aeckpdnbm\n Itmenmk`bpsS A\\y hynXzw

^m.tUm. tXmakv Ipgn\mpdv

(PpUojyhnIm Xncph\]pcw taP AXn`{Zmk\w)

hnfnpIqshcpsS

kaqlw

(Ecclesia)

\nebvv

Hmtcm

k`mkqlhpw GI kXyhnizmkw kzoIcnpIbpw PohnpIbpw sNpXv AXXns {]tXyI Ncn{X kmwkvImcnI PohnX ]mefn \nmWv. Cu X\Xmb PohnX ]mes GI kXyhnizmkhpambn Cg Cu tNptm Hcp k`mkaqlns hynXzw cq]sSpIbmbn. Ncn{Xsbpw ]T\hnt[bampIbmWv Cu {]_n.

]men aec kpdnbm\n Itmenmk`bpsS hynXzsbpw

AtmkvXenI k`
tbiphns Cu temI PohnXn \np A\p`hw kmnb

{InkvXpinjy\mb amtmm olm (am. 10, 3; atm. 3, 18; Atm. {]h. 1, 13) bn \nv Xs {InkvXphjw 52 Xs ss{IkvXh hnizmkw kzoIcnphm `mKyw knn hnizmko kaqlamWv Gjybnepw kmyfpv. kzoIcn PohnXns ]cn{iannpffXv. hp. Cu `mcXnteXv. CXn\v `mcXnepw ss{IkvXh olmbn \npw \ne\nncp amtXmm hnizmkw

]mccyfnepw Bcm[\m {Iafnepw thpthmfw Bj`mcns ChnSps hnizmknI Fpw

kmwkvImcnI X\nabpambn ka\zbnnv XfpsS `mKamphm\mWv AtXmsSmw XpSp h \qmpIfn t]jy

(]uckvXy kpdnbm\n) k`m]mccyhpambn hfsc ASp _hpw ]pen CXn\v ImcWambn Ncn{XImcm NpnmpXv t]jy k`bpw
1

`mcXk`bpw XfpsS s]mXp k`m]nXmhmbn amtXmm olmsb IcpXpp F hkvXpXbmWv. Fm Ggmw \qmphscbpff ImeLfn Cu ImeLn ChnSps {]tZinI aecbnse k` t]jy k`bpsS A[nImcn Iognembncpp FXn\v bmsXmcp sXfnhpIfpw e`ya. k`m[nImcnIfmbncpncnWw `mcXk`sb \bnncpXv.

aecbnse k`bpw \{kmWnIfpw

`mcXnse k` ]pcmX\Imew apX aec k` Fdnbsncpp. F.Un. 522 ChnSw kin tImkvtamkv F kmcn kmh{XnI ss{IkvXh Ncn{Xw F {Kn C{]Imcw tcJsSpnbncnpp IpcpapfIv hfcp amse FcmPyv Hcp k`bpv. \npw \nbanX\mb Hcp sa{Xm\pv. AhnsS t]jybn ]pcmX\ ameyc k`sbv

ChnsS kqNnnp amse

aecbpsS Npcpcq]amsWv Ncn{XImcm kmnpp. amtmam olm tIcfn BZyamsbnb k` Ncn{XImcm Nne sImSpq, aec

Imev IpcpapfIv Dev]mZnnncp GI{]tZiw tIcfw am{Xambncpp. FdnbsncpXn\mepw hnfnsSphm\nSbmbXmbpw ChnSps

m]nppv. `mcXnse k` Fo

IppIfpw XmgvhcIfpw CSIev nXn sNp `q{]tZiambXn\m ChnSw aec Fdnbsp F hmZhpw \nehnepv. aec k`sbpw ChnSps {InkvXym\nI aecm

AdnbsncpXn\pw Ncn{XtcJI kmyw hlnpp. aninlm ]ndnv 1776 mw Imew Ipw`amkw 15 \v Bemv aadnbw DmsS ]ffnbn _lpam\s amktekntbmkv Pan\oky F \psS sa{Xms apmsI hv aec CShIm IqSn FgpXn h ]Sntbme. 18 mw \qmn ChnSps \{kmWnI FgpXn kan ]Sntbmebn kzbw hntijnnncnpXv aecm FmsWpffXv {]tXyIw {itbamWv.

