ECONOMIC, SOCIO-CULTURAL AND PHYSICAL IMPACTS OF TOURISM

(A Case Study of Elephanta Caves, Matheran Hill Station, Janjira Fort and Palis Shri Ballaleshwar Ganesha)

5.0 INTRODUCTION 5.1 METHODOLOGY 5.2 THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM DEVELOPEMNT 5.3 THE SOCIAL-CULTURAL IMPACT OF TOURISM DEVELOPEMNT 5.4 THE PHYSICAL IMPACT OF TOURISM DEVELOPEMNT

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5.0

INTRODUCTION In the previous topic economic, social and demographic characteristics of

tourist who visited the Raigad district were analyzed on the basis of primary data. Most of the tourist had came from nearby cities and villages. They were of different castes, religions and having different economic status. They also visited various tourist destinations of the Raigad district. The local persons provide facilities like accommodation, food, transport, amenities to the tourist. That is why tourists enjoy the destination but some of the destinations do not provide such facilities and services. Therefore these problems are the causes of economical, social and cultural impact of the region. Researcher has found that attitude and responses of tourist on residents and their impacts are influenced by several factors. Here is an attempt has been made to evaluate economic, social and cultural impacts for Elephanta Caves, Matheran, Janjira fort and Pali in Raigad district. These centers are comparaively more rushed and crowdy than the other tourist centers in the district. Tourism is an industry with enormous economic impacts. It is also an industry that has many social and cultural or physical consequences. Tourism like many other industries is often used as a national or regional development tool. In general, tourism development within a host community often has impact on the community both in positive and negative ways. These impacts have been well documented and are usually classified as economic, social and cultural impacts. Tourism is a cause for economic and changes in socio-demographic factors such as age, gender, income, length of stay, education level ethnicity. Tourism is a commercial activity and therefore tourism can create employment opportunities, foreign exchange earnings and also increases the standard of living of host people.
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Tourism brings more opportunities to upgrade facilities such as outdoor recreation, park and roads and also socio-economic benefits to the local community, in terms of faster economic growth, larger jobs, foreign exchange earnings, balanced development of weaker areas and higher revenue to the state and causes sustainable human development. Tourists spend their money on a wide variety of goods and services. They purchase food and beverage, transport and communication, entertainment services, and also spend on accommodation, goods from retail outlets and tour or travel services. This money may be seen as an injection of demand into the host economy. However the value of tourist expenditure represents only a partial picture of the economic impacts. The impact brought about by the interaction of host and guest is a well documented phenomenon. Positive type of interaction provides a favorable association between the tourist and their socio-cultural impacts. Tourists influence on the behavioural change of the host population. Tourism has been charged not only with the debasement of socio-cultural factors but also with degradation of the environment. As well as it is contributing to changes in value system, individual behaviour, family relationship, collective lifestyles, safety levels, moral conduct and community organization. Attractions, accommodation, ancillary services and amenities are the basic element of tourism. These elements help to indicate the development of tourism in the district. For that purpose Elephanta Caves, Matheran. Janjira Fort and Pali destinations are evaluated through this point of view. 5.1 METHODOLOGY The residents attitude survey has been the common method that is used for the assessment of economic, social and physical or cultural impacts of tourism. In this approach respondents were asked to indicate their behaviour and
