Urbanization and Impacts

A Cross-Country Analysis of the Impacts of Urbanization
on the Society, Environment and Economy

Deepnath Majumder
Abstract
The contemporary world is an urban world. This is evident from the expansion of urban areas and the
extension of urban influences across much of the habitable surface of the planet. The 20th century has
seen rapid urbanization of the world, with the global urban proportion rising from 13% in 1900 to
46.7% in 2000. This increase in the worlds urban population is going to continue in the 21st century.
So, urbanization is a predominant phenomenon in todays world. Urbanization has several positive
and negative aspects. The positive impacts include improvements in economy, better health and
education facilities, etc. The negative impacts include deforestation, air and water pollution, growth
of slums, high energy use, etc. So, is urbanization good or bad for a country? This study is an attempt
to find an answer to this question.
1. Introduction
This study aims at establishing the impacts of urbanization on the society, environment and economy
of a country. A quantitative approach ( econometric analysis of bi-variate regression models ) has
been followed for this purpose. The study proceeds as follows.
2. Defining Urbanization
The definition of urban varies from country to country, and, with periodic reclassification, can also
vary within one country over time, making direct comparisons difficult. An urban area can be defined
by one or more of the following: administrative criteria or political boundaries ( e.g., area within the
jurisdiction of a municipality or town committee ), a threshold population size ( where the minimum
for an urban settlement is typically in the region of 2,000 people, although this varies globally
between 200 and 50,000 ), population density, economic function ( e.g., where a significant majority
of the population is not primarily engaged in agriculture, or where there is surplus employment ) or
the presence of urban characteristics ( e.g., paved streets, electric lighting, sewerage ). In 2010, 3.5
billion people lived in areas classified as urban. Urbanization is the proportion of a country that is
urban ( UNICEF ). For this study, we are representing urbanization by the variable Urban Population
as Percentage of the Total Population ( UPOP ). This gives the percentage of total population living
in the urban areas. This variable gives an idea of the extent of urbanization of a country and it is the
independent variable for our study.
3. Global Context of Urbanization

The twentieth century witnessed the rapid urbanization of the worlds population. The global
proportion of urban population increased from a mere 13 per cent in 1900 to 29 per cent in 1950 and,
the United Nations estimates that between 1950 and 2025, the number of urban dwellers will increase
nearly sevenfold, from 738 million to 5.1 billion.
However, the distribution of the worlds urban population varies across regions.
In case of the less developed regions, the level of urbanization is much lower than in case of the more
developed regions, and the large share of the population still dwell in rural areas. However,
urbanization tends to rise as the level of development increases and since socio-economic
development is expected to continue in all countries, the levels of urbanization are generally
projected to rise in the future. Thus, by 2030 the less developed regions are expected to have 56 per
cent of their population living in urban areas, nearly triple the proportion they had in 1950 (18 per
cent). As for the more developed regions, the majority of the population ( 74% in 2005 ) already
dwell in urban areas and it is expected that by 2030, the urban proportion in these regions is expected
to rise to 81%. At present, Asia has the largest number of urban dwellers amongst all the continents,
and Oceania having the least. The region-wise break-up of the worlds urban dwellers across the
years is given in the following table:
Table 1
Total and Percentage Urban Populations by Major Areas for Selected Periods, ( 1950-2030 )
Major
1950
Area
Population
Percentage
1975
Population
Percentage
2000
Population
Percentage
2005
Population
Percentage
2030
Population
Percentage
in millions
of world
in millions
of world
in millions
of world
in millions
of world
in millions
of world
urban
urban
urban
urban
urban
population
population
population
population
population
Africa
33
4.51
105
6.93
294
10.34
347
11.02
742
15.11
Asia
234
31.97
575
37.95
1363
47.93
1553
49.30
2637
53.68
Europe
277
37.84
443
29.24
522
18.35
526
16.70
546
11.12
Latin
70
9.56
197
13.00
394
13.85
434
13.78
609
12.40
110
15.03
180
11.88
249
8.75
267
8.47
347
7.06
Oceania
1.09
15
1.00
22
0.78
23
0.73
31
0.63
Total
732
100.00
1515
100
2844
100
3150
100
4912
100
America
and the
Carribean
Northern
America
4. Data
The data for the World Development Indicators have been collected from the World Bank DataBank
and the statistical data of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations ( FAO ) for
the years 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2010. In cases, where the data is not available for these 5
years, the figures have been computed with the help of figures from around these years using
mathematical methods of averages and interpolations.
The principle followed for choosing the countries for the sample is wide representation from all
the different income groups and regions. However, uniformity in number representing income group
or region cannot be maintained as the major objective is to obtain uniform sample for the five years
under study and to have data for all the variables for all the samples. Ultimately, the sample consists
of 90 countries.
These countries may be classified as follows, according to the World Bank classification( 2005 ):
Low Income Group. Benin, Cambodia, Cameroon, Congo,Rep., Cte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana,
India, Kenya, Mongolia, Mozambique, Nepal, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Pakistan, Senegal, Sudan,
Tanzania, Togo, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Lower Middle Income Group. Algeria, Angola, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Brazil, Bulgaria, China,
Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt,Arab Rep., El Salvador, Guatemala,
Honduras, Indonesia, Iran,Islamic Rep., Iraq, Jamaica, Morocco, Peru, Philippines, Romania, Sri
Lanka, Syrian Arab Republic, Thailand, Tunisia, Ukraine
Upper Middle Income Group. Argentina, Botswana, Chile, Costa Rica, Czech Republic, Gabon,
Hungary, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Oman, Russian Federation, South Africa, Trinidad and
Tobago, Turkey, Uruguay
High Income ( Non OECD ) Group. Cyprus, Israel, Malta, Qatar, Singapore, United Arab
Emirates
High Income ( OECD ) Group. Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Ireland, Japan, Korea,Rep., Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, United
Kingdom, United States
5. Effects of Urbanization
Urbanization brings with it several consequences both adverse and beneficial. These have impacts
on the society, the environment and the economy. Increasingly, urban growth is influenced by
continued global economic integration. The globalization process has had a very uneven impact
across the world, with both positive and negative impacts on cities. The positive include rising
prosperity, the enduring importance of urban cores, and increased democracy, while the negative
consist of sharpening imbalances, increased social disorder and destruction of ecological balance.
