Continuity Stage

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Mr . Sherif Yehia Al Maraghy https://twitter.com/Mr_Sherif_yehia
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Calculus 3
rd
secondary Continuity stage (2) - 33 -
x 1
lim f ( x )
x 2 x 2
x 2
At x 2 :
2 1 1 x 1 1
f ( 2 ) and lim f ( x ) lim
2 1 3 x 1 3
As lim f ( x ) f ( 2 ) ,Thus f is Continuous at x 2

=

= = = =
+ +
= =
At x -1 :
2
f ( 1) , So , The function f ( x ) is undefined at x -1 .
0
Thus f ( x ) is discountinuos at x - 1
=
= =
=
2x : x 2
let f(x) Then Discuss the Continuity at x 2
4 : x 2
>
= =
<
x 2 x 2
x 2
At x 2 : f ( 2 ) 2 2 0 and lim f ( x ) lim x 2 2 2 0
So , As lim f ( x ) f ( 2 ) ,Thus f is Continuous at x 2

= = = = = =
= =
f ( 2) is not defined f ( x ) is not Continous at x 2 =

2
nd
stage : Continuity of a function at a point

The function F is said to be continuous at a point x =a , if three conditions are satisfied :
(1) F(a) is well defined (2)
x a
lim f(x) exists
(3)
x a
lim f(x) f(a)
=
Note that :
If any one of these three conditions is not satisfied , then the function is said to be
discontinuous at x a . =

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Simple Example
Discuss the continuity of the function : f ( x ) x 3 at x 1 = + =
Answer
f(1) = 1+ 3 = 4 And
x 1 x 1
lim f ( x ) lim x 3 1 3 4

= + = + =
So , f(1) = Then f(x) is Continous at x = 1 .
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Example (1)
x 1
Discuss the continuity of the function : f ( x ) at x -1 and x 2
x 1
= = =
+

Answer

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Example (2)

Answer

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Example (3)
Discuss the continuity of the function : f ( x ) x 2 at x 2 = =
Answer

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Calculus 3
rd
x 3 =
x
f ( x )
f ( 3 ) x 1
= + f ( 3 ) 2x 2
+
=
x 3
x 3
x 3
x 3
f ( 3 ) 3 1 4
for lim f(x):
left limit : f( 3 ) lim 2x 2 2( 3 ) 2 4
Right limit : f( 3 ) lim x 1 3 1 4
f( 3 ) f( 3 ) f( 3 ) f ( 3 ) lim f(x) 4
f ( x ) is Continous at x 3
= + =
= = =
= + = + =
= = = =
=
4
x 1 =
x
f ( x )
f ( 1 ) x 3
= + f ( 1 ) x 1
+
= +
2
Example (4)
x 1 : x 3
2x 2 : x 3
+ >
= =
<

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (5)
Discuss the continuity of the function f ( x ) x 1 2 at x 1. = + =
Answer
x 1 : x 1 x 1 2 : x 1
x 1 f ( x )
-( x 1) : x 1 - x 1 2 : x 1
x 1 : x 1
f ( x )
- x 3 : x 1
> + >

= =

< + + <

+ >
=

+ <

x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
f ( 1) 1 1 2
for lim f(x):
left limit : f( 1 ) lim x 3 1 3 2
Right limit : f( 1 ) lim x 1 1 1 2
f( 1 ) f( 1 ) f( 1) f ( 1) lim f(x) 2
f ( x ) is Continous at x 1
= + =
= + = + =
= + = + =
= = = =
=


Calculus 3
rd
x
2
t
=
x
f ( x )
f Sinx Cos x
2
t

| |
= +
|
\ .
x
2
x
2
x
2
x
2
x
2
for lim f(x):
left limit : f( ) lim Sin x Cos x 1
2
Right limit : f( ) lim 2 Cos 2x 1
2
f( ) f( ) lim f(x) 1
2 2
f ( ) lim f(x) f ( x ) is continous at x
2 2
t
t
t
t
t
t
t
t t
t t
= + =
= + =
= =
= =
1 f 2 Cos 2x
2
t
+
| |
= +
|
\ .
Example (6)
sin x cos x : x
2
If f(x) Then Discuss the Continuity at x
2
2 cos 2x : x
2
t
t
t
+ s
= =
+ >

Answer
f ( ) Sin Cos 1
2 2 2
t t t
= + =

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Calculus 3
rd
x 2 =
x
f ( x )
2
x 4
f ( 2 )
x 2
2
x 4
f ( 2 )
x 2
+