aec \{kmWnI DXamb kmaqlnI \nehmcw Dffhcmbncpp. \{kmWnIfpsS Ncn{XtcJIfmb PohnXmhbntev sNpXInSpI hnc Nqp ]pcmX\ `mcXk`sb AYhm sNtSpI

kw_nnStmfw AaqeyNcn{XtcJI XsbmWv. Xcnmffn sNtSv (849) hoccmLh ]bw (13 - 14 \qmpI) XpSnb sNpXInSpI Cu KWns]Spp. Cu tcJIfneqsS ChnSps \{kmWnIv {]tXyI AhImifpw B\pIqeyfpw `cWm[nImcnI Iev]np \evInbncpp. \{kmWnIfpsS t{ijvTamb PohnXmhsb ]cnKWnmbncpncnWw Cu AhImifpw B\pIqeyfpw \evIsncpXv. tIcfn t]cnednbsncp Ncn{XtcJI DZbwt]cq Hcp Bm\amn cmPhwiw tPm hnmhw F amm kqN\I DXPohnX

ss{IkvXh

\ne\nncpXmbn

kmysSppp. hnm

Ccp]ncmw \npw

(1316 - 1334) AhntmWn\npw tIcfnse ss{IkvXh cmPmhn\v IpIfbncpXmbn e`yamWv. aX]cambpw tcJmtiJcn CXv kqNnnpXv aecm BZna \qmpIfn Xs cmjv{Sobambpw AwKoIcnsShn[w

\nehmcw ]penbncpp FmWv.

aeck`bpw t]mpKokv anjWdnamcpw

1498 tIcfn h hmkvtImUnKmabpsS t\XrXznepff t]mpKokv ss{IkvXhcpambn ]pen. ISphp. AdnbsSp \mhnIkwLw BZyImefn tIcfnse sas_w

]noSv t]mpKn \npw \nch[n t{]jnXhrnmbn tkhy Bbncpp `mcXns ZznXob AtmkvXes\v hn.{^mknkv

eo anj\dnam ChnsS

Ahcn {][m\n.
3

{]mcw`Ln lrZyamb _ambncpp t]mnKokv anj\dnamcpw \{kmWnIfpw t]mpKokv XnepmbncpXv. anj\dnamcpsS {iaw Fm {ItaW ChnSps Ahcpw \{kmWnIfpsS k`sb eo B[n]Xyn Iogn sImphcphm\pff Bcw`ntXmsS \{kmWnIfpambpff _w hjfmbn. 1600 BKv 4 - mw XobXn

t]mpKokv `cW\oamb ]ms{ZmhmtZm `cWw tIcfnse aeck`bpsS ta ASntnp. XpSv ChnSps \{kmWnIfpsS X\Xmb kpdnbm\n Bcm[\m{Iasbpw eo\oIcnm\pff PohnXssiensbbpw _emevImcamb ]mccysfbpw t]mpKokv 1599 ]cn{iafmWv

anj\dnamcpsS `mKp\npapmbXv.

CXns\Xnscbpff aecmcpsS

sNdpp\nev]mWv Ip\ Ipcniv kXyn sImpsNsnXv. Bw hnnp.

Pq 20 \v Bcw`n DZbwt]cq kpltZmkv Cu sNdpp \nev]ns

Iq\ Ipcnip kXyw : k`mhynXzw \ne\npXn\p thnbpff {]tm`w

aeck`sb cmbn shnapdn Iq\IpcnipkXyw k`m hynXzw \ne\nphm\pff aecmcpsS X{XmSns `mKambnpthWw IcpXphm. kmeq ]mXncnamcpsS Iogn Rtfm RfpsS ]nXeapdItfm kXynse

\ne\nevpIbn

FXmbncpp

Iq\Ipcnip

{]XnmhmNIw.

XfpsS

k`bpsS

X\Xmb

hynXzsbpw t\XrXzn\pt\sc adnv

Bcm[\m{Iasbpw Xobnenv NppIcnv t]mpKokv

Dbnb iamb {]Xntj[hpw XmoXpw am{Xambncpp AXv. eyw hncpn.

hnizmknepw k`mIqmbvabnepw \npff hyXnNe\w Hcp Xcnepw

]noSv Hmw amtmam F t]cn 1653 sabv 22\v 12 sshZnIcpsS ssIhbvneqsS sa{Xms\ hmgnpXv hsc sImpsNsn kw`hhnImksf \n`mKyIcsav am{Xta ]dbm\mhq. Fnepw XfpsS hynXzsfbpw kmaqlnI Ans\bpw kzm{ib k`mkvXnXzsbpw BcpsSapnepw ASnbdhp hbvmXncnphm\pff aec {InkvXym\nIfpsS Nphpw Bm`nam\hpw CXns Fmw ]nn shfnhmIpps Imcyw A\ntj[yamWv. ]noSv Ahsc Fm sImv k`mkzmX{yn\pthnbpff sNsnXv apNne At\zjWw B[n]Xyv

