UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PS 335: DEMOCRACY AND ELECTIONS COURSEOUTLINE FOR ACADEMIC YEAR 2012/2013-SEMESTER II Instructors: 1. Dr. Mohamed A Bakari, PhD Office: CASS Tower, 5th Floor, Office Number 503 2. Mr. Respicius Shumbusho Damian, M.A Office: CASS Quadrangular Building, Office Number 01
Consultation: 24 hours online. However, there will be two days for consulting either of the instructors where face-to-face consultation is needed. Students are advised to make appointment (studentpspa@gmail.com) to avoid disappointment.

Course Description PS 335 is a compulsory course for all students in the department of Political Science and Public Administration. The course covers both theoretical and Empirical issues related to democracy and Elections. The course traces theoretical and historical development of the concept, democracy, analyzes the relationship between democracy and elections, electoral systems and democracy, development and democracy, and finally the influence of party system on democracy. The focus of the course is on Africa, and especially Tanzania. Objectives and Outcomes This is a participatory course. The core objective is to develop analytical knowledge based on both theoretical and empirical reflections of the existing theory, research, and literature. Students are expected to deal with the literature in a sharply analytical way. At the end of the course, the students should be able to discuss and analyze the origins and development of the theory of democracy from different traditions and ideologies, and how each tradition affect the current conception and practice of democracy. They should also use the existing theory and literature as analytical tools for analyzing the quality of democracy, elections, the links between democracy and development, elections and democratic progress, electoral systems and democracy, and finally; party systems and democratization focusing on Africa (especially Tanzania). Course Delivery The course shall be delivered through a variety of methods including physical and electronic. There will be 30 inclass lectures plus 15 seminar sessions. There will be two lectures per week plus one seminar session (for every student). Students must register into identified seminar hour sessions where they will be given seminar topics that will form base for seminar discussions. Seminar and group assignments, discussions, and clarifications will be communicated to students through Moodle where all students should be enrolled. The Moodle enrollment key for the course is democracy. Assessment Coursework (40%) and University Examination (60%).The marks will be distributed as follows: 1. 15% Seminar presentation and writing a 5-6 pages standard Academic Quality seminar paper 2. 10% In-class 40 minutes Literature based quiz. Students must read compulsory readings carefully. 3. 15% in-class mid semester test to be attempted within 55 minutes of lecture hours 4. 60% Final University Examination
Topic 0.1: Stephen Bailey (2011), NUS (2011), John Wolfe (2007)

TOPICS 0.1: Academic writing in Political Science [2 lecture] Topic 1: The Concept of Democracy [3 lectures] 1.1. Meaning Versus Definition 1.2. Scholarly perspectives to defining Democracy

Topic 1 Core readings: Schmitter and Karl (1991), Srensen (1993), Dahl (1990), Tandon (1979), Mamdani and Wamba dia Wamba (1995), Schumpeter(1947) Downs, A(1957),Nyerere, J.K(1966)

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Topic 2: Philosophical and Historical Development of the Concept [3 lectures] 2.1. The Philosophical Development Ancient and Classical Philosophy Topic2 CoreReadings:Aristotle(1999),Locke The Judeo-Christian, Middle Age and Renaissance (1988), BenoitSmullyan(1938),Huntington (1991, Social Contract Philosophy/Theorists 1997), Doorenspleet(2000), Dahl(1991), 2.2. Historical Waves of Democratizations (and reversals) The First waves The Second waves The third waves Topic 3 Core Readings: Finer (1998), Rothchild Topic 3: Variants/Types of Democracy [5 lectures] (2009), Blaug (1999), Dahl (1991), Samet and 3.1. Athenian Democracy Schmeidler (2003), Srensen and Torfing (2005) 3.2. Liberal Democracy 3.3. Popular Democracy 3.4. The Network Governance- A Post-Liberal Perspective Topic 4: The Relationship between Elections and Democracy [3 lectures] 4.1. Theoretical Relationship between Elections and Democracy 4.2. Features of Democratic Elections/Elections without Democracy 4.3. An Overview of Democratization and Elections in Africa/Tanzania Single Party Elections Transition to Multiparty Elections Support for multiparty democracy and elections Topic 5: Electoral Systems and their Impact on Democracy [5 lectures] 5.1. Meaning and Typologies of Electoral Systems 5.2. The Effect of Electoral System on Participation and Representation 5.3: Electoral Systems and Electoral Conflicts Management
Core ReadingsTopic4:Goodwin-Gill(2006), Aliyu (2009), Lindberg(2007), GuyHermert(1978) Levitskyand Way(2002), Ginsbergand Stone (1986), Schedler(2002), Killian, B (2005), Killian, B(2008),