Cities are the great engines of economic growth. In the last century, the majority of growth
in economic activities in all parts of the world has been in urban centres. Economic globalization has
resulted in changes to employment structures, with fewer workers employed in agriculture and
manufacturing, and more employed in services. Today, around 65% of the world's economically
active population work in industry and services, mostly in urban areas.
Also, urbanization brings with it certain improvements in educational facilities. Children
living in cities receive high quality primary and secondary education, and also higher education as
the best schools, colleges and universities of a country are generally located in the cities only.
Besides, the percentage of people receiving education also increases, leading to an increase in the
literacy rates.
Urbanization has significant impact on the environment. In a city, due to less vegetation
and exposed soil, the majority of the Suns energy gets absorbed by asphalt and urban structures
composed of a high percentage of non-reflective and water-resistant construction materials. There is
less evaporative cooling, and as a result, the city records higher temperatures compared to the
surrounding rural areas. Thus urban heat islands are formed, which are a major cause of concern.
Air pollution is another serious problem. In cities, the air is very much polluted and
causes various types of illness and air borne diseases, especially among elderly people and children.
Most of the ambient air pollution in urban areas is caused by harmful gases and smoke released from
factories, automobiles, etc. Large scale deforestation is also one of the negative aspects of
urbanization. Deforestation is considered to be positively related with urban growth rates. As the
cities gradually expand, they require more land, leading to cutting down trees, destruction of forests,
etc. Also, in the last few decades, land use practices have become so intensive and predominant that
we can see their impacts in forms of uncontrolled development, deteriorating environmental quality,
loss of prime agricultural lands, destruction of wetlands, and loss of fish and wildlife habitats
everywhere on the earth.
Health challenges are an important cause of concern in cities. Problems may arise from
issues related to water, environment, violence and injury, non-communicable diseases
(cardiovascular diseases, cancers, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases), unhealthy diets and
physical inactivity, harmful use of alcohol, etc. However, there are positive aspects as well. With
increase in levels of urbanization, people get access to better healthcare and facilities. So,
urbanization has both positive and negative health impacts. In many cases, the net effect on national
health is unclear.
So, urbanization has both positive and negative aspects. Hence, the question whether
urbanization is good or bad for a country is a matter of debate. The present study attempts to throw
some light on this.
6. Choice of Suitable Indicators

The major objective of the study is to find out the impacts of urbanization on the society and the
environment. For this purpose, 11 World Development Indicators from 5 categories
( education, environment, health, labor and social protection, economic policy and debt ) have been
chosen. The variables chosen are Percentage of population with access to improved sanitation
facilities ( ACSF ), Percentage of population with access to improved water source ( ACWS ), Total
annual freshwater withdrawals( in billion cu.m) ( ANFRW ), Carbon dioxide emissions( metric tons
per capita ) ( CARBON ), Employment to population ratio( % ), ages 15 years and above ( EPR ),
Energy use( kg of oil equivalent per capita ) ( ENU ), Forest area ( sq.km ) ( FRST ), Infant mortality
rate per 1000 live births ( IMRT ), Life expectancy at birth ( years ) ( LIFE ), Per capita GDP in
terms of current US $ ( PCGDP ), Primary school pupil teacher ratio ( PSPTR ).
These variables may be categorized as follows:

Education. Primary school pupil teacher ratio
Environment. Carbon dioxide emissions( metric tons per capita ), Energy use( kg of oil equivalent
per capita), Forest area ( sq.km ), Total annual freshwater withdrawals( in billion cu.m)
Health. Life expectancy at birth ( years ), Infant mortality rate per 1000 live births, Percentage of
population with access to improved sanitation facilities, Percentage of population with access to
improved water source
Labor and Social Protection. Employment to population ratio( % ), ages 15 years and above
Economic policy and debt. Per capita GDP in terms of current US $
All the variables chosen here have some positive or negative relationships with
urbanization. The rationale behind the choice of each variable is discussed below.
ACSF. Access to improved sanitation facilities refers to people with at least adequate access
to excreta disposal facilities that can effectively prevent human, animal, and insect contact with
excreta. Improved facilities range from protected pit latrines to flush toilets ( World Bank ). This is a
clear health indicator and has a strong effect on living conditions. Generally, developed countries
have very good sanitation facilities, whereas for the developing countries, sanitation problems persist
as the facilities are often underdeveloped.
ACWS. Access to an improved water source refers to people with access to at least 20 liters of water
a person a day from an improved source, such as piped water into a dwelling, public tap, tubewell,
protected dug well, and rainwater collection, within 1 kilometer of the dwelling
( World Bank ). Similar to ACSF, it is also a health indicator. Water can affect human health on
many levels, such as disease-causing agents ( pathogens ) or pollutants in water, insufficient amounts
of fresh water per person, etc. So, proper source of water is highly essential. Normally efficient water
supply is positively linked with higher per capita income and therefore to urban areas.
ANFRW. Annual freshwater withdrawals are total water withdrawals, not counting evaporation
losses from storage basins. Withdrawals also include water from desalination plants in countries
where they are a significant source. Withdrawals can exceed 100 percent of total renewable resources
where extraction from nonrenewable aquifers or desalination plants is considerable or where water
reuse is significant ( World Bank ). Urbanization is positively related to both industrialization and
modernization. As a country becomes modernized, its water demands for both domestic and
industrial purposes greatly increases, which is the case for most of the developed countries. This
simultaneously leads to increase in withdrawal of freshwater from various sources.
CARBON. Carbon dioxide emissions account for the largest share of greenhouse gases, which are
associated with global warming. Thus, CO2 emissions are a serious environmental concern. These
emissions can occur from industries, transport, commercial and public services, etc. All these factors
are positively associated with modernization and industrialization, which in turn are closely linked to
urbanization.