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attitude towards the impact of tourism development. Attitude survey can provide useful information about the impacts of tourism on the residents and society. The impact study is an attempt to examine empirically the residents perception of impacts of tourism rather than measure of actual impacts. For the assessment of the impacts, community groups residents were selected at four centers, Elephanta Caves, Matheran, Janjira fort and Pali. A questionnaire was designed exploring respondents perceptions of the wide range of economic, social and cultural impacts. For measuring the attitudes of the residents towards tourism development, indicated descriptive statistic analysis was used. This measurement scale consists of 11 variables reflecting the perceived economic impacts, 15 variables reflecting socio-cultural impacts and 8 variables reflecting physical impact of tourism on residents. Respondents were asked to provide answers on each variable which was measured by a seven point Likert Scale ranging from -3 strongly disagree to +3 strongly agree with 0(zero) no response or undecided. Likert scale is a measurement instrument which is used in quantitative research. It contains a number of statements or indicators with a scale. In such scale no judges are used to rank the scale statements; it is assumed that all subject will perceive strongly agree a expressing greater favour towards the attitude statement than moderately agree and strongly disagree with the attitude represented (Likert, 1967, Lankford, 1994). The questions or statements help to understand the economical, social and cultural or physical impacts of the tourists on residents of a respective region. These impacts should be expressed positively and negatively to encourage respondents not to respond automatically but to think about every items. There are seven response alternatives for every attitude statements. These are strongly disagree, moderately disagree, disagree, no response or undecided,
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agree, moderately agree and strongly agree. The resulting ranging from - 3 to + 3 ( - 3, - 2, - 1, 0, + 1, + 2, + 3) to find individual overall attitude of the residents. 5.2 THE ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM DEVELOPMENT Tourism alters the economic structure of a destination. The economic impact of tourism is the subject of analysis at two ways. One is generally positive about industry prospects while other is negative. Tourism is a major element of sources of capital and income to the local people. The economic significance of tourism activity is taking place, but also by the type and nature of economy being considered. Tourists spend their money on a wide variety of goods and services and related tourism products. The economic impacts of tourism more is known about the economic benefits of tourism than the associated costs. Tourism can create employment opportunities, earn foreign exchange, produce return on investment for emerging economics, bring technology and improve standard of living. Tourism can also help to generate jobs and increase revenue to local people and shopping facilities. Tourism can cause major effect on economics of destination area for price of land to rise rapidly. Tourism development has often received support from the government and local residents. Therefore for the sustainable development of tourism one should take balanced view towards the economic impacts of tourism which assess both the benefits and cost of tourism development. Here, the economic impact of tourism development on destination is understood at the local level and mostly to understand the present status of tourism development in the Raigad district and selected case studies. Tourism is encouraged at the local level due to ability to generate employment in hotels, resorts, restaurants, cottages, parks, transport operators, travel agents,
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entertainment and local business. Also change their lifestyle and it provides support to the other sectors of the economy. The economic impact of tourism has been commonly be viewed as a positive force which increases total income for the host country, direct and indirect employment and tax revenues; it also stimulates secondary economic growth. Economist consider the tourism as an basic income from tourism, it helps to pay for goods and services, imported from other regions and contribution to government revenues through taxes, that can be used to develop community and infrastructural facilities and service to asset in general economic development. 5.2.1 Economic Impact Indicators of Tourism Development 1. Increase in the income of residents 2. Opportunity for shopping 3. Opportunity for jobs 4. Demand for female labour 5. Increased cost of land and housing 6. Increase in general prices of goods and services 7. Rental houses as a source of income 8. Scarcity of essential goods during season 9. Degradation of cultural and commercial goods 10. Increased the number of hotels / resorts 11. Commercial view point of local people 5.2.2. Perception of Residents Response to Economic Impact of Tourism

