1.

Introduction to Crystal
1. What is a crystal? 2. Lattice 3. Unit Cell 4. The 14 Bravais Lattices

Prof. Bondan T. Sofyan

1. What is a crystal?
Bridge
high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM)

Steel (metal)

Ferrite
Prof. Bondan T. Sofyan

pearlite

1. What is a crystal?

HRTEM

Periodic arrangement of atoms

CRYSTAL

BCC (body centred cubic)

1. What is a crystal?
vertical fin (aluminium)
50 nm

transmission electron microscope (TEM)

(1 11 )
(002)

( 11 1)

optical microscope

small particle

'
Prof. Bondan T. Sofyan

1. What is a crystal?
(111)
) (1 1 1 (0 02 )

Aluminium
0.2 m n 3

0.23 nm

(HRTEM)

(1 11

)
(002)
1)

{111} plates

small particle

Prof. Bondan T. Sofyan

(11

1. What is a crystal?

Periodic arrangement of atoms

CRYSTAL

FCC (face centred cubic)

Prof. Bondan T. Sofyan

So, what is a crystal ?

A crystal is a solid consisting of a three-dimensional periodic ordering of atoms, ions or molecules. Kristal adalah padatan yang atom-atomnya, ion-ionnya atau molekul-molekulnya berada dalam susunan 3 dimensi yang teratur. This kind of solid is then termed as: crystalline solid (padatan kristalin), while at the other end, the solid, which does not have a periodical ordering of atoms, is called amorphous solid (padatan amorf). Most metals (Al, steel, Cu and their alloy (paduan)) are crystalline. While glass and most polymers (plastics, rubber, etc) are amorphous.
Prof. Bondan T. Sofyan

1. What is a crystal?
There are two kinds of crystalline solid: Single crystal (kristal tunggal), where ALL atoms in that material arrange themselves in one direction only. Polycrystal (polikristal). This material consists of several group of atoms (grains) that have different orientation to each other.

Prof. Bondan T. Sofyan

Single crystal

GRAIN (BUTIR) In one grain, atoms are oriented at the same direction
Prof. Bondan T. Sofyan

Polycrystal

2. Lattice (Kisi)
As explained before, a three-dimensional periodic arrangement of atoms, ions or molecules is always present in all crystals. If each atom is represented by a point (its centre of gravity), the arrangement is called a lattice.

Three-dimensional periodic arrangement of atoms in a crystal

The lattice of the crystal

Prof. Bondan T. Sofyan

2. Lattice (Kisi)
A Lattice is a three dimensional arrangement of points in which all of the points have identical surroundings Kisi adalah susunan titik-titik dalam ruang tiga dimensi sedemikian rupa sehingga setiap titik memiliki lingkungan yang sama.

Prof. Bondan T. Sofyan

3. Unit Cell (Sel Satuan)

A Unit Cell is the fundamental or most primitive unit of the lattice. Sel satuan adalah satuan (unit) terkecil dari kisi. From the above illustration, the fundamental unit of the lattice is a (simple) cubic. Therefore, it is said that the unit cell of the lattice is simple cubic.

Prof. Bondan T. Sofyan

3. Unit Cell (Sel Satuan)

The unit cell is defined as having crystallographic axes (sumbu kristalografi), which may be described in terms of their length (panjang) a, b & c and the angles (sudut) , and . These lengths and angles are referred to as the Lattice Parameters or Lattice Constants of the unit cell. For lattice parameters, although we could use special values of a, b and c and , and to generate a variety of lengths, shapes etc. only SEVEN types of cell are necessary to describe all crystals and called: The Seven Crystal System. Hanya ada TUJUH jenis sel satuan untuk seluruh jenis kristal yang ada di alam. Ini disebut: Tujuh Sistem Kristal.
Prof. Bondan T. Sofyan

3. Unit Cell (Sel Satuan)

The 7 crystal systems correspond to 7 point lattices (simply by putting points at the corners of the unit cell). However, there are other arrangements of points that satisfy the requirements of a point lattice. Bravais demonstrated that there are in fact 14 possible point lattices and no more. One (Seseorang) may therefore consider that the 14 Bravais lattices (or point lattices) fall into 7 fundamental classes. We distinguish the 14 Bravais lattices on the basis of Simple (or Primitive), and Non-Primitive.
Prof. Bondan T. Sofyan

3. Unit Cell (Sel Satuan)

Simple or primitive lattices have one lattice point (or atom) per unit cell. Non-Primitive cells have > 1. A lattice point at the interior (di dalam) of a cell belongs to the cell. Lattice points in a cell face are shared (dibagi) by two cells. Lattice points on the corner are shared by 8 cells. The number of lattice points per unit cell will be given by: N = Ni + Nf/2 + Nc/8
Prof. Bondan T. Sofyan

Prof. Bondan T. Sofyan

3. Unit Cell (Sel Satuan)

Cubic Tetragonal Orthorhombic
Three equal axes at right angles.

a=b=c. ===90
Three equal axes at right angles, two equal.

Simple Body-centred Face-centred Simple Body-centred Simple Body-centred Base-centred Face-centred Simple Simple

P I F P I P I C F R P

a=bc. ===90
Three unequal axes at right angles.

abc. ===90 Rhombohedral 3 equal axes, equally inclined. a=b=c. ==90 (trigonal) Two equal, coplanar axes at Hexagonal
120, 3rd axis at right angles.

a=bc. ==90, =120 Monoclinic Triclinic

Prof. Bondan T. Sofyan

Three unequal axes, one pair not at right angles.

Simple P Base-centred C Simple P

abc. ==90
Three unequal axes, unequally inclined, none at right angles.

abc. 90

4. The 14 Bravais Lattices Cubic Bodycentred (I)

a
Simple (P)

Facecentred (F)

Prof. Bondan T. Sofyan

4. The 14 Bravais Lattices Tetragonal

c a
Simple (P)
Prof. Bondan T. Sofyan

a
Body-centred (I)

4. The 14 Bravais Lattices

Orthorhombic

c b
Simple (P)

a
Body-centred (I)

Base-centred (C)

Face-centred (F)

4. The 14 Bravais Lattices

c
120

Hexagonal (P)
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Rhombohedral (R)

4. The 14 Bravais Lattices Monoclinic

Simple (P) Base-centred (C)

Prof. Bondan T. Sofyan

4. The 14 Bravais Lattices Triclinic

a
Simple (P)

Prof. Bondan T. Sofyan