Moving Towards Sustainable Development

(Process document of development in Indira Colony village in one decade)

Kumarappa Institute of Gram Swaraj

Moving Towards Sustainable Development

Process document of development in Indira Colony (Ramniwaspura) village in last one decade (September 2003 - August 2013), Panchayat Samiti-Chaksu, District-Jaipur, Rajasthan

Dr. Amit Kumar

Financed By Bhatia Trust, New Delhi

(In memory of Late Shri. Jethanand P Bhatia) To Encourage Self-Sustaining Development of the Village

In Cooperation With

Kumarappa Institute of Gram Swaraj

B-190, University Marg, Bapu Nagar, Jaipur - 302 015 (Rajasthan), INDIA Phone: 91-141- 2708695 Fax: 91-141-2708621 E-mail: kigs_in@yahoo.com, Website: www.kigs.org

Moving Towards Sustainable Development 1. BACKGROUND Kumarappa Institute of Gram Swaraj is a voluntary organization engaged in socio-economic research, study, survey, rural planning and development since 1968. The Institute has completed more than 50 projects of research-survey since its inception. In the reference of rural development it has been the effort of the Institute to establish social structure, which is free from exploitation and gives place to a balanced and sustainable development. The Institute believes that it will lead to an indigenous, self reliant and self-sufficient society. To achieve the aim of self-reliance the village has been taken as the basic unit comprising of the villagers and rural families. Although the achievement of these objectives in the existing conditions is a difficult one, in the Indian society with its natural and social resources, it is certainly a desirable effort in the direction to find an alternative social structure. The Institute is making an effort to achieve these objectives by taking village as a unit in rural development along with people's participation at the grassroots level. Dr. Rattan Bhatia (a former senior official of the International Monetary Fund) and his wife, Mrs. Doris Bhatia, proposed to create a Charitable Trust to promote sustainable development in selected villages by providing financial and other assistance and inviting labour and small financial complementary contributions from the beneficiary villagers themselves. As a first experiment in this endeavour, Dr. Bhatia contacted Professor Vijay Shankar Vyas to assist in identifying a village or two for the purpose. Prof. Vyas contacted Kumarappa Institute of Gram Swaraj, of which he is a senior member, recommending that the Institute collaborate with Dr. Bhatia. Naturally, the Institute appreciated the complementarities of Dr. and Mrs. Bhatia's objectives and the Institute's mandate and decided to associate with them in their endeavour. It was thought necessary that Bhatias should visit some of the villages and discuss their problems. Dr. Vijay Shankar Vyas and Dr. Rattan Bhatia with his wife visited Kalikheda (district Sikar) and Indira Colony - Ramniwaspura (district Jaipur) villages on 19-20 September 2003 and discussed the problems with the villagers. In the first phase, it was decided that the work might be started in

Moving Towards Sustainable Development Ramniwaspura (Indira Colony) because the size of the village was small and all the families in the village belonged to the same dalit caste i.e. Bairwa. Also, since KIGS was already working in the village for quite some time it was thought appropriate to select this village. The socially harmonized profile of the village, and its small number of inhabitants, was also commensurate with the financing capacity of the trust. Extreme poverty and lack of possible self-generated resources together with active participation of women in the initial exploratory visit by Bhatia family encouraged the trust to take up development oriented activities in the village after proper planning. For this purpose a base line survey of the village was taken up with the cooperation of the villagers. 2. PROGRAMME MISSION The programme mission in Indira Colony was gender-balanced socioeconomic development in which special focus was on improving living standards of the local inhabitants, women/girls literacy and improved sanitation. The livelihoods of people depended on subsistence agriculture and it was decided to integrate it with the market economy as the principal route towards development. In brief, the objectives of the project was "to make the best use of the natural and human resources of the village taking into account the social, economic and educational conditions, so that the development of the families living in the village could be made sustainable". In order to achieve the above aim it was essential that the basic conditions (families and village as a whole) should be fully understood and with this in view base line survey of the village was taken up. This survey provided the detailed figures of the villages natural resources such as land, water, geographic conditions, human resources and cattle wealth of village. In order to prepare the overall development plan of the village, education, technical know how, economic data (income, debt etc.), employment preferences of the people etc. was also collected. 3. PRINCIPLES OF ASSISTANCE To ensure sustainability of the programme certain broad principles of assistance was agreed between the trustees of Bhatia Trust and KIGS officials. All projects were to be first reviewed by the Village Council (Gram Sabha) and then

Moving Towards Sustainable Development forwarded to the Trust for financing. While the proposal for a project was to be advanced by the village or the individual, the Trust was to examine its cost-benefit implications before approving the project; all projects should be demand driven. The village, as well as the individual borrower, would contribute at least 10% of the cost of the project either in terms of labour or cash; assistance would be in the form of grants to the village; use of that assistance by individuals was to be treated as interest free loan from the village to the individual to be repaid to the village voluntarily, the schedule of the amount so repaid could be a self-determined proportion of the increase in the individuals income as a result of the completed project.

