Chapter #5: Colonial Society on the Eve of Revolution Big Picture Themes 1.

. The Americans were very diverse for that time period. New England was largely from English background, New York was Dutch, Pennsylvania was German, the Appalachian frontier was Scots-Irish, the southern coast African-American and English, and there were spots of French, Swiss, and Scots-Highlanders. 2. Although they came from different origins, the ethnicities were knowingly or what mingling and melting together into something called Americans. 3. Most people were farmers, an estimated 90%. The northern colonies held what little industry America had at the time: shipbuilding, iron works, rum running, trade, whaling, fishing. The south dealt with crops, slaves, and naval stores. 4. There were two main Protestant denominations: the Congregational Church up north, and the Anglican Church down south. Both were established meaning tax money went to the church. Poised for growth were the backwoods faiths of the Baptists and Methodists that grew by leaps thanks to the Great Awakening. IDENTIFICATIONS: Great Awakening _Religious Awakening, led to new ways of thinking. Spiritual conversion was not necessary for church membership. Spread by John Edwards said that through faith in God, one could attain eternal salvation. _ George Whitfield _Gave America a different kind of enthusiastic preaching. He was very eloquent and vivacious.__ Jonathan Edwards _Started the Great Awakening, preached that through faith in God, not through doing good deeds, one could attain eternal salvation.___ New Lights __Young clergymen who defended the Awakening for its role in revitalizing American Religion.___ Old Lights __Orthodox clergymen were skeptical of the new ways of preaching.__

Age of Reason/Enlightenment _Period of intellectual ferment in the colonies. Culminated in the American Revolution, American Independence and the creation of American Republic__ John Peter Zenger __A newspaper printer. He was charged with printing things that assailed the corrupt royal governor of New York. Jury voted him not guilty and paved the way for freedom of press._ GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Conquest by the Cradle Know: Thirteen Original Colonies 1. What was the significance of the tremendous growth of population in Britain's North American colonies? More people were going to the New World and all of that revenue was going toward Britain. A Mingling of Races Know: Pennsylvania Dutch, Scots-Irish, Paxton Boys, Regulator Movement 2. What was the significance of large numbers of immigrants from places other than England? It spread the word of the New World around the world and led to a great multicultural and diverse country. The Structure of Colonial Society Know: Social Mobility 3. Assess the degree of social mobility in the colonies. 10% of Bostonians and Philadelphians owned 2/3 of taxable wealth. Boston contained a large number of homeless poor. There was a continuing stream of indentured servants. Makers of America: The Scots-Irish Know: The Session 4. How had the history of the Scots-Irish affected their characteristics? They were people who preferred to be mainly independent. They moved to America because of the worn out soil. The Irish did not populate mixed areas of the colonies. They became pioneers in going to the west. Workaday America Know: Triangular Trade, Naval Stores, Molasses Act 5. Describe some of the more important occupations in the colonies. Craftsmen were highly valued and rare. Shipbuilders and lumber were also important because of trade.

Horsepower and Sailpower Know: Taverns 6. What was it like to travel in early America? It was difficult considering the roads were long and unpaved. Dominant Denominations Know: Established Church, Anglicans, Congregationalists, Presbyterians 7. How did the denominations in America affect relations with Great Britain? The denominations in America caused a strain with Great Britain because America was favorable of religious tolerance and the fact that they were being taxed to support certain churches was wrong. The Great Awakening Know: Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, Old Lights, New Lights, Baptists 8. How was the religion encompassed in the Great Awakening different from traditional religion? What was important about the difference? The religion brought in with the Great Awakening stated that it was through faith in God not the dead deeds that youve done that granted your salvation. Schools and Colleges Know: Latin and Greek 9. What kind of education could a young person expect in colonial times? Puritan New England stressed education. It stressed need for Bible reading. Due to the influence of the congregational church. College was highly regarded in New England and 9 local colleges were established. A Provincial Culture Know: John Trumbull, Charles Wilson Peale, Benjamin West, John Singleton Copley, Benjamin Franklin 10. Did Americans distinguish themselves in the arts during the colonial period? Explain. No. Artists had to be educated in England to pursue their ambitions. Pioneer Presses Know: John Peter Zenger 11. Why was the jury verdict in the Zenger case important? Because it was the first declaration of the freedom of press.

