Source: www.wimaxforum.org/news/events/wimax_day_agenda/Gordon_Member_IEEE_802.16.pdf
WiMAX Schedules
WiMAX Forum (2006): Mobile WiMAX – Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation.
Available at www.wimaxforum.org
Relationship Between Players
www.wimaxforum.org
802.16 Standard and Usage
Model Mapping
Source: www.wimaxforum.org/news/events/wimax_day_agenda/Gordon_Member_IEEE_802.16.pdf
802.16-2004
• Actually a suite of PHY protocols
Source: www.wimaxforum.org/news/events/wimax_day_agenda/Gordon_Member_IEEE_802.16.pdf
WirelessMAN-SC
• Single Carrier
• Licensed operation
• LOS only, >10 GHz
• FEC = Reed-Solomon, optional Block Turbo Codes, Convolutional
Turbo Codes
• Power Control
• Directional antennas at subscriber units
• Channel quality measurements
– RSSI
– CINR
Source: www.wimaxforum.org/news/events/wimax_day_agenda/Gordon_Member_IEEE_802.16.pdf
WirelessMAN-SCa
• Licensed operation • Framing for equalization,
• < 11 GHz channel performance
• TDD and FDD duplex • Robust modes for low
• TDMA uplink SINR
• Single Carrier • Space time coding
transmit diversity option
• Variable bandwidths
• Block adaptive
• Reed-Solomon and trellis modulation
coded modulation
• Optional block and
convolutional Turbo
codes
WirelessMAN OFDM
• Licensed operation • Uplink power control
• NLOS, < 11 GHz, TDD, FDD • Optional space time coding
• TDMA – 2 Tx (BS), 1 RX (SS)
• OFDM modulation, 256 point • RSSI, CINR measurements
FFT – Adaptive modulation
– BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64- • Includes Mesh Frame (optional)
QAM
• Reed Solomon, Optional BTC,
CTC
Subcarriers: 192 Data, 8 Pilot, 28 Low Guard Band, 27 High Guard Band
WirelessMAN OFDMA
From IEEE Std 802.16-2004
• Licensed operation
• NLOS, < 11 GHz, TDD, FDD
• Channel Bandwidths > 1.0 MHz, 2-
nxregulatory bandwidth
H. Yaghoobi, “Scalable OFDMA Physical Layer in IEEE 802.16 WirelessMAN,” Intel Technology Journal, Volume 8, Issue 3, 2004.
Available online: ftp://download.intel.com/technology/itj/2004/volume08issue03/art03_scalableofdma/vol8_art03.pdf
Mobile WiMAX Peak Rates
• Block Turbo Code
and Low Density
Parity Check Code
(LDPC) are
optional
• Convolutional
Codes (CC) and
Convolutional
Turbo Codes must
be supported
• Optional codes:
– block turbo codes,
– convolutional turbo
codes,
– low density parity
check (LDPC)
codes
• Significant Code performance
performance gains
over mandatory
convolutional
codes without a lot
of added
complexity J.Fundamentals
Andrews, A. Ghosh, R. Muhamed,
of WiMAX, Prentice Hall,
2007
Subcarrier Permutations
• Subcarrier permutation – how subcarriers
are allocated across subchannels
• Burst profile – predefined combinations of
modulation, code rate and FEC type
• Full Usage of Subcarriers (FUSC)
– Pilots independent, data subcarriers evenly
spread out
• Downlink Partial Usage of Subcarriers
– Subcarriers “randomized”
– Supports segmentation and frequency
reuse factors of 1
• Uplink Partial Usage of Subcarriers
– Subcarriers divided into tiles (4 subcarriers
over 3 symbols)
– 8 data, 4 pilot
– Good for high Doppler spread
• Tile Usage of Subcarriers (TUSC)
– Downlink version of uplink PUSC
• Band Adaptive Modulation and Coding
(AMC)
– All subcarriers are adjacent
• Hurts frequency diversity, but simplifies
multiuser divserity
• “Bins” defined as 8 data symbols plus 1 pilot •J. Andrews, A. Ghosh, R. Muhamed, Fundamentals of
(in center of data)
WiMAX, Prentice Hall, 2007
Specified PHY Information
• Channel Quality • Power Control
Measurements – Only directly supported on
– Used to adapt transmission uplink
parameters – 30 dB/s fluctuations
• Modulation, coding, burst – Should account for PAPR
profiles, power
– MS maintains same
– Received signal strength transmit power density
indicator (power/subcarrier)
• Mean, standard deviation – Maximum MS power for
– SINR various modulations
• Mean, standard deviation (backoff can vary to control
• Requires demodulation PAPR)
Open Loop MIMO
• Transmit diversity/space time coding
– Numerous optional schemes for 2,3,4 antennas
– Most common:
• Spatial Multiplexing
• Alamouti
WiMAX Forum (2006): Mobile WiMAX – Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation.