EPR. Employment to population ratio is the proportion of a countrys population that is employed.
People ages 15 and older are generally considered the working age population (World Bank ).
Employment and economic opportunities are key factors driving urbanization, attracting people from
rural to urban areas. The employment to population ratio indicates how efficiently an economy
provides jobs for people who want to work. A high ratio means that a large
proportion of the population is employed. But a lower employment to population ratio can be seen as
a positive sign, especially for young people, if it is caused by an increase in their education.
ENU. Energy use refers to the use of primary energy before transformation to other end-use fuels,
which is equal to indigenous production plus imports and stock changes, minus exports
and fuels supplied to ships and aircraft engaged in international transport ( World Bank ). Energy use
is closely related to modernization, growth in the modern sectors like industry, motorized transport,
etc. Energy use has been growing rapidly in low and middle-income economies, but high-income
economies still use almost five times as much energy on a per capita basis.
FRST. Forest area is land spanning more than 0.5 hectare with trees higher than 5 meters and a
canopy cover of more than 10 percent or with trees able to reach these thresholds in situ. It excludes
land that is predominantly under agricultural or urban land use ( World Bank ). One of the major
drawbacks of urbanization is the large scale deforestation. Deforestation is contributor to global
warming and is often cited as a major cause of enhanced greenhouse effect. It also destroys the
ecological balance.
IMRT. Infant mortality rate is the number of infants dying before reaching one year of age, per
1,000 live births ( World Bank ). It is a very important health indicator. It reflects the nutrition and
sanitary conditions of a country. It also indicates the degree of existence of contagious diseases in a
country, as infants are more susceptible to these problems. Infant mortality rate is high where people
live in conditions, under which basic health needs are not met, whereas it is low in places having
proper health facilities.
LIFE. Life expectancy at birth is the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing
patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life ( World Bank ).
This indicator directly reflects the levels of health, nutrition, and income and thus, indirectly, links
employment and shelter. A low figure indicates that there is a sizeable percentage of the population
facing poor living conditions and there is a lack of proper health facilities in the country.
PCGDP. Gross domestic product ( GDP ) is the market value of all officially recognized final goods
and services produced within a country in a given period of time. Per Capita GDP ( PCGDP ) is an
indicator of a country's standard of living and a standard measure of its economic growth.
PSPTR. Primary school pupilteacher ratio is the number of pupils enrolled in primary school
divided by the number of primary school teachers (regardless of their teaching assignment)
World Bank ). It is a very important education indicator. It gives an indication of the quality of
educational care available in the primary level of education. The higher the number of pupils per
teacher, the lower the quantity and quality of personal care available for each pupil.
7. Methodology
The main purpose of this study is to check the effect of urbanization on the economy, society and
environment of a country. For this purpose, bivariate regression analysis has been carried out taking
urban population as percentage of the total population ( in each case ) as the independent variable and
the World Development Indicators as the dependent variables. The equation chosen is a simple linear
equation of the form: Y= A + BX, where Y denotes the dependent variable ( World Development
Indicators ), and X denotes the independent variable ( Urban population as percentage of the
population ).
8. Findings
The results of the bivariate regression analysis are given as follows in tables 2-12.
Table 2
Regression Results between ACSF & UPOP
Year
1990
Constant
9.460
(t ratio-1.630)
Coefficient
1.059*
(t-ratio-10.853)
R-Square
0.572
R-Bar-Square
0.568
F-Statistics
117.785*
1995
11.833
(t value-1.940)
1.015*
(t-value-10.121)
0.538
0.533
102.439*
2000
15.731*
(t-value-2.440)
0.957*
(t-value-9.289)
0.495
0.489
86.276*
2005
20.114*
(t-value-2.950)
0.892*
(t-value-8.403)
0.445
0.439
70.607*
2010
23.718*
(t-value-3.335)
0.834*
(t-value-7.726)
0.404
0.397
59.690*
* marked values indicate that the values are significant considering 5% level of significance
Table 3
Regression Results between ACWS & UPOP
Year
1990
Constant
48.654*
(t ratio-12.391)
Coefficient
0.603*
(t-ratio-9.135)
R-Square
0.487
R-Bar-Square
0.481
F-Statistics
83.4438*
1995
51.804*
(t value-13.325)
0.560*
(t-value-8.806)
0.468
0.462
77.552*
2000
56.192*
(t-value-15.098)
0.505*
(t-value-8.490)
0.450
0.444
72.080*
2005
60.530*
(t-value-16.632)
0.450*
(t-value-7.947)
0.418
0.411
63.159*
2010
64.685*
(t-value-17.622)
0.394*
(t-value-7.078)
0.363
0.356
50.093*
Table 4
Regression Results between ANFRW & UPOP
Year
1990
Constant
53.513*
(t ratio-2.137)
Coefficient
-0.382
(t-ratio-(-0.907))