The Great Game of Politics Know: Royal Colonies, Proprietary Colonies, Self-governing Colonies, Colonial Assemblies, Power of the Purse, Town Meetings, Property Qualifications 12. How democratic was colonial America? 8 of the colonies had royal governors who were appointed by the king. Maryland, Pennsylvania and Delaware were under proprietors who chose the governors. Connecticut and Rhode Island elected their own governors under self-governing people. Nearly every colony used a 2 house legislative body. One appointed by the crown and the other by people. Chapter #6: Duel for North America Big Picture Themes 1. Two dominant cultures emerged in the 1700s in North America: (a) England controlled the Atlantic seaboard from Georgia to Maine, and (b) France controlled the area of Quebec and along the Great Lakes and down the Mississippi River. 2. New England consisted of towns made up by farmers. They cleared the land and pushed the Indians out. New France was made up of fur trading outposts. They were scattered and lived with and often worked with the Indians in the forests and streams. 3. Like cats and dogs, England and France cannot live together that close. While separated, they were fine, but the two cultures began to rub against one another in the Ohio Valley. This started the French and Indian War. 4. The French and Indian War saw the English defeat France. France was totally kicked out of North America. IDENTIFICATIONS: Samuel de Champlain French Explorer and solider who established Frances claim in Quebec in 1608. His energy and leadership dubbed him the Father of New France.__ William Pitt __The foremost leader in the London government during the 7 years war. Known as the Great Commoner, he attacked and captured Louisburg in 1758.__ Pontiac __An Ottawa chief who led several tribes in a violent campaign to drive the British out of the Ohio Country. His warriors captured Detroit in the spring of 1763 and overran all but 3 British outposts west of the Appalachians. _

Albany Plan of Union _Plan to band the colonies together to fight against the Indians and French. Benjamin Franklin called them to order.__ Proclamation of 1763 _Britain declared border that colonists could not cross to protect them from Natives that were killing them in the west. When war was won, colonists were denied their right to own the land west of the border._ Pontiacs Rebellion _A violet uprising, led by Chief Pontiac, in which the Indians tried to drive the colonists out of the Ohio territory. The British decide to secure the border and gave the Natives small-pox infected blankets that eventually killed them and led to Englands victory._ Paxton Boys __Had a march on Philadelphia in 1764 protesting Quaker tolerance of Indians. Scots-Irish.__ Five Nations of the Iroquois _The Iroquois Confederacy as originally formed by the Mohawk, Oneida, Onodaya, Cayuga and Seneca peoples.__ Salutary Neglect _Undocumented though long-standing British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, meant to keep the Colonies obedient to Great Britain. French and Indian War __The war in America in which France and its Indian allies opposed England in 1754 1760. It was over the English wanting the French out of the Americas.

The Battle of Quebec 1759 _Led by James Wolfe, the French and the British faced each other on the plains of Abraham, the British under Wolfe and the French under Marquis de Montcalm._

GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: France Finds a Foothold in Canada Know: Huguenots, Samuel de Champlain, New France 1. How was the colony of New France different from the British North American colonies? New France was under Catholic regime. The government of Canada was under direct control of the king. The people did not elect any representative assemblies.

