which HalEt RaZ41d al-D3'-*n gives The CHI refers location. Niidirl) .' Jajarmt also called route on the caravan the chief NaysabUr,

11-

78.

has not been identified* Kf1h, without details of (later Kal6t-i to "Kalit

C113: 366
town to

79-

Aghiy5n, was a fortified from Distam in QQmis town of Khurlis6n, Lands 342

80.

A well fortified highway from the

town in Qilmis province, on the Great, Desert Xhurrlslin6 into Lands 326

11.81.
82',

Halwa

is

not

identified.
last was Aftmadfs wife, 0 before hostilities opening JT 166 in Rashid al-Ding whom lie with had

Khatun Tudai just married Arghun,

83.

Neither or other

Tetan nor sources

Abugan

appear

84.
11.85.13uqa

Kbalifa was not mentioned in other sources.

was

by Rashid

al-Dint

nor

the son of Ilukulai, Qurchl, a Iong serving Chingiz IC_hZ! lie was given the under general n. titl7QDingsani; by Q"bilai, honorific as a mark of According to Boyle, it honour. moans an administrator i. e. a Vizier rank, of first or Chancellor. Rashid title,, to him by that al-DIn only once refors According to DtOhsson, the title to him was awarded at the same time as Arahun's was confirmode succession JT 206 Gurkan, (Filirist), son of

86.

Probably a misspelling Urqatu Noy6n.

of

Yisu-Buqa JT

ix

BOOK II., 11.87Rashid identifies Duqa as the al-D-in's version tent three man who went to Arghun's with aides, t ey brought and adds that out Arahun without disguise, Buqa convinced the sentry, who had four into the tent# people Going counted and five that his eyes had deceived him, emerging, and they passed being without any alarm Given. JT 188 Rashld does not describe in this events way, In his versiong there was no rain on of arrows Ile was brought Alinaq's tent. by the out alive fAll, the tamCh', ach of Tabrlz, him* amir who killed Rasb7id al-DIn IshakDU Qa1i as being mentions an thousand, biTt not in connection amir of four with incident. this JT 188 890(As Apain, Isfarayin) Asfarin fertile was a great gj , in KhurRstinq between Arahiy-an plain and ,, 'astern its Ustuvi having the same chief regions, city name, Lands 391-3 Rashid Lharwiyaz was the Sarab river al-Din does not mention as this incident.

11.88.

111

111 111

90, 91.

knourn was also of Sultainlyeh. site

blenC., Qonaqur and See note 11-72and

111

92.

(Sarav, arah) in Azarbaijan,

is the name of a town near mount SablRn, NQ 186

11,93*0'

describes Rash1d al-DIn them as QarUnas, as does ml-khwgnd, Polo that the and the C111. Narco states smonarelle they nam-means and that were the i na of Indian led fatherst mothers offs anti Mongol by Njr g; dar, Qatan allegedly a nephew of the Great (hence their They were other namep NICudarls). banditsv and mercenaries, ruthless especially (Mongol RiidbUr in the See ME area. active also in Afghanistan) Commanders p. 242 et seq. JT

Polo 1 183-96
194

.0

ns v. 342,
11.940' has not The place C11I sug-gests that at Soghurluq. wives been identified Ahmad went to * this under the ordu of namoo his

CIII 367

x
1300K II.

11.95.
11.96. 1,. 97-

It

was

Javqur,

according

to

Rashid

al-Drne

JT 178 This is a misspelling of Tuniska. Anuqjl, who had been MoChul. is as al-

Ile was the son of Kujuk killed at Ahmadts order. This is a misspelling

11.98. 11. , 99.

of Jarik

Fakhr al-1)7in Mustauf1t mentioned only briefly having been killed at Daulat.

IlamdAllMhls uncle, by Rashld al-D1n, the orFar of Salad JT 222-3

11.100.

This is an alternative for Isfahan. reading According to Rashld al-DTnt hams al-DIn Juvain! fled to-Isfahan, where he was detained for some time by the Atabeg, in case Arahun After his release, he wanted him returned. went to Q5m where Atabeg YQsuf Sh7ah of Lur and him to return to Archun's others persuaded servicet since ArChun had promised a general amnesty to Uiams all who had committed crimes$ and, in factj He met with Buqa on route# was innocent. al-Min by him to Arrhun's and was escorted presence. JT 200 et seq* This anecdote is not recounted words by IZashYd al-DIne .0j 0,, )-) ; and , 0,

IT. 1014 11,102' *, 11-103*

A contrived

pun on the

Tuchan had reason to hate Duqa,, Ile I-Lad been demoted as governor of KUhistan and had twice to beati(; been sentenced by Buqa. JT 210 to Rash1d al-DIn, According it was Buqals J ` uffed head, severed with straw, which was hunf; at Chaahan. under the bridge JT 215 This is probably See note 111 46. a misspelling 'the of Kaebaf Darius of or Kushaf.

11.104.

11.105, ii. lo6.