=
( )( )
( )
x 2
2
x 2 x 2 x 2
x 2
f ( 2 ) 2 " Given"
for lim f(x):
x 2 x 2
x 4 0
left limit : f( 2 ) f( 2 ) lim lim lim x 2 4
x 2 0 x 2
f ( 2 ) lim f(x) f ( x ) is discontinous at x 2
Note : we can redefine f(x) to make it continous by puttin

=
+
= = = = + =

= =
x 2
2
g f ( 2 ) 4 , so that we will
make f ( 2 ) lim f(x) 4
x 4
: x 2
So , the Correct f(x) to be Continous is f(x)
x 2
4 : x = 2
=
= =

=
=

2
Example (7)
2
x 4
: x 2
x 2
2 : x = 2

=
= =

Answer

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Example (8)
3
2
x 8
Redefine the following function f(x) to be Continous at x 2
2x x 6
= =

Answer
Note : To redefine any function to be Continous , you have to find its limit and equalize it to
its value of f(x) at x = 2

( )( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
3
2
x 2 x 2 x 2
x 2
3
2
x 2 x 2x 4 x 2x 4
2 2 2 4
x 8 0 12
lim lim lim
2x x 6 0 2x 3 x 2 2x 3 2 2 3 7
12
And f(x) is Continous at x 2 f ( 2 ) lim f ( x )
7
x 8
x 2
2x x 6
So f(x)=
12
x 2
7

+ + + +
+ +
= = =
+ + +
= = =

=


Calculus 3
rd
Example (9)
9 x 3
Redefine the following function f (x) to be Continous at x 0
x
+
= =
Answer
( )
x 0 x 0 x 0
x 0
x 0
9 x 3 0 9 x 3 9 x 3 9 x 9
lim lim lim
x 0 x 9 x 3
x 9 x 3
1 1 1
lim
3 3 6 9 x 3
1
And f(x) is Continous at x 0 f ( 0 ) lim f ( x )
6
9 x 3
x 0
x
So f(x)=
1
x 0
6

+ + + + +
=
+ +
+ +
= = =
+ + +
= = =
+
=

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (10)

4
x 3
x 81
= =

Answer
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )
( )( )( )
( )( )
( )( )
2 2 2
2 2 2
2
2
x 3 x 3
, x 3 , x 3
x 9 x 9 x 3 x 3 x 9
f ( x ) f ( x )
x 3 x 3
, x 3 , x 3
x 9 x 9 x 3 x 3 x 9
1
, x 3
x 3 x 9
f ( x )
1
, x 3
x 3 x 9

> >

+ + +

= =

< <

+ + +

>
+ +
<
+ +

( )( ) ( )( )
2 2
x 3 x 3
x 3
-1 -1 1 1
f ( 3 ) lim And f ( 3 ) lim
108 108 x 3 x 9 x 3 x 9
f ( 3 ) f ( 3 ) lim f ( x ) doesn't exist
So we cannot define f at x 3 to be continuous.
+
+

+
= = = =
+ + + +
=
=


Calculus 3
rd
Example (11)
Tan 5x
Sin 8 x
= =
Answer
x 0 x 0
Tan 5x
x 0
Tan 5x 5 Sin 8 x
lim f ( x ) lim So f(x)=
Sin 8 x 8
5
x 0
8

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example (12)
2
Cos x
Redefine the following function f (x) to be Continous at x
1 Sinx 2
t
= =

Answer
( )( )
( )
( )
2 2
x x x x x
2 2 2 2 2
x
2
2
1 sin x 1 sin x
cos x 0 1 sin x
lim f ( x ) lim So lim lim lim 1 sin x 2
1 sin x 0 1 sin x 1 sin x
f(x) is Continous at x f ( ) lim f ( x ) 2
2 2
cos x
x
1 sin x 2
So f(x)=
2 x
2
t t t t t
t
t t
t
t

= = = = + =

= = =

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Calculus 3
rd
( ) ( )
( )
2
x 2
2
x 2
x 2
x 3
At x 2 : f ( 2 ) 2 2 2 2 2
for lim f(x):
left limit : f( 2 ) lim x 2x 2 2
Right limit : f( 2 ) lim - x 3 1
f( 2 ) f( 2 ) limit does't exist at x 2 f ( x ) is discontinous at x 2
At x 3 : f ( 3 ) 3 3 0
for lim f(x
= = + =
= + =
= =
= = =
= = =
( )
x 3
x 3
x 3 x 3
):
left limit : f( 3 ) lim - x 3 0
Right limit : f( 3 ) lim x 3 0
f( 3 ) f( 3 ) lim f(x) 3 f ( 3 ) lim f(x)
So f ( x ) is Continous at x 3
+