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For the assessment of economic impact of tourism on the residents, responses were collected at selected destinations in the Raigad district. Impact of tourism is calculated through mean given in the table

ECONOMIC IMPACT OF TOURISM ON RESIDENTS OF ELEPHANTA CAVES, MATHERAN, JANJIRA FORT AND PALI
Sr. No 1 2 3 4 5 6 Indicators Increase in the income of residents Opportunity for shopping Opportunity for jobs Demand for female labour Increased cost of land and housing Increase in general prices of goods and services Rental houses as source of income Scarcity of essential goods during season Degradation of cultural goods to commercial goods Increased in the numbers of hotels / resorts Commercial view point of local people Elephanta Caves Mean SD 2.12 2.2 2.08 -1.8 2.14 2.04 0.77 0.69 0.72 0.72 0.72 0.77 Matheran Mean 2.24 2.14 2.12 -1.96 1.78 1.12 SD 0.62 0.69 0.77 0.66 0.70 0.99 Janjira Mean 2.08 2.16 1.22 -1.78 2.02 2.08 SD 0.72 0.73 1.36 0.92 0.76 0.74 Pali Mean 2.06 2.06 1.04 -1.9 1.98 2.12 SD 0.76 0.73 1.33 0.85 0.73 0.71

7 8

-1.92 -1.98

0.74 0.73

1.58 -1.92

0.78 0.72

1.98 -1.84

0.71 0.70

2.06 -1.92

0.73 0.74

-1.88

0.68

-1.92

0.67

-1.68

0.93

-1.68

0.93

10

1.92

0.74

1.46

1.25

1.88

0.77

2.1

0.75

11

1.76

0.91

1.3

1.08

1.04

1.26

0.96

1.18

0.61 Source: Compiled by Author

2.04

0.71

1.86

0.83

1.86

0.81

1.88

SD= Standard Deviation

Table 5.1 Economic Impact of Tourism on Residents of Elephanta Caves, Matheran, Janjira Fort and Pali
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Table 5.1 highlight attitude of the residents at Elephanta caves, Matheran, Janjira fort and Pali, perception towards the tourism development with positive economic effects such as increase in the income of residents, increasing opportunities for shopping, increase in jobs, increasing the cost of land and housing, increase in general price of goods and services, increase in the number of hotels/ resorts and commercial view point of local people. Residents of Elephanta caves felt that the tourist cause the higher effect on the increase in the income of residents (+2.12), increasing opportunity for shopping (+2.2), increasing opportunity for jobs (+2.08), increasing the cost of land and housing (+2.14), increase in general price of goods and services (+2.04), increase in the number of hotels/ resorts (+1.92) and commercial view point of local people (+1.76). On the other side residents of Elephanta caves have observed and noted negligible economic impact on the demand for female labour ( -1.8), rental houses as source of income (-1.92), scarcity of essential goods during season (-1.98) and degradation of cultural goods as commercial goods (-1.88). An Elephanta cave is an island and located very close to Mumbai, so that tourists have made maximum economic impacts of tourism on residents of Sheth Bandar and Mora Bandar. Residents of Matheran feel that the tourist causes positive economic effects on the increase in the income of residents (+2.24), increasing opportunity for shopping (+2.14), increasing opportunity for jobs (+2.12), increase cost of land and housing (+1.78), increase in general price of goods and services (+1.12), rental houses as source of income (+1.58), increasing number of hotels and resorts (+1.46) and commercial view point of local people (+1.3). On the other hand the residents of Matheran have refused the economic effects of tourism development to the local people for some indicators such as demand for female labour (-1.96) scarcity of essential goods during season (-1.92) and degradation of cultural goods as commercial goods (-1.92).
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The residents attitude towards economic effect of tourism on Janjira fort (Rajpuri village) felt that, it was found that the positive effects on local community like opportunities increase in the income of residents (+2.08), increasing

for shopping (+2.16), increased opportunity for jobs (+1.22),

increase in the cost of land and housing (+2.02), increase in general prices of goods and services (+2.08), rental houses as source of income (+1.98) increasing numbers of hotels and resorts (+1.88) and commercial view point of local people (+1.04). But residents of Rajpuri village deny the economic impacts on demand of female labour (-1.78), scarcity of essential goods during season (-1.84) and degradation of cultural goods as commercial goods (-1.68) due to tourism development in this place. Perception of residents attitude towards the economic effects of tourism on Pali, there were some positive effects such as increase in the income of residents (+2.06), increasing opportunities for shopping (+2.06), increased opportunity for jobs (+1.04), increase the cost of land and housing (+1.98), increase in general prices of goods and services (+2.12), rental houses as source of income (+2.06) increasing numbers of hotels and resorts (+2.1) and commercial view point of local people (+ 0.96). On the other hand resident of Rajpuri village have noticed negligible effects such as demand of female labour (-1.9), scarcity of essential goods during season (-1.92) and degradation of cultural goods as commercial goods (-1.68). As compared to the other destinations in Raigad district is having more effects because of the maximum local people depend on tourism activity. So, there is no alternative for economic development of these tourist centers. These centers are self significant as cultural, natural, historical and religious attractions. It is observed that the impact of tourism on the local economy of four centers is nearer to equal and has good effect. That means the positive effects help to develop the economy of the region such as increase in income of the
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residents, increasing jobs and shopping facilities, but the rate of the effect is very low.

ECONOMIC ATTITUDE INDEX- MEAN AND PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS

Sr. No Percentage of Respondents Average Score Elephanta Caves 19.46 28.00 15.27 1.27 10.55 18.00 7.45 Matheran 15.64 28.27 23.27 1.82 10.18 14.55 5.64 Janjra Fort 18.23 30.36 17.45 5.27 10.64 11.64 5.64 Pali 18.35 30.91 16.91 5.10 10.73 11.64 6.36

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

+2.00 to +2.99 +1.00 to +1.99 +0.00 to +0.99 0.00 -0.00 to -0.99 -1.00 to -1.99 -2.00 to -2.99

Source: Compiled by Author Table 5.2 Economic Attitude Index mean and Percentage of Respondents

Table 5.2 indicates that, the overall attitude index-mean of economic impact on residents of Elephanta caves, Matheran, Janjira fort (Rajpuri) and Pali. About 19.46 per cent residents of Elephanta caves have strongly agree with small positive economic impact other than Matheran, Janjira fort and Pali. Now these tourists centers are popular. Mostly neighboring tourists are frequently visited to that place during the weekend and holiday time. About 4.64 per cent residents of Matheran and Janjira fort (Rajpuri), disagree with economic impacts.

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RESIDENTS ATTITUDE INDEX MEAN

Destination Elephanta Caves Matheran Janjira Fort Pali Index Mean + 0.61 + 0.71 + 0.83 + 0.81 + indicates the positive impact - indicates the negligible impacts Higher the values larger the effects
Source: Compiled by Author

