Physics 401, Spring 2013

Eugene V. Colla
1. Fourier transform. Discrete Fourier transform. Some
properties.
2. Time domain and Frequency domain representation of
the data.
3. Frequency domain spectroscopy (FDS)
4. Lock-in amplifiers
5. Practical application of lock-ins in FDS
6. Taking data and simple data analysis using OriginPro.
1/28/2013
in 1822, Jean Baptiste Fourier developed the theory that shows that any
real waveform can be represented by the sum of sinusoidal waves.
J ean Baptiste J oseph
Fourier
(1768 1830)
Let we try to create the square wave
as a sum of sine waves of different
frequencies
Square wave.
F=40Hz, A=1.5V
1/28/2013
1
A sin(2t)
1 3 3
sin(2 ) sin(2 3 ) A t A t te t e + +
1 3 3
5 5
sin(2 ) sin(2 3 )
sin(2 5 )
A t A t
A t
te t e
t e
+ + +
+
1 3 3
5 5 7 7
A sin(2t) + A sin(23t + ) +
A sin(25t + ) + A sin(27t + )
1/28/2013
+
2jf
-
H(f)= h(t)e dt; j= -1

}
+
-2jf
-
h(t)= H(f)e df

}
The continues Fourier transformation of the signal h(t) can be
written as:
H(f) represents in frequency domain mode the time domain signal h(t)
Equation for inverse Fourier transform gives the correspondence of the
infinite continues frequency spectra to the corresponding time domain
signal.
In real life we working with discrete representation of the
time domain signal recorded during a finite time.
It comes out that in practice more useful is the representation the
frequency domain pattern of the time domain signal h
k
as sum of
the frequency harmonic calculated as:
1
2 /
0
1
( )
N
j kn N
n k
k
H k h e
N
t

=
~
N number of collected points
DFT
Time domain
Frequency domain
1
2 /
0
1
( )
N
j kn N
k n
k
h H k e
N
t

=
~
and
For periodic signals with period T
0
:
0
1 1
0 0
2 2
( ) cos sin
2
n n
n n
a nt nt
F t a b
T T
t t

= =
| | | |
= + +
| |
\ . \ .
0 0
0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0
0 0
2 2 2 2
( )cos ; ( )cos ;
2
( ) ;
T T
n n
T
nt nt
a F t dt b F t dt
T T T T
a F t dt
T
t t
| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
=
} }
}
DFT
Time domain signal
Decomposition the signal into the sine wave harmonics. The only
modulus's of the harmonics amplitudes are presented in this picture.
Now how we can find the amplitudes of the harmonics to compose the square
wave signal from sine waves of different frequencies.
Frequency domain
Studied object
Asin(et) B
1
sin(et)+B
2
cos(et)
Applied test signal
Response of the studied system
We applying the sine wave signal to tested object and measuring the
response. Varying the frequency we can study the frequency
properties of the system
x
y
reference
V
0
sin(et+)
x
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
-0.6
0.0
0.6
-0.6
0.0
0.6
-0.6
0.0
0.6
time (msec)


V
in
=sin(et+t/4)
Now about the most powerful tool which can be used in frequency
domain technique.
PSD
*

Signal
amplifier
VCO
**

Signal
in
Reference
in
Signal
monitor
Reference
out
Low-pass
filter
DC
amplifier
output
*
PSD - phase sensitive detector;
**
VCO - voltage controlled oscillator
John H. Scofield
American J ournal of Physics 62 (2)
129-133 (Feb. 1994).
1/28/2013 11
1/28/2013 12
Signal (V
S
)
Reference (V
R
)
Demodulator = V
S
V
R
Low-pass
1/28/2013 13
Lock-in
amplifier
Amplitude detector
1/28/2013 14
Signal (V
S
)
Reference (V
R
)
Demodulator = V
S
V
R
Low-pass
zoom
V
OUT
0
f
REF
f
SIGNAL
x
y
reference
V
0
sin(et+)
=t/4, V
out
=0.72V
in
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
-0.6
0.0
0.6
-0.6
0.0
0.6
-0.6
0.0
0.6
time (msec)


V
in
=sin(et+t/4)
reference
output
In many scientific applications it is a great advantage to measure both
components (E
x
, E
y
) of the input signal. We can use two lock-ins to do this
or we can measure these value in two steps providing the phase shift of
reference signal 0 and t/2. Much better solution is to use the lock-in
amplifier equipped by two demodulators.
E
in
=E
o
sin(et+)
sin(et)
cos(et)
to E
x
channel
to E
y
channel
x
y
E
y