= =
= =
= = =
=
x 2 =
x
f ( x )
2
x 2x 2 + ( )
- x 3
x 3 =
x 3
2 0
Example (13)
2
x 2x 2 : x 2
let f(x) Then Discuss the Continuity at x 2 and x 3
x 3 : x > 2
+ s
= = =

Answer
( )
( )
( )
2
x 3 , x 3
x 3
- x 3 , x 3
x 2x 2 , x 2
x 3 , x 3
So for x > 2 : x 3 Then f(x) - x 3 , 2 x 3
- x 3 , 2 x 3
x 3 , x 3
>
=

<
+ s
>

= = < <

< <

>

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Calculus 3
rd
( )
( )( )
( )
x 1
x 1
2
2
x 1 x 1 x 1
x 1
At x 1: f ( 1) 0 " given"
for lim f(x):
left limit : f( 1 ) lim 0 0
2 x 1
2 x 1 x 1
2x 2 0
Right limit : f( 1 ) lim lim lim
x 1 0 x 1 x 1
lim 2 x 1 4
f( 1 ) f( 1 ) limit does't exist at x 1 f ( x ) is di
+ + +
+
+
= =
= =
= =

+ =
= =
( )
( )
2
x 2
2
x 2
x 2
x 2 x 2
scontinous at x 2
And we can't redefine f(x)
2 2 2
At x 2 : f ( 2 ) 6
2 1
for lim f(x)
2 x 2
left limit : f( 2 ) lim 6
x 1
Right limit : f( 2 ) lim 10 2x 10 2( 2 ) 6
f( 2 ) f( 2 ) lim f(x) 6 f ( 2 ) lim f(x)
So
+

=
= = =
= =
= = =
= = =
f ( x ) is Continous at x 3 =
x 0 =
x
f ( x )
Zero
2
2x 2
x 1
10 2x
0
x 1 =
0
x 2 =
6
x 3 =
0
Example (14)
2
0 : 0 x 1
2x 2
let f(x) : 1 x 2
x 1
10 2x : 2 x 3
s s

= < s
< s

Then Discuss the Continuity at x 1 and x 2 = = , And if f(x) is discontinous , redefine f(x) if
possible
Answer

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Calculus 3
rd
Example (15)
a x + 3 : x 1
find the value of "a" to make f ( x ) Continous at x 1
3 a x : x < 1
>
= =

Answer
x 1
x 1
f ( 1) a 3 , f ( 1 ) lim ( 3 a x ) 3 a
f ( 1 ) lim ( ax 3 ) a 3
f ( x ) is Continous at x 1 f ( 1 ) f ( 1 )
3 a a 3 a 0
+
= + = =
= + = +
= =
= + =

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Example (16)
find the value of a in the following function to make f(x) Continous

( )
2
x a 1 x a
, x 1
f ( x ) at x 1
x 1
2 , x = 1
+ +
=
= =

Answer
( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
x 1
2
x 1 x 1 x 1
x 1
f ( 1) 2 " Given"
for lim f(x):
x a 1 x a x a x 1
0
f( 1 ) f( 1 ) lim lim lim x a 1 a
x 1 0 x 1
f ( x ) is Continous at x 1 f ( 1) lim f(x) 1 a 2 a 1
=
+ +
= = = =

= = = =

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Calculus 3
rd
x 0
x 0
x 0 x 0
x 0
f ( 0 ) a " Given"
for lim f(x):
5x Tan3x 0
f( 0 ) f( 0 ) lim Divide both numerator and denominator by x
Sin4x 0
5x Tan3x Tan3x
5
5 3
x x x
lim lim 2
Sin4x Sin4x
4
x x
f ( x ) is Continous at x 0 f ( 0 ) lim f(x) a 2
=
+
= = =
+ +
+
= = =
= = =
Example (17)
5x Tan 3x
: x 0
Sin4x If f(x) is Continous at x 0 , Then find the value of "a"
a : x 0
+
= =

Answer

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Example (18)
2
Find a and b, such that
x ax 2 : x 2
f ( x ) 4 : x 2 becomes continuous at x 2
5a bx : x 2
+ <
= = =
+ >

Answer
x 2
2
x 2
x 2
x 2
f ( 2 ) 4 " Given"
for lim f(x):
f( 2 ) lim x a x 2 4 2a 2 2a 2
f( 2 ) lim 5a bx 5a 2b
f ( x ) is Continous at x 2 f ( 2 ) lim f(x)
f ( 2 ) f ( 2 ) f ( 2 ) f ( 2 ) f ( 2 ) 4
2a 2 4 2a 2 a 1 Then substitu
+ +
=
= + = + = +
= + = +
= =
= = = =
+ = = = te in the second equation
1
And 5a 2b 4 5 2b 4 b -
2
+ = + = =