Available at www.wimaxforum.org
Network Entry Process
Network Entry Steps Negotiated Parameters
D. Pang, L. Tian, J. Hu, J. Zhou, J. Shi, “Overview and Analysis of IEEE 802.16e Security,” Available online:
http://hdl.handle.net/2100/172
Mobile WiMAX Performance
BER
10-2 10-2
10-3 10-3
10-4 10-4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
SNR SNR
AMC vs PUSC: QPSK, Ped A AMC vs PUSC: 16QAM, Ped A
10-0 10-0
R1/2 PUSC R1/2 PUSC
R1/2 AMC R1/2 AMC
R3/4 PUSC R3/4 PUSC
R3/4 AMC R3/4 AMC
10-1 10-1
BER
BER
10-2 10-2
10-3 10-3
10-4 10-4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
SNR SNR
SISO AMC vs PUSC, Vehicular
10-1 10-1
BER
BER
10-2 10-2
10-3 10-3
10-4 10-4
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
SNR SNR
SISO AMC vs PUSC, Summary
BER
BER
10-2 10-2
Transmissions
R3/4 HARQ II R3/4 HARQ II
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 3 6 9 12 15 18 21 6 9 12 15 18 21 24 27 30
SNR SNR
• Performance gain
– 1x2 yields 3 dB gain (low SINR)
– 1x4 yields 6 dB gain (low SINR)
– Even more at high SINR
Effect of Correlation
AMC, R 1/2, Ped B
AMC, R 3/4, Ped B
Complex
correlation,
ρ=0.5
• Figure 11.20 and Figure 11.21 provide link-level results for various possible open-loop and closed-loop transmit
diversity schemes in WiMAX. The open-loop diversity considered here is the 2 x 2 Alamouti pace/time block cde
(STBC).
• For AMC subcarrier permutation, STBC’s benefit is marginal, especially with correlated fading because STBC
hardens the channel variation that band AMC is designed to exploit. On the other hand
• PUSC subcarrier permutation, as shown in Figure 11.22 and Figure 11.23 benefits significantly from 2 x 2 STBC
Open Loop MIMO with Multiple
Streams
AMC QPSK R1/2 in Ped B AMC QPSK R3/4 in Ped B
• From Chapt 12 of J.
Andrews, A. Ghosh,
R. Muhamed,
Fundamentals of
WiMAX, Prentice
Hall, 2007
System Configurations
• Basic assumes the BS is able to separate the two MSs using the two
receive antennas.
• Enhanced configuration 1 increases the number of receive antennas in the
DL from two to four thus providing higher order receive diversity in the DL,
but is otherwise the same
• Enhanced configuration 2 increases the number of transmit antennas in the
UL and DL
• Enhanced configuration 3 uses 4 x 2 closed-loop MIMO in the DL with
antenna selection and quantized channel-feedback-based closed loop
MIMO . Feedback once every 10 ms over two bands.