New France Fans Out Know: Beaver, Coureurs de Bois, Voyageurs, Robert de La Salle 2. What factors led to the French settlement of New France? Beaver-fur trade and fishing. The Clash of Empires Know: Treaty of Utrecht, War of Jenkins's Ear, James Oglethorpe, Louisburg 3. Describe the early wars between France and Britain. King Williams war and Queen Annes war. The battles were mainly between British colonists, French, and Spanish. The wars ended in 1713 with peace terms signed at Utrecht. The war of Jenkins ear started in 1739 between the Brits and Spaniards. Became King Georges war in America and ended in 1748 with a treaty that handed Louisburg back to France. George Washington Inaugurates War with France Know: Fort Duquesne, George Washington, Fort Necessity, Acadians 4. How did George Washington spark the French and Indian War? George Washington and his militia killed a French leader causing French reinforcements to come. Global War and Colonial Disunity Know: Benjamin Franklin, Albany Plan of Union, "Join or Die" 5. What was meant by the statement, America was conquered in Germany? While there was war in Germany, they were fighting the French wasted all their strength them so they didnt throw an adequate force into the New World Braddock's Blundering and Its Aftermath Know: Edward Braddock 6. What setbacks did the British suffer in the early years of the French and Indian War? General Braddocks force was slaughtered by the French at Fort Ducquesne Due to his loss, Pennsylvania to North Carolina frontier exposed for attack. Pitt's Palms of Victory Know: William Pitt, James Wolfe, Battle of Quebec 7. What was the significance of the British victory in the French and Indian War? The British victory allowed for the British colonies to gain more land to spread west and settle.

Restless Colonials 8. How did the French and Indian War affect the relationship between the colonies and with the mother country? The French and Indian war really tested the relationship between England and its colonies. British soldiers looked down on the Americans as lesser. Thinking they were uneducated and incompetent to be on their level. Wars Fateful Aftermath Know: Treaty of Paris, Pontiac, Daniel Boone, Proclamation of 1763 9. How did French defeat lead to westward expansion and tension with Native Americans and the British To pay for the debt inflicted by the 7 Years War England increased the taxes on the British colonies. The English wanted to expand westward and encroached on the Native Americans land. Chapter #7: The Road to Revolution 1. Following the French and Indian War, the British crown needed money and figured the Americans could help pay for the war. 2. Also, the economic policy of mercantilism dictated that England try to keep its hard money within the British Empire. So, laws were passed to restrict American trade. 3. The taxes and regulations that followed were not received well by the Americans, notably the Stamp Act. 4. Conditions deteriorated and radical patriots brought matters to a head in events such as the Tea Party and Boston Massacre. Even though most Americans would be considered moderates at the time, the radical patriots were the ones making things happen. 5. The culmination of the patriots activities came at Lexington and Concord, when the American Revolution began. IDENTIFICATIONS Lord North _Prime Minister of Great Britain during the American Revolution. He answered obediently to King George III.__ George Grenville __British Prime Minister in 1763 who ordered enforcement of the Navigation Laws. Passed the Sugar Act of 1764 to raise tax revenue in the colonies. Then the Stamp Act to raise money to support the new military force.__

Letter from a Farmer in Pennsylvania _A series of essays written by the Pennsylvania lawyer John Dickinson published under the name A Farmer distributed through the 13 colonies to unite them against the Townshend Acts._ Gaspee Incident _HSM Gaspee, a British ship enforcing trade regulations, ran aground in shallow water on June 9, 1772 while chasing Hannah. A group of men led by Abraham Whipple and John Brown attacked, boarded, looted and torched the ship._

Charles Townshend _English politician, chancellor of the exchequer for whom the Townshend Acts are named._ Baron Von Steuben _German who helped the American fighters get into shape for fighting the British._ Mercantilism _Believed that wealth was power and that a countrys economic wealth (and its military and political power) could be measured by the amount of gold air silver in its treasury. To amass gold or silver, a country needed to export more than it imported._ "Virtual" representation _The members of Parliament reserved the right to speak for the interests of all British subjects, rather than for the interests of only the districts that elected them for the regions in which they held peerages and spiritual sway._

Sons of Liberty _An organization of patriots that originated in the colonies. The group was formed to protect the rights of the colonists and to take the streets against the abuses of British government.__ Admiralty courts _Courts exercising jurisdiction over all maritime contracts, torts, injuries and offences. _ Committees of Correspondence _Created by the American colonies in order to maintain communication with one another. They were organized in the decade before the revolution when communication between the colonies became essential._

First Continental Congress _A convention in Philadelphia in order to redress colonial grievances over intolerable acts. 13 colonies excluding Georgia sent 55 men. They drew up the Declaration of Rights and solemn appeals._

Loyalists (Tories) _About 20% of the population, they were loyal to the king. They were made up of the older generation who had government jobs or were affiliated with the Anglican church._ GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: The Deep Roots of Revolution 1. Why does the author say that the American Revolution began when the first settlers stepped ashore? Because they started to be self-sufficient and independent. They left Great Britain because of religious tolerance, going against the Anglican church. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances Know: Mercantilism, Navigation Laws, Royal Veto 2. Explain the economic theory of mercantilism and the role of colonies.

