V. Ramakrishnan et al.

CONSTITUTIVE MODELING OF THE FLEXURAL FATIGUE PERFORMANCE OF FIBER REINFORCED AND LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETES
V.Ramakrishnan1 and K.P.Ramesh2 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT Fatigue life and endurance limits are the most important design parameters in bridges and pavements were cyclic and dynamic loadings are predominant. Structural designers usually adopt a deterministic approach to design; eventhough structural problems are often non-deterministic. Therefore in the face of an uncertainty, say an extreme loading due to earthquake or impact; there is a very high probability that the structure fails. There is a need to model the fatigue life of materials using a probabilistic approach. This paper presents the results of an extensive analytical investigation that was carried out using the data obtained by conducting fatigue tests on lightweight concrete in air and water, and also on fiber reinforced concretes. A power model for predicting the relationship between the fatigue stress ratio (S), a dependent variable, and the total number of cycles to failure (N), an independent variable, is presented. Prediction interval was used to measure the accuracy of the regression equation for predicting the future values for designing for fatigue resistance of structures. Hypothesis testing was also done to determine whether a strong and significant relation existed between S and N. A multiple regression analysis was carried out on all the fatigue data from all the mixes with varying compressive strengths. Adequacy of regression models was assessed using the values of coefficient of correlation, conditional estimation of standard deviation and the significanceF (p-value) of the hypothesis test. The different models thus presented can be used to predict the fatigue life of fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) and light weight concrete (LWC) with any compressive strength, at a given stress level and can be confidently used by designers. Keywords: Fiber Reinforced Concrete; Light Weight Concrete; Modeling; Fatigue Strength and Endurance Limit
1 2

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Distinguished Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Graduate Student, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Rapid City, SD 57701-3995, USA

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INTRODUCTION Structures such as bridge elements and pavements are predominantly subjected to cyclic loading due to traffic. Even other structures such as offshore structures, parts of high rise buildings, and crane girders in the industrial buildings are subjected to cyclic loadings and impact loadings. For these structures flexural fatigue strength and endurance limit are used as criteria for design. Earthquake resistant buildings are designed on the basis of fatigue load cycles and the loading occurs at irregular time intervals and they transmit transient dynamic ground motions, which in turn induces the largest natural force. In the case of sudden impact load such as missiles on structures there is every possibility that the loading can exceed that specified in building codes. Since designers have always used a deterministic approach to the problem there is high risk of structural failure due to fatigue in the above cases. Since there is always an uncertainty, it is safe that we design structures using a probabilistic approach [1 to 9]. In general the term fatigue implies the application of an external dynamic loading on a structural part. Under this load the structural part undergoes progressive localized permanent change which may result, after a number of repeated load applications, in crack formation or a complete failure. The fatigue cracking may occur from fatigue loading well below the static tensile strength of the material. Fatigue failure occurs without any warning and results in a brittle failure with no gross deformation. In this investigation fatigue strength is defined as the maximum flexural fatigue stress for which the beam can withstand two million cycles of nonreversed fatigue loading [1]. Endurance limit is defined as the flexural fatigue stress at which the beam could withstand 2 million cycles of non-reversed fatigue loading (fmax) expressed as a percentage of the modulus of rupture (fr) [10 to 13].

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OBJECTIVES The objectives of the paper are to To perform a statistical and probabilistic analysis to develop constitutive models for the prediction of flexural fatigue life for fiber reinforced and lightweight concretes. To present and discuss the different results, information and the models developed for prediction of fatigue life and failure stress.

TESTING PROGRAM The specimens used for flexural fatigue test were concrete beams measuring 101.6mm X 101.6mm X 355.6mm (4in X 4in X 14in), subjected to third point loading. Data from a total of 119 fiber reinforced [13] and lightweight concrete [10,11 and 12] specimens were collected and investigated. The modulus of rupture (fr) was determined by testing three beam specimens, randomly selected from each mix, according to ASTM C 78 (Third Point Loading). The average modulus of rupture, fr represents the static modulus of rupture of the mix, the remaining beams (a minimum of 20) were subjected to a non reversed flexural fatigue with third point loading at a frequency of 25 cycles per second (25Hz). Fatigue tests were done using the procedure given below. The lower limit was set at 10% of fr (average max. load). The upper limit (ffmax ) was set in between 50% to 90% of fr (average max. load). If the beam failed before completing 2 million cycles the upper limit (ffmax ) was reduced for the next beam. A minimum of 3 beams was tested at each stress level. If the beam did not fail even after completing 2 million cycles then 2 more specimens were tested to the same maximum load (stress) level.