Meeting with villagers

4.

ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANISATION The Village Council (Gram Sabha) was the supreme authority in project

preparation as well as its implementation. Sh. Kalyan Sahai Sharma and Sh. Pappulal from KIGS acted as guide and mentor to the project. One of the important achievements of the project was that Gram Sabha activities in all fields were

Moving Towards Sustainable Development strengthened. All the important discussions and decisions were taken in the gram sabha meetings. The view of each and everyone was heard and decisions were taken accordingly. The women self help group of the village needs special mention as they were proactive in taking a lead in the entire endeavor. In brief the organizational arrangement for the development of the village was as follows: 1. The role of Kumarappa Institute of Gram Swaraj was that of a counselor. The Institute expanded full cooperation in preparing projects and its

implementation with the consent of Dr. Bhatia and the Gram Sabha. 2. Gram Sabha was the main organization and their decision in the implementation of individual projects was final. Gram Sabha has formed its own development and other committees which are responsible for executing a particular program. 3. The Gram Sabha takes up the programs and other facilities extended by the government. 4. With the view to meeting the trust-mandated principle that all trust-financed projects should have a minimum local cash/labour complementary

contribution, and that the development programs may go on regularly with its own sources, resource mobilization at the village level was initiated. These resources were in the form of cash amount, cooperation in the form of labour mutual cooperation. Gram Sabha had prepared its action plan to implement the mission of the project. 5. In view of the interest and activeness of the women in gender-based development they have also prepared their own action plan aimed at raising resources for mutual social and economic needs. 5. METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR BASELINE AND ENDLINE SURVEY The present study is to see the impact of various development initiatives taken up during last 10 years in Indira Colony village. (a) A detailed account of each family was prepared after full discussion with them. (b) The questionnaire has been used for collecting the family data. (c) The senior workers of the Institute Shri Kalyan Sahai Sharma and Shri Pappu Lal are associated with the villagers since beginning therefore

Moving Towards Sustainable Development it has been easy for them to go into the details of the problem. Discussions were held on individual and group basis with both men and women in the village.

Discussion in Gram Sabha

6.

LOCATION OF VILLAGE Ramniwaspura is the main village, which is also a revenue village belonging

to Gram Panchayat Chandel and Panchayat Samiti Chaksu. Indira Colony a hamlet of Ramniwaspura is situated at a distance of 45 km. from Jaipur on Chaksu to Kotkhawada road. Chaksu is at a distance of 40 km. south of Jaipur on the Jaipur Kota national highway. The village is at a distance of 5 km. from Chaksu. 7. SOCIAL CONDITION All the families of the village belong to Bairwa (Schedule) caste. Since all belong to the same caste there is no social difference. The village has natural unity and brotherhood.

Moving Towards Sustainable Development Women Group The women group in the village is interested in picking up new things and adopting them in practice. Before base line survey there was no tradition of meeting and discussion and understanding about themselves. With persuasion and efforts of Kumarappa Institute of Gram Swaraj an atmosphere has been created in which they sit together and discuss about the betterment of their lives. A concrete result of this has been the creation of an informal savings and loan 'bank' in which the women contribute a regular sum each month which is on-lent to members in case of socioeconomic needs. The interest about education and self-employment is also increasing. At the time of end line survey the Self Help Group in the village had Rs. 18,785/- as bank deposit and they have given loans worth Rs. 64,000/- to its members.

Village in initial phase

Moving Towards Sustainable Development 8. POPULATION

The details regarding the population are as follows: Base line (2003) Details Male Female Total More than 14 years 36 35 71 Less than 14 years 24 26 50 End line (2013) More than 14 years 55 60 115 Less than 14 years 30 19 49

In the base line survey adult male were 36, female 35, boys 24, girls 26, total families were 19, and average family size was 6.4. In the end line survey adult male are 55, female 60, boys 30, girls 19, total families 22, average family size is 7.5. Therefore, the population of the village has increased in comparison to base line survey.