Economic theory of mercantilism stated that a countrys power was based on its wealth which included the military, political, and economic. In order for a country to have such wealth, it must obtain a favorable balance. Of trade, meaning more export than import. The colonies could provide all the imports Britain required without any foreign assistance. Therefore, the export would outweigh the import. 3. How did Parliament enact the theory of mercantilism into policy? Through the Navigation Laws, the Molasses act and the Sugar Act. The trade between England and the colonies were carried out by British ships. This way the economies of the have country and its colonies would be the ones that largely benefitted from this table. The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism Know: Salutary Neglect, John Hancock, Bounties 4. In what ways did the mercantilist theory benefit the colonies? Some Brits preferred to have ships from the colonies instead of other British competitors. The colonists, especially in Virginia, had a strong monopoly of tobacco in the colonies. Protection was also freely provided to the colonists due to the presence of redcoats.

5.

What economic factors were involved in leading colonists to be displeased with the British government?

The Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Townshend Duties that placed unfair taxes on the colonies by Britain to pay for war debts.

The Stamp Tax Uproar Know: George Grenville, Sugar Act, Quartering Act, Stamp Act, Admiralty Courts, Virtual Representation 6. Why were the colonists so upset over relatively mild taxes and policies? There were taxes they had to pay in Britain coin, no voice in the matter and all the trade wen through London instead of the trading company. Forced Repeal of the Stamp Act Know: Stamp Act Congress, Non- importation Agreements, Homespun, Sons of Liberty, Declaratory Act 7. In what ways did colonists resist the Stamp Act?

The colonists send 27 delegates from 9 colonies to New York to write up a petition and send it to England where it was ignored. They started boycotting the goods, tarred and feathered the collectors. The Townshend Tea Tax and the Boston "Massacre" Know: Townshend Acts, Indirect Tax, Boston Massacre, John Adams 8. How did the Townshend Acts lead to more difficulties? The colonists did not like paying taxes at all, nor did they like being taxed without representation in Parliament. They protested, and they rioted, once attacking 10 redcoats who opened fire. The Seditious Committees of Correspondence Know: George III, Lord North, Samuel Adams, Committees of Correspondence 9. How did Committees of Correspondence work? The committee was created by American colonies in order to maintain communications with one another. They wrote letters informing other colonies of the treatment that was happening in others. Tea Brewing in Boston Know: British East India Company, Boston Tea Party 10. What was the cause of the Boston Tea Party, and what was its significance? The tea act was actually an act allowing the British East India Company to have full monopoly of the tea sales in America. The colonists feared it was another tax so they rejected it and eventually threw it into the harbor as protest against the Britishs control over the colonies. Parliament Passes the "Intolerable Acts" Know: Boston Port Act, Massachusetts Government Act, Administration of Justice Act, Quartering Act of 1774, Quebec Act 11. What was so intolerable about the Coercive (Intolerable) Acts? They found that their rights were being violated because they were not getting a say in making these laws that are affecting them.