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The testing arrangement for the flexural fatigue test was the same as for the static flexure test. The control and the monitor system consisted of a MTS load cell. There was also a counter provided to keep track of the number of cycles. Fiber Reinforced Concrete Addition of fibers improves the static flexural strength, flexural fatigue strength, impact strength, shock resistance, ductility and failure toughness in concrete. Plain concrete has a fatigue endurance limit of 50 to 55 % of static flexural strength and a properly designed FRC can achieve about 90 to 95 % endurance limit. FRC has been widely used in airport and highway pavements, bridge deck overlays, whitetoppings, spillways, sluiceways, bridge piers, earthquake resistant structures and missile silos. Six mixes: DOT-T5, T6, P1, W1, NMFRC and NMFRC-2 with varying compressive strengths were tested. All above referred polyolefin FRC mixes had the same fiber loading of 14.8kg/m3 (25lbs/cu.yard). The data collected from these 6 different FRC mixes were analyzed in this investigation. The flexural fatigue strengths and endurance limits for these concretes were calculated and given in Table 1. Light Weight Concrete The high performance lightweight concrete has great potential to be used in offshore structures because it has less submerged weight. Offshore structures are predominantly subjected to cyclic and dynamic loading due to waves and wind. Therefore there is a need to design these structures based on fatigue load cycles [6,7]. Two types of lightweight aggregates were used viz., lightweight expanded shale (series A) and crushed expanded shale (series B) provided in 2 sizes 19mm and 9.5mm. Chemical admixtures used included a high range water reducer (super plasticizer), a normal water reducing admixture (WRA) and an air-entraining admixture (AEA). Silica fume was used for all the mixes in the form of liquid slurry having a weight of 1.37 kg/lt. (0.69kg solid and 0.68kg liquid). The

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substitute seawater was prepared according to ASTM standard D1141-86. For lightweight aggregates from series A three different cement factors 415, 465, 515 kg/m3 of concrete were used. These three mixtures were designated as mixture 1, 2, 3 respectively. Two batches were made for each mixture proportion and these batches were designated as FW1, FW2, FW3, FW4, FW5 and FW6. They were tested for fatigue in water. In the same way 6 more batches were made and these were designated as M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 and M6. They were tested for fatigue in air. For lightweight aggregates from series B, 12 mixtures were made, six mixes (A to F) for fatigue testing in air and six mixes (G to L) for fatigue testing in water. For each test condition (air or water) principal variable was size of light weight concrete, with three mixes being made with 9.5mm aggregates, 2 mix with 19mm aggregates and one mix was made with combination of two sizes of aggregates. The flexural fatigue strengths and endurance limits for the lightweight concrete tested in air and seawater [10,11 and 12], for series A and series B are given in Table 2.

DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY Probabilistic Methods in Engineering Probabilistic distributions are useful for modeling and analyzing real world processes. In some cases a theoretical distribution closely fits the historical data that has been collected, in other cases we make judgement about the fundamental nature of the processes and choose an appropriate theoretical distribution without collecting the data. The field of statistics is concerned with making inferences about populations and population characteristics. Experiments are concerned with results that are subjected to chance. The compression testing of a number of concrete cylinders is an example of a statistical experiment; a term that is used to describe any process by which several chance observations is generated. The flexural fatigue test results show considerable scatter even in a given stress level under very carefully controlled testing