Iogntembncpp FXpw Ncn{X bmYmyw. aecm Fpw A`nejnncpp. ImcymebfpsS

Fncpmepw XfpsS

k`mhynXzw \ne\nnsImv {InkvXphns GIk`bpsS `mKamphm Cu eyw km[npXn\pthn Nphp \mSIfn ]noSv Ah \Snb InS]mSpIfpw apw, Cpw hnhn[ hnm tcJmebfnse IpSpnt]mbnmbncppshn tIcf k`bpsS Ncn{Xw asmmIpambncpp.

bmtm_mb k`bpambpff _w
sshZnIcn \npw e`n ssIhbv]ns km[pXsb Ipdnpff kwibw Hmw amtmmbpsS Imew apXt Dmbncpp. Bdmw amtmmbpsS Imeambtmtgpw bYm ssIhbv]v e`npXn\v thnbpff A`nhm sImp sNsnXv bmtm_mb k`bpambpff _ntembncpp. As\ Bdmw amtmm, am Znhytkymkv F t]cn 1770 bmtm_mb sa{Xm\mb am {KntKmdntbmkn \npw ssIhbv]v kzoIcnpXneqsS aecbnse GIk`bpsS hn`P\w
5

]qWamhpIbmbncpp. bmtm_mb k` hn\ntbmKnm\pw XpSn. sa{Xmtmeom tIcfnsenb CXns\Xncp \n

Cu XfpsS

Ahkcap]tbmKnv A[nImcw

AtymJymbnse ]qWambn

aecbn

aecbnse k`bpsS `uXnI kzntaepw {]Xntj[apbn. ]m{Xnbokv 1911 1909 aec

{ItaW AtymJy k` A[nImcw D]tbmKnphm XpSnbtm aec AXns\Xnsc am aec A_vZpffm k`bpsS A_vZpffm F

Bobhpw `uXoIhpamb A[nImcw X\nps AhImihmZw Dbnp. sa{Xmtmenmsb sa{XmInbpw ]m{Xnbokv apSnbtXmsS _mhmInbpw

hn`P\hpw aecbn kw`hnp.

ImtXmentv m]\w
Cu A_vZpffm aecbn ZpnXnbn \npw am aec k`sb IcIbpXn\mbn t\XrXzsaSpv am bYm ^m.]n.n.Kohokv (]noSv Cuhm\ntbmkv)

]m{Xnbokn\m ImtXmenm knwlmk\w

\njvImknX\mbncp km[nXamn.

]m{Xnbokmb A_vZv Zv aviolm ]m{Xnbokns 1912 se Dchv hgn CsXpdnvam Cuhm\ntbmkv Xs BIYbn tcJsSpnbncnpXv {]ImcamWv. apSpmb DSs\ \mw B hnhcw ImWnv A_vtZZv aviolm ]m{Xnbokv _mhmXncpa\nse t]v InbSnp. XmaknbmsX BizmkIcamb adp]Sn Iev]\hp. CsX Ipdnv 1087 CShw 19 se aebmfat\mca bn h hm C{]Imcambncpp. \n. h. Zn. a. {io.tamdm am CmtXymkv A_vvavinlm ko\nb ]m{Xnbokv _mhm AhI aecbvv hcp hgn _{kbn \nv I tIdn Cse (shffnbmgvN) CUybpsS hSp]Snmdpff Znhymtkymkv Idmn FXpdapJv {]nkn FnbnpffXmbn am skan\mcn ^m.]n.n.Kohokv Fw.G.

AhIv In hncnpXmbn Adnbpp.

