Vivek Jha
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Presentationoutline
y Introduction y DCtestingofInsulation: y DCTestingMethods y DCTestingApplications y ACTesting: y PowerFactorandDissipationFactorTest y ACTestingApplications y Conclusion
Introduction
NeedofMaintenance&Testing
y Tolengthenthemeantimebetweenfailures(MTBF)of theelectricalequipment. y Reducedcostofrepairs y Reduceddowntimeofequipment y Improvedsafetyofpersonnelandproperty.
ROLEOFMAINTENANCEMANAGEMENT
TO BALANCE BETWEEN
COST OF MAINTENANCE PLANT AVAILABILITY
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT
22 November 2010 5
Differentapproachesto maintenance
y y y y y
22 November 2010
22 November 2010
Rulesofmaintenance
y y y y
22 November 2010
CausesofInsulationDegradationandFailureModes ofElectricalEquipment
y y y y
TEAM Stresses
Temperature Electrical Ambient Mechanical
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Poorer design & manufacture- faster rate of decline Insulation Spare Margin
Insulation Stress
New Increasing Age Old
Incidents
Increasing Age
Old
Typesoftests
y y y y
InsulationasaCapacitor
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InsulationasaCapacitor
Thedielectricconstantofaninsulatorisanindicationofhowmuchdielectric fluxtheinsulationwillallowthroughit.Underidenticalconditionsinsulation withahigherdielectricconstantwillpassmoredielectricflux throughitthan anotherinsulationhavingalowerdielectricconstant
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InsulationasaCapacitor
PerfectInsulator
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InsulationasaCapacitor
PracticalInsulator
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InsulationTest:ACorDC?
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InsulationTest:ACorDC?
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InsulationTest:ACorDC?
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InsulationTest:ACorDC?
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DCtestingofInsulation
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Introduction:DCtests
InformationprovidedbyDCTestswillbebasisfor:
y Decisionmakingaboutcorrectivemaintenance/replacement needed y Decisionmakingaboutenergizingthenewequipment y Recordingtrendofgradualdeteriorationovertime
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DCvoltageApplicationtoInsulation
WhenDCvoltageisappliedtoinsulation,currentdrawnby insulationcanbeanalyzed3components: y Capacitancechargingcurrent y Dielectricabsorptioncurrent y Leakagecurrent
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DCvoltageApplicationtoInsulation
Capacitancechargingcurrent
Charging current
E ic= --e-t/RC R
DielectricAbsorptioncurrent
Absorption current ia= K ECt-n
E=VoltageinKV K=proportionalityconstant C=capacitanceinF t=Timeinsec. n=constant
Leakagecurrent
Itisthecurrentwhichflowsthroughvolumeof insulation thisisthecurrentthatisusedtoevaluatethe statusofinsulationsystem. chargingcurrentwhenvoltageisapplied Testreadingsshouldbetakenonlyafter stabilizationofthisleakagecurrent.
AdvantagesofDCVoltageTesting
y Preferredforequipmentshavinghighchargingcurrent, suchascables y DCvoltagestressismuchlessdamagingascomparedto ACvoltages y TimeofvoltageapplicationisnotascriticalasACvoltage y Historicaldatacanbecompiledaccuratelyfor comparison y SizeandweightofDCtestequipmentissignificantly reducedascomparedtoACtestequipment
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DisadvantagesofDCVoltageTesting
y Stressdistributionforelectricalequipmentsisdifferent underACvoltage y Defects,untraceablewithDC,cansometimescause failureunderAC y DCTestresultsareaffectedbytemperatureand humidity. y ResidualchargeafterDCtestshouldbecarefully discharged
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DCTestingMethods
DCTestingMethods
TwotypesoftestsaredonewithDCvoltageapplication:
Insulationresistancetesting(IR) Highpotentialtesting(HiPot)
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DCTestingMethods InsulationResistanceTesting
Testvoltageapplication:100 15000v Instrumentused:Megohmmeter
DCTestingMethods InsulationResistanceTesting
FourcommonIRtestmethods: y ShortTimeReadingsorSpotchecking y DielectricAbsorptionRatiotest y PolarizationIndexTest y StepVoltageReadings
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ShortTimeReadings
y Thistestsimplymeasurestheinsulationresistancevalueforashort
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theperiodoftime.Ontheotherhand,aninsulationsystemthat iscontaminated withmoisture,dirt,etcwillshowalowresistancevalue. y Ingoodinsulation,theeffectsofabsorptioncurrentdecreasesastimeincreases.In badinsulation,theabsorptioneffectisshownbypersistinghighleakagecurrent. y Thetimeresistancemethodisindependentoftemperatureandequipmentsize. Theratiooftimeresistancereadingscanbeusedtoindicatetheconditionofthe insulationsystem. y Theratioofa60sreadingtoa30sreadingiscalledtheDAR(DielectricAbsorption Ratio)
DAR Resistancereadingat60s Resistancereadingat30s:
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DCTestingMethods PI(PolarizationIndex)Test
y ThePItestisaspecializedapplicationofthedielectric absorptiontest.Thistestisusedfordryinsulation.