R-Square
0.009
R-Bar-Square F-Statistics
-0.002
0.823
1995
55.982*
(t value-2.119)
-0.407
(t-value-(-0.941))
0.010
-0.001
0.886
2000
61.589*
(t-value-2.130)
-0.455
(t-value-(-0.984))
0.011
0.000
0.969
2005
64.976*
(t-value-2.1)
-0.473
(t-value-(-0.982))
0.011
0.000
0.965
2010
71.793*
(t-value-2.050)
-0.539
(t-value-(-1.014))
0.012
0.000
1.028
Table 5
Regression Results between CARBON & UPOP
Year
1990
Constant
-3.046*
(t ratio-(-2.011))
Coefficient
0.152*
(t-ratio-5.988)
R-Square
0.289
0.281
35.852*
1995
-1.985
(t value-(-0.888))
0.133*
(t-value-3.629)
0.130
0.120
13.168*
2000
-1.639
(t-value-(-0.692))
0.124*
(t-value-3.279)
0.109
0.099
10.751*
2005
-0.995
(t-value-(-0.394))
0.114*
(t-value-2.905)
0.087
0.077
8.436*
2010
0.809
(t-value-0.381)
0.073*
(t-value-2.254)
0.055
0.044
5.081*
Table 6
Regression Results between ENU & UPOP
Year
1990
Constant
-781.371
(t ratio-(-1.288))
Coefficient
52.559*
(t-ratio-5.156)
R-Square
0.232
0.223
26.584*
1995
-831.987
(t value-(-1.235))
51.899*
(t-value-4.708)
0.201
0.192
22.165*
2000
-516.709
(t-value-(-0.668))
47.080*
(t-value-3.809)
0.142
0.132
14.505*
2005
-93.756
(t-value-(-0.101))
42.033*
(t-value-2.895)
0.087
0.077
8.382*
2010
79.506
(t-value-0.093)
37.410*
(t-value-2.896)
0.087
0.077
8.389*
Table 7
Regression Results between EPR & UPOP
Year
1990
Constant
67.949*
(t ratio-24.392)
Coefficient
-0.198*
(t-ratio-(-4.221))
R-Square
0.168
0.159
17.816*
1995
69.221*
(t value-24.357)
-0.209*
(t-value-(-4.490))
0.186
0.177
20.161*
2000
69.338*
(t-value-23.755)
-0.199*
(t-value-(-4.256))
0.171
0.161
18.116*
2005
70.981*
(t-value-23.109)
-0.211*
(t-value-(-4.403))
0.181
0.171
19.388*
2010
71.316*
(t-value-22.101)
-0.201*
(t-value-(-4.110))
0.161
0.152
16.892*
Table 8
Regression Results between FRST & UPOP
Year
1990
Constant
31303.055
(t ratio-0.099)
Coefficient
6481.002
(t-ratio-1.215)
R-Square
0.016
0.005
1.476
1995
-364.661
(t value-(-0.001)
6764.473
(t-value-1.257)
0.018
0.006
1.580
2000
-39528.038
(t-value-(-0.117)
7186.458
(t-value-1.331)
0.020
0.009
1.771
2005
-37853.380
(t-value-(-0.109))
6916.424
(t-value-1.279)
0.018
0.007
1.636
2010
-49585.529
(t-value-(-0.139))
6876.028
(t-value-1.267)
0.018
0.007
1.605
Table 9
Regression Results between IMRT & UPOP
Year
1990
Constant
100.917*
(t ratio-13.645)
Coefficient
-1.056*
(t-ratio-(-8.498)
R-Square
0.451
0.444
72.214*
1995
95.079*
(t value-12.939)
(p-value-0.000)
85.593*
(t-value-12.214)
-1.001*
(t-value-(-8.321))
0.440
0.434
69.240*
-0.893*
(t-value-(-7.972))
0.419
0.413
63.550*
2005
73.215*
(t-value-11.065)
-0.748*
(t-value-(-7.261)
0.375
0.368
52.715*
2010
62.050*
(t-value-9.946)
-0.620*
(t-value-(-6.545))
0.327
0.320
42.833*
2000
Table 10
Regression Results between LIFE & UPOP
Year
1990
Constant
51.030*
(t ratio-27.607)
Coefficient
0.280*
(t-ratio-9.008)
R-Square
0.480
0.474
81.152*
1995
50.968*
(t value-24.715)
0.286*
(t-value-8.473)
0.449
0.443
71.791*
2000
50.909*
(t-value-21.746)
0.294*
(t-value-7.867)
0.413
0.406
61.893*
2005
52.535*
(t-value-20.954)
0.279*
(t-value-7.156)
0.368
0.361
51.211*
2010
54.866*
(t-value-22.225)
0.259*
(t-value-6.903)
0.351
0.344
47.646*
Table 11
Regression Results between PCGDP & UPOP
Year
1990
Constant
-5179.340*
(t ratio-(-2.739))
Coefficient
196.648*
(t-ratio-6.188)
R-Square
0.303
0.295
38.295*
1995
-7731.320*
(t value-(-2.964))
262.737*
(t-value-6.155)
0.301
0.293
37.878*
2000
-7522.682*
(t-value-(-2.782))
255.838*
(t-value-5.919)
0.285
0.277
35.031*
2005
-10035.778*
(t-value-(-2.308))
351.114*
(t-value-5.187)
0.234
0.225
26.903*
2010
-12622.938*
(t-value-(-2.739))
433.558*
(t-value-5.383)
0.248
0.239
28.979*
Table 12
Regression Results between PSPTR & UPOP
Year
1990
Constant
42.604*
(t ratio-15.820)
Coefficient
-0.259*
(t-ratio-(-5.722))
R-Square
0.271
0.263
32.741*
1995
44.509*
(t value-14.760)
-0.292*
(t-value-(-5.926))
0.285
0.277
35.112*
2000
47.543*
(t-value-14.645)
-0.337*
(t-value-(-6.501))
0.324
0.317
42.266*
2005
48.522*
(t-value-13.767)
-0.369*
(t-value-(-6.717))
0.339
0.331
45.116*
2010
46.465*
(t-value-14.090)
-0.354*
(t-value-(-7.079))
0.363
0.356
50.119*
9. Inference
From the regression results, the following inferences may be drawn:
a) In table 2, for the regression between ACSF and UPOP, it can be seen that for all the five years,
the values of the constant and the coefficient are positive and significant, except for the values of
the constant for the years 1990 and 1995. The values of the F-Statistics are also significant for all
the years. The values of R-Square are reasonable, considering the fact that urbanization is not the
only factor that has effect on access to sanitation facilities.
Conclusion. It can be concluded that the relationship between ACSF and UPOP is directly
proportional, i.e. as UPOP increases, ACSF increases and when UPOP decreases, ACSF
decreases. Hence, when a country becomes more urbanized, a greater percentage of its people get
access to improved sanitation facilities.
b) In table 3, for the regression between ACWS and UPOP, it can be seen that for all the five years,
the values of the constant and the coefficient are positive and significant. The values of the FStatistics are also significant for all the years. The R-Square values are also reasonable,
considering the fact that there are a number of factors that may influence access to improved
water sources, and urbanization is just one of them.