1912 sk]vw_ 16 se
6

aebmfat\mca

Zn\]{Xw

ImtXmenmhmgvNsbpdnv AhI ImtXmenm

XmsgmWp m\sbpw

hnhcWw \evpp. CXns\ XpSv Znh\ymtkymkv skan\mcn {]nkn dh.^m.]n.n.Kohokv Fw.F. m\hensbpw apw ]n Ncn{X kmytfmSpIqSn thsdmcp {]kwKw sNpIbpw sNbvXp. Cu ImtXmenm knwlmk\ kvYm]\n\p ]nnepw aecbpsS hninjvS ss]XrIhpw hynXzhpw Imp kqnpI F AZayamb A`nhmbmWpmbncpXv. aecbpsS \m\mhn[amb ]ptcmKXn eyw hpsImpff XpS kXymt\zjWw {]m\ntev ^m.]n.n.Kohokns\ \bnp. _Y\nsb k` kymk GIamsWpw {InkvXphns

hnipamsWpw ImtXmenIamsWpapff t_m[yntev ISphcphm ^m.]n.n.Kohokv am Cuhm\ntbmkv F \mat[bw kzoIcnpsImv _Y\bpsS sa{Xm\mbn Xotm Atln\pkm[nXpw Cu kXymt\zjWneqsS Bbncpp. CXv Itmenm hnizmkspdnv {ItaW

]Tnm\pw a\nemphm\pw am Cu hm\ntbmkns\ t{]cnnp. sa{Xm kwLhpw Kuchambn NnnpXpSn. kpltZmkv am am Cuhm\ntbmkns\ am

Cu hnizmkns Iqmbvabn ]ptNcpXns\ Ipdnv Atlhpw aec CXpambn _spff ]s aec InS]mSpI \Sphm 1926 ]cpaebn IqSnb aec k`m NpaXesSpn. HgnsIbpff A{]XonXambn e`n Hcp A\pIqe tImSXnhn[n Cu DZyan \npw Cuhm\ntbmkpw sXtbm^ntemkpw sa{Xmmscsbmw ]nncnnp. ]nmnbncphscmw ]nncnsnepw s]spmb Atlw

shdpw ItmsS ZrU\nbhpw ssZhIr]bpw am{Xw ssIapXemn _Y\n sa{Xm Xs kXymt\zjWw XpScpI Xs sNbvXp. ]qhnIcpsS CXns\Ip.
7

hnImcmthim Iq\ Ipcnins Bemn IbdnnSnv kXyw sNbvX am{`wis Xncpphm\pff Ahkcambn

]p\sscIy {]kvYm\hpw k`m hynXzhpw

1930 sk]vw_ 20 \v am Cuhm\ntbmkv, amsXtbm^ntemkv, ^m.tPm Ipgn\mpdv Hm.sF.kn., AeIvkm simi, {io.Infntev Nmtm FnhtcmsSmw Itmenm Iqmbvabntev hopw ISp hcptm 1653 se Iq\Ipcnip {]tm`w shnepw X\Xmb AXneqsS hynXzw k`bpsS \ne\npXn\p XncpstSXv t_m[yambncpp Iqmbvabntev kaqlfpsS hpsImv Fpw ImtXmenm aec thnbpffXmbncpp XsbmWv Atls \bnXv. apgph Gsd _mh

ImtXmenIam\w ssItamiw hp FsXvv F Amcw`n hn`PnX eyw As Itmenm _mhmbpsSbpw ]cnip sFIyw Itmenm

]p\sscIy{]m\w

aecbnse XymK ]noSv

GsSpm

kambncpp.

Iqmbvabntev ISphcpsa {]Xobn Bm\w HgnnSpIbmbncpp. ]mccyn ImtXmenm kpltZmknsbpw A[nImcsIpdnv XnI t_m[yapmbncp am Cuhm\ntbmkv BWv k`bpsS HmIen\pw ]ptcmKXnpw thn Cu m\fpw Atlw A[nImcfpw \onhbvm 1926 C{]Imcw ImtXmenm Iognepff kpltZmkv XmdmbsXtmWw. tdmanteb\nthZ\n FgpXnbncnpp. knwlmk\ns `{Zmk\fn

AXns A[nImc ]cn[npffnepff AXn`{Zmk\ sa{Xmtmeomamscbpw hmgnpIbpw A[nImcw

8

sa{Xmmscbpw

\SpIbpw sNp ]mccyamWv aec k`bvpffXv. m\w aecbpsS ss]XrImhImiamsW XnI Cuhm\ntbmkn\pmbncpp.

