Nick Leach Regional Director

The right technology for the right application

Todays issues for operators

What about Reliability and uptime? Operating cost? Fuel economy? Load/passenger capacity? Fuel quality? Resale value? Convenience? Purchase price? Investment? Environmental performance?

European emission legislation

g/kWh NOx g/kWh 8 Euro 2 1996 6 Euro 1 1992

Nitrogen oxides

Euro 3 2001 4 Euro 4 2006 Euro 5 2009

Likely Euro 6 levels NOx 400 mg/kWh PM 100 mg/kWh Revised test cycle

0 0

Euro 6 / EPA10 2012? 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40

PM g/kWh

Particulate matter

Particulate emissions
(smoke and soot)

One vehicle from 1990

35 vehicles from 2005

e h t s t a e b g n i th o N

e n i g n e l e s die

! e l ip c n i r p

Scania philosophy start in the combustion chamber

One combustion chamber

400,000 cylinders per year
1995 2000 2005

9-litre 230 270 310 11-litre 330 340 380 12-litre 340 360 380 400 420 DT 12-litre 420 470
16-litre V8 500 580 620 (only truck)

How to reduce Nox

After-treatment (SCR) Combustion temperature Injection timing Intake air temperature Injection rate Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR)

NOx Production

Engine development

Fuel consumption CO2 emissions

Nitrogen oxides

NOx
= NO + NO2

Engine development

Fuel consumption CO2 emissions

Nitrogen oxides

NOx
= NO + NO2

Engine development
Fuel consumption CO2 emissions

Engine development is to shift the curve 0.5% per year

NOx Nitrogen oxides

= NO + NO2

Technical solutions
Recirculated and cooled exhaust gas Engine control unit Urea Air

Intake air

Exhaust gas

Engine
Exhaust gas

Catalytic converter

NH3 + NOx N2 + H2O

EGR

SCR

**

Attacking emissions at source

* Exhaust gas recirculation

Aftertreatment
** Selective catalytic reduction

Effect of SCR
Fuel consumption

Euro 3 Euro 4 Euro 1

+ urea
NOx

NOx removed with aftertreatment

Nitrogen oxides

= NO + NO2

Technical solutions SCR

Aftertreatment method
New technology for automotive use

Relies on added reagent

Requires heating system, extra tank and filling Needs infrastructure for urea solution

Engine Management System

Urea Air

Operating cost dependent on costs for urea which often outweigh any fuel saving Best choice if fuel quality in doubt Relies on high exhaust temp.
Works best under higher load, e.g. long-haulage

Engine
Exhaust gas

Catalytic converter

NH3 + NOx N2 + H2O

15.6-litre V8 Euro 5

Scania SCR
500 hp
2500 Nm at 1000-1350 r/min

560 hp
2700 Nm at 1000-1400 r/min

620 hp
3000 Nm at 1000-1400 r/min

Exhaust temperatures
City bus DC9 05 Citybus April 2001

500 Temp inlet catalyst, C 400 300 200 100

Measured Mean

0 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 Time

Technical solutions - EGR

Recirculated and cooled exhaust gas

Refined combustion, attacks NOxemissions at source Tried-and-proven Works at any load

Intake air Exhaust gas

Operational in urban stop-and-go traffic

Scania EGR
Attacking emissions at source

Fuel economy retained through other engine developments Just fill with good quality diesel

Effect of EGR
Fuel consumption

Euro 4

Euro 3

NOx removed with improved combustion technology

NOx
= NO + NO2

Nitrogen oxides

Operating economy
(Comparable Scania engines)

Scania EGR

Scania SCR
Urea solution Urea solution

3-4%

5-6%

Fuel

Fuel

Fuel

Fuel saving 3-4% (V8)

Fuel saving 3-4% (V8)

Cost ?