Calculus 3
rd
x 0 =
x
f ( x )
( )
Sin2x
f 2
2x
= ( )
x
f 2
Tan x
+
=
x 0
x 0
Sin 2x
Remember that : Sin 2x 2 Sin x Cos x Sin x Cos x
2
Sin 2x
: x 0
2x
So f(x) a : x 0
x
: x 0
Tan x
f ( 0 ) a " Given"
for lim f(x):
Sin 2x 0
left limit : f( 0 ) lim
2x
= =
<
= =
>
=
= =
x 0
x 0 x 0
x 0
x 0
Sin 2x 2
lim 1
0 2x 2
x 0 x
Right limit : f( 0 ) lim lim 1
Tan x 0 Tan x
f( 0 ) f( 0 ) lim f(x) 1
f(x) is Continous at x 0 f ( 0 ) lim f(x) a 1
+ +
+

+
= =
= = =
= =
= = =
a
Example (19)
If the function f ( x ) is continuous at x 0 , Then find a , where :
1
sin xcos x : x < 0
x
f(x) a : x = 0
xcos x
: x > 0
sin x
=

Answer


Calculus 3
rd
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
x a
x a
2
2 3
x a
3
x a
3
a x x a a x 4 x a
a x f ( x )
- a x x a
2ax 3b x a
f ( a ) a a 4 4
for lim f(x):
f( a ) lim a x 4 4
f( a ) lim 2ax 3b 2a a 3b 2a 3b
f ( x ) is Continous at x 0 f ( a ) lim f(x) 2a 3b 4 ( 1)
And f ( a 4 ) b
s + s

= =

>
+ >

= + =
= + =
= + = + = +
= = + =
=
( )
3 3
3 3 3
a a 4 4 b b 8 b 2
Substitute in ( 1) to get a , 2a 3( 2 ) 4 2a 2 a 1 a 1
+ = = =
+ = = = =
Example (20)
3
2
a x 4 : x a
If f(x) is Continous at x a , and f ( a 4 ) b
2ax 3b : x a
Then find the value of a and b
+ s
= = =
+ >

Answer

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Calculus 3
rd
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 1
x 2
At x 1: f ( 1) a b
for lim f(x):
left limit : f( 1 ) lim x 2 1
Right limit : f( 1 ) lim ax b a b
f ( x ) is Continous at x 1 f ( 1) lim f(x) a b -1 ( 1)
At x 2 : f ( 2 ) 2a b
for lim f(x):
left limit : f( 2 ) l
= = +
= =
= + = +
= = + =
= = +
=
x 2
x 2
x 2
im ax b 2a b
f ( x ) is Continous at x 2 f ( 2 ) lim f(x) 2a b 2 ( 2 )
from (1) and (2) by using subtraction : a 3 and by substituting b -4
+ = +
= + =
= = + =
= =
x 1 =
x
f ( x ) x 2 ax b +
x 2 =
x 2 +
Example (21)
let f ( x ) be a continuous function at x 1 and at x 2 , then find a and b ,where :
x 2 : x 1
f ( x ) a x b : 1 x 2
x 2 : x 2
= =
<
= + s s
+ >

Answer


Calculus 3
rd
Continuity of a function Over an interval

Any function is said to be Continuous over an interval if the function is Continuous at every
point in the interval .

For example : f(x) = 7 is a constant function , its domain is R and the limit for each point in R
is 7 , So the function is Continuous on R .

SO , Any Constant function is Continuous over R

Another example : f(x) =
4 2
3x 8x 7x 3 + + + is a polynomial function , its domain is R and the
limit for any point in R equals the value of the function at the same point .
let me Convince you
4 2
4 2 4 2
x a x a
x a
let a R where a is any point you have
So f ( a ) 3a 8a 7a 3
for lim f(x): lim 3x 8x 7x 3 3a 8a 7a 3
So as you see , at x a f ( a ) lim f ( x ) and that's true for each a R
f(x) is Continuous on R

e
= + + +
+ + + = + + +
= = e

SO , Any Polynomial function is Continuous over R

Another example : f(x) =
1
x 1
is Continuous on R {1}
But what if we ask you about the Continuity of f(x) =
1
x 1
on the interval ] 0 , 2 [
Then the answer would be f(x) is discontinuous over ]0 ,2 [ because f(x) is not defined at
x=1 which belongs to ]0 , 2 [ .

Remember that : each point belongs to the interval must be defined in order to make f(x) a
Continuous function over this interval .

