EIJES3088

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 2, No 2, 2011 Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing Association Research
h article ISSN 0976 4402
Economic activities decrease biodiversity in Hakaluki haor, the largest inland fresh water ecosystem in Bangladesh
Islam. M, Saha. N, Rahman. M Department of Forestry and Environmental Science, School of Agriculture and Mineral Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet-3114, Bangladesh mahmudafor@yahoo.com ABSTRACT A study was conducted to investigate the economic activities in Hakaluki haor and their impact on haor ecosystem. The study revealed that three categories of land are prevalent in Hakaluki haor including agricultural land, beels (the deepest part of haor) and kandas (the outer portion of the haor) comprising 21%, 25% and 54% of the total land area of Hakaluki haor (18386ha) respectively. The socio-economic condition of surrounding people is poor. The mean annual household income was calculated to be Tk.81375 (Tk.70=1US Dollar) where agriculture is the main occupation of 36% households. Agriculture, grazing, and fishing are the main economic activities involving 74%, 93% and 65% households respectively. Average annual income per household from fish capture, fish culture and fish trading are Tk. 13570, Tk. 8716 and Tk. 30000 respectively and about half of the households are involved in fish capture. 91% of households think that over exploitation of resources and existing management system are the main threats for Hakaluki haor. Consequently the natural resources are being depleted day by day along with a considerable loss in biological diversity. A number of non-governmental organizations are working to improve the situation. Some of their initiatives are expected to favour the conservation programme. However, those efforts are not adequate to conserve haor resources. A review of the current management policy and development of a comprehensive and sustainable management strategy are urgent need to protect the natural resources form further degradation. Keywords: Wetland; Economic activities; Beel; Threats; Degradation, Biodiversity 1. Introduction Wetlands are of great ecological importance and are probably the most important zone for inland freshwater fisheries as they support a large invertebrate fauna, act as a feeding ground for young and growing fish and provide refugia against predators (Denny, 1985; Balirwa, 1998). Wetlands are broadly defined as the interface between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems (Mitsch and Gosselink, 2000) where floodplain is a broad term used to refer to one or more wetland types (Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type, 1971). The floodplains of Bangladesh are amongst the worlds most important wetlands and are home to hundreds of species of fish, plants, birds and other wildlife. In Bangladesh about four million hectares of land are inundated every year in the monsoon (rainy) season, and over half the country is under water in an exceptional flood year (Ali, 1997). In the dry season, the wetlands reduce in size to form a system of rivers, beels (depressions and lakes that hold water permanently or seasonally), and baors (oxbow lakes).
Received on September 2011 Published on November 2011
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The wetlands provide the habitat for over 260 fish species (Rahman, 1989) and hundreds of thousands of migrating birds (Bird Life International 2004), and nutrition for millions of households in rural Bangladesh, particularly the poor. As many as 80% of rural households catch fish for food or to sell ( Minkin et al., 1997; Thompson et al., 1999; FAP 16, 1995,) and about 60% of animal protein consumption comes from fish (BBS, 1999). In addition, poor and marginal households catch many small fish that are not included in official statistics or policies, and use aquatic plants and animals for food or as feed for livestock. 200-300 plant species in Bangladesh are judged to be wetland species and an estimated 200 wetland plant species occurs in haor region (Karim, 1993; NERP, 1993a; and BNH, 1997). Haors are floodplain lake and swamp systems, usually described as bowl-shaped depression between the natural levees of a river, that are flooded every year by monsoon floods from April/May until October (Nishat et al.,1993). Haors remain inundated for several month of the year and draining after the monsoon. Some permanent water bodies, or beels, remain in the deepest parts Hakaluki haor is the country's largest inland freshwater wetland ecosystem, located in the Fenchuganj and Golapganj upazila, sub-district) of Sylhet district, and also Baralekha, Juri and Kulaura upazila in the Moulvibazar district. The Haor is located in the north-east of Bangladesh between 24.35nN and 24.45N latitude and 92.00'E and 92.08E longitude with an area of 18,386 ha (CNRS, 2002). There are more than 238 small, medium and large interconnecting beels, some of which are perennial and others seasonal. During the dry season, an area of approximately 4,400 ha is covered by beels. However, with the onset of the rains in the summer, the entire area floods to about four-and-a-half times of this size (18,386 ha) and remains under water for up to five months. During this period, all the beels are united as one large lake, or haor, making Hakaluki haor the largest freshwater wetland in