Equivalent circuit for large wind power plant

1. Introduction As the installed capacity of wind generation continues to grow it is necessary for utility engineers to be aware of the behavioural characteristics of wind power plants and the impacts they have on the electrical grid. A unique aspect of wind generation that separates it from conventional generation is the shortcircuit behaviour. Proper short-circuit studies are necessary for determining that the maximum short-circuit contribution from a given machine is within the limits of circuit breakers, and that protective devices are properly coordinated. It is typically not recommended to model the entire wind plant within a utilitys system model as this adds an unnecessary number of buses and complexity to the power system model. According to the IEEE/ANSI method, the induction generator in short-circuit calculations is represented as a 1 pu voltage source in series with the direct axis sub-transient impedance. A detailed description of the method for equivalancing a wind power plant for short circuit studies was presented in the WECC Wind Power Plant Power Flow Modelling Guide.
2. System Model

2.3 GW wind power plant is consisting of 460 wind turbine of (DFIG) 5MW each. The collector system is connected at the 33 kV voltage levels. The cross section of underground cables are used in the collector system are shown in the table 1. For simplest representation to calculate the equivalent impedance of the collector system will assume each 10 turbines connected to each other to form one feeder. There are 46 feeders are connected to the LV bas bar of the offshore substation. Figure 1 shows single array connected to 33 kV bas bar.

Fig 1: Single array

Conductor Area Series Resistance Series Reactance Susceptance R X Susceptance (p.u)

33kV Cable (System Base: S=100MVA, V=33kV) mm 240 630 0.097 0.040 /km /km mS/km p.u / km p.u / km p.u / km 0.140 0.057 8.91E-3 1.3E-2 5.23E-5 0.118 0.0754 3.67E-3 1.08E-2 6.923E-3

1600 0.017 0.104 0.12 1.56E-3 9.55E-3 1.1E-2

3. Medium Voltage Collector System The most challenging part in deriving the impedance of a wind power plant is reducing the collector system to equivalent impedance. The method for equivalence the collector system of a wind power plant is documented in [4] and is calculated with the following equations. Where m is the number of branches in the collector system, Zm is the impedance of the mth branch, and N is the total number of wind turbines in the array.

( )

Connection at the 33 kV main bus Consider the parallel branches represented by Figure 2. The circuit shown in Figure 2 represents the parallel combination of several feeders at 33 kV. The equivalent impedance in a parallel circuit as shown in Figure 2 can be calculated using previous equation.

Figure 2: Parallel connection arrays of three groups of turbines

( )

Wind Turbine Step-Up Transformer

Wind turbine generators usually operate at a voltage in the range of 600V, and thus need a step up transformer for power delivery into the medium voltage collector system.

Winding
PrimarySecondary

WTG tower base transformer-Impedance on 5 MW base Rating Primary Secondary Positive sequences Winding Winding Impedance MVA kV kV % X/R 5 0.69 33 0.75 8

The equation for converting a per unit (pu) impedance to a new SBASE is done with the following equation. ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ) ( ) ( )

Wind Turbine Generator

Finding equivalent impedance for a single machine is similar to the method above for the step-up transformer, with 460 5MVA rated wind turbine generators, and assuming a subtransient reactance of 0.33pu on the wind turbine generators base. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

The equivalent impedance for full wind power plant

Short circuit current can be calculated as