SO , Any rational function is Continuous on R
except the set of zeroes of its denominator


Calculus 3
rd
The above can be summerized in the following :

2 n
0 1 2 n
2 n
0 1 2 n
2 m
0 1 2 m
( 1) The polynomial function f ( x ) a a x a x .... a x , is continous on R
or any subset of R .
p( x ) a a x a x .... a x
( 2 ) The rational function f ( x )
Q( x ) b b x b x .... b x
is continuous on
= + + + +
+ + + +
= =
+ + + +
R or any subset of R except at the zero`s of Q( x )
( 3 ) The Trigonometric function.
a ) f ( x ) Sin x is continunous on R or any subset or R
b ) f ( x ) Cos x is continunous on R or any subset or R
c ) f ( x
=
=
) Tan x is continunous on R or any subset or R . except for
2n 1 5 3
The point s x : n Z " , , , ,........"
2 2 2 2 2
t t t t
t
=
+
= e

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Simple examples

Discuss the Continuity of f(x) on R of each of the following :

(1) f(x)=5
Answer
f(x) is Constant function , then it is Continuous on R
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(2) f(x) =
2
3x 4x 3 + +
Answer
f(x) is a polynomial function , then it is Continuous on R
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(3) f(x) =
3
x 2

Answer
The domain of f(x) is R {2} , Then f(x) is Continuous on R {2}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(4) f(x) =
2
2
2x 3
x 9
+

Answer
The domain of f(x) is :
2 2
x 9 0 x 9 x 3 = = =
Then f(x) is Continuous on R { 3 }
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Calculus 3
rd
2
2 2
The domain of x 1 :
x 1 0 x 1
Continuous on R
+
+ > >
The domain of 2x 3 :
3
2x 3 0 2x 3 x
2
3
Continuous on R
2
= = =

`
)
3
R
2

`
)
2
2
cos x sinx is continuous on R and x 3 is continuous on R .
f ( x ) is continuous on R except at the zeros of denominator
f ( x ) is continuous on R {-3}
+ +
3
x 1
f ( x )
cos x
=
3
n
f ( x ) is continuous on R x : x , n Z
2
t

= e
`
)
(5) f(x) =
2
x 3
x 4x 3
+
+

Answer
The domain of f(x) is
( )( )
2
x 4x 3 0 x 3 x 1 0 x 3 and x 1 + = = = =
Then f(x) is Continuous on R {3 , 1}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(6) f(x) =
2
x 1
2x 3
+

Answer

Then f(x) is Continuous on
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(7)
2
2x
f ( x )
x 5x 8
=
+

Answer
2
b 4ac for the denominator 25 4 1 8 25 32 -7 0
Therefore there are no real zeroes for the denominator f is continuous on R .
= = = <

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( )
1
( 8 ) f ( x ) x 2 sin x = +
Answer
1 2
Each of the two functions g ( x ) x 2 "Polynomial fn" and g ( x ) sinx "Sin fn"
is continuous on R .
= + =

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2
cos x sinx
( 9 ) f ( x )
x 3
+
=
+

Answer

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(10)
Answer

which makes Cos x = 0


Calculus 3
rd
| |
The domain of x 3 :
x 3 0 x 3 Domain is 3,
> >
x 3 =
x
f ( x )
f ( 3 ) x 3
+
=

Examples
(1) Discuss the Continuity of : f ( x ) x 3 = over its domain .
Answer

At x = 3 : f(3)= 3 3 0 =

x 3
for lim f(x):

x 3 x 3
lim x 3= lim x 3 0
+

=

So as f(3) =
x 3
lim f ( x ) Then f(x) is Continuous at x 3
=
On the interval
| |
3, :
x a x a
x a
let a R
So f ( a ) a 3
for lim f(x): lim a 3 a 3
f ( a ) lim f ( x ) f(x) is Continuous on R

e
=
=
=

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Calculus 3
rd
( )
( )
( )
x -3
x -3
x 3
2
x 2
x 2
At x -3 : f ( -3 ) 3 -3 2 -7
for lim f(x):
Right limit : f( -3 ) lim 3x 2 3 -3 2 -7
f ( 3 ) lim f(x) f ( x ) is Continous at x -3
At x 2 : f ( 2 ) 2 4 8
for lim f(x):
left limit : f( 2 ) lim 3x 2 8
Right limit
+
= = + =
= + = + =
= =
= = + =
= + =
( )
( )
2
x 2
x 2
2
x 5
2
2
x 5
x 5
: f( 2 ) lim x 4 8
f ( x ) is Continous at x 2 f ( 2 ) lim f(x)
At x 5 : f ( 5 ) 5 4 29
for lim f(x):
left limit : f( 5 ) lim x 4 5 4 29
f ( 5 ) lim f(x) f ( x ) is Continous at x 5
+
= + =
= =
= = + =
= + = + =
= =
x -3 =
x
f ( x ) 3x 2 +
x 5 =
2
x 4 +
x 2 =
7
8
29
2) Discuss the continuity of the function :
2
3x 2 : -3 x 2
f ( x )
x 4 : 2 x 5
+ s <
=