Newly build toilets

Moving Towards Sustainable Development 9. FACILITIES At the time of base line survey a road passed through the village, but now a new highway has come up which is hardy 500 metres from the village. (2) Rajiv Gandhi School has been opened, which is upto class V. (3) The village has got electricity, in base line survey 5 families had electricity connection but in end line survey all the 22 families have taken electricity connection. (4) One well had diesel engine; another had electric pump. There is some difficulty in taking electric connection for irrigation. (5) At the time of survey the village had 6 bicycles in all. (6) There was no bathroom or toilet facility in the village. During the following years the villagers were given essential information about sanitation and were encouraged to construct the basic facility in the village. During the end line survey people had motorcycle, television, etc. The village has 18 bicycles, 18 TV, 12 motorcycles and 10 mobiles. One family has purchased four wheeler (Bolero Jeep) which is used as taxi in Jaipur. One public toilet and 3 individual toilets have been constructed in the village. Bathroom is available in all the houses. Bus service is available and now the girls are going to Chaksu school by bus for higher studies. People go to Chaksu Bazaar for shopping (which is 5 km.) by bus. Earlier though they do not feel much difficulty by going on foot but now a days everybody depends on transportation.

10.

EDUCATION In base line survey the position of education was not satisfactory in the village.

After the opening of Primary School, almost all children now go to school. But in end line survey the position of education is good as compared to previous survey. In previous survey the adult men and women lack literacy. Adult literate men and women were 30 and 10 respectively. The men and women who had read up to 8th standard were 8 and 3. In addition 15 children were studying in 5th - 8th class. Two young persons had studied up to 10th class. One youth Shri Bhagwan Sahai is M.A. (Passed) and is working as teacher in Rajiv Gandhi School.

Moving Towards Sustainable Development In the end line survey the adult men and women literacy rate has improved. Adult literate men and women are 53 and 56. The men who have read up to 8th standard are 24 and women 15. 15 male and 10 female have read upto class 9 to 12. 4 men and 2 women are pursuing graduation. Bhatia Trust gave conveyance support to 21 girls to go to school from the village to Chaksu which is situated at a distance of 5 k.m from the village because the primary school in the village was up to class V. Education Classification End line (2013) Class Male Female Illiterate 2 4 Literate 9 29 Class 5-8 24 15 Class 9-10 13 8 Class 11-12 2 2 Graduation 4 2 Post Graduation/B.Ed. 1 0 Total 36 35 55 60 Note: In addition to the above data 15 children during baseline survey were studying in 5-8 class. Base line (2003) Male Female 22 28 10 8 3

School uniform for village students

Moving Towards Sustainable Development

Life Skill and Sexuality Education for Adolescent Girls 11. AGRICULTURAL LAND AND ITS QUALITY The village lacks natural resources. All the families are having small holdings. In base line survey the total agricultural land was 51 bigha (revenue land). In addition 9 bigha land was fallow (banjar/sawai chak) which is common grazing land of the village. Out of the total agriculture land 24 bigha had partial irrigation facility, and the other 27 bigha was un-irrigated. The total agricultural land, if calculated per family, was 2.68 bigha per family. If partial irrigated land was calculated per family, it comes to 1.26 bigha per family. So far as the quality of land was concerned it is sandy, loam and saline. People have told that during last years, the use of fertilizers has damaged the quality of land. Over the years the productive capacity has improved gradually by the use of compost. With the view to improve the land structure, the use of compost and green manure (locally produced in the village) has proved beneficial for production and improving the land structure. In end line survey the total agriculture land is 38 bigha. Out of the total agriculture land 23 bigha have partial irrigation facility and the other 15 bigha is un-

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Moving Towards Sustainable Development irrigated. The total agriculture land, if calculated per family will be 1.72 bigha per family. If partial irrigated land is calculated per family, it will come to 1.045 bigha per family. In comparison to base and end line survey agriculture land is reduced by 22 bigha. This land has been sold by villagers because it was far from the settlement and was un-irrigated land in the dry river catchment area. The money received after selling land was used for various productive purposes like purchasing more animals for rearing especially goats and cow, the increase in animals in the village is a result of land sale, a new taxi (jeep) was purchased for hiring, etc. Some money was also used for consumption purposes such as repaying old debts, repairing and construction of house, marriage, medical treatment, etc. The only source of irrigation in the village is well. At present irrigation facility (engine and electric motor pumps) is from two wells. Support has been given for engine on one well and generator for another well.