PI =
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DCTestingMethods StepVoltageTest
LEAKAGECURRENTinA
VOLTAGEINKV
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DCTestingMethods Highpotentialtesting(HiPot)
y DCvoltageappliedacrosstheinsulationatoraboveDC equivalentofpowerfrequencyACvoltage y Testcanbeappliedasgradual testorstepvoltagetest y Ingradualtest,maxvoltageisappliedslowly,gradually andmaxvoltageisheldforaperiod.Leakagecurrent readingsarerecorded. y Instepvoltagemethod,maxvoltageisappliedinsteps andreadingstakenateachstep.
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DCTestingApplications
DCTestingApplications:Transformers
Testprocedure y Donotdisconnectgroundconnectiontotank y DisconnectallHV,LV,neutralconnections,cooling system,meters,LAandotherLVcontrolsystem y HV/LVjumpersshouldnottouchmetalorgroundedparts
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Testconnectionsfor3phtransformer HVtoLV&Earth
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Testconnectionsfor3phtransformer HVtoLV&Earth
Megohmmeter
Guard
Line
Transformer
Earth
H1
X1 H2 X2 H3 X3 X0
Testconnectionsfor3phtransformer HVtoEarth,LVGuarded
Megohmmeter
Guard
Line
Transformer
Earth
H1
X1 H2 X2 H3 X3 X0
Testconnectionsfor3phtransformer LVtoEarth,HVGuarded
Megohmmeter
Guard
Line
Transformer
Earth
H1
X1 H2 X2 H3 X3 X0
Megohmmeter
Guard
Line
Earth
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Megohmmeter
Guard
Line
Earth
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Megohmmeter
Guard
Line
Earth
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InterpretationofDCtestreadings
InterpretationofDCtestreadings
Dctestresultscanserveasguidetodecideoneofthe followingactions:
Puttheequipmentintoservicetillnextscheduled inspection y Puttheequipmentintoservicenow,butplanto repair/replaceassoonaspossible y Puttheequipmentoutofservice
y
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InterpretationofDCtestreadings
Howtodeterminewhetherinsulationisgoodorbad:
y Manufacturersinformation y Comparisonwithvaluesobtainedduringinstallation y Comparisonwithvaluesfrompreviousroutinetests y Comparisonwithvaluesofsimilarequipment y Ruleofthumb:
y Min1M /ratedKV+1M y Never<1M inanycase
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InterpretationofDCtestreadings
Morerulesofthumb:
y Fortransformers,MinIR=(CE)/ kVA
IR=wdg toEarthM,E=voltagerating,kVA =ratedkVA C=constant
valueofC Trafo type valueofCat20 degC oilfilled 1.5 Drytype 30
y Forcables,MinIR=Klog10 (D/d)
IR=cond.to EarthM per100ftofcable D=outsidedia ofcond insulation k=constantforinsulatingmaterial,d=dia ofconductor
MinvalueofK Impreg paper polyethylene Syntheticrubber XLPE 2640 2000 2000 20000
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Acceptancecriteriaforjudginginsulation
Nominalvoltageclass 600v 7.2kv 15kv 33kv 72kv 242kv 550kv Typicalsystemvoltage MinacceptableIRvalueat 200 C(M) 120/240/440v 6.9kv 11kv /138kv 33kv 69kv 220kv 500kv 1.5 8.2 14.8 35 70 231 501
Resistancesabovedonotnecessarilyindicatesoundinsulationcondition,butonlythatthe equipmentmaybeenergizedwithoutsignificantriskoffailure
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InterpretationofDCtestreadings
y Aclean,dryinsulationinexcellentconditionshouldhave resistanceseveraltimesthemin.value y IRvaluehaslittlesignificanceononetime,absolutevalue basis.Longtermtrend indicatesprogressivedeterioration y Toallowmeaningfultrending,influenceoftemp, humidityshouldbeminimized
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ACVoltageTestingof ElectricalEquipments:PFTest
Vivek Jha
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Introduction
y Powerfactor(PF)anddissipationfactor(DF)testsare conductedinthefieldforacceptanceandfieldmaintenance testingofinsulationofelectricalequipments. y PurposeofACTests:
y Identifyiftheequipmenthasbeeninstalledcorrectly y Determineneedforcorrectivemaint/repair y Trackthegradualdeteriorationoftheequipment
y WhyACtests:Givesbestinfoaboutequipmentcondition
(neartrueoperatingconditions)
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Introduction
y VarioustypesofACvoltagetests:
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PowerFactorandDissipationFactorTest
y Usedsinceearly1900s y BasedonScheringBridge y ThetestusesACandpursuestoknowlossangleofthetestedequipment,to y y y y y y
knowtheconditionofinsulation. Thetestprovidesinformationonoverallconditionofinsulation intheformofa ratio(PForDF)whichisindependentofthevolumeofinsulationbeingtested. Provideassessmentofinsulationundernormalfrequencyworking condition, whicharenottimedependentlikeDCtests Thetestdoesnotoverstresstheinsulation Providehandytoolforcomparisonwithsimilarequipments Itisimportanttotakenoteoftransformertemperatureandenvironmental moisture(surfaceleakage). ThistestissometimesreferredasDoble Test becauseofhistoricalsignificance ofDoble testkit.