Core readings Topic 5: Reynolds & Reilly (1997), Reynolds (2006), Matlosa (2000), Reilly (1999), Norris (1997),

Topic 6: Democracy and Development [3 lectures] 6.1. Conceptual relationship between Democracy and Development 6.2. The Democracy- Development Debate 6.3. The Relationship between Democracy and Development in Africa

Core readings Topic 6: Carbarone (2009) ; Sorensen (1998:Chpt3*) Ake (2000:Chpt3*), Stephens and Stephens (2008), Miner (1998),

Topic 7: Democratization and the State of Democracy in Africa [4 lectures] 7.1. An Overview of Democratization process in Africa Core Readings Topic 7: Carothers (2002), 7.2. The State of Democracy in Africa Mukandala (2001), Bakari and Mushi (2005), Ake 7.3. Challenges that Democratization Face in Africa (1991), Ake (1993), Beetham et al (2008) **, 7.4. The Quality of Democracy in Africa: IDEA Framework Mpabanga, Mfundisi and Sebudubudu (2007), Topic 8: Party Systems and their Effect on Democracy [3 lectures] 8.1: The Role of Political Parties in democratic process 8.2: A theory of Party Systems (types and performance) 8.3: The Tanzanian Party System and its Influence on Democracy

Core readings Topic 8: Bawn et al (2011), Johnston (2005)*, Aldrich and Griffin (2007), IDEA (2007), Matlosa (2007), *

Readings The list of the basic references has been given against each topic in Moodle. There will be between ONE and THREE COMPULSORY readings for each topic, of which all students shall have to read deliberately. The students are urged to consult a wide range of other sources including the provided list of the basic readings and the World Wide Web (www). However, any material used must be from authoritative and authentic sources. All the texts and ideas, which are not original ideas of students, need to be acknowledged appropriately and

