Ceramics
(Ionic & covalent bonding):
Metals
(Metallic bonding):
Polymers
(Covalent & Secondary):
secon dary bond ing
Directional Properties
Secondary bonding dominates small Tm small E large
How do atoms assemble into solid structure? (For now, focus on metals.) How does the density of a material depend on its structure? When do material properties vary with the sample (i.e., part) orientation?
Noncrystalline materials: atoms have no periodic packing occurs for: -complex structures -rapid cooling Amorphous = Noncrystalline
noncrystalline SiO2
Makes up the whole crystal if stacked, as before Smallest unit that does not hide symmetries May contain more than one atom per cell
7 Crystal Systems
14 Crystal Lattices
vs.
Coordination # = 6
(# nearest neighbors)
APF =
We can do better!
Coordination # = 8
a
2a
atoms volume 4 3 ( 3a/4 ) 2 unit cell atom 3 APF = volume 3 a unit cell
2a
B
A sites B sites C sites
C B
C B
B C B B
A B C
2D Projection Top layer Middle layer Bottom layer 6 atoms/unit cell Examples: Cd, Mg, Ti, Zn
B sites A sites
a