Euro 3

Euro 4

Euro 5

Euro 4

Euro 5

Cost balance Euro 4/5

EGR Purchase price similar to SCR Just add diesel! Second-hand value Proven technology SCR Purchase price similar to EGR How to fill/store urea solution? Filling station From local supplier Own installation Second-hand value New technology for automotive use

Main strategy: Scania EGR

EGR is a proven technology 250,000 heavy commercial vehicles per year in North America Millions of cars and light commercials No active aftertreatment maintenance-free oxicat Eliminates diesel fumes, recovers from sulphur No additional maintenance Oil-change intervals unchanged Chassis installation unaffected Scania EGR high customer value Just add diesel! Excellent operating economy High resale value

Scania EGR
Exhaust gas recirculation

Scania patented 2-stage EGR cooling

Euro 4 EGR rate Cooling requirement Temperature after cooling 15-20% 35 kW 150 Euro 5 25-30% 70 kW 50

How to reduce NOx

Combustion temperature Injection timing Intake air temperature Injection rate EGR After-treatment (SCR)

How to reduce PM and improve fuel economy

Complete combustion Increased injection
pressure Multiple injection Controlled boost pressure Combustion chamber design

After-treatment Oxicat Particulate trap Trap with burner

Scania XPI
Extra high-pressure injection

Scania XPI

Injection pressure Max. 2400 bar Average 1800 bar Min. 850 bar 3 injections per combustion

Scania VGT
Variable-geometry turbocharger

Scania VGT

Boosts response and low-speed torque Supplies EGR Speeds up Opticruise gearchanges

Scania engine management

140 in/out signals continuously

Scania engine management

Scania XPI
Pressure control 3 injections per cylinder cycle

Scania EGR
1-stage cooling 2-stage cooling

Scania VGT
Electronic EGR control Boost pressure for faster gearchanging

Other vehicle systems

Integrated with up to 20 ECUs

Performance new inline engines Scania EGR Euro 5 and EEV

9-litre
3000 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0

13-litre
2300 2500 Nm

1400 1050

1600

1900

2100

hp 230 10001500 4.6 280 10001350 5.0 320 10001350 5.0 360 10001300 5.3 400 10001300 5.3 440 10001300 5.2 480 10001300 r/min 5.2

Torque peak Torque/power

Performance = torque, but power is what sells!

Torque and power

300-500 hp Euro 5 engines, Europe
Torque-to-power ratio
6.0

Average 5.2 Average 4.8

Best competitor

5.0 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0

Competitors

Scania Euro 5 EGR

Choice of technology Euro 5 and EEV

hp 230 270 280 320 360 380 400 420 440 480 500 560 620 Nm 1050 1200 1400 1600 1900 1900 2100 2100 2300 2500 2500 2700 3000 litres 9.3 5-cyl 8.9 5-cyl 9.3 5-cyl 9.3 5-cyl 12.7 6-cyl 11.7 6-cyl 12.7 6-cyl 11.7 6-cyl 12.7 6-cyl 12.7 6-cyl 15.6 V8 15.6 V8 15.6 V8 emission level Euro 5, EEV EEV ethanol Euro 5, EEV Euro 5, EEV Euro 5 Euro 5 Euro 5 Euro 5 Euro 5 Euro 5 Euro 5 Euro 5 Euro 5 EGR EGR SCR SCR SCR EGR SCR technology EGR EGR EGR EGR EGR SCR

Choice of technology

Euro 5 Diesel engine Scania EGR, XPI, VGT, SCR, engine management Euro 6 Diesel engine Scania EGR, XPI, VGT, SCR, engine management CO2 limitation Diesel engine Renewable fuel Pre-mix technology (HCCI) Likely Euro 6 levels NOx 400 mg/kWh PM 100 mg/kWh Revised test cycle

Choice of technology

Euro 5

Diesel engine Scania EGR, XPI, VGT, SCR, engine management

Euro 6

Likely Euro 6 levels NOx 400 mg/kWh PM 100 mg/kWh Revised test cycle

Diesel engine Scania EGR, XPI, VGT, SCR, engine management

CO2 limitation

Diesel engine Renewable fuel Hybrid technology Euro Diesel engine Scania EGR, XPI, VGT, SCR, engine management Pre-mix technology (HCCI)

HCCI (homogeneous charge compression ignition)

VVT (variable valve timing)

Scania HCCI
Homogeneous charge compression ignition Technology mature around 2015 Lean (cold) combustion gives low NOx Premix prevents formation of particulates High EGR rate Tricky combustion control High strength required High efficiency

Image from test cell or in truck