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environment. It is therefore desirable to apply probabilistic or expected value procedures to ensure adequate resistance of concrete structures. Several mathematical models have been used for statistical description of the fatigue life. Most studies on the fatigue of concrete have so far been directed to interrelate the applied fatigue stress and the fatigue life of concrete. It has been shown that a simple relationship between applied fatigue stress and the fatigue life is difficult to obtain [1]. Regression Analysis Regression analysis is used to solve problems involving sets of variables, while correlation analysis is used to determine the degree of association between the variables. Some assumptions need to be recognized before the application of linear regression analysis to an experimental set of data. In most applications, there is a clear distinction between the variables as far as their role in the experimental process is concerned. There is a single dependent variable or response Y, which is controlled in the experiment. The Yi are random variables possessing the same variance 2. This response depends on one or more independent or regressor variables say x1, x2 xk which are measured with negligible error and are often controlled in the experiment. Thus the independent variables x1, x2 xk are not random variables and therefore have no distributional properties. The Y values for a given x must be normally distributed. For an S-N curve, the stress ratio (S) is the dependent variable. The regression analysis is used to determine how the dependent variable changes with the independent variable (N). Prediction of Average Flexural Fatigue Life The relationship fit to a set of experimental data is characterized by a prediction equation called a regression equation. In the case of a single Y and a single x, the situation becomes regression of Y on x. For k independent variables, we speak in terms of regression of Y on x1, x2 xk. To predict the average life of a part, a number of test specimens are tested at various stress levels

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until failure. Due to non-homogeneity in material properties i.e., variation in aggregate, and type and quantity of cement, water/cement ratio etc., identical parts subjected to the same fluctuating stress, generally fail at different cycles. Since the best estimate of a sample is generally the average value, the average life is commonly used to describe the fatigue characteristics of the specimens. The fatigue results or the relationship between cycles to failure versus stress can either be plotted on semi-log or log paper with the stress on the ordinate and corresponding lives on the abscissa. Selstad [1] had shown that the S-N curve couldnt represent the fatigue data with adequate accuracy in a semi log scale from 100 to 2 million cycles. It was found that the number of cycles to failure was too large in the mid fatigue stress region. Lokvik [1] used a log scale to solve this problem. The correlation coefficient of the regression line was greatly improved and the data points were scattered on both side of the estimated regression line. Selection of a model to predict the fatigue life is based on the correlation coefficient. The assumption of normality of the data must also be checked. This is done by producing a normal probability plot of the residuals and checking whether the points have formed approximately a straight line. Normal probability plots for all the lightweight concrete mixes showed that the fatigue data points approximately follow a linear trend. After investigating various models, Lokvik [1] showed that the power model gave the best fit for the fatigue test data. Since the fatigue life is expressed in logarithm, the under lying stress distribution reduces to a normal distribution. The power model is given below. S= Ff /Fr = Co Ncl In which Co and C1 are coefficients, Ff /Fr is the fatigue stress ratio. Taking logarithms of both sides linearizes the power equation, which yields the equation. ln(S) = ln(Co) + C1. ln(N)

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The power model has been adopted for arriving at a relationship between S and N for all the lightweight concrete mixes. Linear regression analysis has been carried out for each of the mixes. Standardized residuals were computed and almost all the standardized residuals fell within the range of 2 to +2. The proposed equation is valid only in the range of 103 to 2 x 106 cycles, which is the type of loading that may be expected in concrete pavements and bridge decks. It is recognized that structural problems are often non-deterministic. In fact, problems of structural design must be resolved in the face of uncertainty and as a consequence, risk the probability of an adverse event or failure is virtually unavoidable. Failure should be interpreted with respect to some predefined limit state: it may be excessive deflection, major cracking (first crack load), or the total collapse of a structure (ultimate flexural load). Hence, the stress-life probability relations are desirable to ensure adequate fatigue resistance of concrete structures. The design life, N D, should be selected such that there is only a small probability that failure will occur. Once the distribution function is determined, the design life may be selected corresponding to acceptable design reliability. This however requires a large number of fatigue data and an investigation of the fatigue life distribution of the data. Fatigue Life Prediction Light weight concrete The compressive strength is about 48.3 Mpa and nearly same for all the six batches. Hence it is reasonable to combine together the test results of all batches and analyze them as a single batch, for both in seawater and in air. Using regression analysis, the following power model equations are obtained to predict the fatigue life N for a specified endurance limit (fmax/fr), where fr is the modulus of rupture, and fmax is the maximum flexural fatigue stress. fmax/ fr=bNc b= 1.17 c= -0.044 (AIR) fmax/ fr=bNc b= 0.958 c = -0.027 (WATER)

