Viruses

Capsid: the outer protein layer that surrounds the genetic material of a virus o Surrounds DNA and RNA o Protects nucleic acids from digestive enzymes o Allows viron to attach to host cell o Proteins to penetrate host cell membrane Tail Sheath: like a needle o Penetrates the cell wall o Injects viral nucleic acid into host cell Tail Fiber: like landing gear o Helps attach to cell surface Genome: the complete sequence of the DNA or RNA of an organism o Single-stranded or double-stranded nucleic acids

Major differences between viruses and bacteria: Viruses are not organisms Without a host cells, they cannot: o Sustain themselves o Reproduce o Synthesize proteins uses host cells RNA o Cant generate or store energy o They also require basic building materials from host cells Viruses are generally classified by the organisms they infect Smaller than bacteria cell o About 50 nm (10-9) 1000x smaller than bacteria o No organelles Only protein and DNA/RAN (genome) o Viruses only attack one type of cell (has to be a protein match between virus and outside surface of host cell) *Virus: a structure that contains strands of DNA/RNA, surrounded by a protective protein code; it cannot live independently outside of cells.*

Lytic cycle: Step 1: Attachment o Proteins on the virus connect to the protein receptors on host cells membrane Step 2: Entry o The virus injects genetic material into the host cell Step 3: Replication o Virus breaks down host cells DNA and takes over host cells activities o The host cell creates more viral DNA/RNA and proteins, as well as viral body parts Step 4: Assembly o The host cell assembles new viral particles Step 5: Lysis and Release o The host cell bursts open and releases 100-200 new viral particles Lysogenic cycle: Cycle with dormancy latent infection Viral DNA becomes a part of the host cells chromosome As host cells undergoes mitosis, both viral DNA and host cell DNA is being replicated Daughter cells end up with the latent genome as well In many cases, the genes are not activated until later Activation results in a continuation of the lytic cycle Retrovirus: Any RNA virus that inserts a DNA copy of its genome into the host cell in order to replicate RNA: o No thymine o Usually single-stranded o Extra oxygen on sugar Step 1: cell membrane and viral membrane fuse Step 2: an enzyme called reverse transcriptase changes single stranded RNA into single-stranded DNA; reverse transcriptase has poor proof-reading and therefore there are many random mutations Step 3: RNA, now single-stranded DNA, is once again reverse transcribed into double-stranded DNA Step 4: the new double-stranded DNA is inserted into the host cells chromosome by going through the nuclear membrane Step 5: messenger RNA (just RNA) is made by new double-stranded DNA and is sent out of the nucleus Step 6: messenger RNA makes viral proteins using ribosomes in rough ER Step 7: two messenger RNA and viral proteins bud off of cells surface, creating new virus Step 8: the proteins are digested and a new virus matures