Basic Configuration
Ped B Ped A
• Handheld
assumes omni-
directional
antennas
• Desktop device
has low-gain
(3dBi-6dBi)
directional
antennas
• Desktop
implements Average Throughput, Ped B Average Throughput, Ped A
selection diversity
from 6-8 antenna
Basic Configuration Summary
• (1,1,3) configuration
• Without precoding, AMC offers limited benefit
(though still non-negligible ~14-18%)
• Proportional fairness scheduler has slightly more
flexibility in exploiting multi-user diversity so
sees better performance in capacity (~25%)
Effect of MIMO Configurations
Downlink Uplink
http://www.wimaxforum.org/technol
ogy/downloads/mobile_wimax_depl
oyment_alternatives.pdf
Relative Capacity as function of
• 19 BS, 3 sectors,
spaced 2.8 km, mix of
users
• Proportional Fair
scheduling
WiMAX Performance
Comparisons
Technology Comparison
WiMAX Forum (2006): Mobile WiMAX – Part II: Competitive Analysis. Available at www.wimaxforum.org
Performance Comparisons
• Telecommunications Technology
Association
267-2 Seohyun-dong
Bundang-gu
Seongnam-City
Gyeonggi-do
463-824 Korea
• China Academy of
Telecommunication Research
52 Hua Yuan Bei Lu
Haidian District
Beijing 100083
China
Chipsets (1/4)
• Beceem Communications (BCS2000)
– Wave 2, SIMO, MIMO,
– baseband IC + RFIC (all PHY, MAC, RF)
– 2.x and 3.x GHz bands
– http://www.beceem.com/products/ms120.shtml
• Fujitsu MB86K21 SoC is Wave 2
– Wave 2 SOC
– 2-11 GHz, 802.16e compliant
– Either base or subscriber
– http://www.fujitsu.com/downloads/MICRO/fma/pdf/wimax_mobilefs.pdf
• Sequans Communications (3 mobile products)
– SQN2110
• 3 FPGA chipset for base stations
• Wave 2,
– SQN1130 SOC
• Baseband PHY, MAC
• Wave 2
– SQN 1110
• Like 1130, but for Wave 1
• http://www.sequans.com/site/products.html
Chipsets (2/4)
• Wavesat Umobile SOC
– Wave 2
– Programmable PHY, MAC
– 2x2 MIMO
– Support for 802.11a/g
– www.wavesat.com
• Runcom Technologies Ltd
– RNA 200
• 802.16e-2005
• Full PHY/MAC (no RF)
• http://www.runcom.com/upload/infocenter/info_images/28012007194733RNA200%20ASIC.pdf
– Others:
• RNF2000 is FPGA version
• RNA2000 ASIC version
• TeleCIS Wireless
– TCW 1620 Portable 802.16-2004 implementation
– Lowest power SoC
– PHY/MAC
– MAC supports Wave 2 and Wave 3
– 2x2 MIMO
– Built in PCI interface
Chipsets (3/4)
• Comsys Mobile
– CM1100
• Mobile WiMA baseband
• Wave 2 compliant
• High speed support
• http://www.comsysmobile.com/commaxcm1100.html
– CM1125
• GSM/EDGE + Mobile WiMAX
• Baseband PHY/MAC
• Class-12 E/GPRS mobile
• http://www.comsysmobile.com/commaxcm1125.html.
• Altair Semiconductor
– ALT2150
• Mobile WiMAX SOC
• Wave 2 Handset
• http://www.ccpu.com/
• ApaceWave Technologies
– APW-2000 SoC
– Wave 2 MIMO A,B
– http://www.apacewave.com/
Chipsets (4/4)
• picoChip
– WiMAX Reference Designs
– http://www.picochip.com/solutions/wimax
– PC8520 802.16-2004 base station
– PC8530 Mobile WiMAX base station
– PC6530 Femtocell base station
– PC8532 Wave2 Basestation PHY
– All software upgradable
Intel
• Chipsets still in the works, but…
• Service providers already have expressed a
preference for Intel
– http://www.digitimes.com/systems/a20070831PD215.