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PowerFactorandDissipationFactorTest: PrincipleofPF/DFTest
PFandDF y ThePF ofinsulationisdefinedastheratioofwattloss tototalchargingvoltamperes,orthecosine ofthe angle betweentotalcurrentvector(IT)and the impressedvoltagevector.Itisameasureoftheenergy component(resistivecomponent)ofthecharging current. y TheDF isdefinedastheratioofthewattlossto chargingamperes,orthetangentoftheangle betweenthetotalcurrentvectorandthecapacitive currentvector.Theangle isthecomplementaryangle ofthePFangle.
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PowerFactorandDissipationFactorTest
y Ic =V/Xc
=VC
y PF=cos ,DF=tan
Forverysmall,PF=DF
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Example
y insulationofPF=1.0%.
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FactorsthatinfluencePFmeasurement
y Changesininsulationqualityresultinmeasurablechangesinsomeofthe
theinsulationwhenthetemperaturesaremuchbelowfreezing,
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PFTestEquipment
Cs = standard reference capacitor Cx = insulation under test A voltage is applied to both CS and CX. The ratio arms, Ns and Nx are adjusted to balance capacitive current, and the variable resistor Rs is adjusted to balance resistive current. The null indicator is used to determine when the bridge circuit is balanced. The values of Ns and Nx are used to determine capacitance and the value of RS correlates to power ( dissipation) factor of the test insulation. Safety features, self diagnostic and calibration check facility is provided in the kit
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GeneralprocedurefortheOperationofthePFTestSet
1.Assemblethetestsetinaccordancewiththeoperatinginstructionmanual. 2.Connectgroundleadfromthetestsettoastationground. Caution:PFtestsareperformedonlyondeenergizedandisolatedapparatus.Verifythe equipmentisclearedbeforeattemptingtoconnectleads. 3.Preparethespecimenfortesting.Thismayincluderemovingexternalconnections,shorting windingterminals,etc. 4.Connecttestleads:firsttothetestset,thentotheapparatustobetestedfollowingthe instructionsintheoperatingmanual. 5.Checkoperationofsafetyandgroundinterlocksifsuppliedonthetestset. 6.Selectthepropertestconfigurationfortheinsulationtobe measured. 7.Initiatevoltageoutputfromthetestset.Raiseoutputvoltagetothedesiredlevel. 8.Continueoperationofthetestsettoobtaintestreadings,followingthespecificinstructionsin theoperatingmanual.BalancethebridgeforcapacitanceandPF. 9.Reducevoltagetozero,orlowestsettingandcutoffvoltage output. 10.Recordallvaluesasprovidedbythetestset:testvoltage, current,wattsloss,capacitance, andPF.
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BasicTestConnections(TestModes)forPFTesting
y GroundedSpecimenTestMode(GST) y GSTModewithGuard(GSTG) y UngroundedSpecimenTestMode(UST)
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BasicTestConnections(TestModes)forPFTesting
GroundedSpecimenTestMode(GST)
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BasicTestConnections(TestModes)forPFTesting
GSTModewithGuard(GSTG)
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BasicTestConnections(TestModes)forPFTesting
UngroundedSpecimenTestMode(UST)
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SafetyPrecautionswithPFTesting
y AllPFtestsareperformedwiththeapparatustobetestedcompletelyde
energized andisolatedfromthepowersystem.Inaddition,theapparatus housingortankmustbeproperlygrounded.Thereisnosubstitutefora visualchecktoensurethattheapparatusterminalsareisolatedfromthe powersource y Safetygroundsshouldbeappliedtoallapparatusterminalsbeforedoingany workonthem,andbeforeconnectinganddisconnectingthePFtestleads y operatorshouldhaveanunobstructedviewoftheapparatusundertestand ofvariouspersonnelassistinginthetests. y properclearanceshouldbemaintainedbetweenthetestsetandapparatus; itshouldberecognizedthatdamagedordefectiveapparatusmayfailduring test.