Bangladesh. Hakaluki haor once supported plentiful wildlife and aquatic resources and was covered with swamp forest. However, in the recent times this has become a fast-degraded landscape and facing increased pressures and threats from different sources including over use of its resurces by local people (Choudhury, 2005). About 200,000 people live around the haor and all of them, more or less, are dependent on the resources of the haor for their livelihoods. On the basis of such threats and rapid degradation of the resources and in recognition of the urgent need to protect the unique ecology and biodiversity of the haor, the Government of Bangladesh declared Hakaluki haor as an "Ecologically Critical Area" (ECA) in 1999 under the provisions of the Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act 1995 (BECA) (CNRS, 2002). Though a number of projects have been being implemented by the government in collaboration with several non governmental organization (NGOs) in Hakaluki haor, the present studies indicate that their conservation efforts have not been appeared to be effective as overexploitation of resources has been occurred regularly in the haor by the local people. This study investigates the nature of livelihood dependence and its impacts on natural resources and biodiversity. 2. Materials and Method An exploratory survey was carried out on Hakaluki haor to investigate the linkage between local peoples livelihoods and the resources of Hakaluki haor and their impacts on ecological
Islam. M, Saha. N, Rahman. M International Journal of Environmental Sciences Volume 2 No.2, 2011
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functioning of the haor system. There are a number of haor in Bangladesh. The major two haors in Bangladesh named Tanguar haor and Hakaluki haor situated in the greater Sylhet division, the northeastern border of Bangladesh. Hakaluki haor was selected purposively because it is highly degraded. Hakaluki haor is administrated under five Upazilas. Golapgonj and Fenchugong under Sylhet district and Juri, Kulaura and Borolekha under Moulovibazar district. Fenchugonj upazila (From Sylhet district) and Bhorlekhea upazila (from Moulovibazar district) were selected randomly as survey sites. Two villages from each of these two upazila were then selected randomly. Then simple random sampling was followed to select the individual respondents from each village with a minimum sampling intensity of 10% (80 households, 20 from each villages). An orientation visit to the selected area was made before starting the fieldwork. At this stage, the researchers held informal discussions with the leading persons of the village and formal discussion with the administrative authority of the upazilla was made. Face-to-face interviews with selected families were used to gather primary data using a pre-prepared, semi-structured questionnaire. Targeted farmers were interviewed in their households and occasionally in the haor. To supplement these data, information was also collected from different secondary sources viz. books, journal articles, brochures, thesis papers, research paper, websites. After collecting required data, they were compiled and processed by using calculator, MS word and MS Excel computer program. 3. Results and discussion 3.1. Present management system of haor resources Hakaluki haor provides rich natural resources. Property rights to this land are subject to claim from different levels of both government and private individuals. As a result the present management system is very complex in Hakaluki haor. The land of Hakaluki haor can be classified into three distinct categories: (1) agricultural land; (2) beel: and (3) kanda. Land management is also diverse. The area of agricultural land is 3,869 ha comprising 21% of the total area of Hakaluki haor where as the area of the beels in Hakaluki haor is 4,635 ha comprising 25% of the total area. The remaining 54% of Hakaluki haor designated as kanda covering an area of 9882 ha. Agricultural land is privately owned property and operated by the landowner. About 31% of households have their own cropland in Hakaluki haor. Landowners do not cultivate always their agricultural land themselves; the land instead is frequently leased to landless people. Only 33% land owners cultivate their land themselves and the remaining 67% land owner leased their land to the land less farmers with a definite sharing agreement where the land owner and the farmer get 50:50 share of the crops provided that all the cost of production have to be incurred by the lease holder. The land less farmers depends to a great extent on these lands for their livelihood. The beels (the deepest part of haor) are classified as khas land. The beels are managed by following the traditional leasing system, leased to the fishermen group for three years with provision for renewals. For this period of lease the lease holders manage the beel as their own property while government only regulates operations through its district administration. Though only the fishermen have the right to get leased the beels, due to lack of leasing money the elite person take these opportunity by the name of fishermen. It is revealed from the study that almost cent percent (96%) of the fishermen have no ability to access the present leasing system due to lack of leasing money. The fishermen work in these leased beel as a day laborer only.