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The endurance limits were nearly the same for the lightweight concrete tested in the air and in seawater. The above equations are valid for thousand to two million cycles for lightweight concrete tested in air and in seawater. Figure 5 shows the estimated power model regression lines for series-A in log-log scale for specimens tested in air and water. The regression statistics of the model have been reported in table 3. Series B: The average compressive strength for the lightweight concrete tested in series B was higher than 55 Mpa, therefore a separate analysis was done for these concretes. The average flexural fatigue strength was approximately 4 Mpa when tested in water and 3 Mpa when tested in air. Therefore it is reasonable to combine together the test cells of all concretes tested and to analyze them as a single group both in water and air. This will provide a satisfactory significant sample and the prediction equation will be reliable and more accurate. In earlier research [13] it has been observed that, when a specimen withstood two million cycles of fatigue loading it never failed even after the loading was continued for 22 million cycles. Using regression analysis the following equations were obtained to predict the fatigue life (N) for specified flexural fatigue stress (fmax) for the lightweight concrete when the modulus of rupture (fr) is known. fmax/ fr=bNc b= 1.13 c= -0.036 (AIR) fmax/ fr=bNc b=1.066 c= -0.032 (WATER)

The above formatted equations are valid for 10,000 to two million cycles for lightweight concrete with a compressive strength of 45 to 55 Mpa. Fig.6 shows the estimated power model regression lines for series B in log-log scale for specimens in air and water. The results of the analysis have been reported in Table 3. The predicted values of N and fc for mixtures M1-M6 (Air) are shown in Fig. 8 and 11. The residual plots for variable N and fc are shown in Fig. 7 and 10. The normal probability plot (Fig. 9) is almost a linear line, which indicates that there is a

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linear relationship between S and N. The ratio of stress Vs Number of cycles forms a nonlinear curve upto a certain limit (Fig.2) and then becomes a constant parallel to X-axis. This gives the endurance limit of mixture M1-M6 (air). Fiber reinforced concrete Regression analysis was done by adopting the same procedure as in the case of lightweight concrete. Regression statistics of the model have been reported in Table 3. Regression lines for all mixtures have been plotted in Log-Log scale in Fig.12. The data points were equally distributed about the regression line. Combined Multiple Regression Model In most research problems where regression analysis is applied, more than one independent variable is needed in the regression model. The complexity of most scientific mechanisms is such that in order to be able to predict an important response, a multiple regression model is needed. The power model equations are meant for lightweight and fiber reinforced concrete mixtures with specific compressive strengths. The applicability of these equations is restricted to the specific compressive strength ranges for which they are meant. The range of applicability is a question of scientific judgement. It was found that the fatigue data of lightweight and fiber reinforced concrete are represented with adequate accuracy when plotted on a log-log scale. The power model was employed to establish a relationship between the fatigue strength and the number of cycles for the two series having different compressive strengths. It was observed that regression lines of the different mixes were aligned on one above the other depending upon their compressive strengths. A compressive strength component is introduced in the power model for generalizing the model to encompass all compressive strength ranges.

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The suggested multiple regression models are given below. fmax/ fr = a.fc + b.Nc

Light Weight Concrete a = 0.001348 b = 0.939015 c = -0.031562

Fiber Reinforced Concrete a= b= c= -2.256E-05 1.068756 -0.025488

Where fc is the compressive strength of the concrete mixture. Multiple regression analysis was carried out on the entire fatigue data from all the lightweight concrete mixtures with varying compressive strengths. Regression was done using the method of least squares as a non-linear regression. A residual is defined as the error in the fit of the model of the ith data point. It is the difference between the estimated value of Y and the observed value Yi at that data point. ei = Y-Yi SSE= ei2 = (Y- Yi)2

