Flexible Pavement Design for Widening : A Case Study of SH-8 (Stretch from Tarapur to Vasad)

Prepared By: Hardik H Patel Enrollment No : 110080719005 M.Tech Transportation System Engg. BVM Enginnering College, V V Nagar Guided By: Asst. Prof. Amit A Vankar Transportation System Engg. Dept. BVM Engineering College, V V Nagar Co - Guided By: Professor Dr. L.B. Zala Transportation System Engg.Dept. BVM Engineering College, V V Nagar

Introduction

Approach to Globalization
Effective communication is a key to national progress. India is located in a region where South-Asia converges with Central Asia and the Middle East. Blessed with extensive natural resources and rich agricultural land, it improves its economy particularly by exporting valuable items.

In order to improve trade and economic activities and to materialize regional linkages with China, Pakistan, Shrilanka, Bangladesh and other neighboring Central Asian countries, the country is gearing up towards a large infrastructure network.
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Introduction

Flexible Pavements are widely used despite some doubts regarding their economics under different conditions. Two most important parameters that governs the pavement design are soil sub-grade and traffic loading. The Indian guidelines for the design of flexible pavements use soil sub-grade strength in terms of California Bearing Ratio and traffic loading in terms of million standard axles (msa).

Design comprises the interplay of several variables such as, wheel loads, climate, terrain and sub-grade conditions.

Methodology
Problem Identification

Literature Review

Study Area Profile Traffic Volume Survey

Axle Load Survey

Grain Size Analysis Atterberg Limits

Data Collection
Proctor Density Test

Turning Movement Counts

Existing Pavement Composition

Data Analysis California Bearing Ratio Conclusion & Recommendation

Problem Justification
Deficiencies and Issues
Operation Road capacity augmentation Congestion and delays through built-up areas No access control Vehicle competing with slow moving vehicle for the pavement space Deficient road surface conditions (roughness) Uncontrolled roadside developments and encroachments

Problem Justification
Safety Exposed roadside hazards No pavement markings Inadequate traffic signs Conflict with pedestrian, cattle, slow vehicles Road Poor pavement condition and structural inadequacy

Aim of Study

Aiming to facilitate to design for widening the pavement entail to rectify the problem of traffic accumulation and provision of superior transportation service. Study stretch has requisite to Widening of State Highway-8 mentioned route of Tarapur (Km 00+000) - Borsad (Km 29+340) - Vasad (Km 48+900) from 2 Lane to 6 lane. Improve Road Network is the one of important reason of transportation system at the city level. Such big project influences on neighboring environment.

Objectives

To identify the soil characteristics within study area stretch

To define the traffic volume and data interpretation of axle load survey To find v/c ratio and suggest widening

Strengthen the existing pavement so that it can carry the anticipated traffic for design period To design the pavement layer for widening to whole stretch

3 Preamble

Literature Review

The Government Roads comprise of National Highways (NH), State Highways (SH), Major District Road (MDR), Other District Roads (ODR) with Cross Drainage Works like Causeways, Culverts ; Road and Railway over bridges, underpasses.
NH: Main highways running through the length and breadth of the Country connecting major ports, State Capitals, large industrial and tourist center.

SH:

Arterial routes of a State linking District Headquarters and important cities within the State and connecting them with NH or Highways of the neighboring States.

MDR: Important roads within a district serving areas of production and markets and connecting those with each other or with main highways

ODR: Roads serving rural areas of production and providing them with outlet to market centers, taluka headquarters, Block Development headquarters or other main roads

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Table 2.1 Category wise Road Length*

Road Classification Total Road Length (Km)

National Highways

70,934 + 40,000 Km under implementation

State Highways Major and other District Roads Rural and other Roads Total Road Length

1,54,522 25,77,396 14,33,577 42,36,429 Km

*Source : National Highway Authority of India ; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Highways

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Road Network in India

Expressways 0.02%
National Highways 1.67% State Highways 3.65%

Rural and other Roads 33.83%

Major and other District Roads 60.82%

Fig. 2.1 Category wise Road length

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Rural Road Network in India, tends over 10 years*

Kilometers Kilometers in 2001 Kilometers as of May 2011 under construction in 2011

