EN3572-Biomedical Signal Processing Prepared by: Dr. Anjula C. De Silva Email: adesilva@elect.mrt.ac.lk Room: 3205, 1st floor, Sumanadasa building Slideshows: www.projectcuris.com/teaching.html
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Cerebral cortex
The outermost sheet of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain Functions
Memory Attention Perceptual awareness Thought Language Consciousness
Pyramidal cells
Filtered out by the capacitive lipid membrane, which serves as a low-pass filter
reduce the ability to be recorded from surface electrodes
10,000-200,000 minute synaptic knobs called presynaptic terminals lie on the surfaces of the dendrites and soma of a neuron These presynaptic terminals are the ends of nerve fibrils that originate from many other neurons 80-95 % of them on the dendrites and only 5-20% on the soma
The transmitter vesicles contain the transmitter substance that, when released into the synaptic cleft, either excites or inhibits the postsynaptic neuron The mitochondria provides adenosine triphosphate (ATP), which supplies the energy for synethesizing new transmitter substance
The highly conductive soma summate all the neuronal excitations that occur in the soma and the dendrites When the total EPSP becomes large enough
Threshold for firing is reached An action potential will generate at the axon hillock
High concentration of voltage-gated sodium channels in the axon compared to the soma and dendrites
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Potassium channels
Nernst potential
Explanation of EPSP and IPSP can be supported by Nernst potential The potential that exactly opposes movement of an ion is called the Nernst potential for that ion
where EMF is the Nernst potential in millivolts on the inside of the membrane. The potential will be -ve for positive ions and +ve for negative ions
Concentration Concentration Nernst inside (mEq/L) outside (mEq/L) potential (mV) 14 142 +65 120 4.5 -86 8 107 -70
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Dipoles
The polarity of the extracellular fluid forms a dipole
Current sink ve polarity Current source +ve polarity
The negativity at the apical dendrites near the surface is detected by EEG electrodes The potential recorded by the EEG is as a result of summed postsynaptic potentials from pyramidal cells that create dipoles between soma and apical dendrites
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EEG recording
Effective bandwidth of EEG is 100 Hz
Typical sampling frequency is 200 Hz
Impedance
Absolute electrode impedance < 5k Inter-electrode impedance < 1k
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"10" and "20" refer to the actual distances between adjacent electrodes are either 10% or 20% of the total frontback or rightleft distance of the skull
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Abbreviations
F: Frontal lobe T: Temporal lobe C: Central P: Parietal lobe O: Occipital lobe z: zero (midline) A: Earlobe Fp: Frontopolar Even numbers: represent electrodes on the right hemisphere Odd numbers: represent electrodes on the left hemisphere
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References
Guyton & Hall: Medical Physiology Andrew S. Blum & Seward B. Rutkove: The Clinical Neurophysiology Primer Sanei, SaeidChambers, J. A: EEG Signal Processing
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