The multiple regression coefficients are found by minimizing the sum of the squares of the residuals (SSE). The minimization procedure for estimating the parameters is called the method of least squares. Regression was also done using a method of least squares on linear regression. The linear relationship between S (dependent variable), N (independent variable I) and fc ((independent variable II) was also determined. Adequacy of the regression model The error introduced in the regression model is due to the variation between the values of Y within given values of x. This component reflects near random variation or experimental error. One of the ways of assessing the adequacy of regression model is to determine the multiple

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correlation coefficient squared (r ), which expresses the proportion of the total variation in the values of the variable Y that can be accounted for by a linear relationship with the values of variable X. The measure of linear association between two variable X and Y is estimated by the sample correlation coefficient, r, which varies between +1 and 1. The value of r = +1 implies a perfect linear relationship with a positive slope. The lower the value of S2y/x, the better the performance of the regression model. The statistic r2 should be used with caution because the value of r2 can be inflated by adding more terms to the regression model. Often the problem of analyzing the quality of estimated regression line is handled through an analysis of variance approach or a hypothesis test for the significance of the fitted line. A hypothesis test is done with a null hypothesis (Ho) that there is no significant relation between X and Y and an alternate hypothesis (HA) that there is significant relation between X and Y. The random variable F = (Yi- Y)2/ S2y/x is distributed according to F1,n-2 distribution. A point estimate (f) of the random variable F is compared with F1,n-2, where is the level of significance. The null hypothesis is Ho is rejected when f > F1,n-2, . Thus it is concluded that there is a significant relationship between X and Y. Computing the p value, can assess the strength of rejection. The p- value is the lowest possible value of for which the null hypothesis ( Ho) will be rejected. Thus lower the p- value, stronger the rejection Ho. Table 3 gives the regression statistics for all the lightweight concrete and fiber reinforced concrete mixtures. The parameters of the power model have been tabulated. The adequacy of the regression model can be assessed by the tabulated values of coefficient of correlation (r), the conditional estimate of standard deviation ( Sy/x ) and the significanceF ( p value ) of the hypothesis test. The standard deviation ( Sy/x ) values for all the mixtures fall in the range of 0.1 to 0.05, which is within allowable limits. The coefficient of correlation (r), varies from high value of 0.85 for mix A- F to a lower value of 0.71 for mix T6. The p value for all the

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lightweight concrete mixtures is almost 0, indicating a very strong rejection of null hypothesis. This suggests that a significant relationship does exist between S (Ff /Fr) and N for all the lightweight concrete and fiber reinforced concrete mixtures under consideration. The multiple regression models were formulated by carrying out multiple regression analysis on the fatigue data obtained from all the mixtures. A compressive strength term was included in the model to incorporate the varying compressive strengths of the different mixtures. The resulting multiple regression equation is used to predict the fatigue life of lightweight and fiber reinforced concretes with a specific compressive strength at a given stress level. The conditional estimate of the standard deviation (Sy/x ) is 0.066 for light weight concrete . The obtained standard deviation is less than the corresponding values obtained from regression analysis of individual lightweight concrete mixtures. The coefficient of correlation (r) of the multiple regression is 0.8234. The correlation is in the same range as the corresponding values obtained from individual regression analysis of all the mixtures. The conditional estimate of the standard deviation ( Sy/x ) is 0.0832 for fiber reinforced concrete mixtures . The coefficient of correlation (r) of the multiple regression is 0.7311.The correlation is better than the corresponding values obtained from the individual regression analysis.

CONCLUSIONS Since the fatigue test data of lightweight concrete shows considerable scatter and is random in nature, it is desirable to use probabilistic concepts to predict fatigue life and to ensure adequate fatigue resistance of concrete structures. A statistical analysis takes into account the variability associated with the experimental data.

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Fatigue data is adequately represented when it is plotted in log-log scale. Regression analysis has been carried out and power model equations have been formulated for prediction of fatigue life.

A combined multiple regression model was formulated to generalize the fatigue life model to encompass all compressive strength ranges. The non-linear multiple regression equation can be used to predict the fatigue life of lightweight concrete with any compressive strength, at a given stress level.