ItXmenm t_m[yw am

aec kpdnbm\n Itmenm k`bpsS hfbpw ImtXmenm _mhm m\hpw

ssZhns A\amb ImcpWymepw Ir]bmepw A\pkyqXw Cu hfcp Hcp kaqlambn ]p\sscIy]cXv\fnemcw`n B {]m\w ]cnWanp ImgvNbvmWv ]noSv Ncn{Xw kmyw hlnXv. hfsb t\XyXzw ImemImefn AwKoIcnpIbpw Itmenmk`m BZcnpIbpw

sNbvXncpp. tPm t]m cmaam mm Xs {]Ya `mcXki\thfbn 1986 s^{_phcn 8 \v aec kpdnbm\n Itmenmk`bpsS CubSp hfsb ImeLw kw_nv \nfpsS hfbpsSbpw Bgamb {InkvXob C{]Imcw k`bpsS {]kvXmhnpIbpmbn, HchkcamsWv

PohnXnsbpw

AdnbpXn F\nv hfscb[nIw ktmjapv. cma amm kntdm aec Itmenm k`sb k`sb taP BnFnkvtIm k`bmbn 1930 DbpIbpmbn. Itmenm Cu thfbn Atlw aec ]p\{]thi\w

2005 s^{_phcn 10 \v

B_v C]tkm kmMvtXm tXmam F {]amWtcJbneqsS ]cn.t]m t]m

C{Imcw {]Ionncpp. Iqmbvabntev

\Snb kntdm aec kaqlw AwKkwJybn hn]peamb h\hp km[npIbpw ]pcmX\amb k`mss]XrIhpw hnizmkhpw kvXpXylamw hn[w
9

kwcnpIbpw sNbvXp.

kntdm aec Itmenm k`bpsS Cu AwKoIcnpIbpw sNpp. m\amb

Dzeamb m\w \mw hneaXnpbpw aec]mccya\pkcnpff

CX\pkcnv k`bpsS Xeh\p ]nXmhpambn Dbs taP Bp_njv D]cnsa{Xmtmeom ImtXmenm_mhm m\w kzoIcnpIbmbncpp. k`IfpsS Imt\m\ kwlnX (CCEO) bpsS ImcWw ]uckvXy DdhnSfnsemmb taP

tcnkmMvXnXmn 335 mw Imt\m\bn C{]Imcw hmbnpp. Bp_njns m\w ImtXmenm m\n\v

XpeyamW.v kndn kaqlw

CX\pkcnv aec ]mccy {]Imcw kntdm aec Itmenm k`bpsS Ay, ItXmenm _mhmbmbn m\tapIbmbncpp. _tentbmkv hfphp. B{Klhpw ImtXmenm_mhmbpsS Imew apX ChnsS PohnXw hmpI Hcp amtXmamolmbpsS Cu ss{IkvXh {itbamWv.

Cu kaqlns Ghpw henb AhImihpw A`nemjhpw k` AXns kzX{ambn \bnWw AXn\m FXmbncpp. \psS aec k` asmcp

k`bpsSbpw A[o\Xbns]X.

X\Xmb Hcp k`mI PohnXw sInsSpp sImv Cu ZuXy \nlWw km[nphm\pff B{Klw BcnI kntdm aec Itmenm Cu k`bvpmbncpp. As\ \psS k`bpsS hynXzhpw

kzmX{yhpw

Itmenm_n \ne\nsSpp. Fpw XfpsS X\Xmb hynXzs DbnnSn ss{IkvXh Iqmbvabmbncpp ]p IqIm F k`m kaqlw. GI k`sb {InkvXphns t{]jnX eyn \npw hgnamdncnsnepw ]noSv XncnsIhp Cv ]m{Xnbokn\Sp kzbm[nImctmsS BtKmf Itm enmk`bpsS Xeh\mb ammbpsS sXcsSpn aecbpsS
10

kmn[yapdnv

Xebpbn

\nevptm

{InkvXphns

Xncpa\v

XsbmWv \ndthsSpXv. Cu k`bvv ssIhncnp kzmbm[nImcw GI k`sb {InkvXp eyw kmmXvIcnpXn\pff Xpd hmXnep XsbmWv. aec k`I HmhpI F kz]v\w apn IpsImv aec kpdnbm\nItmenm Gsd mL\obamWv. hogvNI k`bpsS Xeh\pw ]nXmhpamb tamdm tam _tentbmkv In\m oankv ImtXmenm_mhm \Snb {]kvXmh\ Cu kz]v\kmmXvImcn\p GsXmw hnp Itmenm k`bpsS `mKp\nv aec kpdnbm\n aeckpdnbm\n

BhiyamtWm AsXmw sNphm \mw kcmWv.