S.D. / 2.04 1.86 1.86 1.88

Table 5.3 Residents Attitude Index Mean

Table 5.3 highlight that mean attitude index mean for Elephnata caves is +0.61, Matheran +0.72, Janjira fort is + 0.83 and Pali + 0.81. These values indicates the overall small positive effects of tourism. Because all above destinations have become popular and attractive. Elephanta caves is culturally famous for World Heritage Site, Matheran is famous hill station, during the summer season large number of tourists get atracted to Matheran for enjoyong the natures beauty. Janjira fort located near to Murud town and reminders the history of Siddis Nabab and Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, lastly Pali is holy place and one of the Ashthavinayaks Ganesh, tourist believing this god. So people visit to that places frequently. 5.3 THE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACT OF TOURISM DEVELOPEMNT The social impact of tourism development refer to changes in the quality of life of residents of tourist destionation. Social impacts not only benefit for the development of tourism but also intraction between residents and visitors and
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promote social transformation. The speed and concentration and the magnitude and direction of social impacts must be taken into account when attempting to attribute the cause of scoial impacts. The social and cultural impacts of tourism are the way in which tourism is contributing to change in value system, individual behaviour, family relationship, life style, safety level, moral conduct, religion, language, interpersonal relationship at the destination. These social impact affect on the local people of host communities of their direct and indirect association with tourists. Firstly, tourist purchasing some goods or services from the local people. Secondly tourist and local people find themsleves sideby side and thirdly tourists come face to face with the object of exchanging information and ideas. This third sitaution is more important for international understandings. However, the first two are common. The tourist is mobile,relaxed, free spending, enjoying the leisure and absorbing the experience of being in a different places whereas the local people are stationary and employed in the tourist industry, spend a large portion of the time for needs and desire of visitors. The demonstration effect is also an aspect of the direct social impact of tourism. Tourist influence the behaviour of the host population. The local people tend to observe and learn the life style of the richer visitors from affluent societies and try to emulate their way of life. However expansion of tourism, cuase cultural commercialization, increase in crime rate, gambling, drug abuse, prostitution is common. Thus impacts of tourism on traditional life styles are important, where these traditions are considered from the basis of the tourism development. The impacts of tourism mainly depends on tourist and destination factors. The tourist factors are those which tourists bring to the destination, it includes
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demographic characteristics,social differences and number of visitors. Destination factor are those that are part of the destination itself. It includes travel linkage and circulation, local acceptance of tourism and local vitality and leadership. In respect of social imapcts of tourist destination there is a problem by host which are of different ways such as positive and negative impacts. The number of tourists remain below this critical level because of economic impact is positive. Mostly the presence of tourist in the destination area is welcoming and accepted by majority of local people. The attitude of the host people towards the tourism development may unfold through apathy, irritation and potentially antagonism, when anti-tourist attitude begin gaining among host of people, when the carying capacity is over which is known as peak point. Because due to the tourist arrival the size of the local population and their facilities and

services are congested. Therefore over use of the infrastructure ultimately affects the destination lifestyle on the tourists also shy away from a degraded destination. 5.3.1 Socio-cultural Impacts Indicators of Tourism For the assessment of scoial impact of the tourism on residents of Elephnata caves, Matheran, Janjira fort and Pali. The following parameters are taken into account. 1. Increase in density of population 2. Quality of police protection 3. Strain on police protection 4. Increase in crime rate 5. Commercialization of tradition and customs 6. Improved standard of living 7. Change in occupational structure
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8. Role of MTDC/ ASI in development of this pilgrimage / cultural centers 9. Spreading of epidemics 10. Active participation of local social organization towards the facilities of tourists 11. Increase in the activities of drug abuse and gambling 12. Increase in the activities of prostitution 13. Duel pricing system and attitude towards bargaining 14. Change in values, norms and customs 15. Awaking general awarness towards the preservation of cultral heritage and traditions 5.3.2 Perception of Residents Response to Socio-cultural Impact of Tourism For the assessment of socio-cultural impact of tourism on the residents, responses at selected destinations in Raigad district are collected. Impact of tourism is calculated through mean given in the table

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SOCIO- CULTURAL IMPACT OF TOURISM ON RESIDENTS OF ELEPHANTA CAVES, MATHERAN, JANJIRA

Sr. No 1 Indicators Elephanta Caves Mean SD 2.24 0.81 Matheran Mean 2.36 SD 0.77 Janjira Mean 2.28 SD 0.78 Pali Mean 2.24 SD 0.81

2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Increases in density of population in the town / village Quality of police protection improved Strain on police protection Increase in crime rate Commercialization of traditions and customs Improved standard of living Change in occupational structure Role of MTDC / ASI in development of this pilgrim/ cultural centre Spreading of epidemics Increase the activities of drug abuse & gambling Increase in the activities of prostitution Active participation of local social organization towards the facilities of tourists Duel pricing system and attitude towards bargaining Changes in values, norms and customs Awaking general awareness towards the preservation of cultural heritage and traditions