Total Rural Roads Paved, not maintained Rural Roads Unpaved Rural Roads Paved, maintained Rural Roads New Rural Roads

2.7 million

3.1 million

0.1 million

0.5 million 2.2 million 1.9 million

7,28,871 53,634

3,22,900

82,734

*Source: Annual Report 2010-11, Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government of India

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Factors for design of pavements

Design wheel load
Static load on wheels Contact Pressure Load Repetition

Subgrade soil
Thickness of pavement required Stress- strain behaviour under load Moisture variation

Climatic factors Pavement component materials Environment factors Traffic Characteristics Required Cross sectional elements of the alignment

Subgrade Soil Strength

Assessed in terms of CBR of subgrade soil for most critical moisture conditions. Soil type Moisture Content IS 2720 Part 8 Dry Density Internal Structure of the soil Type and Mode of Stress Application.

Traffic Data
Initial data in terms of number of commercial vehicles per day (CVPD).
In terms of Cumulative Vehicles/day Based on 7 days 24 hours Classified Traffic

Traffic growth rate during design life in %

Design life in number of years.

National Highways and State Highways : 15 Years Expressways and Urban Roads : 20 Years Other Category Roads : 10 to 15 Years

Distribution of commercial vehicles over the carriage way

Table 2.3 Sample size for Axle Load Survey

Total number of
Commercial Vehicles per

Minimum percentage
of Commercial Traffic to be

day

surveyed

<3000

20 per cent

3000 to 6000

15 per cent

>6000

10 per cent

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Sequential Activities perform for Construction of Highway

Survey of site and soil investigation Prime Coat Tack Coat

Design of elements (Road structure)

Kerb

DBM

Clearing and Grubbing

WMM

Traffic diversion

BC

Excavation

Granular subbase

ECW

Tack Coat

Soil Embankment

Sub grade

Traffic diversion

Cleaning

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Study Area Corridor

The study road, Tarapur to Vasad SH-8 belongs to entire road from Bagodara to Vasad originating from Dist. Ahmedabad and terminating to Dist. Anand cover 48 Km of road length.

Gujarat having 1600 km of long coastline, which accounts for 80% cargo for India. Study stretch connects to states major ports i.e. Kandla, Mundra, Pipavav also Jamnagar Industry from major busy corridor NH-8 , NH-27, NH8A, NH-47. Study stretch dead end meets to NH-8; which is Indias busiest route of Delhi Mumbai Freight Corridor apart of Golden Quadrilateral.

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(Tarapur : 2229'39.69"N 7238'49.13"E ; Vasad : 2227'40.01"N 73 3'57.09"E )

Image Source: Google Earth 6.2.2.6613; Map of India www.mapsofindia.com/maps/Gujarat/

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Economic Characteristics
The study area is primarily agrarian in character and a vast area is covered with matured as well as growing trees

commonly of type Babool, Khejri, Neem and Imli and rapidly

growing with different crops. The principal agricultural crop

are:paddy, wheat, pulses, oilseeds, sugarcane, potato,

different vegetable and horticulture and forest products[4].

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Economic Characteristics
A number of small-scale production units of various types
are in operation in Anand district of Gujarat. These include Bricks, iron and steel fabrication, earthen pots, lime

(choona), milk product (ghee), clothes, minerals, shoes and

furniture making etc.

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Demographic Features
The study stretch from part of Anand District, which have following demographic features: The size of population of Anand District is approximately 20,90,276 ; (male 10,88,253 ; Female 10,02,023)
Population
52.06%

47.94%

male

Female

Population

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Density of Population Anand 711/Km2 Population of Vasad approximately - 12,487 Total Literacy (in terms of percentage) = 85.79% ; Male Literacy 93.23% , Female Literacy 77.76% ; (in terms of number) = Male literacy 893,559, Female Literacy 690,621 Literacy
93.23%

77.76%

male
Literacy

female

Sex Ratio 921 females per 1000 males

(Source: Census 2011Web Link : www.census2011.co.in/census/district/196-anand.html) 24