Itmenmk`bpsS Ctmgs Ays\ \nebn F\nv Cu k`I s]mXphmbn aptmv hbvp taeys Iogn k`mip{iqj sNphm Atlns Rm ]cn]qW Iogn ktmjtabpffq aec aec k`sb k`I AsXs

AtmkvXenI k` aptmv sImpt]mIphm {]Xnm_\mWv. Rm km{XnI Iqmbvabn hcpXn\v GXp XymKhpw GsSppXn\v a\nempp. XmdmWv. k`miq{iqjbnse Ahn`mPy kaWambn Rm

taP Bp_njv - ImtXmenm_mhm m\ns Imt\m\nIam\w.

Cv aec kpdnbm\n Itmenm k`bvv kwe`yambncnp kzbm[nImca\pkcnv aec taP BnFnkvtIm k`bpsS apgph Xeh\pw `cWpaXe ]nXmhpambncppsImv \nlnpIbpw Hcp \nnX knwlmk\ns Fm
11

]m{Xnbmm\samgnsIbpff

]m{Xnbm

A[nImcfpw

ImfpIbpw

sNp

kzbm[nImc

k`m[y\mWv taP Ap_njv ImtXmenm _mh (CCEO - 151). taP Bp_njv ImtXmenm_mhmbpsS A[nImcw kzIobhpw HutZymKnIhpw hynKXhpambncnpw k`m`cWw (CCEO 78/1). kzw A[nImcn taP Xs \Sphm\pff NpaXebmWv Bp_njv

ImtXmenm_mhmbvpffXv Fv \nba`mjyw (See, Salachas, Commento al CCEO, Roma, 8889). kzw {]hniybn sa{XmtmeombpsS A[nImcap]tbmKnptXmsSmw {]tXyI {]hniyI \nbnnnm efn sa{XmtmeombpsS A[nImcw D]tbmKnv {]hniym `cWw \nlnphm (CCEO - 80/1). Imcyfnepw t\XrXzn Bp_njv ImcW taP k`sb hnhn[ Bp_njv ImtXmenm_mhmbv[nImcapv taP ]pXnb Bp_njv Hcp {]hniy taP Bn FnkvtIm k`bpsS s]mXphmb Fm {]Xn\n[oIcnpXv `{Zmk\tfmSpIqSnb _mhmbvpv Hcp Hcp sa{XmtmeombpsS

ImtXmenm_mhm Bbncnpw (CCEO - 79).

]cn.kpltZmkns kXtmSpIqSn Bcw`npXn\pff A[nImcw taP ImtXmenm ]cnKWnv (CCEO.85/1) Kuchamb ]cn.kpltZmkns kXtmSpIqSn

sa{Xmtmenmamp hsc ew amw \evIpXn\v taP Bp_njv ImtXmenm_mhmbv[nImcapv (CCEO - 85/2).

12

aec kpdnbm\nItmenm k`bpw In\m m\hpw

2012 HIvtSm_ amkn \hkphntijhXvIcWs kw_n sa{XmmcpsS \Sp. kpltZmkv tdman Cu kpltZmkn hv 2012 \nbanpsImpff ]._\UnIvSv \Sn. aqmw ]Xn\mdma Cu m\w tamdm A`n\h aec k`bpsS tam oankv A]naqmw hbn In\m

HIvtSm_ 24 mw XobXn Bdv ]pXnb In\mamsc {]Jym]\w amm kpdnbm\n Xeh\pw _tentbmkv ImtXmenm_mhbvmbncpp.

I\mamcn

Itmenm ]nXmhpamb

m\tv Dbs Atlw temInse Ghpw {]mbwIpd In\m F \nebn temI am[ya{i ]nSnp]n. CXphgnbmbn aec kpdnbm\n Itmenm k`bvv Ncn{XnemZyambn ssIh `cW A[nImcmhImi \nchn[nbmWv. BtKmfItmenmk`bpsS

\nlWn ammbpsS ASp D]tZiI\mbn hnphm\pff NpaXe Cu k`bpsS Xeh\pw ]nXmhpamb ItXmenm_mhbneqsS e`np. kthm]cn BtKmfItmenm k`bpsS ]camy\mb Cu ammsb k`bvmbn. sXcsSppXn\pff ]mfnw DdmpXn\pw

AtXmsSmw Cu k`bpsS Xeh\pw ]nXmhpamb ImtXmenm_mhbneqsS tdman am {KntKmdntbmkv Ggmas \manepff tZhmebw kvYm\nI tZhmebambn Iev]nv A\phZnsp. cmjv{Snb kmapZmbnI t\Xmam, 2012 \hw_ 24 \v hnm\n k`mtaeyam XpSnbh
13

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15