Conclusion. It can be concluded that the relationship between ACWS and UPOP is a directly
proportional one, i.e. as UPOP increases, ACWS increases and when UPOP decreases, ACSF
decreases. Hence, as a country becomes more urbanized, a greater percentage of its people get
access to improved water sources.
c) In table 4, for the regression between ANFRW and UPOP, it can be seen that for all the years, the
values of the constant are positive and significant, whereas the values of both the coefficient and
the F-Statistics are insignificant. The values of the coefficients are also negative. The R-Square
values are also extremely low, around 1%, which means that only 1% of the variation in annual
freshwater withdrawals is explained by urbanization.
Conclusion. The results for the regression between ANFRW and UPOP are very inconclusive.
Rather, it can be said that there does not exist much of a relationship between annual freshwater
withdrawals of a country and the variations in its percentage of urban population.
d) In table 5, for the regression between CARBON and UPOP, it can be seen the values of the
constant are negative ( except for 2010 ) and insignificant ( except for 1990 ). On the other hand,
the values of the coefficient are positive and significant. The values of the F-Statistics are also
significant. The R-Square values are also quite low, which indicates that a very small percentage
of the variation in carbon dioxide emissions is explained by urbanization.
Conclusion. The results for the regression CARBON and UPOP are quite inconclusive.
e)
In table 6, for the regression between ENU and UPOP, it can be seen that the values of the
constant are negative ( except for 2010 ) and insignificant. However, the values of both the
coefficient and the F-Statistics are positive and significant. The R-Square values are low, which
indicates that the variation in energy use of a country is not much explained by urbanization.
Conclusion. No definite conclusion can be drawn from these results.
f) In table 7, for the regression between EPR and UPOP, it can be seen that the values of the
constant are positive for all the years, while the values of the coefficient are negative. However,
both the values of the constant and the coefficient are significant. The values of the F-Statistics
are also significant, but the R-Square values are low.
Conclusion. It may be concluded that as the value of UPOP increases, the value of EPR
decreases, though very slowly. Thus, as a countrys percentage of urban population increases, the
level of employment in the country slowly decreases.
g) In table 8, for the regression between FRST and UPOP, the values of the constant are negative
( except for 1990 ) and insignificant. The values of the coefficient are positive and insignificant.
The F-Statistics values are also insignificant. The R-Square values are very low.
Conclusion. The results for the regression between FRST and UPOP are very inconclusive.
Rather, it can be said that there does not exist much of a relationship between forest area of a
country and the variations in its percentage of urban population.
h) In table 9, for the regression between IMRT and UPOP, the values of the constant are positive
and significant for all the years. However, the values of the coefficient are negative and
significant. The values of the F-Statistics are also significant. The R-Square values are
reasonable, considering the fact that urbanization is just one of the many factors that has influence
on the infant mortality rate in a country.
Conclusion. It can be concluded that as the percentage of urban population of a country
increases, the value of the infant mortality rate of the country gradually decreases.
i)
In table 10, for the regression between LIFE and UPOP, the values of both the constant and the
coefficient are positive and significant for all the five years. The values of the F-Statistics are also
significant. The R-Square values are reasonable, considering that life expectancy at birth depends
on a large number of factors, besides urbanization.
Conclusion. It can be concluded that the relationship between LIFE and UPOP is directly
proportional, i.e. as UPOP increases, LIFE increases and when UPOP decreases, LIFE decreases.
Hence, when a country becomes more urbanized, the life expectancy of its people increases.
j)
In table 11, for the regression between PCGDP and UPOP, the values of the constant are negative
and significant for all the variables. The values of the constant are positive and significant. The FStatistics values are also significant. The R-Square values are a bit low.
Conclusion. It can be concluded that PCGDP increases with increase in the value of UPOP, i.e.
as a country becomes more urbanized, the per capita Gross Domestic Product of the country
gradually increases.
k) In table 12, for the regression between PSPTR and UPOP, the values of the constant are positive
and significant for all the years. However, the values of the coefficient are negative and
significant. The F-Statistics values are also significant. The R-Square values are reasonable,
considering that the primary school pupil teacher ratio is determined by a number of factors and
not only urbanization.
Conclusion. As the value of UPOP increases, the value of PSPTR gradually decreases. Thus, as
the percentage of urban population in a country gradually increases, its primary school pupil
teacher ratio decreases, i.e. lesser number of pupils come under the guidance of a single teacher.
10. Summary and Concluding Remarks

This paper tries to establish a relationship between urbanization and certain human
development indicators from different categories, i.e. health, education, environment, labor and
social protection, economic policy and debt. From the results of the bi-variate analysis, it may be
stated that with the increase in the level of urbanization of a country, the health conditions of a
country improves, i.e. more people get access to improved water and sanitation facilities, the
infant mortality rate decreases and the life expectancy of people increases. Thus, urbanization has
a positive impact on the health conditions of people in a country. On the other hand, no definite
conclusions can be drawn for the environment indicators. So, the relationship impact of
urbanization on the environment is somewhat uncertain. The education indicator, i.e. primary
school pupil teacher ratio decreases with increase in urbanization, thereby indicating
improvement in education facilities of a country. So, it may be concluded that urbanization has a
positive impact on the level of education and education facilities in a country. Similarly, it can be
seen that urbanization has a positive impact on the economy of a country, which is indicated by
the increase in the countrys per capita GDP with increase in its percentage of urban population.
As far as employment is concerned, the results indicate a decrease in the percentage of
employment in a country with the increase in the percentage of urban population, thereby
indicating a negative impact of urbanization on employment.
So, finally it may be concluded that urbanization has more positive impacts than
negative ones. It has positive impacts on the health conditions, level of education and the
economy of the country, whereas it has a negative impact on its level of employment. The impact
of urbanization on environment is, however, uncertain.
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http://data.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/wdi-2012-ebook.pdf
APPENDIX A
Cross Country Data for the World Development Indicators for the year 1990
TABLE A.1
Data for UPOP, ACSF, ACWS & ANFRW
Country Name
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Benin
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Congo, Rep.
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt, Arab Rep.