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Each beel has a surrounding land area known as kanda (the outer portion of the haor adjacent to the surrounding villages). This land is government land with no private claims on it. These lands are the rural commons where grazing activities, collection of reeds, duck rearing activities take place. The kandas of Hakaluki haor contained a dense swamp forests in the past. But deforestation and the lack of conservation practices have virtually destroyed this unique forest in the last two decades. Two small patches of swamp forest still remain in the Hakaluki haor covering an area of 1000 ha. 3.2. Socio-economic profile of the people around Hakaluki haor The average family size of the households around Hakaluki haor is 6.75. The highest percentages of households (45%) consist of family member 5-6. The larger family size in the study area may due to availability of more combined families as well as lack of awareness of the people about family planning. Age class 10 constituted the highest number of people (32 % of the total population of the area) indicating the rapid rise of young people due to high birth rate in the study area. The sex ratio (male to female) is 1.17, which is slightly different from national male to female ratio of 1.05 (BBS, 2008). It is a matter of great regret that 57% people around Hakaluki haor are illiterate. Among the remaining 43 % literate people 37% people received primary education followed by secondary education received by only 3% people. This rate of literacy is very lower than the national literacy rate (65.5%) and the literacy rate of sylhet division (55%) (BANBEIS, 2008).Approximately half of the people earn up to Tk. 6000 per month and only about 8% households earn more than Tk.10000 per month. The mean annual household income of the study area was calculated to be Tk. 81375. Agriculture is found to be very prevalent source of income where it is the main source of income of 36 % households. 27 % households around Hakaluki haor depend on fishing for their primary source of income followed by remittance (12%). Only 2% households depend on service for their main source of income. According to the land holding classification given by BBS (2001) , 66% of the land owners of the study area fall in the category of small land owner (0.004-1.011 ha). 26% and 8% of the land owners were found to be medium (1.012-3.034 ha) and large land owners (3.035 ha) respectively. No land less farmers were observed in the study area. Quality of life is an important element of decision making in conservation efforts. Sanitation facilities, source of electricity, source of drinking water and source of fuel are considered good proxy variables for quality of life. In terms of sanitation only 26% of the households have adequate sanitation facilities using sanitary latrines. 74% households have no sanitary latrines and they use open latrine constructed near the homestead either on a pond or ditch side. Pure drinking water is a very important indicator of quality of life. The people around Hakaluki haor enjoy the facility to drink pure water of tube well. About 91% household have tube well while the remaining people depend on tap, pond and river for drinking water. Kerosene is still the mail source of light in Hakaluki haor area. About 67% households use kerosene as a source of light. Only 33 % households have electricity facility. Fuel wood is the mail source of fuel energy in the study area. 65 % households use fuel wood as energy source along with other sources followed by nol khagra used by 51% households. Cow dung, straw are other source of fuel energy used by 55 % and 31% households respectively.
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3.3. Economic activities of local people in the haor The important economic activities of local people in the haor include agriculture, fishing, grazing, duck rearing, poaching, fuel wood collection and so on. The current study revealed that 74% of the households involved in agriculture in Hakaluki haor where as 65% households involved fishing in the haor. It is true that 93% households use the kandas in the haor during winter for grazing their cattle. Duck rearing is another important economic activity in the haor followed by 69% households. Only 14% households collect fuel wood from the haor (Figure-1). This reduced collection rate of fuel wood from the haor is due to over exploitation and reduction of swamp forest vegetation in the haor area. Poaching of birds is another important economic activity in the haor. About 15% households involved in hunting migratory and other birds illegally.
% of households involved 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0
Fi Fu sh el in w g oo d co lle ct io n
Figure 1: Economic activities of local people in Hakaluki haor 3.4. Hakaluki haor as a source of fuel wood collection Fuel wood is mainly collected from haor, village market, homestead and hill/tilla. About 47 % households collect fuel wood from haor followed by local market from where 41% households collect fuel wood. 29 % households collect fuel from the hill or tilla adjacent to their residence. Homestead trees and shrubs are another source of fuel wood in the study area for 23 % households (Figure-2)
50 45 40 35 30 Pe rce ntage (% ) 25 of house holds 20 15 10 5 0 Haor Homestead Local market Hill/Tilla 46.5 41.25
Figure 2: Different sources of fuel wood collection in the study area.

