EN0175

10 / 03 / 06

Stress in a solid Examples of common stress states: 1. Uniaxial stress

v e2

v e3

v e1
= 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Principal stresses:

I = , II = III = 0
v v
v

Principal directions: e1 , e2 , e3 ( e2 , e3 can be replaced by any direction in 2-3 plane)

2. Biaxial stress

v e3

v e1

v e2

Film

Substrate

0 = 0 0 0
Principal stresses:

0 0 0

I = II = , III = 0
v v
v

Principal directions: e1 , e2 , e3 ( e1 , e2 can be replaced by any direction in 1-2 plane)

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3. Hydrostatic stress

v e3
v e1 v e2

0 0 = 0 0 = I 0 0
Principal stresses:

I = II = III =

Principal directions: any direction (since there is no shear stress on any cut plane) 4. Pure shear

v e3

v e2 v e1

0 0 v v v v = 0 0 = e1 e2 + e2 e1 0 0 0
Principal stresses:

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n1 0 0 n1 0 0 n = n 2 2 0 n3 0 0 0 n3
For nontrivial solution of ni ,

0 n1 0 n2 = 0 n3

det 0
which indicates

0 0 = 0,

2 2 = 0 = , 0,
Following the convention

I > II > III , we can write I = , II = 0 , III =

Principal directions: Principal direction I ( I = ):

0
That is

0 n1 0 n2 = 0 n3

n1 = n2 , n3 = 0
2 2 In addition, n12 + n2 + n3 = 1 (because n is a unit vector).

n1 = n2 = n3 = 0
Therefore: n I =

1 2 1 2

1 2

, 0 2

Principal direction II ( II = 0 ):

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0 0 n1 0 0 n = 0 2 n3 0 0 0
That is

n1 = n2 = 0
2 2 In addition, n12 + n2 + n3 = 1 ( n is a unit vector).

n1 = 0 n2 = 0 n = 1 3
Therefore: nII = (0, 0, 1)

Principal direction III ( III = ):

0 n1 0 n = 0 2 n3 0 0
That is

n1 = n2 , n3 = 0
2 2 In addition, n12 + n2 + n3 = 1 ( n is a unit vector).

n1 = n2 = m n3 = 0
Therefore: nIII =

1 2 1 2

1 1 , , 0 2 2

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Deviatoric stress tensor An arbitrary stress tensor can be written in
' ij = kk ij + ij

1 3

Define h =

1 1 kk = ( I + II + III ) , which represents the hydrostatic part of the stress. 3 3

' ij = ij h ij

Let i j ,

'jj = jj h jj = jj 3 h = 0
i.e. trace ij = 11 + 22 + 33 = 0 .
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ij has 3 invariants: kk = 0 , ij ij , det( ij ) . ' ' ' ij , ij ij is related to the von Mises stress which plays an

( )

Among the 3 invariants of

important role in modeling plastic yielding). von Mises stress Consider the case of uniaxial tension with principal stresses:

I = , II = III = 0
The stress tensor in the principal directions is

= 0 0
2 3

0 0 0 0 0 0
1 3

The principal stresses of the deviatoric stress tensor are

' ' I' = , II = III =

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Therefore
' ' ' ' ij ij = I' + II + III = 2 2 2 2

2 3

i.e.

3 ' ' ij ij = 2
von Mises stress is defined as tension. Traction BCs for BVPs in solid mechanics The Cauchy relationship between stress and traction serves as a basis to express traction boundary conditions in terms of the relevant stress components. We consider two examples Example 1:

e =

3 ' ' ij ij such that e = in the case of uniaxial 2

r b a
v v t = er = 0 @ r = b (traction free at r = b ) v v v t = ( er ) = p er @ r = a
In Polar coordinates, @ r =b:

v v rr = e r e r = 0 , r = e er = 0
@ r=a:

rr = er er = p , r = e er = 0

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Therefore, the BCs for the above problem are often expressed as

rr = p r = 0 rr = 0 r = 0
Example 2:

r=a r=a

x2

~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ h ~ ~
v v v t = ( e1 ) = g (h x2 ) e1 @ x1 = 0 v r t = n = 0 @ p plane

v n

p
x1

@ x1 = 0

11 = e1 e1 = g (h x2 ) 12 = e2 e1 = 0
v v

Maximum and minimum normal & shear stresses in a solid

We want to show that, given principal stresses

I > II > III , the maximum and minimum

normal and shear stresses in a solid have the following simple results:

max ( n ) = I , min ( n ) = III

max ( s ) =

I III
2

, min ( s ) = 0

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Proof: Choose base vectors in the principal directions,

I = 0 0

II
0
v

0 0 III

2 2 The traction on an arbitrary plane with normal n (note that n12 + n2 + n3 = 1 ) is

v v t = n
The normal stress on that plane is
2 2 n = n t = n n = I n12 + II n2 + III n3

v v

Introduce Lagrangian multiplier

2 2 2 2 F = I n12 + II n2 + III n3 n12 + n2 + n3

F = 0 2 I n1 2n1 = 0 n1 F = 0 2 II n2 2n2 = 0 n2 F = 0 2 III n3 2n3 = 0 n3

Case 1: n1 0 , n2 0 , n3 0 From the equations (1)-(3):

(1)

(2)

(3)

I = II = III = ,
which is contradictory to our assumption

I > II > III . (The cases when some of the principal

stresses are equal are quite simple and can be treated separately.)

Case 2: 2 of n1 , n2 , n3 are not zero If n1 = 0 , n2 0 , n3 0

2 II n2 2n2 = 0
2 III n3 2n3 = 0

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2 2 n2 + n3 =1

The solution is

II = III = , again contradictory to our assumption I > II > III .

Similarly, ( n2 = 0 , n1 0 , n3 0 ) and ( n3 = 0 , n1 0 , n2 0 ) also lead to solutions contradictory to our assumption.

Case 3: 2 of n1 , n2 , n3 are zero If n1 0 , n2 = n3 = 0 , n = (1, 0, 0) If n2 0 , n1 = n3 = 0 , n = (0, 1, 0) If n3 0 , n1 = n2 = 0 , n = (0, 0, 1) These are just principal directions. Therefore,

max ( n ) = I , min ( n ) = III ( I > II > III )

maximum

stationary

II

minimum

III