ENDOCRINE SYSTEM Involves the relesase of chemical substance known as Hormone Functions of Hormone Regulate Integrate Some producers

of hormones Endocrine Gland Generally produces the hormones GI mucosa- Produces gastrin, enterogastrone, secretin, cholecystokinin Kidney Erythropoietin White blood cell- cytokines

Glands of the Endocrine System Composed of several glands - Pituitary gland - Thyroid gland - Parathyroid gland - Adrenal gland - Pancreatic gland - Ovaries - Testes

Function and Regulation of Hormones Acini - secretory cells arranged in minute clusters Negative Feedback is the mechanism of regulating hormone concentration in the blood stream concentration : Production is inhibited Concentration : Increase production

Classification and Action of Hormones Four Categories (according to structure) 1. Amines and Amino Acids - Epinephrine - Norepinephrine - Thyroid Hormone Peptides, Polypeptides, Proteins and Glycoproteins - Thyrotropin releasing hormone - Follicle stimulating Hormone - Growth hormone

2.

3. 4.

Steroids - Corticosteroids Fatty acid derivatives - Eicosanoid - Retinoids

Paracrine Action Hormones act locally in the area where they are release ( e.g sex hormones)

Autocrine Action Act on the actual cell from which they were released (e.g insulin on pancreatic beta cells )

Endocrine Glands The Pituitary Gland Aka Hypophysis Is the Master gland (because it has influence on secretion of hormone (shape) Round; 1.27 cm (size) Located on Inferior aspect of the brain Divided into: - Anterior Lobe - Posterior Lobe Controlled by HYPOTHALAMUS

Anterior Pituitary Major hormones The hormones are the ff : o Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH o Luteinizing hormone (LH) o Prolactin o Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) o Thyroid stmulating hormone (TSH) o Growth Hormone- aka somatotropin Controlled by releasing factors by the hypothalamus TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH (There function is the release of hormone by other endocrine gland ) GH increases protein synthesis - Increase breakdown of fatty acid - Increase glucose level - Responsible for normal growth - Target is on Bone tissue Prolactin acts on the breast to stimulate milk production

TSH acts on the thyoid gland to release thyroid hormone FSH and LH acts on the testes to release testosterone; ovary to release estrogen; corpus luteum; to produce progesterone

Posterior Pituitary - Major hormone o Vasopressin aka ADH o Oxytocin Synthesize in hypothalamus Stored in pituitary gland Vasopressin controls excretion of water by the kidney - Stimulated by increase osmolality of blood or by decreasing BP Oxytocin- stimulated during preganacy and childbirth - Faciliatate milk ejection and increase uterine contraction Pathophysiology Disorder of Anterior Pituitary Oversecretion may involve ACTH/GH - Result in Cushing syndrome ( ACTH ) ; Acromegaly (GH) - Acromegaly in adult Results in bone and soft tissue deformities Enlargement of viscera No increase of height occurs - In Children May be 7 to 8 feet tall Undersecretion - Involves all hormones - Glands shrink - Hypopituitarism result from destruction of anterior lobe - Sheehans syndrome postpartum necrosis - Occur in women, results to fever, blood loss, hypovolemia at the time of delivery

Disorder of the Posterior Pituitary Diabetes Insipidus - Is a disorder characterized by a deficiency in ADH - S/s: polydipsia; large volume of dilute urine - Causes : head injury; trauma; brain tumor; infection of CNS; failureof renal tubules due to hypokelemia

- Clinical Manifestation: enormous daily output of urine; urine contains no glucose/albumin; pt drinks 2 to 20 l fluids; craves cold water ; cant replace by limiting fluid Synrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) - Includes excessive ADH secretion - Pt. Cannot excrete a dilute urine; retains fluid - Develop sodium deficiency : dilutional hyponatremia - Non-endocrine origin - Cause: Disorder of CNS ; Medication - Interventions: o Elimination of the cause o Restricting fluid intake o Diuretic o I and O monitoring o Weight monitoring