MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS Two mark questions with answers 1. What is Managerial Economics?

Spencer and Siegel man defines , Managerial Economics is the integration of economic theory with business practices for the purpose of facilitating decision making and forward planning by management Brigham and pappas believes that managerial economics is thE , application of economic theory and methodology to business administration practices
2. Define Economics.

Adam smiths Wealth definition - Economics as the science of wealth .Economics lays down the principles to make the people and the sovereign rich . The science provide ways and means of getting plentiful revenue to the state and more property the people . Marshalls Welfare definition A study of mankind in the ordinary business life . It examines that part of individual and social action which is most closely connected with the attainment and with the use of material requisites of well being Lionel Robbins Scarcity definition - Economics as a science which studies human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce meas which have alternative use 3. What is Business Decision Making? Business Decision Making involves choices between various courses of actions and these choices must be made in the environment over which the decision maker has limited or even no control. Such conditions of the environment are called states of nature. Normally business decisions have

to be taken very clearly otherwise the decision maker has to face some consequences.

4.What is marginal analysis ? Marginal analysis is the analysis of the benefits of costs of the marginal units of the input and output. This is a technique widely used in business decision making and ties together much of economic thought . To do a marginal analysis we have to change variable such as quantity of good that the firm buys, the quantity of the output they produce , the quantity of an input they used and ( these variable are usually refereed they as control variables )
5. State the Law of Diminishing Marginal utility.

Law of diminishing marginal utility states that with successive increases in the units of consumption of a commodity, every additional unit of that commodity gives lesser satisfaction to the consumer. Consumption beyond point of satiety i.e.., maximum satisfaction only yields negative marginal utility. 6.What is Equi-marginal utility? A consumer maximizes his total utility by allocating his income among goods and services(including savings) available to him in such a way that the marginal utility per rupees worth of one good equals the marginal utility per rupees worth of any other good.
7. What is meaning of Demand?

Demand for a commodity refers to the quantity of the commodity which an individual consumer or household is willing to purchase per unit of time at a particular price. Demand for a commodity implies Desire of the consumer to buy the product Consumers willingness to buy the product

 Sufficient purchasing power in consumers possession to buy the product.

8. What are the types of Demand?

Demand for any commodity is determined by its nature. Demand for such commodities which are essential for the consumer is unaffected significantly by changes in their market conditions. We can classify the Demand into following types. Demand for consumers and producers goods. Demand for perishable and durable goods Derived and autonomous demands. Firm and Industry demands Demands by total market and market segments Short term and long term demand.
9. Define Demand for Consumers and producers goods.

The consumers goods are goods used for final consumption. Demand for consumers goods are also termed as direct demand, and these goods are used directly for final consumptions. Example Food items, readymade dresses, houses, etc.., The producers goods are used for production of other goods. Demand for producers goods is termed as derived demand, for these goods are demanded not for final consumption but for the production of other goods. Example - Machines, Tools, Raw Materials, etc..,
10. State the Law of Demand.

The Law of Demand states that The amount demanded of a commodity increases when there is a fall in price, and the amount demanded of a commodity diminishes at the time of rise in prices. That is if the price of the good increases its quantity demanded decreases, while if the price of the good decreases its quantity demanded increases.
11. Explain the assumptions in Law of Demand.

The law of demand is based on certain assumptions: There is no change in consumers tastes and preferences. Income should remain constant. Prices of other goods should not change. There should be no substitutes for the commodity. The commodity should not confer any distinction. The demand for the commodity should be continuous. People should not except any change in the price of a commodity.
12. Define Elasticity of Demand.

The Elasticity of demand is defined as the percentage change in quantity demanded caused by one percent change in the demand determinant under consideration, while other determinants are held constant. The formula for finding the EOD is Percentage change in the quantity demanded of good X Ed = Percentage change in determinant Z When the demand for a product is tied to the purchase of some parent product, its demand is called as Derived. For Example
13. Give short note on Derived and Autonomous Demand.

Demand for cement is a derived demand since it is needed for its own sake but for satisfying the demand for buildings. An autonomous demand for a commodity is one that arises on its own out of a natural desire to consume or possesses a commodity. Autonomous demand is independent of the demand for any other commodity. For Example The demand for commodities which arises directly from the biological or physical needs of human beings like food, dresses, shelter, etc..,
14. Define Demand Schedule.

Demand Schedule is a list of quantities of a commodity purchased by the consumer at different prices. The Law of Demand may be explained with the help of Demand Schedule. The following table shows the demand schedule of commodity X
Price of X (Rs) 10 8 6 4 2 Quantity Demanded 1 2 3 4 5

When the price falls from Rs 10 to Rs 8, quantity demanded increases from 1 to 2 in the same way as price falls, quantity demanded increases.
15. What is Demand Forecasting? What are its types?

A forecast is a prediction or estimation of future situation. Since the future is uncertain no forecasts can be 100% accurate and current data. Here the forecast has been made about the demand conditions for the particular commodity. Types of Forecast Passive Forecast Active Forecast Long term Forecast Short term forecast 1. Passive Forecast- It predict the future situation in the absence of any action by the firm. 2. Active Forecast- It estimate the future situation taking into account the likely future actions of the firm. 3.Short term forecast Usually made for a period upto one year . It made in order to know the effect of current policies of the firm .Made for the established products of the firm 4. Long term Forecast- Relates to the production for a year or more . It is usually made when a new product has to be launched
16. What are the steps involved in scientific approach to Forecasting?