P oa ch in g C at tle gr az in g D uc k re ar in S g an d ex S tra na ct il/ io zi n nu k co lle ct io n

Economic activities
28.75 22.5 11.25 Others Source of fue l colle ction
A gr ic ul tu
re
950
3.5. Annual income of households from different economic activities related to haor A wide range of economic activities are based on haor resources. Household annual income from those activities also varies widely. Agriculture in the haor is a prominent income generating activities. Average annual income from per hectare of agricultural land is about Tk16500. Economic activities related to fish capture and fish culture generate a considerable portion of income of households. Average annual income per household form fish capture and fish culture and fish trading are Tk. 13570 and Tk. 8716 and Tk. 30000 respectively and about half of the households are involved in fish capture. In fish culture and fish trade 15% households are involved (Table-1) Table 1: Income from economic activities related to agriculture, fishing and animal husbandry.
Activities No. of households Percentage of households involved 73.75 7.5 15 18.75 2.5 3.75 2.5 1.25 1.25 3.75 1.25 7.5 93.75 Average annual income (Tk)
Agriculture/ rice production Fish catch
59 Full time fishing Part time fishing Fishing for self consumption Fish drying Fishing equipment making Others Fry releasing/ fry carrying Fish food supply Marketing Others 6 12 15 2 3 2 1 1 3 1 6 75
16500/hectare 34000 23000 2000 13570 500 600 15000 2500 5050 14500 1250 30000 10000
Fish culture
8716
Fish trading Animal husbandry
30000 10000
About 19% households are involved in collecting food other than fish and the average annual income per household from this collection is Tk.1155. The average annual income per household from collection of other goods from Hakaluki haor comprises Tk. 15005 and 75% people engaged in those activities. The type of goods collected and the average annual income per household are shown in Table-2. Table 2: Annual income from different economic activities related to collection of plants (trees, herbs, shrubs, grasses), animals and others
Activities No. of households Vegetable, Paniphol, Bird, 8 20 10 Percentage of households involved 1.25 8.75 3.75 Average annual income 450 850 1800
Collection of food other than fish
1155
951
Crab, Turtle Collection of Fodder Collection Roofing materials (Nal khagra) Collection o fencing materials Collection of Fuel wood ( Hijal/ karanch) Collection of Medicinal plants Collection of cow dung Collection of sand Collection of peat soil
4 5 21 4 3 11 5 8 5 3
2.5 2.5 26.25 5 3.75 13.75 6.25 10 6.25 3.75
2050 1500 3500 1050 950 3280 2850 525 2100 750
3.6. Threats for haor ecosystem as a result of various economic activities Around 190,000 people live in the area surrounding Hakaluki haor. Two main sources of livelihood for these people are fisheries and agriculture in Hakaluki haor. Due to the increasing dependency of local people the haor is facing threats of various degrees for its different component. The decline in wetlands has resulted in more than 40% of freshwater fish species being classed as threatened with national extinction (IUCN Bangladesh 2000). 91% of the households think that over exploitation of resources is occurring due to increased population and their dependency on haor resources. They considered over exploitation as a threat for Hakaluki haor ecologically critical area. Loss of biodiversity and destruction of swamp forest are two threats for Hakaluki haor. About 95% and 87% households considered these two respectively as the threats for the area and dependency of local people on haor resources and lack of alternate source of income causing this threats to Hakaluki haor. in the kandas of Hakaluki haor dense reeds and swamp forests used to exist in the past. Over time, human pressure, encroachment and also land allocations by the government to the landless has drastically reduced the reed and the swamp forest area leaving only small patches of vegetation causing the loss of biodiversity. Reduction of swamp forest area in the haor caused the loss of wild life habitat and ultimately the species diversity of wild life has been reduced over time. About 80% households opined that destruction of wild life habitat is the impact of over dependency of local people on haor resources (Table-3). Agricultural expansion is another threat for Hakaluki haor affecting adversely the wetland ecosystem and reducing the productivity of aquatic resources. Human activity related to farming in the haor hinders wild life habitation. Over exploitation of fish and other aquatic resources, use of banned gear and other fishing equipment like current net (mono philament nylon gill net),use of agrochemicals in the agricultural field adjacent to the beel has reduced the fish and other aquatic resources in Hakaluki haor. About 89% households think that the aquatic resources are decreasing drastically causing threats for Hakaluki haor resource management. Table 3: Threats for Hakaluki haor as a result of livelihood dependence