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SafetyPrecautionswithPFTesting..
y Testsetsshouldhavegroundrelay thatpreventstestvoltagebeingapplied
until:
1.Aheavydutysafety(stationground)hasbeenappliedtothegroundreceptacleof thetestset. 2.Thetestcasehasbeengroundedthroughthepowersupplycord. 3.Thevoltagecontrolisatthefullycounterclockwise zerovoltageposition
y Donotconnecttestleadstotheapparatusterminalsunlesstheleadsare
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ApplicationsofPFTest
ApplicationsofPFTest
y PFtestingisnormallyusedforacceptancetesting,preventing maintenance,andpostmaintenanceinsulationassessment,and forconditiontrending. y ThetestvoltageusedforPFtestingshouldbesufficientto detectanylatentweaknessesintheinsulation,butsincethe testisintendedtobenondestructive,thevoltageshouldnot exceednormallinetoneutralorlinetogroundoperating voltageoftheapparatusundertest.
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ApplicationsofPFTest:Transformers
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ApplicationsofPFTest:Transformers
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ApplicationsofPFTest:Transformers
Calculationofresults: Test1minustest2
1.Subtractchargingcurrentoftest2fromtest1 2.Subtractwattlossoftest2fromtest1 3.ThencalculatetheCHLandPF,thatis[CH+CHL][CH]=CHL
Test3minustest4
1.Subtractchargingcurrentoftest4fromtest3 2.Subtractwattlossoftest4fromtest3 3.ThencalculatetheCHLandPF,thatis[CL+CHL][CL]=CHL
y ThecalculatedvalueofCHLfromtheabovecalculationshouldbesame.Ifit
isnotthenthereiseitheranerrorinthetestresultsorthecalculations
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ApplicationsofPFTest Bushings
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ApplicationsofPFTest:Bushings
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PFtest:Shieldedcables
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EvaluationofPFandDFTestResults
y Fourcategories:
1 GoodInsulation :conditionisgoodandsuitableforcontinuedservice 2 DeterioratedInsulation :conditionissatisfactoryforservicebutshouldbe checkedwithinsixmonthstoseeiftheconditionhasfurtherdegraded 3 MarginalInsulation :conditionisnotsatisfactoryforserviceimmediate investigationofthedegradedconditionsshouldbebegunandifthisisnot possiblethenitshouldbebegunassoonaspossible 4 BadInsulation:Removefromserviceandreconditiontorestoreinsulation togoodcondition,ifnotpossible,thenreplaceThe
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EvaluationofPFandDFTestResults
y Referencesforevaluatingtestresults:
Manufacturersrecommendations y yeartoyeartestresults y Resultsofsimilarequipments
y
y Wheneverthetestresultsarequestionableormarginal,itisgenerally
recommendedtoperformtestsonmorefrequentbasis
y AgradualandconsistentincreaseinPFmaybeduetocontamination,
TypicalofmaximumallowablePFvalues*
Equipment TypicalmaxallowablePF valuesat20DegC 0.5% maybeupto1%forold transformers upto2% maybeupto5%forold transformers 0.05% 0.50% 1% 0.50% 0.05 1.0% 0.5 1.0% 3to5% 4to8%
OilFilledPowerandDistributionTransformers
DryTypePowerandDistributionTransformers TransformerOil Bushings RotatingMachines Cableinsulation: Paper XLPE Ethylene/propylenerubber Rubber(oldertype) Varnishedcambric
These are general guidelines. Please Refer Manufacturers recommendations and equipment history
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ACHighPotentialTest
ACHipotisusedasacceptancetest(go/nogotype) Thumbrule: Acceptance:75%offactorytestvoltage,ascertifiedby manufacturer Maintenance:60%offactorytestvoltage,ascertifiedby manufacturer
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Conclusion
Conclusion
Foroptimumbenefit: y Essentialtorecordalltestdatainproperformatsforfuture reference y TestEquipment
y Properselection y Regularmaintenanceand y Regularcalibration
y Trainedpersonswithknowledge,experienceandcoolmind
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TestingInformation
Theinformationontestingcanbeobtainedfromseveraldifferentsources suchas
Powerequipmentmanufacturersmanuals(BHELetc), y Testequipmentmanufacturersmanualssuchas
y
y
y y
AVO,International:http://www.avointl.com
Doble Engineering:http://www.doble.com AEMC:http://www.aemc.com
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THANKYOU
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Tempcorrectionfactorof2for