Organic Farm

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Moving Towards Sustainable Development Some farmers use traditional way of ploughing by cows and bulls, but now most of the farmers are doing it by tractor taken on rent. Agriculture Land Base line (2003) Total Land (in bigha) 60 Irrigated Unirrigated Fallow 24 27 9 End line (2013) Total Land Irrigated Unirrigated Sold (in bigha) 60 23 15 22

As a result of improved irrigation facility and other supportive infrastructure provided by Bhatia Trust there has been significant increase in the agriculture production. No increase is seen in monsoon crop such as millet, sesamum, mooth, guar, chaula etc. But the winter crop production of wheat and barley has increased from 71 quintals in 2007 to 124 quintal in 2013 an increase of about 75%. This was possible because of the following initiatives - 1000 feet of underground pipeline was laid for irrigation, side boring up to 200 feet was done on all the four sides of the well, wired fencing of 4 hectares of land which is about 1600 running meters was done to save crops from stray Neel Gai and other cattles, diesel generator of 10 KVA was purchased which decreased the dependency on electricity for irrigation. Agriculture Production Base line (2003) Millet (Bajra) 20 quintal Sesamum (Til) 40 kg. Mooth 40 kg. Wheat and Barley (Joo) 71 quintal End line (2013) Millet (Bajra) 21 quintal Guar 3 quintal Mooth 20 kg. Chaula 50 kg. Wheat and Barley (Joo) 124 quintal

12.

CATTLE WEALTH The cattle wealth has increased during last ten years. In 2003 many cattle were

either sold or died in famine. But in last ten years the cattle has slightly increased. Thus farmers' interest in cattle has revived and they are conscious about the cattle. At the time of base line survey the number of cattle was as follows: cows-14, buffaloes3, and goats-3. Thus their total number was 20.

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Moving Towards Sustainable Development But in end line survey the numbers of cattle are: cows-29, buffaloes-4, goats51, male kids-7 and female kids-15.Therefore, the total number of cattle is 106. The no. of cow has increased because it is much cheap than buffalo and the rearing cost is also less.

Wire fencing to protect crops from stray cattle

Cattle Wealth Cattle Cow Buffalo Goat Male kids-cow, buffalo, goat Female kids-cow, buffalo, goat Total Base line (2003) 14 3 3 0 0 20 End line (2013) 29 4 51 7 15 106

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Moving Towards Sustainable Development Villagers are interested in cows, so that they can get milk from them and also cow-dung for compost to be used in agriculture. Thus they are much interested in animal husbandry. Particularly, women are taking special interest. 13. HOUSING House for dwelling here means only shelter and sleeping place at night. There is no proper house for the family. In base line survey home covers one pucca room, kitchen, sleeping place. There was no provision of toilet and bathroom. Out of 19 families, 15 had house with one pucca room and others had kaccha house - hut only. They had huts near the pucca room which gave them shelter. But in end line survey the ratio has slightly increased. Out of all the 22 families, 21 families have pucca home, 6 kuccha home and 4 huts. The number of rooms in the village is 57. 4 toilets have been constructed in the village and bathroom is available in all the houses in the village. They have some shelter for animals and goats live along with them. There is no separate provision for keeping grains or kitchen. They keep grain in their dwelling space. They use open space for kitchen.

Newly build house in the village

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Moving Towards Sustainable Development The residents of the village had a good sense of cleanliness. They keep the houses and the surroundings neat and clean. There may be one or two units of individual who are lacking in norms of cleanliness i.e. civic sense. Housing Type of House Kaccha Pucca Hut No. of rooms 14. EMPLOYMENT Though from tradition and nature farmers are interested in agriculture, villagers do not get full employment from agriculture. In base line survey due to shortage of land it does not provide full employment. Shortage of cattle wealth in village is also another reason for it. But in end line survey cattle wealth is increasing. Villagers get more employment in non-agriculture activity as compared to previous survey because the irrigated land has decreased. Women are particularly in search of employment. In base line survey, information about main employment was collected. 18 families were fully dependent on agriculture and labour. Two families were earning their living from labour and animal husbandry; one family had a small grocery shop. The main places for labour were Chaksu, Jaipur and Tonk. Employment was also available in near by villages. The main areas for employment were (a) agricultural work - labour in nearby villages, women work in nearby villages too (b) masons - generally men go for construction work (c) labour - housing work, road work, other labour works in the market. In base line survey unskilled labour men got Rs. 70-90 and women got Rs. 60-70. It was not necessary that they may get work daily. Many times they had to return back without getting any work. The charge (fare) for going and coming back was additional loss. The expenses on tea and other items was also a loss. For how many days in a month they will get employment was not certain. On an average we can say that the labour work was received for 10-15 days but this was on an average. Base line (2003) 4 15 4 15 End line (2013) 6 21 4 57