Threats Overexploitation of resources Loss of biodiversity Deforestation/ destruction of swamp forest Destruction of wild life habitat No. of households 73 76 70 64 % of households 91.25 95 87.5 80
952
Agricultural expansion Decrease in fish and other aquatic resources Pollution of water bodies from agrochemicals Increase in human habitation and settlement Construction or development
55 71 51 46 31
68.75 88.75 63.75 57.5 38.75
3.7. Depleting scenario of natural recourses The resources in hakaluki haor are depleting day by day as a result of various driving forces that act as threats for this important wetland in Bangladesh. The following table gives a comprehensive picture of change in resource status of hakaluki haor. Table 4: Trend in changes of resources in hakaluki haor
Types of resources Fish Hizol, koroch tree Wildlife Cane Herbs and shrubs Medicinal plants Turtles and tortoises Natural vegetables Fodder Aquatic weed Crab Fuelwood Wetland cover Pre-1971 000000 000000 000000 000000 00000 00000 000000 00000 00000 00000 0000 0000 00000 15 years ago 00000 0000 0000 000 000 000 000 000 0000 0000 00 000 0000 present 000 0 000 0 0 0 0 00 0 00 0 0 000 Future risk Medium High High Medium Medium High High Medium Medium Medium High Medium High
Source: IPAC, 2009 3.8 Impact on biodiversity A survey conducted on 1993 counted 107 fish species and 125 birds species where as the number decreased to 75 and 41 in 2009 (IPAC, 2009). Other species of pants and animals are also reduced drastically due to mainly over extraction. 20 species of trees, 28 species of shrubs, 120 species of herbs and 10 climber species were identified by CWBMP, 2005. The present study found only 11 species of trees, 15 species of shrubs, 38 species of herbs and 5 climber species in Hakaluki haor. In case of birds, the number of birds may increase even though the number of their species decreases (Table 5). The main source of any ecosystem services is its biodiversity and current scenario of biodiversity loss in Hakaluki haor definitely will further degrade the haor ecosystem. Table 5: Status of birds in Hakaluki haor
Time of survey 1993 2006 2008 No of bird species 125 49 45
953
2009
41
Source: CWBMP, 2005; IPAC, 2009; FAP, 1995 4. Conclusion Bangladesh is endowed with enormous inland fishery resources and vast inland waters that are vital to millions of poor people, but production and species diversity are believed to be declining. (Hughes et al. 1994). Hakaluki haor in Bangladesh has been designated as an Ecologically Critical Area signifies its importance as a reservoir of disappearing natural resources. This study underscores the reality that Hakaluki also constitutes an important source of natural capital, which yields high economic and livelihood values to surrounding populations and the country as a whole. The current study shows that more than 90% of local households depend on wetland resources of Hakaluki haor, and that the bulk of income-earning and livelihood opportunities in the area are wetland-based. The wetland also generates a series of economically important ecosystem services, which function to underpin, support and safeguard essential production and consumption processes. In total, it has been estimated that Hakaluki haor is worth at least BDT 585 million, or an average of BDT 48,000/hectare (IUCN, 2006). Hakaluki haor is now subjected to severe degradation due to a) sand deposits from upstream rivers and canals, b) over exploitation of aquatic resources and using complete dewatering technique for fishing activities and c) absence of aquatic plants to provide feed and shelter for parent fish d) pollution of wetland by agrochemicals from agricultural field and uphill tea estate e) improper leasing system of the beels. It is claimed that under the current practice of land leasing, Hakaluki haor is in danger of losing nearly 32 fish species out of 107 because of over fishing by the lessee. This is a serious threat to fish stocks in the haor. The increasing dependency of local people on Hakaluki haor is causing threats for biodiversity of the area. Besides these deforestation of swamp forest, destruction of wildlife habitat, agricultural expansion, increase in human settlement and habitation are the major threats for the productivity and ecological function of Hakaluki haor resulting in serious degradation of this rich unique ecosystem of the country. A comprehensive and sustainable management strategy should be developed by involving all the stakeholders to protect the natural resources form further degradation. Acknowledgement We sincerely acknowledge the assistance of Centre for Natural Resource Study (CNRS) personnel to help collect primary information as well as for provision of necessary secondary information regarding the study. We are especially grateful to Mr. Basir, the Community Development Officer of CNRS for his cordial assistance to conduct field survey. Mr Moloy Sarker, Mr Sakib, Mr Samad, Mr. Swaran Kumar and Mr.Sohel of CNRS are also cordially acknowledged. 5. References 1. Ali, M.Y. 1997. Fish, Water and People. University Press Ltd., Dhaka. 2. BANBEIS, 2008.Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statics, 2008