-1.64 -0.64 -0.38 -0.26 1.88 2.54 2.36

0.79 1.25 1.28 0.56 0.77 0.73 0.79

-1.4 2.1 -1.52 -0.14 1.8 2.58 1.66

1.06 0.73 0.85 0.63 0.63 0.70 0.79

-1.2 -1.7 -1.64 -0.14 1.98 2.08 2.14

1.17 0.85 0.87 0.63 0.62 0.66 0.75

-1.4 -1.88 -1.08 -0.20 1.88 2.16 1.86

0.96 0.65 1.31 0.63 0.65 0.67 0.72

9 10 11 12

-1.16 -1.72 -1.92 2.18

0.67 1.02 0.91 0.77

-1.08 -1.42 -1.96 0.96

0.72 0.98 0.75 1.13

-0.72 -1.7 -1.62 2.12

1.06 0.92 0.89 0.77

-1.74 -1.76 -1.4 2.9

0.93 0.88 1.02 0.30

13 14 15

1 1.7 2.36

1.28 0.92 0.79

2.1 1.76 2

0.70 0.88 0.75

0.7 2.14 2.1

1.49 0.72 0.73

1.48 1.7 2.36

1.27 0.92 0.79

0.64

1.91

0.65

1.83

0.45

1.89

0.47

1.98

Source: Compiled by Author Table 5.4 Socio- Cultural Impact of Tourism on Residents of Elephanta Caves, Matheran, Janjira Fort and Pali Table 5.4 highlights the residents response to the social impacts of tourism on Elephanta caves, Matheran, Janjira fort and Pali. The positive social impacts includes increase in density of population, improved standard of living,
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change in occupational structure of residents, role of MTDC/ ASI in development of tourism, active participation of local social organizations towards the facilities of tourist, duel pricing system and attitude towards bargaining, changes in values, norms and customs and awaking in general awareness towards the preservation of cultural heritage and traditions. On the other side of the socio-cultural impacts is a negative effect on residents. It includes improved quality of police protection, strain on police protection, increase in crime rate, commercialization of traditions and customs, spreading of epidemics, increase the activities of drug and abuse and gambling and

increase in the activities of prostitution. It reveals from table 5.4, residents in the Elephanta caves felt that the tourist make positively social effect of increase in density of population (+2.24), improved standard of living (+1.88), change in occupational structure of residents (+2.54), role of MTDC/ ASI in development of tourism (+2.36), active participation of local social organizations towards the facilities of tourist (+2.18), duel pricing system and attitude towards bargaining (+1.00), changes in values, norms and customs (+1.7) and awaking in general awareness towards the preservation of cultural heritage and traditions (+2.36). On the other hand other indicators show negative effect on residents, such as the quality of

police protection (-1.64), strain on police protection (-0.64), increase in crime rate (-0.38), commercialization of traditions and customs (-0.26), spreading of epidemics (-1.16), increase the activities of drug abuse and gambling (-1.72) and increase in the activities of prostitution (-1.92). The residents of the Matheran feel that it has an effect on some social indicators such as increase in density of population (+2.36), strain on police protection (+2.1), improved standard of living (+1.8), change in occupational structure of residents (+2.58), role of MTDC/ ASI in development of tourism (+1.66), active participation of local social organizations towards the facilities
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of tourist (+0.96), duel pricing system and attitude towards bargaining (+2.1), changes in values, norms and customs (+1.76) and awaking in general awareness towards the preservation of cultural heritage and traditions (+2.00). On the other side all other indicators reflects the negative effect of tourist on residents such as the improved quality of police protection (-1.4), increase in crime rate (-1.52), commercialization of traditions and customs (-0.14), spreading of epidemics (-1.08), increase the activities of drug and abuse and gambling (-1.42) and increase the activities of prostitution (-1.96). It reveals from table 5.4 that, the residents of Janjira fort (Rajpuri village) feel that it has an effect on some positive social indicators such as, increase in density of population (+2.28), improved standard of living (+1.98), change in occupational structure of residents (+2.08), role of MTDC/ ASI in development of tourism (+2.14), active participation of local social organizations towards the facilities of tourist (+2.12), duel pricing system and attitude towards bargaining (+0.7), changes in values, norms and customs (+2.14) and awaking in general awareness towards the preservation of cultural heritage and traditions (+2.1). On the other hand, other indicators show negative effect on residents. Such as the improved the quality of police protection (-1.2), strain on police protection (1.7), increase in crime rate (-1.64), commercialization of traditions and customs (- 0.14), spreading of epidemics (- 0.72), increase the activities of drug abuse and gambling (-1.7) and increase the activities of prostitution (-1.62). Tables 5.4 explain that, the assessment of social effect on residents of Pali village. There are some positive indicators such as increase in density of population (+2.24), improved standard of living (+1.88), change in occupational structure of residents (+2.16), role of MTDC/ ASI in development of tourism (+1.86), active participation of local social organizations towards the facilities of tourist (+2.9), duel pricing system and attitude towards bargaining (+1.48), changes in values, norms and customs (+1.7) and awaking in general awareness
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towards the preservation of cultural heritage and traditions (+2.36). On the other hand other indicators show negative effect on residents Pali village such as the quality of police protection (-1.4), strain on police protection (- 1.88), increase in crime rate (-1.08), commercialization of traditions and customs (-0.20), spreading of epidemics (-1.74), increase the activities of drug and abuse and

