Rotor-Earth-Fault Protection

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Generator Protection Rotor-Earth-Fault Protection

Presenter: Dr. Hans-Joachim Herrmann PTD PA13 Phone +49 911 433 8266 E-Mail: Hans-Joachim.Herrmann@siemens.com

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Requirement for Rotor Earth Fault Protection

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Rotor +

Earth fault in the rotor

Stator

Excitation system

RE

CE

in case of an earth fault, only small currents flow due to the galvanical isolation

Problem: Double earth faults and interturn faults as a consequence of an earth fault cause: magnetical unbalance (unbalanced forces; violent vibration) high currents at the fault location

Destruction of the Rotor (Generator)

Task: Detection an earth fault already when it starts to build up

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Protection Principle
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+ Excitation system -

Coupling Unit

Measuring

Voltage Source

Earthing brush

Principles:
- Incoupling of an AC voltage (50 Hz or 60 Hz) - Measuring of the earth fault current - Measuring of the earth fault resistance - Incoupling of low frequency square wave voltage Higher Sensitivity

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Earth Current Criterion Principle (50 Hz/60Hz - Voltage Injection)

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L1 L2 L3

Connection on the earthing brush

>40V

105; 4QF
IE,Distr.
IE

IE,Fault

If disturbance influence from the excitation is to large

0,75H
Coordinated resonant circuit to fN Protection

Pick-up limit: IE,Fault > IE,Dist...

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Earth Current Measurement Connection

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AC Voltage Source appr. 42V or 65V

Connection on the phase to phase voltage

100 - 125

7XR61

105;
A

A A 2B B B 7

Also IEE2 at 7UM62 is possible

IEE

Err.
-

3PP1336
B

105;

External resistors at excitation voltages > 150 V (circulating current >0,2A)

Documentation for Coupling Device in the Internet www.siprotec.com

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Gain Characteristic of the R, C, L-Circuit

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Z ( 50 ) ! 169.65
2000

Z ( 60 ) ! 69.531

Filter er alte Ba d a

1500 Im eda z i O m

Z( f ) 1000

500

50

100

150 f Frequez i Hz

200

250

300

I ! I !

U ZCouli  R f 45 V } 27 mA 170  1,5 k

Imax approx. 300 mA

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Earth Current Criterion Protection Settings

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Measuring circuit supervision Protection with two stages:

I ! I ! U Z ou li 
f

ZCouplingl(50Hz) = 400; ZCouplingl(60Hz) = 335;

Imax ca. 100 mA

(voltage source decreases a little bit )

45 } 23m 400;  1,5 k;

Note: Coupling impedance only with R and C Finally setting during commissioning
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Earth Current Criterion Logic

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Calculation of the Fault Resistance RE (50Hz/60Hz- Voltage Injection)

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L1 L2 L3

100V

42V

RV RV

CK L1) CK
i

Digital protection (7UM62) calculation of RE

RE CE

1) Recommended at static excitation with inject harmonics (3rd harm.; 6th harm.)

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Calculation Formula of the Fault Resistance RE

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Model:
Zers

X*K

R*V XE RE

ZMess

(1)

2 2 RE XE RE X E  - X *K Z rs ! R * V  2 2 2 2 RE  X E RE  X E

Z a j I m _ Za (2) Z Mess ! Re _

R XE Za- R * V ! RE _ (3) R, ! E 2 2 RE  X E

(4)

,!
E

2 E 2

E 2 E

! I m _ a-

*K

combining (3) and (4):

- I m _Z a- X * K  R _Z a- R * X ,2 RE ! ,  R , ! V e R Re _ Z a- R * V
2

Note: RV* and XK* are measured during commissioning

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Earth Fault Resistance Calculation Logic

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Earth Fault Resistance Calculation Settings

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Measured during commissioning Measuring circuit supervision Measured current can be influenced by disturbances Correction during primary test, (in most case the alarm stage is concerned)

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Injection of Square Wave Voltage with Low Frequency Basic Diagram

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7XR6004

Typical frequency: 1 - 3 Hz
Controlling device (7XT71)

RV IE RV
+ Excitation -

UH CE RE RM

Ucontrol

Umeas.