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consistently. APA is the most encouraged referencing format. PLAGIARISM is an ACADEMIC OFFENSE (academic theft). All essays excluding in-class assignments shall be submitted electronically to allow the instructor to detect PLAGIARIZED MATERIALS, to the E-mail: courseinstructorsubmit@gmail.com. Penalty shall be exercised for reproducing other groups works or lecture notes. Presentation papers must be submitted within A Week after presentation. The LMS shall automatically reject all late submissions at the end of every week. Penalty of 2 marks per day shall fairly apply for all late submissions. Seminar Questions: The seminar questions (Study Questions) are also published online in the LMS. Since most of the course readings are freely accessed in the LMS, students are advised to start working on their seminar topics from the beginning of the semester. This will help students to think systematically make strong presentations, discuss convincingly, contribute valuably, and finally write standard quality academic essays, which will give them credit in the course. SELECTED COURSE READINGS Topic Basic Readings Topic 1: The Concept of Sorensen,G (1993), Democracy and Democratization: Process and Prospects; Pitkin,(NA), The Concept of Representation; Dye and Zeygler (1999), The Irony of Democracy: an Uncommon Democracy, Introduction to American Democracy; Holden()Dahl R. (1991), Modern Political Analysis, Dahl, Also topic 2. R. (1990); Democracy and its Critics; Mamdani, M and Wamba dia Wamba, E. (1995), African Studies in Social Movements and Democracy; Schmitter, P.C. and Karl, T.L. (1991) What Democracy Is . . . and Is Not; Schumpeter, J.A. (1947) Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy, Tandon, Y. (1979), In Defense of Democracy; Nyerere, J.K (1966), Freedom and Unity (pp.103106); Distch, L (2010) Representation Dos and Donts: Hanna Pitkins The Concept of Representation; Downs, A (1957), An Economic Theory of Democracy, Topic 2: Sorensen,G (1993), Democracy and Democratization: Process and Prospects; Dahl R. (1991), Modern Political Analysis, Dahl, R. (1990); Democracy and its Critics; Huntington, S.P (1996), Philosophical and Historical Democracys Third Wave: Huntington, S.P (1991), The Third Wave: Democratization in the Development of Late Twentieth Century; Huntington, S.P (1997), After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave; Doorenspleet, R (2000), Reassessing the three waves of Democratization; the Concept
th Topic 3: Rothchild (2009), Introduction to Athenian Democracy of the 5 Century, Finer (1998), The History of Government from the Earliest Times; Ober, J (1989), Review: The Nature of Athenian Variants/Types of Democracy Democracy; Blaug, R (1999), Outbreaks of Democracy; Schimiter, P.C (1996)*, More Liberal, Preliberal, or Postliberal? Guy Hermert. (1978), Elections Without Choice (Chapter 1); Ginsberg and Stone (1986); Do Elections Matter?; Schedler, J (2002), The Nested Game of Democratization by Elections; Key Jr, V.O. (1955); A theory of Critical Elections; Guy S. Goodwin-Gill (2006), Free and Fair Topic 4: The Elections, Geneva: Inter-Parliamentary Union; Adejumobi, S, (2000), 'Elections in Africa: A Relationship fading shadow of democracy (pp.242-257); Killian, B (2005), Do Elections Matter in Zanzibar? between Killian, B (2000), African Identities; Killian, B (2005), Who supports Democracy in Tanzania Elections and Democratic and Why? Killian, B (2008), Popular Support for Multi-Party Democracy in Tanzania: Why is it Progress Declining? Mangu, A. M. B and M. B (2009) Democracy and elections in Africa in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Lessons for Africa; Steven Levitsky and Lucan A. Way (2002) * Elections without Democracy: The Rise of Competitive Authoritarianism, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13 (2), pp. 51-65); Nasiru Adamu Aliyu (2009), Concept of Democratic Elections under International Law, Research Journal of Internatonal Studes, Issue 10; Staffan I. Lindberg (2007) , The Power of Elections Revisited, Paper presented at the conference, Elections and Political Identities in New Democracies, Yale University, April 28-29, 2007; Andreas Danevad (1995), Responsiveness in Botswana Politics: Do Elections Matter? The Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 33 (3), pp. 381-402

