Topic #2 Electricity System in Society

Week 2 (3 hours)
presented by

MA9001 Introduction to Energy

HBG Gooi i Associate Professor & Deputy Head Power Engineering Division School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering
30 July 2011

Contents
1. Overview of Electrical Energy Systems; 2 Generation 2. Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Electricity; 3. Environmental Impact of Overhead Transmission Lines; 4. The Singapore Scenario.

References
1. Environment Impacts of Transmission Lines
http://psc.wi.gov/thelibrary/publications/electric/electric10.pdf

2. EMAs Statement of Opportunities 2010

http://www.ema.gov.sg/media/files/publications/soo/EMA_SOO_2010_web-2.pdf

3. EE3015 Power Systems & Conversion Lecture Notes 4. EE8085 Electricity for Modern Society

Overview of Electrical Energy Systems

Electricity may be generated from (1) traditional nonrenewable fossil fuels such as gas, oil and coal or (2) renewable sources such as sunlight, wind, hydro power, biomass, geothermal heat and tidal waves. Most traditional generating sources produce electricity through synchronous generators. Climate change concerns coupled with high oil prices and increasing government support are driving increasing renewable energy legislation, incentives and commercialization. Renewable technologies are also suited to rural or remote areas.

Schematic of Coal-fired Generating Station

Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Electricity

The structure of the electric power or energy system is very large & complex. Nevertheless, it can be divided into five basic subsystems.
Energy Source (Fuel) Energy Converter (Generator) Transmission System Distribution System Load (Energy sink)

Energy source may be coal, coal gas or oil (fossil fuel) fissionable material (nuclear) water in a dam (hydro) renewable sources

Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Electricity (Contd)

Generator that transforms non-electrical energy to electrical energy; usually rotating-machinery type; power output from few kilowatts to a few thousand MW; voltage levels 440 V to 25 kV. Transmission system transports generated energy from generating stations to major load centers; voltage levels of 115 kV to 765 kV (less than 138 kV usually referred to as sub-transmission bt i i system); t ) overhead h d lines li & underground cables. Transformers are used to change voltage levels (to high over transmission system & low over distribution system, etc).
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Generation, Transmission and Distribution of Electricity (Contd)

Distribution system transports transmitted energy from transmission system to users; voltage levels typically 1 kV to 33 kV. Loads: industrial, commercial, residential, farm, etc.

Environmental Impact of Overhead Transmission Lines

Aesthetical Effects A i lt Agricultural l Land L d Airports and Airstrips Electric and Magnetic Fields Endangered/Threatened and Protected Species Audible Noise Property Owner - ROW Compensation and Property Value Radio and Television Reception

Underground Cables
Si Singapore h has 100% cable bl network t k except t in i rural l areas Cables have conductors insulated from one another and enclosed in protective sheaths Advantages of Underground Cable Network
Could be used in urban areas where overhead lines cannot be i t ll d with installed ith appropriate i t clearances. l Allows for a shorter route than that of overhead. No sighting of transmission poles - aesthetically pleasing.

Disadvantages of Underground Cable Network

Increase in soil disturbance. Increased construction and repair costs costs. Oil-filled underground cables can leak and contaminate surrounding soils.
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The Singapore Scenario

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Singapore Oil, Gas and Electricity Industry

Singapore g p is one of top p three oil-refining g centers and the third largest oil trading hub in the world. Natural gas is imported via long pipelines from f from P i Peninsular l Malaysia M l i and d Indonesia. I d i

Fuel Mix for Electricity Generation

Others include diesel, Syngas and refuse incineration

To meet the growing demand for electricity and enhance its energy security, Singapore embarked on the development of a S$1.5-billion government-funded LNG terminal facility. y
Source: EMA
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Singapore LNG Terminal Facility

Source: EMA

Location of LNG Receiving Terminal (Jurong Island) Construction has started. It will be ready for operation in 2013.

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Electricity Demand
Electricity y consumption p is linked to GDP. Maximum demand has increased by almost 73% from 3,485 MW in 1995 to 6,041 MW in 2009. Demand is expected to increase at an annual rate of 2.5 to 3.0% from 2010 onwards. Peak demand in 2011 is around 6,500 MW.

Total Annual Electricity Demand Trends (Forecast is based on GDP and population projections)

Source: EMA
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Distribution of Power Plants in Singapore

Singapores Singapore s generation capacity has grown at an average annual rate of around 3 per cent from 2003-08. About 70% of Singapores generation capacity is located in the western part of Singapore. Land has been set aside for a new generation plant to be built in the northeast region region.