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3. BBS (2008), statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka. 4. BBS (2001), statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka. 5. BBS (1999), statistical Yearbook of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Ministry of Planning, Government of Bangladesh, Dhaka. 6. BNH (1997), survey of Flora conducted by Bangladesh National Herbarium (BNH). 7. BirdLife International (2004), important Bird Areas in Asia: key sites for conservation.BirdLife International, Cambridge UK. 8. Balirwa, J.S (1998), lake Victoria wetlands and the ecology of the Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus Linn. A.A. Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam, The Netherlands, 247 pp 9. CNRS (2002), bio-physical characteristics of Hakaluki haor. Centre for Natural Resource Study. pp 7-20 10. Choudhury, J.K. and Faisal, A.M (2005), plant Resources of Haors and Floodplains; An Overview. IUCN-The World Conservation Union. Bangladesh Country office, Dhaka. 11. CWBMP (Coastal and Wetland Biodiversity Management Project), (2005), strategic Aspects of Plant Biodiversity Management in Hakaluki Haor, Department of Environment. Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh. 12. Denny, P. (ed) (1985), the ecology and management of African wetland vegetation. Geobotany 6. Dr. W. Junk Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 344 pp 13. FAP (1995), potential impacts of flood control on the biological diversity and nutritional vale of subsistence fisheries in Bangladesh. Flood Action Plan 16 Environmental Study, Flood Plan Coordination Organisation, Ministry of Water 25 Resources, Dhaka. (Report prepared by Irrigation Support Project for Asia and the Near East). 14. Hughes, R., Adnan, S. and Dalal-Clayton, B (1994), floodplains or Flood Plans? International Institute for Environment and Development and Research and Advisory Services, London. 15. IPAC (2009), Integrated Protected Area Co-management, RRA/PRA findings of Hakaluki haor, Bangladesh. 2009 16. IUCN (2006), Inception Report: Economic Evaluation of Hakaluki haor 17. IUCN (2000), Red Book of Threatened Fishes of Bangladesh. IUCN The World Conservation Union, Dhaka 18. Karim, A (1993), plant diversity and their conservation in freshwater wetlands. In Nishat, A.; Hussain, Z.; Roy, M.K. and Karim, A. 1993. Freshwater Wetlands in
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Bangladesh: Issues and Approaches for Management. IUCN-The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland 19. Minkin, S.F., Rahman, M.M., Halder, S (1997), fish biodiversity, human nutrition and environmental restoration in Bangladesh. In: Tsai, C., Ali, M.Y. (Eds.), Openwater Fisheries of Bangladesh, The University Press Limited, Dhaka, pp 183198. 20. Mitsch, W.J. and Gosselink, J.G (2000), Wetlands, 3rd edn. Wiley, New York Matthews E (2004) Traditional management revisited: Contemporary challenges of community-based marine resource management in Palau. Proceedings of the Coastal Zone Asia Pacific Conference, Brisbane, 59 September, 2004 21. NERP (1993a), Wetland Resources Specialist Studies. Northeast Regional Water Management Project/Flood Action Plan-6. Canadian International Development Agency, Dhaka 22. Nishat, A. Hussain, Z. Roy, M.K. and Karim, A (1993), freshwater Wetlands in Bangladesh: Issues and Approaches for Management. IUCN-The World Conservation Union, Gland, Switzerland 23. Rahman, A.K.A (1989), freshwater Fish of Bangladesh. Dhaka University, Dhaka. Ryan PA (1991) The success of the gobidae in tropical Pacific insular streams. NZ J Zool 18:2530 24. Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type (1971), reprinted from the Strategic Framework and guidelines for the future development of the List of Wetlands of International Importance 25. Thompson, P.M., Sultana, P., Islam, M.N., Kabir, M.M., Hossain, M.M. and Kabir, M.S (1999 2328 August), an assessment of co-management arrangements developed by the Community Based Fisheries Management Project in Bangladesh, Paper Presented at the International Workshop on Fisheries Co-management, Penang, Malaysia
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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES Volume 2, No 2, 2011 Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing Association Research

h article ISSN 0976 4402

Received on September 2011 Published on November 2011

Figure 2: Different sources of fuel wood collection in the study area.

P oa ch in g C at tle gr az in g D uc k re ar in S g an d ex S tra na ct il/ io zi n nu k co lle ct io n

Agriculture/ rice production Fish catch

Fish trading Animal husbandry

Collection of food other than fish

2.5 2.5 26.25 5 3.75 13.75 6.25 10 6.25 3.75

68.75 88.75 63.75 57.5 38.75

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