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Moving Towards Sustainable Development

Self employment for village youth In the end line survey there has been a shift from agriculture to labour oriented livelihood, now unskilled labour men get Rs. 300 and women get Rs. 250 per day. Now only 13 persons are engaged in agriculture (8 men, 5 women). Chaksu has now become a big commercial centre, so getting labour work is not a problem. If someone is ready to take up labour job he can get it easily. The rates in Jaipur and Chaksu are same so people prefer to take up job in Chaksu itself. Employment End line (2013) Employment Male Female Agriculture/Animal husbandry 8 5 Labour 26 1 Karighar 2 0 Small business/Mechanic 6 0 Housewife 0 43 Student 10 11 Nothing 2 1 Note: In the base line survey 18 families were fully dependent on agriculture and labour, 2 families earn their living from labour and animal husbandry and 1 family had a small grocery shop. Base line (2003) Male Female

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Moving Towards Sustainable Development

Self employment for village women 15. HEALTH AND MEDICAL FACILITIES Till date there is no medical facility available in the village. The nearest place where medical facility is available is Chaksu (5 km.). There is government as well as private dispensary. The facility for veterinary hospital is also available in Chaksu. Generally common diseases occur in the village during change of season such as fever; cough is common among children. Cold, amoebiasis, eye infections, stomach problem, menstrual problems among women is common. It is generally seen that people do not take proper care in the beginning, do not get proper treatment with the result that the disease increases gradually. If the treatment is availed in the beginning the disease will not become serious. It is also seen that treatment is delayed for economic reason also. During last two-three decades the people have started taking interest in allopathic treatment which has become very costly. Whereas ordinary precautions, local herbals, homeopathy can cure the common diseases, etc. In view of the above it is necessary that health treatment, cleanliness, knowledge about initial treatment, training about local medicines, creating confidence in all the things

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Moving Towards Sustainable Development discussed above will prove useful for the villagers. In view of the good environmental condition in the village, training in health can improve health conditions in the village and medical treatment facility can be provided to the villagers at minimum costs. 16. FOOD AND DIET In village diet and food contains the local products. During the famine the villagers had to purchase grains due to its shortage in the village. Usually the villagers produce the quantity of food grains enough for their own use. Generally the diet consists of bajra, wheat, barley, pulses or chilli. In case milk is available, chapati (bread) and chach are sufficient. The use of vegetable is little. Generally the villagers use only those things which are produced by them. In view of this bajra, wheat, barley, moong moth, gram, onion, chilli, garlic is produced by all the families as far as possible. These things are mostly used in their diet. The habit of tea has increased in the villages. In general smoking has decreased.

Kitchen Garden

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Moving Towards Sustainable Development 17. SOURCES OF INCOME It is general practice that family income is calculated in terms of rupees. This norm of income is appropriate from the economic point of view. This process of evaluation of economic position is convenient. But in the village the economic structure is not based on cash amount. It is based on the habit of production, use and availability of the commodity. Therefore there is basic difference in the calculated income and actual economic life. Therefore it is appropriate only to certain extent to calculate the income and expenditure on the basis of rupees. It becomes difficult to evaluate the local (subsistence) production and available resources in terms of rupees. Estimated Total Annual Income by Various Sources (Baseline - 2003) Total Income (Rs.) 1,10,000 2,14,000 12,000 14,500 3,50,500 Annual income Percentage per family (Rs.) 31 5,789 61 11,263 3 632 4 763 100 18,447 Monthly income per family (Rs.) 482 939 53 63 1,537

Sources of Income 1. Agriculture Production 2. Income from Labour 3. Income from cattle wealth 4. Income from other sources TOTAL