Source: EMA

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Projected Reserve Margin

Singapores Singapore s minimum reserve margin is set at 30% above the annual peak demand based on LOLP of 3 days/year. With indicative new generation plantings (Keppel Merlimaus 410 MW cogen in 2012, Island Powers two 400 MW gas turbines in 2013 and 2014 respectively, SembCorp Marines 450 MW cogen g and Tuas Powers 400 MW gas g turbine in 2014) in the pipeline, the reserve margin is projected to be above 30% over the next ten years.

Projected Reserve Margin (as of June 2010)

Source: EMA

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Singapore Electricity Industry Structure

Source: EMA

SP: Singapore Power EMA: Energy Market Authority y EMC: Energy Market Company

To understand how demand side management (DSM) can benefit Singapore, one needs to understand how 17 the market clearing process works.

National Electricity Market of Singapore

Currently the load demand in Singapore is very inelastic inelastic. DSM can help to change its elasticity as customers have the option of using their own generation or deferring the use of electricity.
Market Clearing Price (MCP)

Source: EMA

Staircase prices are electricity price offers submitted by Gencos. The system demand shown by the vertical line is the half-hourly load forecast value obtained from Power System Operator (PSO) of EMA. EMA

Inelastic d demand d

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Demand Elasticity and Competition

With the incorporation of DSM via microgrids and/or the associated i t d energy management t systems, t the th demand d d is i no longer a vertical line. As can be seen from the left diagram, g , when demand is elastic, the electricity MCP is generally lower. By introducing more competition among Gencos (G (Governments t job), j b) the th electricity l t i it MCP is i generally ll lower l as can be seen from the right diagram. Vesting contracts, a form of price regulation, were introduced in 2004 to check market power.
Supply Supply

PE
Demand

PE
Demand

QE Quantity (MWh)

QE Quantity (MWh) 19

Electricity Tariff in Singapore

High Tension Tariff: Contracted and uncontracted capacity charges are 6.96 & 10.44 $/kW/Month; kWh peak, off-peak period and kVARh charges 25.77, 15.95 & 0.59 .

Source: SP Services

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Clean Energy Initiatives in Singapore

Solar Energy
Singapore is located in tropical sunbelt with an average solar yield of 1,150 kWh/kWp/year. Potential to tap on solar energy for power generation. Energy from solar would be intermittent and highly variable due to heavy cloud cover.

Solar PV System on a HDB Building

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Grid Tied Solar PV System

Solar PV manufacturers in Singapore: Norways Norway s Renewable Energy Corporation, Germanys Solar Energy Power and Singapore-based Eco-Solar. Selected Solar PV Installations: Glaxo Wellcome Manufacturing (57 kWp), Changi Budget Terminal (250 kWp) and Khoo Teck Puat Hospital (150 kWp). kWp), kWp)

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Illustration Courtesy of Phoenix Solar

Biofuels
Finnish oil refiner Neste Oils has invested S$1.2 S$1 2 billion to establish the worlds largest commercial-scale biodiesel production facility in Singapore.

Waste to Electricity Plants in Singapore

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Wind Energy
Wind speeds in Singapore are generally low (avg < 1 m/s). m/s) Wind speed increases with elevation. A residential wind turbine turbines s cut-in cut in speed is typically 3 m/s though a newly developed small turbine requires 2.5 m/s. For the turbine to reach its rated capacity, typically a wind i d speed d of f approximately i l 12 m/s / is i needed. d d

Skystream 3.7 single-phase 2.4-kW wind turbine at EEE

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EMA Launched IES Project

to be implemented p at NTU, , CleanTech Park at Jln Bahar, & selected residential, commercial and industrial buildings.

Source: EMA
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Intelligent Energy System (IES) Project at NTU

Source: EMA/Accenture
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Overall IES Solution

Source: EMA/Accenture
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IHD, Home Automation

Source: EMA/Accenture

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Intelligent Micro-Grid with Renewable Energy e gy Technologies ec o og es for o Pulau u au Ub Ubin

The off-grid concept will displace the diesel generators currently being used by organizations, small businesses and individual homes on the island. The project will showcase how clean and renewable energy can be deployed in an environmentally, environmentally socially and economically sustainable manner for an off-grid community. Pulau Ubin will also host a number of plug and play testbedding facilities for various clean and renewable energy solutions. so ut o s This s will help e p elevate e e ate S Singapore gapo e as a living g laboratory to research, develop and demonstrate new energy technologies.
Source: EMA
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Intelligent Micro-Grid with Renewable Energy e gy Technologies ec o og es for o Pulau u au Ub Ubin (Co (Contd) td)
The design and construction of the agreed concept plan g to be completed p by y end 2011. are targeted

Source: Images for Pulau Ubin Map

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