+ s s

Answer

For intervals :
(1)
| |
for all x -3,2 : e

| |
f ( x ) 3x 2 is a polynomial f ( x ) is continuous on - 3,2 = +

| |
for all x 2 , 5 : e

| |
2
f ( x ) x +4 is a polynomial f ( x ) is continuous on x 2 , 5 = e

(2) For points :

| |
From ( 1) and ( 2) , we see that f ( x ) is continuous on -3 , 5


Calculus 3
rd
x 0 =
x
f ( x )
Sin x Cos x
x t =
2
2Cos x 1
2 1
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
x 0
x 0
x 0
2
x
x
At x 0 : f ( 0 ) Sin 0 Cos 0 1
for lim f(x):
Right limit : f( 0 ) lim Sin x Cos x Sin 0 Cos 0 1
At x : f ( ) 2Cos 1 1
for lim f(x):
left limit : f( ) lim Sin x Cos
t
t
t t t
t
+
+
= = =
= = =
= =
= = =
=
2
x
x
x 1
Right limit : f( ) lim 2Cos x 1 1
f ( ) lim f(x) f ( x ) is Continuous at x
t
t
t
t t
+
+
+
=
= =
= =
3) Discuss the continuity of the function :
2
sinx cos x : 0 x
f ( x )
2cos x 1 : x
t
t
s s
=

>

Answer

For intervals :
(1)
| |
for all x 0 , : t e
f ( x ) Sinx Cos x is continuous "Theorem" =

| |
for all x , t e

2
f ( x ) 2Cos x 1 is continuous "Theorem" =

(2) For points :

| |
From ( 1) and ( 2) , we see that f ( x ) is continuous on 0 ,
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Calculus 3
rd
1
x
2
1
x
2
1
x
2
1
x
2
1 1 7 1
At x : f ( ) 3
2 2 2 2
for lim f(x):
1 7 7 1
left limit : f( ) lim x 3
2 2 2 2
1 3
Right limit : f( ) lim 1
2 2x 4
1 1
f( ) f( ) lim f(x) doesn' t exist
2 2
1
f ( x ) is discontinous at x
2
From ( 1) and ( 2 ) , we
= = =
= = =
= =
=
=
1
see that f ( x ) is continuous on R ,2
2

`
)
x
f ( x )
7
x
2

3
2x 4
1
x
2
=
{ }
3
2x 4 0 2x 4 x 2
2x 4
3
So the domain of is R- 2
2x 4
= = =
4) Discuss the continuity of the function on R where :

7 1
x x
2 2
f ( x )
3 1
x
2x 4 2
>

Answer

For intervals :
(1)
1
for all x - , :
2
(
e
(

7 1
f ( x ) x is a polynomial f ( x ) is continuous on - ,
2 2
(
=
(

1
for all x , :
2
(
e
(

Domain of

{ }
1
f ( x ) is continuous on , 2
2
(

(

(2) For points :


Calculus 3
rd
x 0 =
x
f ( x )
2
3x 2 +
9 2x
x 5
5
x 1 = x 2 = x 3 =
( )
2
x 0
2
x 0
x 0
x 1
2
x 1
x 1
At x 0 : f ( 0 ) 3 0 2 2
for lim f(x):
Right limit : f( 0 ) lim 3x 2 2
At x 1: f ( 1) 5
for lim f(x):
Right limit : f( 1 ) lim 5 5
+
+
= = + =
= + =
= =
= =
= + =
= =
f ( x ) is Continous at x 1 =
2
3x +2 : 0 x 1
let f(x) 5 : 1 x 2
9 2x
: 2 x 3
x 5
s s
= s <

s s

(5) Then Discuss the Continuity over its domain

Answer

For intervals :
(1)
| |
for all x 0,1 : e

| |
2
f ( x ) 3x 2 is a polynomial f ( x ) is continuous on 0,1 = +

| |
for all x 1 , 2 : e

| |
f ( x ) 5 is a Constant function f ( x ) is continuous on 1 , 2 =

| |
for all x 2 , 3 : e

| |
| |
9 2x
f ( x ) has a domain : x 5 But 5 2 , 3
x 5
f ( x ) is continuous on 2 , 3
= = e

(2) For points :