gambling (-1.76) and increase the activities of prostitution (-1.4). All the tourist destinations are very attractive, pleasant and recently developed tourism site. There can be both positive and negative social impacts resulting from tourism. These impacts depend on the type and intensity of the tourism developed as well as the characteristics of the host society. It is found that different community groups have varying reactions to their tourism development, with no consequences reached by the whole community. The social impact shows the positive effect as compared to other destination, it shows maximum impact. But these positive and negative effects should change seasonally. Therefore positive impact shows the remarkably starting the development of tourism in Raigad district but this rate is low.

SOCIAL ATTITUDE INDEX MEAN AND PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS

Sr. No Average Score Percentage of Respondents Elephanta Matheran Caves 22.67 17.73 18.93 23.60 14.53 18.67 10.27 7.20 15.73 15.73 13.07 13.20 4.80 3.87 Janjra Fort 16.13 22.93 15.07 8.27 16.80 15.33 5.47 Pali 20.13 19.87 13.87 8.53 15.60 15.07 6.93

1 +2.00 to +2.99 2 +1.00 to +1.99 3 +0.00 to +0.99 4 0.00 5 -0.00 to -0.99 6 -1.00 to -1.99 7 -2.00 to -2.99 Source: Compiled by Author

Table 5.5 Social Attitude Index Mean and Percentage Respondents

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As shown in Table 5.5, the perceived impacts of tourism by residents were measured by 15 impact items embodying both the benefits and costs of tourism. Based on the mean and measures of impact items, some of the social impacts that were most favored by Elephanta caves residents about 22.67 per cent of residents strongly agree with 15 items which is index score range from +2.00 to +2.99. About 18.93 per cent residents moderately agree with social indicators ranges from +1.00 to +1.99, About 14.53 per cent of residents on Elephnata caves agree with such facilities which is index mean in +0.00 to +0,99. About 10.27 per cent of residents no response towards social impact. Index mean score ranges from -0.00 to -0.99, 15.73 per cent residents disagree with social indicators on Elephnata caves. About 13.07 per cent residents index score in between -1.00 to -1.99.and about 4.80 per cent residents index score ranges from -2.00 to -2.99, that means strongly disagree with social impact. The residents of Matheran, about 23.60 per cent resident moderately agree with the 15 social indicators. About 3.87 per cent residents response is strongly disagree with the social parameters and about 7.20 per cent residents no response towards the social attitude . Residents of Janjira fort (Rajpu ri village) observed the 22.93 per cent local people moderately agree with social attitude, about 5.47 per cent residents strongly disagree with the social attitude and 8.27 per cent no response towards the social attitude of positive and negative indicators. For Pali, about 20.13 per cent residents have noticed strong agreement with social attitude, about 6.93 per cent residents have put result strongly disagree with social attitude and 8.53 per cent residents have no response with this attitude ,

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RESIDENTS ATTITUDE INDEX MEAN

Destination Index Mean Elephanta Caves +0.64 Matheran +0.65 Janjira Fort +0.45 Pali +0.47 + indicates the positive impact - indicates the negative impacts Higher the values larger the effects Source: Compiled by Author Table 5.6 Residents Attitude Index Mean As shown in table 5.6 residents attitude index mean for Elephanta caves is + 0.64 , for Matheran + 0.65, for Janjira fort + 0.45 and for Pali + 0.47. That means there is a less effects of tourism on resdents of all tourist centers agree with this effect of tourism on the social environment. The positive sociocultural indicators indicate good sign for the development of tourism in the Raigad district. The local ecomony of all tourist centers depends on tourism activity. Majority of domestic and foreign tourists visit Matheran, Elephnata caves, and Janjira fort during the summer and winter season. Both tourist enjoy the natural beauty and experience the joy of toy train of Matheran, for taking pleasure of sculpture carved in one stone of Maheshmurti. On Janjira fort tourists reminds the history of Siddhi Nabab and Chhtrapati Shivaji Maharaj. But in case of Pali holy place, tourists get attracted throughout the year for praying tributes Lord Ganesh. Mostly devotees visit on the occasion of Ganesh Jayanti (Maghi Chathurthi), Ganesh Chathurthi, Sankasthi and Vinayaka Chathurthi. All the tourist places are located very close to Mumbai and Pune, tourist do not accommodate for a long period of time. So there is no high rate of social impact on the such tourist centers. Therefore positive social impact is a good sign for the development of tourism in the Raigad district.
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S.D. / 1.91 1.83 1.89 1.98