Self employment for village women

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Moving Towards Sustainable Development During the base line survey the labour was the main source of income. The agriculture got the second place and the position of other sources was nominal. Some families got income from other sources. So far as various items of expenditure are concerned this is estimate only. It is clear that the expenditure on food is 20 percent where as on social items (marriage, death feast and various festivals) the percentage of expenditure comes to 18%. From the tables below, it is clear that at 6.4 members per family, the average income per member comes to eight rupee per day, and that the average family is forced to go into debt to meet its minimum survival requirements. Estimated Total Annual Income by Various Sources (End line - 2013) Total Annual Income (Rs.) 2,19,560 10,15,000 3,70,000 3,60,000 19,64,560 Annual income Percentage per family (Rs.) 11 52 19 18 100 9,980 46,136 16,818 16,364 89,298 Monthly income per family (Rs.) 832 3,845 1,402 1,364 7,442

Sources of Income

1. Agriculture Production 2. Income from Labour 3. Income from cattle wealth 4. Income from other sources TOTAL

In the end line survey the income from agriculture decreased from 31% to 11% which is natural as the production from agriculture has reached saturation, moreover the agriculture produce in Indira Colony was used for subsistance and not for the market. It is interesting to see that the income from cattle wealth and other sources has shown considerable growth, both increased from 3-4% to 19-18%. Labour is still the main source of livelihood for the people of the village. The average income per member comes to Rs. 33 per day, this is the reason why family debt has not decreased over the years; as a result the family is forced to go into debt to meet its minimum survival requirements.

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Moving Towards Sustainable Development Estimated Cash Expenditure on Various Heads (Baseline - 2003) Head 1. Food 2. Clothes 3. Education 4. Medicine 5. Travelling 6. Smoking 7. Social Expenditure 8. Development works (Agriculture, animals etc.) TOTAL Total Expenditure 92,000 51,000 35,000 63,000 35,000 26,100 85,000 83,000 4,70,100 %age 20 11 7 13 7 6 18 18 100 Annual Monthly expenditure expenditure per family per family 4,842 404 2,684 224 1,842 154 3,316 276 1,842 154 1,374 114 4,474 373 4,368 364 24,742 2,063

Food contains mostly the local production or grains, and as such its evaluation in terms of rupees is difficult. Whatever is available in their fields, they do with it and it is divided in the family. Thus its calculation in rupees is difficult while its calculation on other items is easy. The expenditure on development heads such as agriculture, water, animals' etc. comes to 18 per cent. The travelling expenses for going outside the village for labour are a separate item of expenditure. The expenses on smoking has been 6 per cent which is certainly too much. The figures of income and expenditure per month appear heavy. There may be some doubt as to how the expenditure of the family is met. But it is true. Instead of calculating the life in terms of money it should be calculated in terms of local and self produced things, in the context of life style. How the family pulls on by eating and clothing? The standard of family shall have to be seen in view of the above facts. It will be easy to understand the position if the above details are studied in detail. The above figures are estimated but the life does not go on the basis of the calculated figures. The expenditure on other items is not monthly. The expenditure on clothes, medicine, social and economic engagements does not work on monthly or daily basis. These are the expenditure on special occasion. The items of daily diet are not purchased and there are other things which are difficult to be calculated in terms of money. For example the expenditure on fuel, vegetable, oil and species is minimum. The main expenditure is made on grains. The picture becomes clear by actual calculation. In this village the expenditure on grains in a family comes to 50-60 kg. per month (wheat or bajra), the

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Moving Towards Sustainable Development cost of which come to about Rs. 300. The minimum expenditure on other items had been Rs. 200. There may be some difference in this calculation. But it is not very much far from truth. The last man of the society is living under these conditions, a fact, which should be accepted.

Generator for improved irrigation

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Moving Towards Sustainable Development Estimated Cash Expenditure on Various Heads (End line - 2013) Head 1. Food 2. Clothes 3. Education 4. Medicine 5. Travelling 6. Smoking 7. Social Expenditure 8. Development works (Agriculture, animals etc.) TOTAL Total Expenditure 5,89,200 3,92,800 1,26,000 1,25,000 99,000 33,000 1,82,000 1,70,000 17,17,000 %age 34 23 7 7 6 2 11 10 100 Annual Monthly expenditure expenditure per family per family 26,782 17,855 5,727 5,682 4,500 1,500 8,273 7,727 78,045 2,232 1,488 477 473 375 125 689 644 6,504