160

Category wise Road Length distribution in different Talukas

140 120

Road Length in Km

100
80

60 40 20
0 VR ODR MDR SH NH NE

ANAND 93.52 1.4 35.1 99.25 26 26

UMRETH 40.7 4.9 17.1 68 0 0

PETLAD 85.7 13.9 40.7 67.75 0 0

SOJITRA 43.15 5.6 22.4 25.5 0 0

BORSAD 141.2 19.2 44.5 73.5 0 0

ANKLAV 24.9 5.6 13.6 36.5 0 0

KHAMBHAT 75.92 31.2 44.9 84.25 0 0

TARAPUR 24 41.4 17 42.25 0 0

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 Adjacent to the study stretch there are 25 villages namely Adas, Khadol, Sundan, Joshikuva, Anklav, Dahemi, Kasumbad, Nisraya, Bhadran, Rudel, Vahera, Dhundakuva, Nahapa, Silvai, Pandoli, Dharmaj, Vatadra, Nagra, Finav, Vadadla, Nar Town, Runaj, Parol, Sath, Balinta. Almost all villages have bus facilities and few villages have direct access to Railway Services. Almost all the villages have paved and mud roads though it can be said that more improvement is necessary in this sector.

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Study Corridor Characteristics:

Stretch Length Terrain conditions 48.300 Kms Plain terrain
1 to 2.5 m earthen shoulder on either side of stretch having width 7 m of 2 lane

Carriageway width

Major bridges / ROB/VUP Minor bridge

Major Settlements

1 Major Bridge 1 ROB 5 Nos Tarapur, Arnej, Vejelka, Indranaj, Isarwada, Nar, Danteli, Dharmaj
Generally Agriculture / Barren Lands for most of length except Urban areas

Landuse

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Original Ground Elevation of Study corridor

Ground elevation falls and rises along study stretch ; Tarapur @Km. 00+000 elev. 19m , Borsad @ Km. 29+340 elev. 37m , Vasad @ Km.48+900 elev. 32m at an eye altitude 43.52 Km.

(Source : Google Earth 6.2.2.6613)

Original Ground elevation Profile

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Data Collection and Analysis

29

Schematic Diagram of the location of collected soil sample

30

Collection of Soil Samples

31

80

Grain Size Distribution

70

60

Percentage by Weight

50

40

30

20

10

0 Gravel % 4.75 mm & above Sand % 0.075 to 4.75 mm Silt + Clay % Less than 0.075 mm

9+300

12+300

20+000

21+500

23+600

25+400

28+000

39+500

46+400

0 51 49

0 54 46

0 73 27

0 52 48

0 54 46

0 39 61

0 51 49

0 32 68

0 54 46
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Based on Unified soil classification and IS classification system ; soil classification and identification is done through auxiliary laboratory identification procedure and IS plasticity chart. Soil Classification is carried out in order to identification of soil for its predictable behaviors and its properties .

CHAINAGE (KM)
9+300

Soil Classification
SC

% of Soil Classification

12+300 20+000 21+500

23+600 25+400

SC SM SMSC
SMSC CI
CI 22%

SC 34%

28+000 39+500 46+400

SC CI SMSC
SM-SC 33% SM 11%

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Liquid Limit & Plasticity Index

40

35

Percentage of LL & PI

30

25

20

15

10

9+300 33 12

12+300 30 8

20+000 25
NP 0

21+500 28 7

23+600 28 7

25+400 37 15

28+000 34 13

39+500 38 16

46+400 28 7

Atterberg Limit % LL Atterberg Limit % PI

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Maximum Dry Density & Optimum Moisture Content by Modified Proctor Test IS : 2720 Part VII
MDD OFC

11.8

11.7

12.3 11.5

12.2

10.9

9.2

9.9

9.9

1.986

1.989

1.994

1.972

1.974

1.986

1.956

9+300

21+500

28+000

39+350

12+000

20+000

23+600

25+400

1.95

Chainage

46+400

1.964

35

CBR Test

36

After CBR test was performed , there are different CBR values obtained for study stretch on different chainages
16
14.5

15.1

15.2

14.5

14.4

14
12

10.5
8.7

10

CBR %

7.9

8.1

6 4 2 0
9+300 12+000 21+500 23+600 28+000 39+350

20+000

25+400

Chainage

46+400

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Existing Pavement Composition

From test pits on existing pavement it is noted that existing crust thickness is around 810 mm with following pavement

composition
Pavement Layer BC DBM WMM Bituminous layer Boulder soling Total Thickness in mm 70 100 300 40 300 810

Test Pit for pavement composition

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 At different location on study stretch classified volume count survey was carried out . Classified Average Daily Traffic is computed.