Calculus 3
rd
( )
( )
x 2
x 2
x 2
x 2
x 3
9 2 2
5
At x 2 : f ( 2 ) -
2 5 3
for lim f(x):
9 2x 5
Right limit : f( 2 ) lim -
x 5 3
f( 2 ) f( 2 ) lim f(x) doesn' t exist
f ( x ) is discontinous at x 2
9 2 3
3
At x 3 : f ( 3 )
3 5 2
for lim
= = =
= =
= =
=
=

= = =
| | { }
x 3
x 3
f(x):
9 2x 3
left limit: f( 3 ) lim
x 5 2
From ( 1) and ( 2 ) , we see that f ( x ) is continuous on 0 , 3 2

= =
= =

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------


Calculus 3
rd
x 0
x 0
x 0
x 3
x 3
x 3
At x 0 : f ( 0 ) 5 0 5
for lim f(x):
Right limit : f( 0 ) lim 5 x 5
At x 3 : f ( 3 ) 3 1 2
for lim f(x):
left limit : f( 3 ) lim 5 x 2
+
+
= = =
= =
= =
= = =
= =
= =
| |
x 3
At x 4 : f ( 4 ) Undefined
f ( x ) is discontinous at x 4
From ( 1) and ( 2 ) , we see that f ( x ) is continuous on 0 , 4
= =
= =
=
x
f ( x )
5 x
x 4 =
x 1
x 3 = x 0 =
| |
Discuss the continuity of the function : f ( x ) x 3 2 on 0 , 4 = + (6)

Answer

( )
( )
x 3 : x 3
x 3 : 0 x 3
x 3 x 3
x 3 : x 3
x 3 : 3 x 4
3 x 2 : 0 x 3
Thus f ( x ) x 3 2
x 3 2 : 3 x 4
5 x : 0 x 3
f ( x )
x 1
>
s s
= =

<
s <

+ s s
= + =

+ < <
s s
=

: 3 x 4
< <

For intervals :
(1)
| |
for all x 0,3 : e

| |
f ( x ) 5 x is a polynomial f ( x ) is continuous on 0,3 =

| |
for all x 3 , 4 : e

| |
f ( x ) x 1 is a polynomial f ( x ) is continuous on x 3 , 4 = e

(2) For points :


Calculus 3
rd
x
f ( x )
5 2x + 11 2x
3
x
2
=
Discuss the continuity of the function : f ( x ) 8 3 2x in R =
3
x
2
3
x
2
3
x
2
3 3 3
At x : f ( ) 5 2 8
2 2 2
for lim f(x):
3
left limit : f( ) lim 5 2x 8
2
3
Right limit : f( ) lim 11 2x 8
2
3
f ( x ) is Continous at x
2
From ( 1) and ( 2 ) , we see that f ( x ) is continuous on R
| |
= = + =
|
\ .
= + =
= =
=
(7)

Answer

( )
( )
( )
3 3
3 2x : x 8 3 2x : x
2 2
3 2x f ( x )
3 3
3 2x : x 8 3 2x : x
2 2
3
5 2x : x
2
Thus f ( x ) f ( x )
3
11 2x : x
2

s s

= =

> + >

+ s
= =

>

For intervals :
(1)
3
for all x - , :
2
(
e
(

3
f ( x ) 5 2x is a polynomial f ( x ) is continuous on - ,
2
(
= +
(

3
for all x , :
2
(
e
(

3
f ( x ) 11 2x is a polynomial f ( x ) is continuous on ,
2
(
=
(

(2) For points :


Calculus 3
rd
x
f ( x )
-2x 3 + 7
x 5 = x -2 =
Discuss the continuity of the function : f ( x ) x 2 x 5 in R = + +
( )
x 5 : x 5
x 5
x 5 : x 5
>
=

<
( )
x 2 : x 2
x 2
x 2 : x 2
+ >
+ =

+ <
2x 3
( )
x 2
x 2
x 2
x 5
x 5
At x 2 : f ( 2 ) 7
for lim f(x):
Right limit : f( 2 ) lim 7 7
f ( x ) is Continuous at x 2
At x 5 : f ( 5 ) 2 5 3 7
for lim f(x):
Right limit : f( 5
= =
= + =
= =
=
= = =
= =
x 5
) lim 2x 3 7
From ( 1) and ( 2 ) , we see that f ( x ) is continuous on R
+
+
= =
=
(8)

Answer

For x 5 > : f(x)= (x 5) + (x+2)= 2 x 3
For x 2 < : f(x)= -( x + 2) ( x 5 )= -2 x + 3
For 2 x 5 s s : f(x)= ( x + 2) ( x 5 )= 7