In the end line survey the expenditure on food has increased from 20% to 34% and on clothes from 11% to 23% which shows the growing importance of food and clothes in daily life. Now people have started taking nutritious food which include fruits and vegetables which was lacking before. The expenditure on education and travelling remains the same. Expenditure on smoking has decreased from 6% to 2% mainly because of the fact that people have switched from smoking to chewing tobacco (daily expenses on biddi is Rs. 15 and on tobacco is Rs. 2) also as a result of KIGS intervention women have stopped smoking. It is interesting to see that expenses on social functions and development works has decreased from 18% to 10%. During the years KIGS has been educating people to cut expenses on social functions such as marriages, death feast, etc. and people have positively responded to it. The feast in marriages have decreased from two times to one, also earlier the invitation was given to 5-6 adjoining villages now it has reduced to own village. The death feast is also decreasing, people now avoid going to death feast. Although a savings of Rs. 1000/- per month per family is visible under income expenditure accounts but this is insignificant looking into the average family size of 7.5 members.

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Moving Towards Sustainable Development 18. THE POSITION OF DEBT During the base line survey the position of debt in the village was very serious, except in one family, all the families had liabilities. It was found that (one family was free from liability) the total loan on 18 families was Rs.6, 80,000. If it is calculated per family the amount comes to Rs. 37,778. The per head loan comes to Rs. 5,620. Apparently, the debtor family pays an annual interest of around 24%. Thus interest alone deprives the village of nearly 8-10 percent of their annual income and certainly is a great drain on their meager income. If the figures of liability are classified, the position of the families comes as below: Amount of Debt per Family (Base line - 2003) S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Classification of Debt (Rs.) Up to 10,000 10,000 to 20,000 20,000 to 40,000 40,000 to 50,000 More than 50,000 TOTAL FAMILIES Amount of Debt per Family (End line - 2013) S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Classification of Debt (Rs.) Up to 10,000 10,000 to 20,000 20,000 to 40,000 40,000 to 50,000 More than 50,000 TOTAL FAMILIES Number of Families 1 5 6 3 3 18 Number of Families 2 4 5 5 2 18

During the last ten years the loan figure has not changed. The main purpose of the loan has been found for meeting the daily needs, loans for agriculture and for meeting other expenses such as marriage, social functions among relatives, etc. Generally the amount of the loans has been taken from the moneylender. Some part of it has been taken from relatives also.

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Moving Towards Sustainable Development 19. PROJECTS FINANCED DURING LAST 10 YEARS On the basis of the information received in the base line survey an action plan was made and the following activities were taken up in last 10 years. Irrigation facility: A diesel engine was installed on a common well and agriculture has been started with it. The beneficiary families have also contributed a part of the economic assistance. Irrigation channels: About 1000 feet of underground pipeline was laid for irrigation. This is irrigating about 7 bighas of land, which is benefitting 14 families. Livelihood support to landless: Three carts were provided to the youths. (a) Cart No. 1 - Shri Ram Bhajan s/o Shri Ramphool and Shri Mangilal s/o Shri Ramphool (2) Cart No. 2 - Shri Ramlal s/o Shri Ganesh and Shri Hazari s/o Shri Ganesh (3) Cart No. 3 - Shri Babu lal s/o Shri Ramdev and Shri Banwari s/o Shri Ramdev. Vocational training: Ten families of the village have taken training in stone cutting and machines were given to them. Vocational training: Sewing machine was distributed to 11 members after giving week training at Jaipur. Girls are earning between Rs 500 to Rs 1000 in a month. Transport for girls to go to school: 21 girls were given conveyance support to go to school from the village to Chaksu. Roof-top rain water harvesting: Three houses have been equipped with roof top rain water harvesting, in which the roof tops of the houses have been connected with pipes to the ground water recharge tank. Also the waste water of public hand pump has been connected with recharge tank. Commercial Organic Farming: Organic agriculture was started in the village. Use of chemical fertilizers has been stopped. Preparation of compost and collection of seeds has been taken up. Gypsum has been given in the 4 hectare piece of land lying on the opposite side of the road to improve the productivity of the soil. It is expected that the production would increase by 50% as a result of gypsum treatment.