html
– Nokia already ordered
• http://www.wimaxday.net/site/2007/09/27/nokia-orders-intel-
chips-intel/
– Microsoft working on WiMAX drivers
• http://www.wimaxday.net/site/2006/11/07/runcom-signs-deal-
with-microsoft/
– Apple rumored to want Intel chips
• http://www.macnn.com/articles/05/06/01/apple.and.wimax/
More Intel
• Already secured deals for use of WiMAX chips in laptops
– Hoping to repeat Centrino success
– 2008 "Montevina" both Wi-Fi networking and WiMAX
– Deals: Lenovo, Acer, Asus, Panasonic and Toshiba
– No Deals: Dell, HP
– Part of a planned “WiMAX Inside” Marketing campaign
• http://www.wimaxday.net/site/2007/08/03/intel-plans-%e2%80%9cwimax-
inside%e2%80%9d-marketing
• Investing in WiMAX service providers
– Bulgaria with Nexcom Bulgaria
• http://www.wimax.com/commentary/news/wimax_industry_news/intel-
capital-and-mci-have-invested-in-bulgarian-wimax-operator-nexcom
– Japan with KDDI
• http://www.wimax.com/commentary/news/wimax_industry_news/intel-
capital-and-mci-have-invested-in-bulgarian-wimax-operator-nexcom
More 802.16e equipment
• Adaptix • ArrayComm
– OFDM + smart antennas
– SDR OFDMA/TDD
platform – Uses IntelliCell beamforming
technology
– Salvaged technology
from Broadstorm – Applied to other standards
• Alvarion • Navini
– Devices support – Adds smart antennas to
802.16-2004 and e nomadic OFDM
– Wireless broadband Georgia –
BellSouth August 05
– Multicarrier Synchronous
Beam Forming
– Adaptive modulation QPSK –
64 QAM
Other Product Vendors
• From
http://www.wimaxforum.org/kshowcase/view
– Redline, Selex, Nokia-Siemens, ET Industries,
Axxcelera, Aperto Netwrosk, Alvarion, Airspan,
Siemens, SR Telecom, Telsima
WiMax Frequency Allocation
http://www.wimaxforum.org/news/downloads/supercomm_2005/WF_Day_in_a_Life_with_WiMAX_Final.pdf
http://www.wisoa.net/members_logos/ecosystem-2-big.jpg
Further amendments
IEEE C802.16m-07/002r1
More Draft 802.16m requirements
• Minimum Peak Rate
– Downlink 6.5 bps/Hz
– Uplink 2.8 bps/Hz
• Latency less than 802.16e
• Radio Resource Management
– Reporting, interference management
– Multicast broadcast service
– “High-resolution” location determination
• Internetworking with:
– 802.11 3GPP, 3GPP2
• Coverage optimized for 5 km, functional to 30-100 km
• Optimized for low mobility (<15kph), maintain connection up to 350 kph
• Optimized for contiguous spectrum but support discontiguous
• Reuse/share bandwidth with legacy systems
• Direct migration from 802.16e
IEEE C802.16m-07/002r1
802.16m Usage models
• High data rates and improved
performance in legacy cell sizes
• Very high data rates in smaller cells
• High mobility support
• Deployment with MMR
• Co-deployment with other networks
• Collocation/coexistence with
PAN/LAN/WAN
WiMAX Summary
Points to Remember
• Very flexible standard
– Modulation, subcarriers, coding, antenna arrays
• Big performance gain from Turbo codes and closed-loop
MIMO
• Different scheduling/subcarrier allocation algorithms
work better in different environments
• WiMAX receiving massive commercial interest at the
moment
– Sprint is way out in front with XOhm in the US
– WiBRO has been doing well in Korea for a while
• Intel is a little late, but will likely dominate
– “WiMAX Inside” push on laptops
– Backing service providers, so they’ve doubled their bet
Points to Remember
• People are already looking towards
802.16m
• WiMAX is emerging primarily as a cellular
competitor
– Previously viewed as more of a backhaul
• Lots of software radio based
implementations coming out
– picoChip,
Useful WiMAX Resources
• WiMAX Standards
– http://ieee802.org/16/pubs/80216-2004.html
– http://www.ieee802.org/16/pubs/80216e.html
• Mobile System Profile Rev 1.4 (May 2007)
– http://www.wimaxforum.org/technology/documents/wi
max_forum_mobile_system_profile_v1_40.pdf
• WiMAX News
– http://www.ieee802.org/16/relay/docs/80216j-
06_026r4.zip
• WiMAX Forum:
– http://www.wimaxforum.org/home