Structure material

Wood

Steel

Concrete

Masonry

Fabric
Material Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 1

Rupture Length Rupture length is the maximum length a bar of constant cross section can be suspended without rupture under its weight in tension (compression for concrete & masonry) Rapture length defines the efficiency of material as ratio strength / weight: R=F/ where R = rupture length F = breaking strength = specific gravity (self weight)

The graph is partly based on a study of the Light weight Structures Institute Stuttgart University
Material Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 2

Energy use For simple beam of Aluminum Concrete Steel Wood [Aluminium] [Bton] [Acier] [Bois]

demonstrates wood requires much less energy !

Wood

Study of EPFL (Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne)

Material Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 3

Wood

Types: Balloon framing (rare) Platform framing Heavy timber framing Advantages: The only renewable material Warm, natural appearance Low energy required Easy to work Low cost Challenges: Combustible Termite attacks Decays in variable humidity Limited height and floor area

Material

Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

Platform framing

Platform framing is used for low-rise residential structures, due to economy & flexibility. 2x4 studs @ 16 reach from platform to platform. Double top plates overlap at corners and splices. Plywood sheathing, nailed to studs, resists lateral wind and seismic loads. Joists, usually 2x12 @ 16 support plywood floor and roof (platforms). Blocking resists joist buckling and supports plywood panel edges to transfer shear. Standard plywood and gypsum board panels 48 (4) wide match 2, 3, or 4 joist/stud spaces of 24, 16 or 12, respectively. A Joists, 2x12 or 2x10 @ 16", 24, or 12 o.c.. B Blocking C Double top plates overlap at corners and splices D Studs, 2x4, 2x6, or 3x4 @ 16 or 24 o. c. E Bottom plates F Double plates supporting joists G Anchor bolt, 1/2 @ 4 o. c. H Sole plate, min. 6" above soil I Concrete foundation Maximum height: 3 stories (4 with fire sprinklers)
Material Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 5

Wall erection Plywood shear wall resists lateral wind and seismic loads

Woodframe house

Material

Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

Clifton Condos, Beverly Hills

Architect: Schierle

Material

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Terrace Homes, Hermosa Beach

Architect: Schierle

Material

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Terrace Homes Hermosa Beach

Material

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Heavy timber framing

Material

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Timber house Architect: Thomas Herzog (rods resist lateral load) Gamble house Pasadena
Architects: Green and Green

Material

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- Strain +

Steel

Compression Tension

Types: Heavy steel Light gauge steel Advantages: Can be recycled Ductile (absorbs seismic energy) Lighter than concrete and masonry (small seismic forces) No limitation of height or floor area Hysteresis loop (test stress-strain curve) E = Energy absorbed by ductility Challenges: Requires much energy to produce Higher cost than other material Requires fire proofing Requires accurate workmanship Limited availability in some countries

Material

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Heavy steel shapes

Profiles: 1. W-shape, light 2. W-shape, heavy 3. S-shape, Standard 4. W-shape, wide flange 5. C-shape, Channel 6. T-shape Cut from S-shape Cut from W-shape 7. Angle, unequal legs Double angle 8. Angle, equal legs Double angle 9. Pipe Standard Extra strong Double extra strong 10. Structural Tubing Square Rectangular
Material Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

typical labels (W14x22) (W14x730) (S12x50) (W16x40) (C10x30) (ST6x25) (WT8x20) (L6x4x) (DL6x4x) (L4x4x) (DL3x3x) (P4) (XP4) (DXP4) (ST6x6x) (ST8x4x)
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Floor / roof framing

Material

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Steel joints 1 2 3 4 5 A B C D E F G Pin joint, transfers only beam shear to column Classic moment joint, transfers shear and bending moment Dog-bone moment joint, reduces stress for seismic safety Joist to beam joint with top flange cut back Beam to beam joint with both flanges cut back Column Beam Connector angles, welded in shop, bolted in field Machine bolts, usually installed in field to connect beam Welded connection of beam flanges to column Stiffener plates resist bending stress from beam flanges Secondary beam / joist supported by primary beam / girder

Material

Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

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Steel moment frames Beam / column moment joint provides lateral resistance

Material

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Truss floors

Joist and beam roof

Material

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Expressed steel
Hillside house Architect: Helmut Schulitz Braced frame

Imos factory Architect: Richard Rogers Cable stayed roof

Material

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Light-gauge (cold-rolled)
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Channel stud C-stud I-stud C-joist I-joist

steel

(2 6) (2 6) (3 5/8 8) (6 12) (6 12)

Material

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Light-gauge steel

Material

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Concrete
Types: Site cast Precast Prestressed Advantages: Widely available Can be recycled Many finishes Takes any form Fire resistant Durable Challenges: Heavy weight (large seismic forces) Requires rebars to resist tension Possible cracks without prestress

Material

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Concrete properties:
strong in compression weak in tension steel re-bars resist tension

Material

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Site cast concrete

facilitates free forms but formwork may be costly

Material

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Precast Concrete
Advantages: repetitive use of formwork factory quality control Challenges: element joints transportation cost

Material

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Precast Concrete

Material

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Masonry Types: Brick masonry Concrete masonry Stone masonry

Advantages: Widely available Can be recycled Earthy appearance Fire rated Durable Roman aqueduct Pont du Gard France

Challenges: Heavy weight (large seismic forces) Requires rebars to resist seismic forces Limited height

Historic stone masonry: Roman aqueduct Segovia, Spain

Material

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Brick Masonry

CMU (Concrete Masonry Units)

Material

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Modular coordination Based on unit size A Inside dimensions: # of units + 1 joint

3 units+4 joints

B Outside dimensions: # of units 1 joint

5 units+4 joints

C System dimensions: # of units

4 units+4 joints

Material

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Concrete masonry
CMU: Concrete Masonry Units Minimum reinforcement Rebars around openings In severe seismic areas: Horizontal & vertical rebars @ 4 feet In moderate seismic areas: Horizontal rebars @ 10 feet Vertical rebars @ 4 feet

Material

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Brick masonry
Minimum reinforcement Rerbars around openings In severe seismic areas: Horizontal & vertical rebars @ 4 feet In moderate seismic areas: Horizontal rebars @ 10 feet Vertical rebars @ 4 feet

Material

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CMU wall with rebars

Grouting
(bonds rebars with masonry)

Material

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Fabric
Types: Anticlastic (saddle shape) Air supported Air inflated Advantages: Light-weight (less seismic load) Translucent (daylight saves energy) Challenges: Fire rating (Teflon coated fiber glass is fire rated; polyester is not) Durability (about 30 years)

San Diego Convention Center (anticlastic)

Material

Architect: Arthur Erickson; Engineer: Horst Berger

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Air supported Inside air pressure greater than outside Require revolving doors to keep air pressure

Air inflated Air pressure between double membrane or tubes

Material

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Anticlastic Membranes
Stadium roof Oldenburg, Germany Engineer: Schlaich / Bergermann

Material

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Stuttgart

Stadium roofs Engineer: Schlaich / Bergermann

Kuala Lumpur

Material

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Swiss Expo 64
Architect: Saugey / Schierle Engineer: Froadveaux / Weber

Material Copyright Prof Schierle 2011 36

Sea World Vallejo

Architect: Schierle Engineer: ASI

Structure material

Wood

Steel

Concrete

Masonry

Use intrinsic beauty

Material Copyright Prof Schierle 2011

Fabric
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