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Reynolds, A and Reilly, B. (1997), Electoral Systems Design; Reynolds, A (2006), South Africa: Electoral System Design and Conflict Management in Africa; Matlosa, K (2000), Electoral Systems and Political Stability in Southern Africa; Reilly Benjamin (1999), Electoral Systems and Conflict Management, Ruth Meena (2003), The Politics of Quotas in Tanzania, A paper presented at the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance (IDEA) Conference November11-12 , Pretoria; Pippa Norris (1997), Choosing Electoral Systems: Proportional, Majoritarian and Mixed Systems, International Political Science Review Vol. 18 (3), pp. 297-312.; Topic 6: Carbarone, G (2009), The Consequences of Democratization; Stephens, E.H & Stephens, J. D. Democracy and (2008),Capitalist Development and Democracy: The Controversy; Clark, J.(1991), Democratizing Development. The Role of Voluntary Organizations; Sorensen, G (1998), Domestic Development Consequences of Democratization (Chpt3); Ake, C (2000), Chapt 3: The Feasibility of Democracy in Africa (Chapter 3); Drury, A.C; Krieckhaus, J & Lusztig, M (2006), Corruption, Democracy and Growth; Minier, J.A (1998), Democracy and Growth_ Alternative Approaches ; Mukandala, R.S(2001), The State of African Democracy; Bakari, M and Mushi, S.S (2005), Prerequisite for Democratic Consolidation in Tanzania. Larry Diamond (1996), Towards Topic 7: Democratization Democratic Consolidation, In Diamond L and Plattner, M.F (Ed), The Global Resurgence of and the State of Democracy. Breytenbach, W (2002) Democracy In The SADC Region; Ake, C (1991), Rethinking African Democracy; Chachage, C.S.L (2001), Nation Building and Ethnicity Towards Democracy in a Re-conceptualization of Democracy in Africa; Richard, Joseph (1999), State, Conflict, and Africa Democracy in Africa, Chapter 2, and 3; Claude Ake (1993), The Unique Case of African Democracy; Ndumbaro, R (2005), The State of Popular Participation in Tanzania. David Beetham, Edzia Carvalho, Todd Landman and Stuart Weir (2008), in Assessing the Quality of Democracy A Practical Guide'; Zibani Maundeni; Dorothy Mpabanga, Adam Mfundisi, and David Sebudubudu (2007), Consolidating Democratic Governance in southern Africa: Botswana; Thomas Carothers (2002), The End of The Transition Paradigm, Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13 (1), pp. 5-21; Bawn, K et al (2011), A Theory of Political Parties; Michael Johnston_2005_Political Parties and Democracy in Theoretical and Practical Perspective; Norris, P. (2005), Political Parties and Democracy in Theoretical and Practical Perspectives; Khabele Matlosa (2007), Political Parties in Southern Africa:The State of Parties and their Role in Democratization, IDEA; A.C (2005), The State of Political Parties in Tanzania ; John H. Aldrich John D. Griffin (2007),** The One Thing You Need to Know About Political Parties, A Paper Presented at a Conference in Honor of Richard G. Niemi at The University of Rochester, November 3, 2007; Heidi Brooks (2004), The Dominant Party System: Challenges for South Africas Second Decade of Democracy, EISA Topic 8: Party Occasional Paper No. 25, October 2004; Giovanni M. Carbone (2007), Political Parties and Party systems and Systems in Africa: Themes and Research Perspectives, World Political Science Review, Vol. 3 their influence (3), pp. on Democracy Topic 5: Electoral Systems and their Impact on Democracy Compulsory Readings, but, students are advised to consult a broad range of readings including those from credible electronic sources. Credit shall be awarded for consulting relevant readings. SEMINAR QUESTIONS 1. What does it mean when someone says that a student of Democracy and Elections has written an academically excellent paper? Is plagiarism a bad or good academic practice? Why? 2. It is difficult to understand what democracy is and what it is not since the existing definitions of democracy are contradicting and confusing. Discuss this statement with reference to Sorensen (1993), Dahl (1989), and Schmitter and Karl (1991). 3. Athenian democracy was democracy of its own type. It had not existed, it has not existed, and it would not exist anywhere in modern polities. In relation to Finer (1998) and Rothchild (2009), argue for or against this view.

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4. Liberal democracy has nothing new; it is just an attempt to create a selfish citizen who does not value the role of both the society and the state. Discuss this statement showing clearly how liberal democracy differs from Athenian democracy. 5. The so-called popular democracy is something that does not exist. It does not even qualify to be referred to as a type of democracy, but rather disorganized and mob claims of which the essence is usually unknown even to participants. Discuss this statement in the right of Ricardo Blaug (1999) s Outbreaks of Democracy. 6. With examples and evidences from popular social networks of your choice, would you argue that networkgovernance is becoming another variant/type of democracy in the post-liberal age? Does network-governance complement or contradict with the essence of the preexisted variants of democracy? Does network governance address the role of the Postliberal democratic alternatives as foreseen by Schmitter (1996:333)? 7. Democracy and development are two incompatible states of affairs. Their relationship is like egg-andchicken. With reference to Carbarone, G (2009), The Consequences of Democratization and Sorensen, G (1998), Domestic Consequences of Democratization (Chpt3), discuss this statement showing which of the two should be given top priority by African countries. 8. It is possible to have elections without democracy, but it is not possible to have democracy without elections. In light of Guy Hermert (1978), Levitsky and Way (2002), Scheduler (2002), and Kilian (2008), how far is this correct in modern African states? 9. Democratic consolidation in Africa is like a daydream. Instead of progressing, African democracy is on crossroad where reversal waves might wipe the states back to authoritarianism any time. Referring to Huntington (1991), Bakari and Mushi (2005) and Sebudubudu (2010), how far is this true about the process of democratization in Africa? 10. Using the IDEA Framework by David Beetham et al. (2008), and with reference to Mukandala (2001), Ake (1993), and Maundeni et al. (2007), would you conclude that there is more light than heat towards democratic consolidation in Africa? 11. All electoral systems are prone to electoral conflicts; none of them in isolation can entirely fit best in the Tanzanian current political realities. Drawing from Reilly (1999), Matlosa (2000), and Reynolds (2006), argue for or against this contention. 12. The participation of voters in the Tanzania 2010 general elections was as low as 42.8% of the registered voters. Using the results of the1995-2010 general elections, to what extent would you suggest that the electoral systems in use might be cause of such low voter turnout? 13. What do you understand by party system? Describe the current party system in Tanzania and discuss its influence on democracy. 14. How would you explain the emerging party system in Zanzibar? Does the Government of National Unity (GNU) enhance or hinder the performance of political parties in Zanzibar?