Bloodshed Know: First Continental Congress, Declaration of Rights, The Association, Tar and Feathers, Minute Men, Lexington and Concord 12. What was the goal of the First Continental Congress? The goal of the first continental congress was to address the mutual colonial grievances over the intolerable acts. They drew up the Declaration of Rights and created the Association which called for a complete boycott of British goods. Imperial Strength and Weakness Know: Hessians, Tories 13. What were British strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? The British had larger armies and a great naval power, but there was a rebellion in Ireland going on at the same time, and the French were waiting for an opportunity to attack Britain. American Pluses and Minuses Know: George Washington, Ben Franklin, Marquis de Lafayette, Continentals 14. What were the American strengths and weaknesses at the outset of the war? America had untrained troops, little supplies and no stable government but they had large land mass, they were self-sufficient and they had a common cause. A Thin Line of Heroes Know: Valley Forge, Baron von Steuben, Continental Army 15. What role was played by African-Americans in the Revolution? Lord Dunmore was a royal governor of Virginia who issued a proclamation promising freedom for any enslaved blacks in Virginia who joined the British army (Lord Dunmores Ethiopian Regiment) Chapter #8: American Secedes from the Empire Big Picture Themes 1. Nearly every advantage on paper went to Britain during the revolution. They had better troops, training, a much better navy, experienced generals, more money, better weapons and equipment. 2. The Americans had on their side heart and geography. America was very big and and ocean removed from England. 3. Perhaps due to necessity rather than plan, American employed a drawn-out strategy where the war drug on for six years. America won by constantly withdrawing to the nations interior and moving on to fight another day. 4. Meanwhile, as the war waged, the Declaration of Independence was written, signed, and approved.

5. The Treaty of Paris 1763 legitimized the new nation. IDENTIFICATIONS: Second Continental Congress _Another meeting to pull the Americans last efforts at peace with the King. They drafted the Olive Branch Petition which professed loyalty to the crown and begged the king to stop further hostilities. The petition was rejected by King George III._ Hessians _German Mercenaries hired by King George to fight the Americans. They were known for being brutal._ Thomas Paine/Common Sense _Thomas Paine was the waiter of Common Sense which called for the first broad call of independence. It blamed the king for the colonies woes instead of Parliament. He called for the creation of a new kind of political society, namely a republic._ George Washington _Virginian General of the American Army who led the American army to victory. Fought in the French and Indian War alongside the British, he knows how to defeat the British._

Marquis de Layfette _A French nobleman who funded the American Revolution. He was made a general at the age of 19._ Baron Von Steuban _A Prussian drillmaster who helped whip the American Militiamen into fighting shape during the winter of Valley Forge._ John Burgoyne _Planned to cut the rest of the colonies off from New England. He would push down from Lake Champlain and meet up with General Howe and Colonel St. Leger. He surrendered at Saratoga to General Horatio Gates._ Benedict Arnold _Acclaimed U.S. General who captured Ticonderoga with Ethan Allen and foiled General Burgoynes plan to cut the colonies apart. He later betrayed the Americans when he planned to sell out the key stronghold of West Point because he felt unappreciated._ Treaty of Paris, 1783 _John Adams, Ben Franklin, and John Jay wen to Paris. The British formally recognized America as independent and gave them the borders of the original colonies. The Americans had to not punish the loyalists. _

Battle of Trenton Washington crossed the Delaware River on Christmas in order to surprise a thousand Hessians stationed at Trenton, New jersey. One of the few battles won by the Americans._

Battles of Lexington and Concord _In 1775, British army in boston sent troops to Lexington to seize colonial gunpowder and to capture the rebel leaders Sam Adams and John Hancock. Because of the warning system (Paul Reveres Ride) minute men were there to stop them but 8 colonists were shot and killed. The Brits then went to Concord where they were met and shot down by colonists at Old North Bridge, setting the Brits to retreat. _ Battle of Saratoga Most important battle of the war. The Brits wanted to go through New York to cut New England off from the other colonies. General Burgoyne, General Howe and Colonel St. Ledger were stopped by Benedict Arnold. The Brits surrendered at the hands of Horatio Gates. This made it possible for foreign aid from France.__ Battle of Yorktown In 1781 the British under General Cornwallis surrendered after a siege of three weeks by American and French troops._ Articles of Confederation _The original Constitution of the U.S. ratified in 1781, which was later replaced by the U.S. Constitution in 1789._ GUIDED READING QUESTIONS: Congress Drafts George Washington Know: Second Continental Congress, George Washington 1. Why was George Washington chosen as general of the American army? George Washington was chosen as General because he was looked up to and he was a Virginian. Because he was a Virginian, the southern colonies started supporting them. Bunker Hill and Hessian Hirelings Know: Ethan Allen, Benedict Arnold, Fort Ticonderoga, Bunker Hill, Redcoats, Olive Branch Petition, Hessians 2. George III "slammed the door on all hope of reconciliation." How and why? After the Battle of Bunker Hill, George III rejected the colonists last hope for peace. He proclaimed they were in rebellion and then hired Hessians to bring order to them.