El Salvador
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Honduras
Hungary
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
UPOP
52.085
37.144
86.984
85.4
65.765
53.749
65.981
96.377
34.485
41.933
73.922
66.377
15.546
39.657
76.582
83.271
26.442
68.276
54.324
50.683
39.345
73.364
66.776
75.22
84.843
55.226
55.09
43.478
49.233
12.621
79.367
74.056
69.143
73.118
36.441
58.843
41.117
40.46
65.838
25.547
30.584
56.33
ACSF
88
29
90
100
100
57
93
100
5
38
68
99
9
48
100
84
24
67
20
93
20
80
100
100
100
73
69
72
75
3
100
100
36
100
7
97
62
50
100
18
32
79
ACWS
94
42
94
100
100
70
100
100
57
93
89
100
31
49
100
90
67
89
70
93
76
82
100
100
100
88
72
93
74
14
100
100
79
100
53
96
81
76
96
69
70
90
ANFRW
4.1
0.48
28.237
21.644
3.8722
15.926
4.338
8.2764
0.11
0.1038
40.989
7.494
2.184
0.3984
42.2
20.29
492.44
3.7412
0.04
10.1008
0.9436
1.9294
0.2156
3.536
1.132
15.1346
19.426
45.668
0.729
5.558
3.0082
36.57
0.06
53.67
0.3
6.4164
2.933
1.194
6.351
498.96
74.34
73.62
Country Name
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Jamaica
Japan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Malta
Mauritius
Mexico
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Nepal
Netherlands
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Oman
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Senegal
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Syrian Arab Republic
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Ukraine
United Arab Emirates
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
UPOP
69.706
56.906
90.359
49.444
77.339
16.748
73.844
80.947
49.794
90.381
43.9
71.419
57.033
48.391
21.096
8.854
68.684
52.337
35.282
66.102
30.576
68.901
48.59
47.915
92.786
53.217
73.394
38.9
100
52.037
75.351
17.199
28.61
48.931
18.884
29.424
28.589
8.534
57.946
59.203
66.757
79.051
78.14
75.3
88.973
20.255
39.407
28.988
ACSF
67
99
100
80
100
25
100
100
84
100
89
64
50
53
11
10
100
43
37
82
27
54
57
92
100
71
74
38
99
71
100
70
27
85
7
84
13
93
74
84
95
97
100
100
94
37
46
41
ACWS
81
100
100
93
100
44
90
100
88
100
99
85
54
97
73
36
76
100
47
80
85
75
85
96
100
75
93
61
100
83
100
67
65
86
55
86
49
88
81
85
97
100
100
99
96
57
49
79
ANFRW
42.088
0.79
1.8424
1.40862
90.76
2.049
25.47
0.0622
11.1668
0.0392
0.5385333
56
0.428
11.024
0.605
10.008
8.7364
1.288
3.63
1.223
155.25333
18.98
67.595
8.463
0.2724
20.446
71.65
1.36
0.19
13.474
40.48
9.769
14.94
10.5485
5.184
57.31
0.091
0.38856
2.765
31.6
26
1.5442667
11.842
473.54
0.65
45.27
1.7634
1.22
TABLE A.2
Data for CARBON, ENU, EPR & FRST
Country Name
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
CARBON
3.118500
0.428612
3.449912
16.83737
7.909182
10.26875
11.14860
10.88248
ENU
877.1799
569.243
1411.466
5052.769
3235.539
3652.533
4470.353
4844.185
EPR
34.40000
66.10000
56
58.09999
53.49999
56.10000
59.59999
45.19999
FRST
16670
609760
347930
1545000
37760
9360
77800
6770
Benin
Botswana
0.149810
1.575697
348.0551
912.3281
72
52.30000
57610
137180
Brazil
Bulgaria
1.395835
8.690224
937.0612
3276.160
55.59999
45
5748390
33270
Cambodia
Cameroon
0.047319
0.142696
229.2447
408.9092
79.49999
63.29999
129440
243160
Canada
Chile
16.19504
2.589012
7503.957
1062.294
60.80000
47.79999
3101340
152630
China
Colombia
2.167703
1.726851
768.2612
729.5235
74.59999
45.10000
1571406
625190
Congo, Rep.
Costa Rica
0.497344
0.962661
324.6939
660.3373
62.19999
54.90000
227263
25640
Cote d'Ivoire
Cuba
0.463145
3.154146
429.0122
1673.461
63.79999
53.09999
102220
20580
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt, Arab Rep.