Digital Protection (7UM62)

RE RV UH RM CE

Fault resistance Coupling resistor Auxiliary supply ( s 50V) Measuring shunt resistor Rotor capacitance

Measuring transducer

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Injection of Square Wave Voltage Connection Diagram (7UM62)

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onnection on t e ase to ase olta e

120 V 100 V 110 V 7

7UM62

7 T71
4 0 k; Exc. 7XR6004
-

9 11

27

27 25 1

Control olt

K1 K14 K15

TD1 TD2

4 0 k;

15 25

Meas ring oltage

K16

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Injection of Square Wave Voltage with Low Frequency Basic Principle

Equivalent circuit:
RV 2 CE RE UH
- 50V 50V

UH
t

UM

RM iE

UM

1,88V

X } RV CE
2

(UM } 0

RE ! g
t

UM ! RM iE
R ! 20k; 2 RM ! 375 ; UH ! s 50
- 1,88V

UM
(UM ~
0,75V

RE } 5k;
1 RE
t

- 0,75V

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Sources of Error and Error Compensation

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Influence of field voltage and earth fault location

a) Earth fault location Shifting of measuring voltage with a positive or negative dc voltage
UM UM Udc1 UM1 UM2 UM3 UM4 Udc2

b) Jumps in the field voltage a change in the field voltage takes to jumps in the dc-voltage shifting

Udc UM1 UM2

Udc = dc voltage shifting Solution: Calculation of the difference voltage ( U = |UM1 - UM2|

(U1 = |UM1 - UM2| ( U2 = |UM2 - UM3|

( U3 = |UM3 - UM4|

Solution: Block of measuring at jumps (e.g. (U1 = (U2)

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Calculation Formulas
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CE RE

RV 2

UH RM UM

Voltage divider:

RV  RE  RM UH ! 2 UM RM
Filtering:

UH RV 1 RE ! R M U 2 M

Algorithm
UM U1

U1 !
U2

1 N 1 N u U ! ; 2 1,i u2,i N i!1 N i!1

Amplitude-log frequency curve: fA = 800 Hz; N = 64

1

U M : ! (U : !

U1 - U 2 2

G(f) 0.1

Continuity supervision: Validity requirement

(UIK } (UIK 1

0.01 0.001 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210240 270 300

1 8 otherwise (U ! (Uk 8 k !1

f in Hz

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Power Transmission and Distribution

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Logic Diagram Rotor Earth Fault Protection (13Hz)

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Rotor Earth Fault Protection (1-3Hz) Setting Values

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Measuring circuit supervision Advanced parameter only visible in DIGSI If the integrated test function is used, pick-up value of test resistor

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Connection of the Rotor Earth Fault Protection

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EM

RW

RE

CE

4 F

(50/60 Hz)

40k;

(1 - 3 Hz)

a) rotating diodes
L+

EX-T UG RW
L-

4 F

(50/60 Hz)

40k;

(1 - 3 Hz)

b) separate Exciter (static excitation)

RE

CE

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Generator with Rotating Excitation Fault Free Condition (Square Wave Principle)
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Chance of charge of rotor earth capacitance

Disturbances by the excitation generator

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Generator with Rotating Excitation Test Condition with a Fault Resistor

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Fault resistor is inverse proportional to the difference voltage

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Parallel Operation of Rotor Earth Fault Protections

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1- 3 Hz principle
RV;40k; CK;4 F RK;105;

50 Hz principle

or

7UM61 7UM62 uControl 7UM62 iREF nur iREF

RV;40k;

CK;4 F RK;105;

RE uMeas.

100V

42V uREF

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Parallel Operation of Rotor Earth Fault Protections Measurement with the 50/60 Hz Principle
Measurement 7UM61 or 7UM62
(RV is earthed for an AC voltage) Equivalent circuit: Measurement: measured as a fault resistance
RE * : ! RE ll RV 2
RE ! g RE * !
RE RV (20k ; ) 2

RK * CK *

Case 1:

RV ! 20k ; 2

Case 2:

RE ! 5k ; RE * ! 4k ;

seen from the 7UM6, RV already is interpreted as a rotor-to-earth resistance

alarm stage becomes less sensitive open brushes can not be find out

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Parallel Operation of Rotor Earth Fault Protections Measurement with the Square Wave Principle
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Measurement 7UM62 (1- 3 Hz)

(CK is earthed for a DC voltage) Equivalent circuit:
Umeas
RV 2 (U 2 2CK (8 F)

RM

RE

seen from the 7UM6: high rotor capacitance capacitors will not be completely loaded

( U ~ RE-1 under no-earth-fault conditions a fault resistance is already measured

alarm stage becomes less sensitive (approx. 50k;) longer measuring time

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