REFERENCES 1) Ramakrishnan, V., Bjorn J. Lokvik and Henning Selstad., Constitutive relations for Flexural fatigue Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Concrete, Proceedings of the VII International Congress on Experimental Mechanics., Connecticut, June 1992, pp.395-403. 2) Ramakrishnan, V., Malhotra, V. M., and Langley, W. S., Comparative Evaluation of Flexural Fatigue Behavior of High Volume Fly Ash and Plain Concrete, Proceedings CBU/CANMET International Symposium, Concrete Technology for the 21st Century, November 5 & 6, 1992, Milwaukee. 3) ACI Committee 215, Considerations for design of Concrete Structures subjected to Fatigue Loading, Report ACI 215-74, Revised 1986, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1986. 4) Hsu, T. T. C., Fatigue of Plain Concrete, Journal of the American Concrete Institute, Proceedings, V78, No. 4, July 1981, pp. 292-305. 5) Ramakrishnan, V., T. W. Bremmer and V. M. Malhotra., Fatigue Strength and Endurance Limit of Lightweight Concrete, ACI Special Publication, SP-136, Structural Lightweight Aggregate Concrete Performance, Edited by Holm and Vaysburd, American Concrete Institute, Detroit, 1992, pp. 397-420.

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6) Hoff, C. G., and Ramakrishnan, V., Flexural Performance Characteristics of High Strength Lightweight Concretes, Presented and Published in the Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Utilization of High Strength Concrete, 20-24 June, 1993, Norway. 7) Ramakrishnan, V., Hoff, G. C., and Shankar, Y. U., Flexural Fatigue Strength of Structural Lightweight Concrete Underwater, ACI Publication, SP 144-13, pp. 251-267. 8) Ramakrishnan, V., Bremmer, T. W., and Malhotra, V. M., Underwater Fatigue Performance of Structural Lightweight Concrete, ACI Publication, SP 145-51, pp. 947-965. 9) Muguruma, H., Low-Cycle Fatigue Behaviors of Plain Concrete and Concrete Members under Submerged Conditions, Proceedings of a Symposium International Experience with Durability of Concrete in Marine Environment, Edited by P. K. Mehta, University of California, Berkeley, 1989, pp. 187-212. 10) Sokke K. Shivaraj, Fatigue Performance of High Strength Lightweight Concrete and Fiber Reinforced Refractory Concrete, Master of Science Thesis, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 1988. 11) Eagala Sunil Kumar, Evaluation of Flexural Fatigue Strength of Lightweight Concrete Immersed in Sea Water, Master of Science Thesis, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 1991. 12) Yediyur U. Shankar, Flexural Fatigue Performance Characteristice of Lightweight High Strength Concrete Under Water, Master of Science Thesis, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 1991.
13) Sivakumar Chockalingam Fatigue Performance Characteristics of Polyolefin Fiber

Reinforced Concrete, Master of Science Thesis, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, 1998.

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TABLE 1 FATIGUE STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF FRC MIXES Endurance Limit % 68 57 60 70 64 68 67

Mixture Designation T5 T6 P1 W1 NMFRC NMFRC2 PLAIN

fr Mpa 6.15 6.92 5.89 6.54 7.34 5.65 5.1

fmax Mpa 3.49 4.18 4.15 4.21 5 3.8 3.45

fc' Mpa 49.89 52.22 33.54 41.77 42.49 45.97 42.96

TABLE 2 FLEXURAL FATIGUE STRENGTH AND ENDURANCE LIMIT OF LIGHTWEIGHT CONCRETE TESTED IN AIR AND SEA WATER Tested in Air Flexural fatigue Strength MPa 3.0 2.7 2.1 2.6 1.9 2.0 Tested in Sea Water Flexural fatigue Strength MPa 5.1 5.2 5.0 4.5 5.3 5.3

Batch No.

