The Carbohydrates are composed entirely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They have the general molecular
formula CH2O, and thus were once thought to represent "hydrated carbon".
Starch and cellulose are two common carbohydrates. Both are macromolecules, polymers (polysaccharides),
monomers (monosaccharides).
The monomers of both starch and cellulose are the same: units of the sugar glucose.
Sugars:
Monosaccharides: Three common sugars share the same molecular formula: C6H12O6. Because of their
six carbon atoms, each is a hexose. They are:
1. GLUCOSE .
2. GALACTOSE .
3. FRUCTOSE .
Glucose, Galactose, and Fructose are monosaccharides. Two monosaccharides can be linked together to form
a disaccharide.
Polysaccharides:
Starches: Starches are polymers of glucose. There are two types of starches:
1. Amylose.
2. Amylopectin.
Starches are insoluble in water and thus can serve as storage depots of glucose.
Glycogen: Animals store excess glucose by polymerizing it to form glycogen. The structure of
glycogen is similar to that of amylopectin, although the branches in glycogen tend to be shorter and
more frequent.
Glycogen is broken back down into glucose when energy is needed (a process called glycogenolysis).
Cellulose: Cellulose is probably the single most abundant organic molecule in the biosphere. It is the
major structural material of which plants are made.
Lipids:
All Lipids are hydrophobic, that’s the one property they have in common. This group of molecules
includes fats and oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroids (like cholesterol), and some other related
compounds. Fats and oils are made from two kinds of molecules: glycerol and three fatty acids
joined by dehydration synthesis.
Phospholipids
Phospholipids are made from glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group with some
other molecule attached to its other end. The hydrocarbon tails of the fatty acids are still
hydrophobic, but the phosphate group end of the molecule is hydrophilic because of the oxygen
with all of their pairs of unshared electrons.
The phospholipids are soluble in both water and oil.
Steroids
A steroid is a terpenoid lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton with four fused rings. Steroids vary
by the functional groups attached to these rings and the oxidation state of the rings. Hundreds of
distinct steroids are found in plants, animals, and fungi.
The steroids are: estrogen, progesterone, corticosteroids, aldosterone, testosterone, and Vitamin D.
Proteins
Proteins are the most versatile of molecules, carrying out both most of the molecular functions and
providing many of the molecular structures that support life.
Arthrosis: Arthrosis is a disease produced by the debilitation of the cartilage and when it
wears out.
Diabetes: Diabetes is a disease in wich the people have a high amount of glucose in their
blood.
Obesity: Obesity is a disease in which the body has an excess proportion of fat in their body.
. My cousin suffers of obesity. He used to eat fast food and rarely did exercises,
but now he eat health food and do exercises.
.My uncle suffers of diabetes. He doesn’t eat food with a high content of
glucose.