5.4 THE PHYSICAL IMPACT OF TOURISM Tourism lends itself to interaction between hosts and guests which can be catalyst for change in cultural and community life (Smith, 1998). The physical impact of tourism can be more difficult to assess as they are more of a

subjective or qualitative measures of impact on a destination in contrast to quantitative economic measurement (Mason, 2003), The cultural or physical impact of tourism needed careful consideration as impacts can influence a community either positively or negatively. Tourism can create great pressure on local resources like energy, food and other raw materials. Greater extraction and transport of these resources exacerbates the physical impacts associated with the exploitation. Physical congestion experienced at the destination, increasing demand for natural resources and also contributes to the source of solid waste residual which creates the problem of air pollution, water and noise pollution, degradation of environmental factors, development of construction for accommodation, parking, water supplies, restaurants and recreational facilities. Therefore the physical impacts are on the local communities of their direct and indirect association with the tourists. Generally, tourist generate a great deal of waste, tourist on expedition leave behind their garbage, toilet papers, plastic bags, cups, wastage of food, such practices degrade the environment. Physical impacts are caused not only by tourism but by continuing tourist activities and long term change in local economics and ecologies. Many types of physical or cultural indicators may be generated by tourism development, however tourism is well planned. Developed and managed it may also generate positive impacts. Improvement that help tourism like better transportation and

communication, tree planting, restoration of historic sites, holly places, urban

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beautification and cleanliness, also improve the physical factors for the local population. Tourism development can help to stimulate general community improvement. 5.4.1 Physical Impact Indicators of Tourism Development 1. Overcrowding and congestion 2. Noise and air pollution 3. Quality of sewage and garbage disposal 4. Strain on public utility service and recreational facilities 5. Road conditions / ferry services 6. Need of separate place for parking 7. Availability of pure and adequate water supply 8. Development of basic infrastructure 5.4.2 Perception of Residents Response to Physical Impact of Tourism Tourism is a basic element for the change of social attitude of the local people. Physical aspects are the main attraction of tourists. For the assessment of physical impact of tourism on the residents of Elephanta caves, Matheran, Janjira fort and Pali. Impact of tourism is calculated in the table 5.7.

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PHYSICAL IMPACT OF TOURISM ON RESIDENTS OF ELEPHANTA CAVES, MATHERAN, JANJIRA FORT AND PALI
Sr. Indicators No 1 2 3 Overcrowding and congestion Noise and air pollution Quality of sewage and garbage disposal Strain on public utility services and recreational facilities Road conditions/ Ferry services Need of separate place for parking Available pure and adequate water supply Development in basic infrastructure Elephanta Caves Mean SD 2.10 -1.58 1.70 0.64 1.04 0.78 Matheran Mean 2.02 -2.10 1.70 SD 0.76 0.75 0.90 Janjira Fort Mean 1.7 -0.36 2.14 SD 0.92 1.21 0.69 Pali Mean 2.1 -1.7 1.8 SD 0.66 0.99 0.80

2.08

0.69

2.06

0.73

0.69

2.1

0.69

5 6 7

2.12 2.10 -2.14

0.65 0.75 0.85

2.02 1.92 -2.12

0.65 0.77 0.77

1.54 -1.06 -0.04

1.28 1.39 1.52

1.8 1.9 -1.9

0.64 0.69 1.14

0.50

1.50

0.64

1.61

-0.24

1.87

0.6

1.61

0.86

1.89

0.77

1.95

0.71

1.73

0.83

1.85

Source: Compiled by Author

Table 5.7 Physical Impact of Tourism on Residents of Elephanta Caves, Matheran, Janjira Fort and Pali As shown in Table 5.7, it is clear idea regarding the residents attitude towards the physical impact of tourism on the destination. Residents of

Elephanta caves feel that, the positive physical impact such as overcrowding and congestion (+2.10), quality of sewage and garbage disposal (+1.70), strain on public utility services and recreational facilities (+2.08), ferry wharf service (+2.12), need for separate place for parking (+2.10) and development of basic
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infrastrucure (+0.50). On the other hand negative physical impacts affect on residents of the destination such as noise and air pollution ( - 1.58) available pure and adeqaute water supply ( - 2.14). Table 5.7 gives the idea about the perception of residents response to physical impact of tourism on the destination. Residents of Matheran felt that, the positive impact such as overcrowding and congestion (+2.02), quality of sewage and garbage disposal (+1.70), strain on public utility services and recreational facilities (+2.06), road condition (+2.02), need for separate place for parking (+1.92) and development of basic infrastrucure (+1.50). On the other hand negative physical impacts affect on residents of the destination such as noise and air pollution (- 2.10) and available pure and adeqaute water supply ( - 2.12). and