El Salvador
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Germany
Ghana
Greece
6.069711
14.90012
9.676543
1.330273
1.640763
1.336016
0.490964
0.062440
10.37716
6.847263
5.214077
12.18959
0.265728
7.160051
1774.998
4797.088
3377.480
569.9509
586.8281
568.8145
462.9259
307.5791
5691.571
3841.909
1271.635
4420.645
357.6613
2110.934
52.69999
60.59999
62.00000
52.3999
56.7999
43.9999
57.2999
75.3999
64
50.4000
52.0000
57.3000
64.3999
45.2999
1611
26290
4450
19720
138170
440
3770
167350
218890
145370
220000
107410
74480
32990
Country Name
Guatemala
Honduras
Hungary
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Jamaica
Japan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Luxembourg
Malaysia
CARBON
0.569993
0.530252
6.072083
0.790327
0.811332
3.847869
2.888580
8.937987
7.196290
3.332520
8.860766
0.248353
5.760412
26.21686
3.108033
ENU
494.9107
486.6892
2772.046
362.4954
534.9866
1263.639
1083.237
2842.244
2462.523
1166.361
3556.223
455.2827
2171.428
8931.858
1183.458
EPR
61.9000
55.1999
48
58.5
63
40.2000
31.8999
45.1999
46.4
62.7999
62.3
67.5999
58.8000
50.7000
60.2
FRST
47480
81360
18010
639390
1185450
110750
8040
4650
1320
3446
249500
37080
63700
860
223760
Malta
Mauritius
6.150148
1.381911
1961.642
453.2388
48
53.3
3
388
Mexico
Mongolia
3.729434
4.580921
1452.943
1558.187
56.2000
49.6000
702910
125360
Morocco
Mozambique
0.950003
0.073897
280.0992
437.1445
45.6999
77.7
50490
433780
Nepal
Netherlands
0.033247
10.97732
303.3985
4393.203
83.4
51.1999
48170
3450
Nicaragua
Nigeria
0.618464
0.465141
507.8318
723.5345
55.4999
53.3
45140
172340
Oman
Pakistan
6.087276
0.613042
2258.014
381.4923
50.69999
47.1
20
25270
Peru
Philippines
0.976207
0.677662
448.8828
464.3312
52.8
58.99999
701560
65700
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Senegal
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Tanzania
Thailand
4.226710
24.85579
6.846948
16.61089
0.439539
15.40573
9.474819
5.633525
0.221765
0.209826
3.038844
0.093117
1.679164
1676.744
13019.72
2681.796
5928.792
232.8770
3779.059
2583.979
2318.760
324.1952
401.1972
849.1730
381.9988
734.9293
60.70000
78
56.5
55.39999
68.2
64.40000
35.79999
43.70000
48.59999
48.29999
44.69999
78.79999
78.40000
33270
0
63710
8089500
93482
23
92410
138184
23500
763814
3720
414950
195490
Country Name
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
CARBON
0.211085
13.95307
1.626999
2.694517
15.98123
28.75586
9.960568
19.54698
1.284402
0.324280
0.311179
1.480922
ENU
344.6288
4925.870
606.5643
974.6125
4851.538
11292.48
3597.006
7671.554
724.0478
270.6291
686.9152
888.0586
EPR
70.50000
44.00000
40.79999
53.89999
58.69999
70.40000
59
60.89999
52.80000
77.90000
64.90000
69.10000
FRST
6850
2407
6430
96800
92740
2450
26110
2963350
9200
93630
528000
221640
PCGDP
2452.454
992.7568
4330.324
18250.95
21458.23
1237.324
1704.740
20349.62
410.6241
2742.126
3086.877
2377.335
190.6680
915.5031
20968.04
2393.035
314.4306
1212.957
1171.561
2411.361
862.4447
2709.985
9641.575
3786.858
PSPTR
27.7871
36.5724
18.6829
16.6142
10.8594
18.5056
21.1998
13.0214
30.5464
31.6565
36.2781
18.9195
34.9536
51.484
15.6856
43.2258
22.3188
29.9195
64.4250
31.8808
36.2891
12.319
21.3777
24.4874
TABLE A.3
Data for IMRT, LIFE, PCGDP & PSPTR
Country Name
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Benin
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Congo, Rep.
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
IMRT
53.5
143.7
24.4
7.5
7.90000
75.4
13.9
8.5
106.8
41.3
48.8
18.5
85.1
89.9
6.8
15.7
38.7
27.8
75.1
14.5
104
10.6
9.5
12.6
LIFE
67.07178
41.14141
71.49829
76.99463
75.53
64.74636
70.83658
76.05195
48.64853
64.01717
66.34073
71.64146
55.39729
53.25309
77.37707
73.60356
69.45973
68.30553
56.24656
75.747
52.64414
74.45980
76.50470
71.38390
Country Name
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt, Arab Rep.
El Salvador
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Honduras
Hungary
IMRT
7.2
45.2
40.8
62.9
46.5
118.2
5.6
7.3
68.5
7
76.2
11.5
55.5
42.9
16.7
LIFE
74.80536
67.70419
68.85687
62.01282
65.99085
47.04539
74.81317
76.6
61.28912
75.31612
56.84302
76.93902
62.28668
66.33939
69.31561
PCGDP
2345.010
983.1832
1009.295
758.7602
900.2531
249.9847
27852.29
21349.66
6406.901
21583.84
398.0944
9190.343
857.3364
623.5840
3186.444
PSPTR
11.2778
38.5273
30.4077
25.1444
36.9393
40.6755
15.5905
20.3776
46.8171
17.8433
27.0935
19.6466
32.3994
34.8230
10.5184
India
Indonesia
81
54.1
58.35285
62.10385
373.7851
620.7161
39.6236
23.2714
Iran, Islamic Rep.

Iraq
47.1
36.7
61.91046
67.53419
2114.703
441.8030
31.3807
26.3497
Ireland
Israel
7.5
9.6
74.74131
76.60731
13604.44
11264.01
27.2285
13.9688
Jamaica
Japan
28.4
4.6
70.64563
78.83682
1921.426
25123.63
33.64659
21.15489
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
63.5
6.4
59.33995
71.29487
365.6030
6153.094
39.12452
36.2812
Luxembourg
Malaysia
7
14.8
74.85329
70.06536
33177.05
2417.773
12.94894
20.37696
Malta
Mauritius
9.7
20.7
75.17578
69.40487
7192.394
2506.184
21.471
21.12971
38.1
76.1
63.9
150.9
93.5
6.8
50.4
126.6
35.8
94.6
53.6
40.2
11.4
70.79109
60.53826
64.146
43.17626
53.95673
76.87804
64.15802
45.63734
70.63295
60.76719
65.54951
65.15939
73.96585
3116.123
1167.947
1032.750
185.4355
190.1130
19721.82
244.9660
291.8695
6255.193
357.7320
1212.530
719.0094
7779.435
31.06703
29.8018
24.9825
54.53836
39.1592
17.36358
33.27105
40.99619
27.54436
41.07124
29.0841
32.6671
14.8570
Mexico
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Nepal
Netherlands
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Oman
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
Portugal
Country Name
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Senegal
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
IMRT
16.5
30.6
23
68.8
6.1
48.2
9.3
24.2
77.3
29.6
96.7
28.8
85.2
32.1
40.3
LIFE
74.12878
69.74122
68.90243
53.24834
75.58219
61.54961
76.83756
69.67868
52.53065
71.06475
50.59714
72.47092
52.99197
68.94478
70.30731
PCGDP
15537.46
1650.693
3485.112
789.4202
11845.40
3182.214
13409.58
472.08646
468.35393
998.7429
171.9141
1495.358
444.2568
4169.556
1507.231
PSPTR
12.3004
22.6010
22.7562
57.5870
25.7777
23.1354
23.4829
30.7965
34.28006
26.12085
34.889
20.2664
55.6386
25.7821
29.6881
Turkey
Ukraine
59.8
16.6
63.06046
70.13658
2783.586
1569.73
30.4803
22.4587

United Kingdom
18.9
7.8
72.14353
75.88048
28032.88
17687.66
18.0800
19.6798
United States
Uruguay
9.4
20.2
75.21463
72.48468
23037.94
2990.825
15.2775
21.8876
36.1
114.2
65.47836
47.48063
98.03186
418.3663
34.1883
44.0122
52.5
60.52892
839.0149
35.7780
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
APPENDIX B
TABLE B.1
Country Name
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Benin
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Congo, Rep.