M1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6

fmax/fr. Batch No. Endurance Limit 0.6 FW1 0.6 FW2 0.6 FW3 0.6 FW4 0.6 FW5 0.6 FW6

fmax/fr. Endurance Limit 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7

TABLE 3 REGRESSION STATISTICS OF FRC AND LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE MIXTURES Mixture Comp Power Model Std Designation Strength Deviation fc Mpa Co C1 Sy/x FIBER REINFORCED CONCRETE T5 49.89 0.924 -0.039 0.083 T6 52.22 0.776 -0.019 0.07 P1 33.54 1.0078 -0.036 0.096 W1 31.77 0.853 -0.021 0.062 NMFRC 42.49 0.778 -0.011 0.03 NMFRC2 35.97 0.838 -0.019 0.055 PLAIN 42.96 0.776 -0.014 0.03 LIGHT WEIGHT CONCRETE M 46.75 1.17 -0.044 0.08 FW 49.2 0.958 -0.027 0.054 A-F 54.65 1.13 -0.036 0.068 G-L 55.16 1.066 -0.032 0.048 Coef of Significance Correlation F-P value r 0.76 0.71 0.77 0.77 0.76 0.72 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.84 0.81 0.0004 0.0031 0.0008 0.00057 0.049 0.027 0.15 2.38E-26 1.39E-22 2.09E-17 1.25E-12

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Stress ratio (Normal Scale)

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 0

Endurance Limit = 0.6

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000 2500000 Number of cycles (Normal Scale)

Stress ratio (Normal Scale)

y = -1E-07x + 0.8092 R2 = 0.6718

500000

1000000

1500000

2000000

2500000

Number of cycles (Normal Scale)

Fig 1 REGRESSION LINE FOR MIXTURE M1- M6 (Normal-Normal Scale)

FIG. 2 NUMBER OF CYCLES Vs STRESS RATIO FOR MIXTURE M1- M6

0 Stress ratio (Normal Scale) Stress ratio (Log Scale) -0.1 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7 Number of Cycles (Log Scale) y = -0.0441x + 0.1632 R2 = 0.7284 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 5 10 15 20 Number of Cycles (Log Scale) y = -0.0322x + 1.0881 2 R = 0.7485

Fig 3.REGRESSION LINE FOR MIXTURE M1- M6 (Log-Normal Scale)

Fig 4. REGRESSION LINE FOR MIXTURE M1-M6 (Log-Log Scale)

Stress ratio (Log Scale)

Stress ratio (Normal Scale)

0 -0.1 0 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7

10

15

20

0 -0.1 0 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6

10

15

20

Num be r of Cycles (Log Sc a le )

Number of cycles (Normal Scale)

Fig. 5 S T R ES S R AT IO Vs N U M B E R O F C Y C LE S FO R M IX T U R E M 1-M 6(Air) and FW1-FW6(Wat er)

FW1 -FW6 (Wa te r) L in ea r (FW1 -FW6 (W ate r)) M1-M6 (Air) L in ea r (M1 -M6 (Air))

Fig.6 STRESS RATIO Vs NUMBER OF CYCLES FOR MIXTURE A-F(Air) and G-L (Water)
A-F (Air) Linear (A-F (Air)) G-L (Water) Linear (G-L (Water))

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0.2 Residuals 0.1 0 -0.1 -0.2 X Variable 1 0 5 10 15 20

0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 X Variable 1 Y 0 5 10 15 20

FIG. 7 X Variable 1(N) Residual Plot

FIG. 8 X Variable 1(N) Line Fit Plot

0 -0.1 0 -0.2 -0.3 -0.4 -0.5 -0.6 -0.7

50

100

150

0.2 Residuals 0.1 0 -0.13.8 -0.2 3.85 3.9 3.95 4

Sample Percentile

X Variable 2

FIG. 9 Normal Probability Plot

FIG. 10 X Variable 2 (fck) Residual Plot

0 Stress ratio (Log Scale) 0 5 10 15 20

T5 T6 P1 W1 PLAIN NMFRC NMFRC-2

0 3.8 -0.5 -1

-0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 Number of Cycles (Log Scale)

3.85

3.9

3.95

X Variable 2
FIG. 11 X Variable 2 (fck) Line Fit Plot

Linear (T5)

FIG.12 STRESS RATIO Vs NUMBER OF CYCLES FOR FRC MIXES