The following steps constitute a scientific approach to Demand forecasting. Identify and state the objectives of forecasting clearly. Select appropriate method of forecasting in the right of objectives. Identify the variables affecting demand for the given product or service. Express these variables in appropriate form Collect the relevant data to represent the variables

 Determine the most probable relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Make appropriate assumptions to forecasts and interpret
17. Explain the criteria for the choice of good forecasting method.

The following criteria have to be followed while choosing the forecasting method. They are The result achievable by a forecasting method must be weighted against the cost of the method The use to which the forecast can be made should be well understood. Infact, it is not a question of results achievable but results achieved by forecasting method. It is quite easy to judge the existing trend. But for a good forecast it is necessary that it should also predict deviations and turning points so that the forecasts are more effective. There is a time gap between the occurrence of an event and it forecast- known as the lead time.
18. Explain the traditional steps involved in Forecasting method.

The following are the steps involved in forecasting method. They are Identification of objective Determining the nature of goods under consideration Selecting a proper method of forecasting Interpretation of results
19. What is Price Determination?

A firm cannot arbitrarily fix the price of its products to achieve its objective of maximizing profit. There can be only one optimal price for a product that can maximize the profit, under a given set of conditions.

 The price is generally different in different kinds of markets, depending on the level of competitions between the sellers. The sellers should not charge the price for their products as they like.
20. What is Supply?

The term supply denotes the quantity of goods or services offered for sale at various prices at any moment of time or during a specified time period, say, a week, month, year and so on, but the conditions of supply remains same. And the term supply also indicates the willingness and ability of producers to produce for sale various amounts of goods and services at each specific price in a set of possible price during a specified period of time.
21. Define Elasticity of Supply.

The Elasticity of Supply is defined as the degree of responsiveness of the quantity of a commodity supplied for a small change in price. It may also be defined as the ratio of percentage change in the quantity supplied of a commodity to the percentage change in its price. Proportionate change in quantity supplied of the product X
Es = Proportionate change in price of the product X 22. What are the determinants of Pricing?

The following are the factors that determine the price of a commodity: The demand Cost of Production Objectives of its producers Nature of the competition

 Government policy
23. What do you mean by Giffen Paradox?

Giffen goods are commodities with less quality and less cost. These goods are available in all places and these goods are sometimes called as Inferior Goods. 24. Explain the determinants of supply . The main determinants of the supply are Price of the good Prices of other goods Prices of factor of production Producers objectives State of technology 25.Explain the meaning of Production. Production is an activity that transforms inputs into output. Production is any activity that increases consumer usability of goods and services thus production consists of producing , storing and distributing tangible of goods and services For example : A sugar mill uses such inputs as labour, raw material like sugarcane and capital invested in machinery, factory building to produce sugar. 26. Explain short run and long run production . Short run production. The short run is that period of time in which some of the firms inputs are fixed these fixed inputs act as a limiting factor on change in output. In the short run at least one of the inputs remains constant , while the other inputs are vary in nature. Simply, if the firm uses more then two inputs but only two of them are variable and other is fixed is said to be short run Long run.

The long run term is that period of time in which there are no limiting factors on output change. In long run all the variables are variable in nature and there is no fixed input like short run . Simply, if the firm uses only two inputs and both of them variable in nature is said to be long run. 27. Define Production function with its assumptions. The production function is purely a technological relationship which expresses the relation between output of a good produced and the different combinations of inputs used in its production. It means the maximum Amount of output that can be produced with the help of each possible combination of inputs. The production function can be mathematically written as Q= F(L,N,K..) Assumptions : 1. technology is invariant 2. Production function includes all the technically efficient methods of production 28. Define law of variable propositions . The law of variable propositions states that as more and more of one factor input is employed , all other input quantities held constant , a point will eventually be reached where additional quantities of the varying input will yield diminishing marginal contributions to total product This law is also called as law of diminishing marginal returns 29. Define Isoquant with its types . An Isoquant is a curve representing the various combination of two inputs that produce the same amount of output . An Isoquant is defined as curve which shows the different combinations of the two inputs producing a given level of output. Types : 1. Linear Isoquant 2. Input- output Isoquant 3. Kinked Isoquant 4. Smooth convex Isoquant

30..What do you mean by Return to Scale ? The percentage increase in output when all inputs vary in the same proportion is known as returns to scale. Obviously return to scale relate to greater use of inputs maintaining the same technique of production 1.Write Cobb- Douglas production function and its properties. The production function suggested by C.W.Cobb, was of the following form : Q=ALb kl-h Where Q = Total output L = Units of labour K = Units of Capital A = a constant B = a parameter

Essay type questions 1. Explain the scope of managerial economics 2. Explain the role of managerial economist 3. Explain the types of Demand and the determinants of demand. 4. What is Demand Forecasting? Explain its methods. 5. Explain the types of Price Elasticity of Demand. 6. Explain the factors governing Elasticity of Demand. 7. Explain the types of Income Elasticity demand. 8. Explain the methods available for measuring the Price elasticity of demand. 9.Explain the nature of decision making with an example 10. Explain the business decision making process 11. Explain elasticity of supply and its types . 12. What is production function ?Discuss Short run and Long Run production function

13.. Explain Cobb Douglas Production Function 14.Define Iso-quants and its types 15.Explain the three stage of Return to Scale .