Grading Scale Rubric

Grade A Excellent Marks Range 7.00-10.00 Strength Well introduced, exhaustive, clearly argued out, evidenced, logical, allowed formats, use of relevant examples and illustrations, accomplishing the level of objective, originality, rich analysis and organization, correct grammar and spelling, general layout, well concluded. Introduced, exhaustive, clearly argued out, logical, tolerable formats, examples and illustrations, evidence, addressing the level of objective, understood language, concluded. Introduced, addressing the matter, clear, examples, and illustrations, linked to the matter, relatively understood language. Tolerable Weaknesses Minor typological error, rare displacement of vocabulary, minor grammatical errors

B+ Very Good B Good

6.00-6.99

Organization, minor grammatical and spelling errors, Satisfactory, but lacks strong evidence, consistency, evidence, and has correct materials but not well supported arguments.

5.00-5.99

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C Satisfactory

4.00-4.99

D Poor E Very Poor

3.50-3.99

0.00-3.49

Addressing the matter and demonstrating the understanding of the key issues of the topic, but weak in terms of analysis, little capacity to link right materials presented with the needs/objectives of the question (e.g. discussion, context, etc). A student understands the question, but addresses it poorly or in the way that cannot accomplish the objective (dumping) Student addresses the question with wrong materials, or right materials, but on basis of wrong purpose (e.g. copied work), failure to address the question

All above plus minor factual errors, analysis, failing to accomplish the academic objective, irrelevant examples, weak and unsupported arguments All above plus major factual errors, lacking clarity, deviating from the question. All the above, plus plagiarizing, demonstrating no understanding of the subject matter, outright wrong answer

Oral Presentation Grading Rubric Grade Marks Credit Factor Range /5 A 3.50-5.00 Preparedness, time management, Excellent keeping the group engaged, brevity, clarity of argument, evidence used, use of simple and clear language, originality, addressing the matter correctly, (70-100%) confidence, loudness, eye contact, grammar, spelling B+ 3.00-3.49 ABOVE, with exception of the Very Good already stated weaknesses and these ones (60-69.9%) B Good 2.50-2.99 (50-59.9%) C 2.00-2.49 Satisfactory (40-49.9%) D Poor 1.75-1.99 ABOVE, with exception of the already stated weaknesses and these ones ABOVE, with exception of the already stated weaknesses and these ones ABOVE, with exception of the already stated weaknesses and these ones

Tolerable weakness/add Minor grammatical errors and code switching for learning purpose. Reading breaks for EVIDENCING, reliability and CLEAR flow (Transition makes the class follow the presentation clearly). Grammatical and language slips that dont affect meaning, reading but not losing emotional contacts with class, prolonged clarification Contradicting evidences, clarity doubted, arguments questionable, reading for oneself Bringing in irrelevant issues (dumping), not audible, not clear, lack of ownership of the presentation Showing that one does not understand the matter, failure to defend what says, major fact errors, disengaging the class at some point. Plagiarism, major fact errors, out of the question, disengaging the class to the end

(35-39.9%) E Very Poor 0.00-1.74 (0-34.9%) ABOVE, with exception of the already stated weaknesses and these ones

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