Shapes Formula Rectangle: Area = Length X Width A = lw Perimeter = 2 X Lengths + 2 X Widths P = 2l + 2w Parallelogram Area = Base X Height a = bh Triangle Area

= 1/2 of the base X the height a = 1/2 bh Perimeter = a + b + c (add the length of the three sides) Sponsored Links
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Trapezoid Perimeter = area + b1 + b2 + c P = a + b1 + b2 + c

Circle Try the Online tool. The distance around the circle is a circumference. The distance across the circle is the diameter (d). The radius (r) is the distance from the center to a point on the circle. (Pi = 3.14) More about circles. d = 2r c = d = 2 r A = r2 =3.14)

Rectangular Solid Volume = Length X Width X Height V = lwh Surface = 2lw + 2lh + 2wh

Prisms Volume = Base X Height v=bh Surface = 2b + Ph (b is the area of the base P is the perimeter of the base) Cylinder Volume = r2 x height V = r2 h Surface = 2 radius x height S = 2rh + 2r2

Pyramid V = 1/3 bh b is the area of the base Surface Area: Add the area of the base to the sum of the areas of all of the triangular faces. The areas of the triangular faces will have different formulas for different shaped bases. Cones Volume = 1/3 r2 x height V= 1/3 r2h Surface = r2 + rs S = r2 + rs =r2+r

Sphere Volume = 4/3 r3 V = 4/3 r3 Surface = 4r2 S = 4r2

Fertilizer and Lime Calculations

Two basic pieces of information are needed to properly follow the fertilizer recommendation on a soil test. 1. How large is the area to be fertilized? 2. With the fertilizer that is available, how much needs to be applied to supply the recommended nutrients to this amount of area?

How Large is the Area to be Fertilized?

The first step in applying fertilizer is to determine how many square feet of land is to be fertilized. This requires some geometry. At first, this may seem like a lot of work. However, you only have to do it once if you keep the information in a file. Most of the following examples are for simple shapes. Choose the shape, or combination of shapes that most closely match the area to be fertilized to calculate the amount of land involved. Many land areas to be fertilized have a very irregular shape. In this case, you can use the offset method described in the final example.

Shapes and Formulas

These shapes are defined by the opposite sides being straight, parallel, and of equal length. The area of all 3 shapes is found by multiplying the length (L) times the width (W). Formula Area = L (length) x W (width) Example Area = L (length) x W (width) L = 75 ft, W = 25 ft Area = 75 x 25 =1875 ft2

Circle

The area of a circle is found by multiplying the constant pi (p, or 3.14) times the square of the radius. The radius is ? of the diameter. Formula Area = x r2 (pi) = 3.14 r2 (radius squared) = r x r Example Area = x r2 r = 6 ft Area = x r2 = 3.14 x (6 x 6) = 3.14 x 36 = 113 ft2

Triangle

The area of a triangle is found by multiplying the length of the base times the length of the height, then dividing this result by 2. Formula Area = (b x h) ?/P> b = length of base h = length of height Example Area = (b x h) ?/P> b = 10 ft, h = 5 ft Area = (b x h) ?/P> = (10 x 5) ?/P> = 50 ?/P> = 25 ft2

Trapezoid

The area of a trapezoid is found by first finding the average length of the parallel sides (A + B) ? 2, then multiplying the result times the height (h). Formula Area = [(A + B) ? x h Example Area = [(A + B) ? x h A = 20 ft, B + 10 ft, h = 5ft Area = [{A + B) ? x h = [(20 + 10) ? x 5 = [30 ? x 5 = 15 x 5 = 75 ft2

Oval

The area of an oval is found by multiplying the width (W) times the length (L), then multiplying the result by 0.8 Formula Area = (W x L) x 0.8 W = width L = length Example Area = (W x L) x 0.8 W = 10 ft , L = 20 ft Area = (W x L) x 0.8 = (10 x 20) x 0.8 = 200 x 0.8

 = 160 ft2

Fertilizing in an Area Around an Object or Tree

If you want to apply fertilizer an area around an object, such as a gazebo, separate landscaped area, or a conifer that has limbs touching the soil, you will need to make two calculations. Determine the area of the inner, unfertilized area using the appropriate formula, and then determine the size of the larger area that encompasses the inner object. Next, subtract the inner area from the outer area. The result will be the square footage of the area to be fertilized (the "doughnut shape" in this example).

Formula Area to fertilize = Area of Outer Circle ( R2) - Area of Inner Circle ( r2) Example Area to fertilize = Area of Outer Circle ( R2) - Area of Inner Circle ( r2) R = 6 ft, r = 3 ft Area to fertilize = Area of Outer Circle ( R2) - Area of Inner Circle ( r2) = [3.14 x (6 x 6)] - [3.14 x (3 x 3)] = [3.14 x 36] - [3.14 x 9] = 113 - 28 = 85 ft2

Compound Simple Shapes

Many landscape areas can be sub-divided into multiple, simple shapes. In these cases, use the formulas for the simple shapes and add the results for the total square footage. See the appropriate formula in other sections of this article.

Odd Shapes
The method used for irregular shaped areas is called the "offset method". First measure the length of the longest axis of the area (line AB). This is called the length line. Next, divide the

length line into equal sections, for example 10 ft. At each of these points, measure the distance across the area in a line perpendicular to the length line at each point (lines C through G). These lines are called offset lines. Finally, add the lengths of all offset lines and multiply the result times the distance that separates these lines (10 ft. in this example).

Example Length line (AB) = 60 ft., distance between offset lines is 10 ft apart Length of each offset line C = 15 ft, D = 10 ft, E = 15 ft, F = 25 ft, G = 20 ft Total length of offset lines = C + D + E + F + G = 15 + 10 + 15 + 25 + 20 = 85 ft Area to fertilize = Distance between offset lines x sum of the length of the offset lines = 10 ft x 85 ft = 850 ft2

Other Formulas
Shape Pentagon (5 equal sides) Hexagon (6 equal sides) Octagon (8 equal sides) Formula (length of 1 side)2 x 1.7 (length of 1 side)2 x 2.6 (length of 1 side)2 x 4.84

A sphere is a shape where the distance from the center to the edge is the same in all directions. This distance is called the radius ( r ). Surface area = 4r2 Volume = 4/3r3 A cone is a pyramid with a circular base of radius ( r ) and the side length ( s ) is the length of the side. s = ( r2 + h2 )

Surface Area = r2 + ( r x s ) Volume = 1/3( r2h ) Surface Area = 2(lh) + 2(lw) + 2(wh) Volume = l x h x w where l = length h = height w = width 4 of 6 Prev Next

Prism Surface Area and Volume Formulas

Prism Todd Helmenstine

A prism can be described as a stack of shapes. The figure shows a prism of triangles stacked d thick, but any shape could be used. Surface area = 2A + Pd where A = area of the base shape P = perimeter of base shape d = height of prism Volume = Ad A cylinder is a prism with a circular base. Surface Area = 2r2 + 2rh Volume = r2h

Pyramid Surface Area and Volume Formulas

Pyramid Todd Helmenstine

A pyramid is a solid figure with a polygonal base and triangular faces that meet at a common point over the center of the base. The height ( h ) is the distance from the base to the apex or top of the pyramid. The side length ( s ) is the height of the face triangles. The perimeter ( P ) and the area ( A ) of the base is calculated according to the shape of the base. Surface Area = ( x P x s ) + A Volume = 1/3 Ah The figure shows a pyramid with a square base ( a = b ) with equalateral triangles for faces. Surface area = a2 + 3( a2 ) Volume = 5(a3/6)