For intervals :
(1)
| |
for all x - , 2 : e

| |
f ( x ) -2x 3 is a polynomial f ( x ) is continuous on - , 2 = +

| |
for all x 2 , 5 : e

| |
f ( x ) 7 is Constant function So , it is continuous on 2 , 5 =

| |
for all x 5 , : e

| |
f ( x ) 2x 3 is a polynomial f ( x ) is continuous on 5 , =
(2) For points :


Calculus 3
rd
2
ax 7 : x -1
If f(x) x +b : -1 x 2
3x a : x 2
+ s
= s <
+ >
x
f ( x )
3x 2 a x b +
x 5 = x -2 =
2
x 12
x
f ( x )
ax 7 +
2
x b +
x 2 = x -1 =
3x a +
( )
( )
x 2
f ( x ) is continuous on R
f ( x ) is continuous at x -2 f ( 2 ) 3 2 2 -8
And f ( - 2 ) f ( - 2 ) f ( -2 )
lim ax b -2a b -8 ( 1)
f ( x ) is continuous
+
+
= = =
= =
+ = + =
( )
( )
2
x 5
at x 5 f ( 5 ) 5 12 13
f ( 5 ) f ( 5 ) f ( 5 )
lim ax b 13 5a b 13 ( 2 )
From ( 1) and ( 2 ) and by subtraction : we get 7a 21 a 3 and b -8 6 -2
= = =
= =
+ = + =
= = = + =
( )
( )
2
x -1
f ( x ) is continuous at x -1 f ( 1) 1 b 1 b
And f ( -1 ) f ( -1 ) f ( -1)
lim ax 7 1 b a 7 1 b a b 6 ( 1)
And f ( x ) is continuous on R
f ( x )
= = + = +
= =
+ = + + = + + =
( )
2
x 2
is continuous at x 2 f ( 2 ) 3 2 a 6 a
f ( 2 ) f ( 2 ) f ( 2 )
lim x b 6 a 4 b 6 a a b 2 ( 2 )
From ( 1) and ( 2 ) and by addition: we get 2a 4 a 2 and b 4
= = + = +
= =
+ = + + = + =
= = =
2
3x 2 : x -2
( 9 ) If the function f ( x ) ax b : - 2 x 5 is Continuous on R , then find a and b
x - 12 : x 5
s
= + < <
>

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

(10) is Continuous on R , then find a and b

Answer


Calculus 3
rd
x 0
x 0 x 0
x 0
x
3
At x 0 : f ( 0 ) 1 Cos 0 2
for lim f(x):
sin2x 0 sin2x
left limit : f( 0 ) lim lim 2
x 0 x
Right limit : f( 0 ) lim 1 Cos x 2
3
At x : f ( ) 1 Cos
3 3 3 2
for lim f(x):
left limit : f(
3
t
t t t
t

+
= = + =
= = =
= + =
=
= = + =
x
3
3
) lim 1 Cos x
2
f ( x ) is Continuous at x
3
From ( 1) and ( 2 ) , we see that f ( x ) is continuous on - ,
6 3
t
t
t t
= + =
=
(
(

x
f ( x )
sin2x
x
x
3
t
=
1 Cos x +
x 0 =
x
6
t
=
(11) Discuss the Continuity of
sin2x -
: x 0
x 6
f ( x )
1 cos x : 0 x
3
t
t
< <
+ s s

Answer

For intervals :
(1) for all x - , 0 :
6
t
(
e
(

sin2x
f ( x ) is a Sin function f ( x ) is continuous on - , 0
x 6
t
(
=
(

for all x 0 , :
3
t
(
e
(

f ( x ) 1 Cos x is Cos function So , it is continuous on 0 ,
3
t
(
= +
(

(2) For points :


Calculus 3
rd
x
f ( x )
x sin2x
1
sin x
2
+
x a +
x t = x -t =
x 0 =
| |
x 0
x 0
f ( x ) is continuous on 0,
f ( x ) is continuous at x 0 f ( 0 ) 0 a a
And f ( 0 ) f ( 0 ) f ( 0 )
x sin2x 0
lim " Divide both numerator and denominator by x"
1
0
sin x
2
sin2x
1
1 2
x
lim 6 a 6
1 1
sin x
2 2
x
t
= = + =
= =
+
=
+
+
= = =
2
x 5
find the value of a and b such that f ( x ) is continuous where f ( x ) on R
x ax 25
+
=
+
(12)

Answer

| |
2 2
2
f ( x ) is continuous on R The denominator has no zeros
Discriminant " b 4ac" is negative a 4 25 0
a 100 a -10 ,10

<
< e

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

( 13 ) find the value of a and b such that f ( x ) is continuous where:
x sin2x
: - x 0
1
sin x f ( x )
2
x a : 0 x
t
t
+
s <
+ s s

Answer

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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4) Discuss the continuity of the function on R where :

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