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Moving Towards Sustainable Development Fencing of fields against animal grazing of crops: The wired fencing of 4 hectares of land which is about 1600 running metres has been done. This has helped the villagers to save their winter crops from stray animals especially Neel Gai. It is estimated that about 50% of the crop has been saved as a result of wiring. Life Skill and Sexuality Education for Adolescent Girls: A survey of all the adolescent boys and girls was conducted and 30 participants were identified for training in Indira colony. The residential training was conducted during summer vocation when all the students were free. School Uniform for village students: There were 50 students going to school and all of them were given school uniform in the new session, which started in July with the auspicious hands of Prof. Vyas and Mrs. Vyas. Well-electrification: A diesel generator of 10 KVA was purchased, out of which 20% contribution was from the villagers. The generator is expected to decrease the dependency on electricity for irrigation. Generator was handed over to the village committee by Prof. Vyas in a small village ceremony. Toilet: With continuous motivation from Dr. Bhatia three villagers have made toilets in their homes. Establishing computer learning centre: The Bhatias raised substantial cash resources from their friends in the USA (many of whom had visited the village in January 2010) to establish the DAN ARLENE McGINNIS Computer Centre to provide computer training facilities to the students in the village and its surrounding other villages. The Centre was initially set up in Indira Colony village in June 2012, the Centre has infrastructure for computer class and can accommodate 5 computers, on which 10 students can learn. Till March 2013 about 35 students have taken training. Others: A group of about 50 people visited Indira Colony village on January 12, 2010 under the leadership of Dr. Rattan Bhatia and Doris Bhatia. The visitors had a great time in the village and received first hand information about the rural development activities taken up by Bhatia Trust during the last couple of years.

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Moving Towards Sustainable Development During September October 2008 the villagers themselves cleaned the village well and it was deepened up to 10 feet, also side boring up to 200 feet was done on all the four sides.

Computer Learning Centre

20.

Complementary assistance attracted from other private individuals or societies and Government: A new hand pump has been installed by Panchayat for drinking water. Dry toilets have been made with support from Science and Technology Department, GOR. A Defluoride Water Tank is operational in the village this unit is installed by Science and Technology Department, GOR. Ajit Foundation initiated a new concept of Kitchen Garden in the village; some villagers are practicing it also. As the villagers belong to dalit community, they were not allowed to enter the temples. Smt. Mani Bahen Kedia from Jaipur decided to construct a temple in

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Moving Towards Sustainable Development the village and now the people are able to perform daily puja, bhajan and religious activities in the village itself. 21. Problems still faced by the village: A lot of efforts have been put up by the workers of KIGS in making Indira Colony a model village in the last one decade but there are some issues which still remain. Personal debt (costing about 8 to 10 percent of income in interest payments alone) is one such issue; there has been no change in its status in last 10 years. Since most of the villagers are daily bread earners and dependent on agriculture it is very difficult for them to save money for emergencies. The flow of income is highly irregular and daily expenses are necessary for survival; as a result there is always a mis-match between income and expenditure which is taken care by taking loans. Though people have started doing saving in the self help group but it is meager in front of the daily increasing expenses. Also one emergency in a family dries up all the lifelong savings. It is proposed to discuss this important issue with the families, elucidating the implications of the current indebtedness and possible solution to reduce the burden. Although the income of the village has increased substantially, still the village depends on subsistence farming for its food and other needs. Villagers have a natural resistance to convert their fields for producing for the market, as they feel that price fluctuations could undermine their assured supply of grains etc. A proposal by the Trust for food security, under which the villagers who move to market-oriented farming will be assured of the base-line food supply (equal to what they currently produce) through financial assistance to make up for any price declines, could be tried on an experimental basis. Health and sanitation of the villagers is also a matter of concern. Traditionally Rajasthani food uses lots of milk and ghee but now a day due to selling of milk in the villages people have reduced milk and ghee intake. This has resulted in less immunity towards seasonal diseases and weak health. People have been motivated for kitchen garden but not all the villagers are taking part in it. Sanitation was never a concern for the villagers, it was Dr. Bhatia personally, and NGO workers, who were making them

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Moving Towards Sustainable Development aware of having toilets at home, at present three families have made toilets and other villagers, are also being motivated to do so. The population growth in India during the last decade (2001-2011) was 17.64% and that of Rajasthan was 21.4% which is 4 points more than the national average. But the population growth in Indira Colony during the same period was 35.53% - or twice the average of the Rajasthan average growth - which is a matter of concern. Efforts would be made to discuss this issue with the villagers and come out with some practical solutions. (The above survey and related factors have been discussed in Gram Sabha who have approved it.)

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