One might suspect that was a sarcastic opithet,

Simnan'

11-107-

Not surprisingly, this long anecdote concerning the administrative capabilities of IftwtdAll1th's does not appear alsowlicre. His death is uncle by'Abbas lqbnl. recorded TH 2 3.3

xi

BOOK II o 11.108. Rashld detail, does not describe al-D"in the nor does he mention Baru or this name Dallcur campaian of Pular SarV in Dai*

11.109.

Baramq Daratu, Neither have been identified.

II.

110.

ArChun had for to RashId a According al-DIn, time long alchemists and financed enoouraCed (Buddhist bakh. brought had priests) many hiyNn and They had acquired his a very into entourage, him, after influence continued which with strong by Buddhists the the death, his purge until of influenceg their Through Ghazan Kh! Zn in 695/1295-6. in alchemy interest 'Aroun had developed a morbid life. for the the of elixir search and to the excessive his death RaUhTd al-DIn attributes sulphur drinking containing elixir of a so-called and mercuryo JT 223-4 According the son to Rahld al-DIn Aga. of Arahun this JT was 226 the by Khatai UChult

110'112.

Rastild claims al-DIn Ordu-Qaya were killed house of Taahachar. D'Ohsson.

Salad that and al-Daulat day at on tho following is supported This version

D'Ohsson iv-57 226 JT

I1,113o Mount Sahas (or Saias or Sajash). to it CIrr refers as Sujas. of Lur but there Seo JT. 226 ot deq,

CIII

372

0'114'0'

Afr5siyZib al-DInj 'Aral,

by 1RafjmId. is briefly mentioned is no mention named of an amir JT 211-2

11.115.

This

is

Tuladai

or

Duladai

Idachi . -0 JT (Filirist):

642

11.116.

the half in lived the WCtim of Tait of who second 6th century the perfect A. D. was traditionally Might, and was renowned of a pro-Islamic example his hospitality for and generosity. E! 42)iii 2 74 discussion See CIII for of of the breach of the cause Baidu the, conflicting versions Goildiatu botwoon and CIII

11-117.

275

xii

BOOK 11 1 11.118. This was the amir sent by the Qatan 11-Khan courte Dolad to be Dgingsango who had his representative Successors been at the 273n.

11,119,
11.120.

The chav

or

chtao

experiment

is

discussed

in

Clrl

374-5.

Goilchatu's is very RashId reticent about al-DIn u"al he of any and makes no mentio-n appetitesq se; Vassaf Daiduls. involvine incident makes also son. he does alth6ugh of such an incident, no mention in general terms, Mustaufl's description confirmq vices. of Geikhatu's VassTif iii. does not The text Muhammad Sakurchl make it who was that clear executed, it was

IT-. 121,

JT 342.
Ilo'122, Rashid al-DIn or ceremonial makes no installation, mention of Daiduls accession#

Qd9n IIaQt a Junction was of eight streams Miy5nij, into the river flowing near a town of the in the Mara0ah district* same name in Azarbalj%.

Lands
11.124. Ildar was the son of RashTd al-DIn refers bul-does not elaborate anyone named Dahadin. Rashld does

170

Ajai of 1101eailand a grandson Taghai, to his brave as servant death, on his or mention JT 289

11.125, 11.126.

al-Dln

not

mention

Janjai,

Isun Tomur Uahul M'O'ngu Taigbu and was a son of I Temur was the son of Anbargbi, of Md'*ngu another Temur's sons. 629-30 JT(Fitirist) listed, A number of the amirs in are not listed and Daidu, SUgo was The CIrI captured himself version the son of Yo. Iimut those both of Ghazan source, any other and a grandson of IlUlegu-

11,127-

11,128. 11,129,

has a different Nauruz that was version, by the pursuing armyo and only extricated by pretending The same to change sides. in D'Olisson. appears

378 CIII DIOhsson: iv.

130-1

xiii

BOOK 11. 11.130. The texts contain a badly written must be a corruption word which and unpointed a or Gharahan,

VassZif Turkish a cooking pot. word meaning the Persian the pun using wora'D2Zt explains ,, or kettle. a cauldron Vassar iii. is Kashgar Ted town si; a misspelling in the Dailam a medium of Kaskar, district of G115no Lands 174

NQ

159

11.132.

LAIJA lying

is to

one of the east

the chief towns of of the Safed Rud. Lands

GIlanq 174

NQ
11,133,, Haidar qaya is not 1 mentioned by naabld

159
al-Din in

incident. this of the petty

He was kingdoms

the ruler of GlliZn. TO

of

Kugbisbqnp 62

one

11.134.

According to DfOhssonj the ceremony of Ghazan's to Islam was presided conversion over by !l4aiLcb Sadr al-DIn Ibrahim. D'Ohsson. iv. 132-3

11-135.

Firuz X51i was a castle Damavand.

in Tabaristtln,

near

Lands 371-2
11-136. Janjait Jumlai and Antish must have from the Golden Horde, well leaders by reputation. been army known