Table 5.7 depict that the physiacl effects of tourism on residents of Janjira fort, the positive impact helps to promote the tourism activity. Such positive indicators are overcrowding and congestion (+1.7), quality of sewage and garbage disposal (+2.14), strain on public utility services and recreational facilities (+2.00), road condition (+1.54). On the other side tourist do not attract or visit / revisit due to negative physical impacts such impacts are noise and air pollution (- 0.36), need for separate place for parking (+1.06), available pure and adeqaute water supply (- 0.04).and development of basic infrastrucure (0.24). Table 5.7 shows that, about the attitude of physical effects of tourism on Pali Residents felt that, the positive physical impact such as overcrowding and congestion (+2.1), quality of sewage and garbage disposal (+1.8), strain on public utility services and recreational facilities (+2.1), road condition (+ 1.8) , need for separate place for parking (+1.9) and development of basic infrastrucure (+0.60). On the other hand negative physical impacts affect on residents of the destination such as noise and air pollution ( -1.7) and available
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pure and adeqaute water supply( - 1.9). This is a very famous and recently developed tourist center, there physical impacts shows the positive effect and as compared to other destinations it shows flow of tourist is much more during the summer and winter season. The positive impacts are good indicator for tourism development but this rate is slow.

PHYSICAL ATTITUDE INDEX MEAN AND PERCENTAGE OF RESPONDENTS

Sr. No Percentage of Respondents Average Score Elephanta Matheran Caves 16.00 16.50 37.75 33.50 16.25 19.25 1.00 1.25 12.00 8.75 9.25 12.00 7.75 8.75 Janjra Fort 12.25 29.00 26.25 2.25 13.50 13.75 3.00 Pali 13.75 37.00 20.75 0.75 9.25 11.25 7.25

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

+2.00 to +2.99 +1.00 to +1.99 +0.00 to +0.99 0.00 -0.00 to -0.99 -1.00 to -1.99 -2.00 to -2.99

Source: Compiled by Author

Table 5.8 Physical Attitude Index Mean and Percentage of Respondents Table 5.8 depicts the clear cut idea about the respondentsagreement or disagreement with the physical impacts of tourism on Elephanta caves, Matheran, Janjira fort and Pali. For assessment of all destinations it should easily understand with eight items of physical impacts. For the Elephanta caves, about 37.75 per cent residents moderately agreed with physical factors which range from +1.00 to +1.99. About 7.75 per cent residents strongly disagree and only 1.00 per cent residents have noted no response with physical impacts. For Matheran, about 33.5 per cent residents moderately agree, about 12.00 per cent moderately disagree and only 1.25 per cent residents no response towards this impacts. For Rajpuri village (Janjira
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fort), about 29.00 per cent residents moderately agree, 12.25 per cent residents strongly agree, 13.75 per cent residents moderately disagree and about 3.00 per cent residents strongly agree with physical items. Only 2.25 per cent residents provided no response towards the physical indicators. Lastly, for Pali village residents, about 37.00 per cent residents moderately agree, about 13.75 per cent residents strongly agree, about 11.75 per cent residents moderately disagree and about 7.25 per cent residents of Pali strongly disagree with physical indicators. Only 0.75 per cent residents provided no response for positive and negative physical items. Mostly residents of Elephanta caves, Matheran, Janjira fort and Pali has moderately agree with physical impacts of tourism. That means there is no high rate of physical impacts on residents of selected case studies. Therefore physical impacts are the good indication of development of tourism in the Raigad district.

RESIDENTS ATTITUDE INDEX MEAN

Destination Elephanta Caves Matheran Janjira Fort Pali Index Mean +0.86 +0.77 +0.71 +0.83 S.D. / 1.89 1.95 1.73 1.85

+ indicates the positive impact - indicates the negligible mpacts Higher the values larger the effects
Source: Compiled by Author

Table 5.9 Residents Attitude Index Mean As shown in table 5.9 residents attitude index mean for Elephanta caves is + 0.86 , for Matheran + 0.77, for Janjira fort + 0.71 and for Pali + 0.83. That
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means there is a less effects of tourism of all tourist centers and they agree with this effect of tourism on the physical environment. The positive physical indicators are good signs for the development of tourism in the Raigad district.

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REFERENCES 1. Cooper, C et.al (1999), Tourism Principles and Practices, Addison Wesley Longman Publishing, New York, p-124-182. 2. Smith, M. K. and Robinson, M. (Eds), (1998), Cultural Tourism in a Changing World: Politics, Partcipation, and (re) presentation United Kingdom. Channel View Publications Ltd. 3. Mason, P. (2003), Tourism Impacts, Planning and Management. Jordan Hill, Oxford 4. Likert, R. C. (1932), A Technique for the Measurement of Attitude, Archives of Psychology. 5. Potdar, M. A. (2003), Tourism Development in South Konkan, Unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Shivaji University, Kolhapur. 6. Fariborz Aref, (2010), Residents Attitudes Towards Tourism Impacts: A case Study of Shiraz, Iran. Tourism Analysis, Vol. 15, e-journal.

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