Composition of Average Daily Traffic at Tarapur

4000 3705

3500 3000

No. of Veh.

2545 2500 2000 1558 1500

1000 500 0 1 1228 1863

717 53

780 191

840
328 1

23

Private Bus

2 Wheeler

Car

Commercial

Public Transport

Passenger

Agricultural

Animal Drawn

State Bus

MAV

LCV

Rikshaw

3 Axle

Tractor Trolly

2 Axle

School Bus

Mini Bus

4-6 Axle

Tractor

NMV 39

Composition of Average Daily Traffic at Borsad

4000 3500
3809

No. of Veh.

3000 2500 2000 1500

1063

2640 2095

1267

1181 621

1150

1000 500 0
1

306 51
28

84

31

2 Axle

3 Axle

4-6 Axle

Tractor

Commercial

Public Transport

Passenger

Agricultural

Animal Drawn
NMV 40

School Bus

MAV

2 Wheeler

Tractor Trolly

Mini Bus

Private Bus

State Bus

Rikshaw

LCV

Car

Average daily Traffic and Passenger Car Units at Tarapur and Borsad
30000 25919

25000

24891

20000

15000

13834

14330

10000

5000

0 Total Veh. Total PCU Total Veh. Total PCU

At Tarapur

At Borsad

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Traffic Forecasting
Traffic Growth Rate The present day traffic has to be projected for the end of design life at growth rates (r) estimated by studying and analyzing the following data:

(i)

The past trends of traffic growth; and

(ii) Demand elasticity of traffic with respect to macro-economic parameters (like GDP or SDP) and expected demand due to specific developments and land use changes likely to take place during design life.

If the data for the annual growth rate of commercial vehicles is not available or if it is less than 5 per cent, a growth rate of 5 per cent should be used (IRC:SP:84-2009)
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At Tarapur Year
Traffic growth in no. of veh.

At Borsad
Traffic growth in no. of veh.

PCU/Day 24891 26136 27442

28814 30255

PCU/Day 25919 27215 28576

30004 31505

after assuming r= 5 % Traffic Prediction Pn = Po (1+r)n

2013 2014 2015

2016 2017

13834 14526 15252

16015 16815

14330 15047 15799

16589 17418

where Pn = Traffic in the nth year Po = Traffic flow in the base year n = Number of years r = Traffic growth rate

2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

2023 2024 2025

17656 18539 19466 20439 21461

22534 23661 24844

31768 33356 35024 36775 38614

40545 42572 44701

18289 19204 20164 21172 22231

23342 24509 25735

33080 34734 36471 38294 40209

42219 44330 46547

2026 2027 2028

26086 27390 28760

46936 49282 51747

27021 28372 29791

48874 51318 53884

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Future trend of PCUs

51500
51747

48500
45500
44701 42572

49282 46936

42500
PCUs

39500
36500
35024 33356 31768 30255 28814 27442 26136 24891

40545 38614 36775

33500 30500
27500

24500 2012

2014

2016

2018

2020 2022 Year

2024

2026

2028

2030

Future trend of PCUs at Tarapur junction

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Future trend of PCUs

53884

52000 49000 46000

43000
42219
40209

51318 48874 46547

44330

PCUs

40000
37000
36471 34734 33080 31505 30004 28576 27215 25919

38294

34000
31000

28000
25000 2012

2014

2016

2018

2020 2022 Year

2024

2026

2028

2030

Future trend of PCUs at Borsad junction

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JUSTIFICATION FOR WIDENING

VOLUME/CAPACITY RATIO
V/C Ratio is summarized in order to get Volume-Capacity of existing study corridor.