The Abortive Conquest of Canada Know: Richard Montgomery 3. Did the fighting go well for Americans before July of 1776? Explain. Not necessarily as the Americans lost more battles than won. The Brits were well-trained than the American troops and they had more money. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense 4. Why was Common Sense important? Because it made a call for the colonies to be independent, it blamed the king instead of Parliament and said that the colonies were obligated to be republic. Paine and the Idea of "Republicanism" Know: Republic, Natural Aristocracy 5. Why did Paine want a democratic republic? He saw the faults in the monarchy and throughout they would do better as a republic because they were already independent. Jefferson's "Explanation" of Independence Know: Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, Declaration of Independence, Natural Rights 6. What does the Declaration of Independence say? The Declaration of Independence mentioned the Natural Rights of Man as well as the governments duty to his people. It listed 27 hard facts that the king did and it was a formal declaration of the united colonies independence. Patriots and Loyalists Know: Patrick Henry 7. What kinds of people were Loyalists? They made up 20% of the population. They stayed loyal to the king and they were the older generation who had government jobs. They were also loyal to the Anglican church so they were clergy men and church goers. They were mainly in New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Makers of America: The Loyalists 8. What happened to Loyalists after the war? By law they were not allowed to be harassed but most of them stayed in Canada after the war. The Loyalist Exodus 9. What happened to Loyalists during the war? During the war, Torries were hanged, imprisoned and roughly handled. They fled to Canada.

Burgoyne's Blundering Invasion Know: John Burgoyne, Benedict Arnold, Saratoga, Horatio Gates 10. Why did the Americans win the battle of Saratoga? Why was it significant? Americans were able to deter Gen. Burgoynes plans of cutting New England off from everyone else which allowed for France to come in as an aid to the Americans. Revolution in Diplomacy? 11. Why did the French help America win independence? The French mainly wanted to beat the British. The Colonial War Becomes a Wider War Know: Armed Neutrality 12. Why was foreign aid so important to the American cause? Americans had little to no supplies and they were low on morale, especially when they kept losing battles. Blow and Counterblow Know: Nathaniel Greene, Charles Cornwallis 13. Would an American Patriot, reading news of the war in 1780, have been happy about the way the war was going? Explain. Not necessarily when the acclaimed US Gen. Benedict Arnold allied with the British for 6300 pounds, and when Georgia and south Carolina fell to the british. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier Know: Iroquois Confederacy, Fort Stanwix, George Rogers Clarke, John Paul Jones, Privateers 14. Was frontier fighting important in the outcome of the war? Americans didnt have a navy so they could fight on land. A lot of fighting happened on land but Americans lost a lot of those battles so it wasnt really important. Yorktown and the Final Curtain Know: Charles Cornwallis, Yorktown 15. If the war did not end at Yorktown, then why was it important? The Battle of Yorktown was a major turning point and victory because it was the first time the British were really aware of the power the Americans have with the help of the French.

Peace at Paris Know: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay, Treaty of Paris 16. What did America gain and what did it concede in the Treaty of Paris? The Americans gained the recognition from Britain that they are an independent Nation. They also gained the land from the Mississippi River to the Great Lakes to Florida. The Americans just had to give Florida to spain and not punish the loyalists. A New Nation Legitimized Know: Whigs 17 Did Americans get favorable terms in the Treaty of Paris? Explain. Definitely, they got the land they were fighting for and independence from England. Whose Revolution? 18. Which of the interpretations of the Revolution seems most true to you? Explain.

Least true?

To me the interpretation deeming in revolution was not just about home rulebut also who should rule home is the most true because the colonists looked to Britain to take care of their and they did a bad job so they sought to break away from that and find a new government. The least true to me would be the one that talked about the Revolution being about class struggle because all of the colonists were treated lesser by the brits.