E
x

ADC
Input
amplifier
e
in
DSP
External reference signal
Internal
Function
generator
Asin(et+|)
DAC
Analog outputs
Digital interface
Digital lock-in SR830
Lock-in demo
input
time
constant
sensitivity
Channel 1 Channel 2
Sine out
Measured
signal
to Lock-in
Input protecting circuit
H(e)
Response function
Frequency domain representation of the system
Linear engineering systems are those that can be modeled by
linear differential equations.
1/28/2013
He4
AC drive signal
Transmitter
(heater)
Receiver
Example 1. High-pass filter.
C
R
2( )
( ) ( )* ( ) ( )
1( ) 2( )
out in in
Z
V H V V
Z Z
e
e e e e
e e
= =
+
Applying the Kirchhoff
Law to this simple network
C
R
2( )
( ) ( )* ( ) ( )
1( ) 2( )
out in in
Z
V H V V
Z Z
e
e e e e
e e
= =
+
R
L
C
Z = R
Z = j L
1 j
Z = = -
j C C
e
e e
R
L L
C -1
C
Z =R+...
Z =jL+R
1 1
Z = =
jC jC+R
Ideal case
More realistic
C
R
( )
( )
( )
2 2
1
2 2
2
( ) ;
1
1 1
1
where ;
1
( ) ; ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
arctan arctan
1
c
I
I
R
R
R
I
R j RC
H
H
H
j
H j
j RC j
R
j C
j
C
H
H
H
H
R
e et et
e
e et
e t
e
t e
et
e u e
et
e
e
e
e
e
t
e t

= + = = = = +
+ +
+
+
= =
| |
| |
= + = = =
|
|
\ .
\ .
+
t time constant of the filter
e
C
- cutoff frequency
C
R
Fitting parameters: V
0
, t, Voff

( )
0
2
( ) ;
1
out in
V V H V RC
et
e t
et
= - = - =
+
Fitting function
C
R
C
R
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
1
2 2
2
1
1 1
( ) ;
1
1 1
1
whe
1
( )
re ;
1
( ) ; ( ) arct
( )
an
( )
( )
arctan
1
R
R
I
R
c
I
I
j C
H j
j RC j
R
j
H
H
H
C
RC
H
H
H H
j
e
e
e et
e t
e
t e
e
et
e
e
e u e et
t
e
e

= + = = = =
+ +
+
+
= =
| |
= + = = =
|
\ .
+
R
C
Lock-in SR830
input FG output
Hi-pass filter
Input (A)
Sine wave output
Use internal reference mode
Do measurements on harmonic no1
Take care about time constant should
be at least ~10 times larger than period of
measuring frequency
Avoid overloading of the lock-in
R
L
C
R
0
0
1 1 1
2 ;
o
L
f Q
RC R C
LC
e t
e
= = = =
0
2
0
2
0
2
0
if
1
1
1
1
R R
R j L
H
R LC j RC
R j L
R
j RC
e
e e
e
e
e
e
>>
| |
+
~ =
|
+
\ .
| |
+
|
| |
\ .
+
|
\ .
0
1 1 1
2 ;
o
L
f Q
RC R C
LC
e t
e
= = = =
0
2 2
0 0
2 2
0 0 0
2
2
0 0
2 2
2
0
2 2
0 0
1
1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1
j Q
R j L R
H
R R
j RC j
Q
j Q
Q
R
R
Q
e
e e
e e e
e
e e e
e e
e e
e e
e e
+
| | | |
+
= =
| |
| | | |
\ . \ .
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
| |
| |

|
|
|
| |
\ .
\ .
=
|
| | | |
\ .
+
| |
\ . \ .
0
fitting pars: ; , and (scaling coefficient)
o
R
Q
R
e
0
2 2
0 0
2 2
0 0 0
2
2
2 2
2
2
0
0
0 0
2
0
1
1
1
1 1
1
1 1
1
1
Q
Q
j Q
R j L R
H
R R
j R
R
C
j
R
j
Q
Q
e
e e
e e e
e
e e e
e e
e e
e e
e e
+
| | | |
+
= =
| |
| | | |
\ . \ .
+ +
| |
\ . \ .
| |
| |

|
|
|
| |
\ .
\ .
=
|
| | | |
\ .
+
| |
\ . \ .
The resonance curves obtained on RLC circuits
with two different damping resistors
Lock-in SR830
input Reference in
Wavetek
Out
Sync
Time domain pattern
Frequency
domain ?
0
0
0
0
0 0
0
0 0
0
0
0
2 2
( )cos ;
2 2
( )sin ;
2
( )
T
n
T
n
T
nt
a F t dt
T T
nt
b F t dt
T T
a F t dt
T
t
t
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
=
|
\ .
=
}
}
}
F(t) periodic function F(t)=F(t+T
0
):
0
0
0
0 0
0 ;
2

2
T
V V t
T
V t T
| |
= < s
|
\ .
| |
< s
|
\ .
V
0
T
0
V
0
T
0
Time domain
Frequency domain
Spectrum measured by
SR 830 lock-in amplifier
V
0
T
0
Time domain taken
by Tektronix scope
Data file can be used to convert
time domain to frequency domain
V
0
T
0
Time domain taken
by Tektronix scope
Data file can be used to convert
time domain to frequency domain
Spectrum calculated by Origin.
Accuracy is limited because of
the limited resolution of the
scope
V
0
T
0
Time domain taken
by Tektronix scope
Spectrum calculated by
Tektronix scope.

Accuracy is limited because
of the limited resolution of the
scope
Time domain taken
by Tektronix scope
Spectrum of the square wave
signal

Spectrum of the pulse signal

ramp
pulse
Appendix #1
Reminder: please submit the reports by e-mail in pdf or MsWord format.
pdf is strongly preferable!
L1_lab2_student1
Lab section
Lab number Your name
https://my.physics.illinois.edu/courses/upload/
Preferable file name
Link for uploading:
Appendix #2
Origin templates for the Lab are available in:

\\Phyaplportal\PHYCS401\Common\Origin templates\frequency domain
analysis