Assessment is based on IRC:64-1990 Guideline for Capacity of Road in Rural Areas. The details of V/C ratio is presented in below Table.
Count Post No. of Lane Width in meter Volume PCU/Day DSV Capacity V/C Ratio

Tarapur Junction Borsad Junction

2 2

3.75 3.75

24891 25919

15000 15000

30000 30000

0.83 0.86

The V/C ratio is 0.83 to 0.86, which is near to 1, hence capacity is to be increased by widening the existing corridor. The widening is suggested by adding 4 lanes to existing 2 lanes for long term solution.
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DESIGN OF PAVEMENT LAYERS

Having CVPD, VDF, traffic growth rate, design life; the cumulative million standards axles is computed as :

[( + ) ] =
Location Tarapur Borsad

Design Life (years) Cumulative standard axles (msa)

10 84

15 156

10 86

15 158

Plate no.6, 7, 8, pg.27, 28; IRC:37-2012,in order to obtain pavement thickness Cumulative Standard axles repetition is adopted 158 msa among its higher value for whole study stretch.

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Composition of subsequent layers of pavement is calculated from above data and given in below table

Composition of diff. Layers of Pavement for Design Life n=15 years

Chainage (Km)
Thickness of Layers (mm)

WMM

DBM

9+300 12+300
20+000

10.5 8.7
14.5

50 50
50

125 135
100

250 250
250

200 200
200

GSB

Total Thickness (mm)

CBR %

BC

625 635
600

21+500 23+600
25+400

15.1 15.2
7.9

50 50
50

100 100
135

250 250
250

200 200
200

600 600
635

28+000 39+500
46+400

14.5 8.1
14.4

50 50
50

100 135
100

250 250
250

200 200
200

600 635
600

48

49

CONCLUSION
Different type of soil have different characteristics, it is essential to have recognizance and evaluation of particular soil on which pavement structure is being constructed. Transient traffic loading and its effects may high if higher number of vehicles may pass. Based on
IRC:37-2012 pavement life for state highway is minimum 15 years but beside it

conventional planning for design for widen the existing road may 27 years, so its necessary to design the pavement for initial 15 years and further

overlaying for strengthening will carried out.

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RECOMMENDATION
State Highway-8 route link Bagodra - Vataman - Tarapur - Dharmaj -Borsad Vasad having total length 101.76 km originating in district Ahmedabad and terminating in district Anand. This stretch will connect South Gujarat and Saurashtra region. It is expected to ease the
traffic situation on the NH 8. The road will also provide connectivity to NH-8 to NH-27, NH-

47. Based on huge advantages it is expected to widen the existing pavement to minimize traffic congestion and carry the anticipated traffic load.

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References
1. 2. Feasibility cum Preliminary Design Report for NH-11, NHDP Phase-III, Rajasthan Highway Engineering by Khanna. S. K., Justo. C. E. G., Nem Chand and Bros, Roorkee, U.K., India Jha, Bindur Kant., and Aman Kumar (2009), Performance of Bituminous Mixes A Case Study Indian Highways. Manual for Construction and Supervision of Bituminous Works , Publication of Indian Roads Congress, 2001. Specifications for Raod and Bridge Works Ministry of Shipping, Road Transportation & Highways, Indian Road Congress, 2001

3.

4.

5.

6. Traffic Engineering and Transportation Planning by Kadiyali. L. R., Khanna Publication

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References
7. Bindra S.P., A Course in Highway Engineering, 5th edition, Dhanpat Rai Publication, 2012 IRC:36-2010 Recommended Practice for Construction of Earth Embankments and Sub-Grade for Road Works (First Revision) IRC:37-2012 Tentative Guidelines for the Design of Flexible Pavements

8.

9.

10. IRC:SP:-84-2009 Manual for Specification & Standards for Four Laning of Highways through Public Private Partnership 11. Khanna S.K., Justo C.E.G , Highway Engineering, 9 th edition, Nem Chand & Bros Roorkee, U.K, India, 2011 12. Yoder E.J., Witczak M.W., Principles of Pavement Design, 2nd edition, John Willey & Sons, 1975 53

References
13. http://www.nhai.org/roadnetwork.htm 14. National Highway Development Project http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/nationalhighways_develepment_project 15. Golden Quadrilateral http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/national_golden_quadrilateral 16. www.census2011.co.in/census/district/196-anand.html

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