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt, Arab Rep.
El Salvador
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Honduras
Hungary
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
UPOP
55.997
43.988
88.654
86.106
65.8
52.206
67.926
96.777
36.758
48.981
77.61
67.782
17.311
42.573
77.675
84.372
30.961
70.516
56.413
55.789
41.21
74.277
68.038
74.643
84.979
57.596
57.766
42.814
53.967
13.827
80.963
74.912
75.359
73.286
40.139
59.287
43.11
42.941
65.209
26.607
35.554
60.236
ACSF
90
34
91
100
100
57
93
100
7
46
71
100
10
48
100
88
34
70
20
94
21
83
100
99
100
76
76
79
79
4
100
100
36
100
9
97
67
57
100
21
38
82
ACWS
93
43
95
100
100
71
100
100
62
94
91
100
34
57
100
92
74
90
70
94
77
86
100
100
100
88
79
94
78
20
100
100
84
100
62
98
84
79
97
75
74
91
ANFRW
4.5
0.48
28.482
22.034
3.7092
13.486
4.338
7.8054
0.11
0.13124
50.904
7.494
2.184
0.4
42.2
20.29
515.24
7.4532
0.04
7.0088
1.1792
4.2734
0.217
2.791
1.132
10.2806
17.686
55.098
0.729
5.558
2.4904
33.28
0.06
47.62
0.3
7.03
2.933
1.194
6.351
500
74.34
80.32
Country Name
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Jamaica
Japan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Malta
Mauritius
Mexico
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Nepal
Netherlands
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Oman
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Senegal
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
UPOP
68.78
57.92
90.866
50.615
78.016
18.263
78.239
82.893
55.688
90.946
43.284
73.368
56.805
51.692
26.221
10.895
72.811
53.534
38.843
71.669
31.836
70.951
48.29
51.109
94.998
53.769
73.372
39.62
100
54.486
75.856
16.44
32.232
50.104
20.543
30.276
30.705
9.622
61.474
62.123
66.951
78.319
78.353
77.25
90.542
22.187
37.104
31.732
ACSF
67
99
100
79
100
27
100
100
88
100
89
70
50
59
12
15
100
46
36
86
32
59
61
95
100
72
73
41
99
72
100
76
27
86
8
88
13
92
78
85
95
97
100
100
94
46
47
41
ACWS
80
100
100
93
100
48
90
100
92
100
99
88
56
98
76
38
80
100
50
81
87
78
87
97
100
80
94
63
100
84
100
73
63
87
55
89
52
90
86
89
97
100
100
99
96
67
51
79
ANFRW
49.76
0.79
1.804
1.06532
90.002
2.049
25.47
0.0575
8.5498
0.0512
0.5954
56
0.428
11.172
0.605
9.943
7.984
1.288
3.63
1.223
155.6
18.98
70.92
8.463
0.2814
15.64
71.65
1.36
0.19
13.064
35.52
9.769
16.88
13.321
5.184
57.31
0.091
0.32316
2.9442
31.6
26
1.9469333
12.092
465.8
0.65
45.27
1.7224
1.22
TABLE B.2
Country Name
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Benin
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Congo, Rep.
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt, Arab Rep.
El Salvador
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Honduras
Hungary
CARBON
3.347034
0.909698
3.515906
17.01161
7.766497
4.356501
6.093680
11.14518
0.234900
2.222442
1.596233
6.900326
0.128698
0.313029
15.66363
2.946443
2.755755
1.635261
0.572988
1.402774
0.485945
2.353773
6.683063
12.10893
10.53635
2.034466
2.003811
1.542337
0.921003
0.037735
10.34239
6.603753
3.54786
10.59958
0.319302
7.446147
0.715410
0.695895
5.814179
ENU
852.0332
528.6130
1550.329
5121.669
3368.098
1659.706
2427.666
5304.051
326.8419
943.0374
995.4832
2752.945
253.9708
394.3166
7861.733
1272.910
868.3059
757.0964
283.6444
676.8805
382.0128
1013.968
2040.748
4017.612
3705.397
744.5176
629.1440
568.2624
585.8337
287.5706
5661.903
3973.845
1244.669
4119.871
380.7331
2132.552
531.7755
506.5359
2505.137
EPR
31.9
67.30000
47.20000
58.29999
56.70000
57.29999
55
45.59999
72
58.09999
65
46.70000
80.09999
65.09999
58.29999
51.5
74.90000
50.20000
63
56.79999
63.90000
50.20000
57.79999
59
60.79999
54.29999
60.29999
41.5
56.79999
74.59999
51.5
48.40000
51.20000
53.5
65.59999
46.40000
61.79999
58.90000
44.40000
FRST
16230
603520
333270
1547100
38070
9360
80265
7586
54110
131265
5603910
33510
122450
232160
3101340
155485
1670705
620140
226413
24700
102750
22465
1663.6
26330
4655
19720
128290
515
3545
144095
221740
149450
220000
109085
67710
34500
44780
72640
18540
Country Name
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Jamaica
Japan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Malta
Mauritius
CARBON
0.953924
1.128087
4.577343
3.726580
9.109477
9.780871
3.912452
9.438419
0.275435
8.311069
20.43379
5.845911
5.741551
1.630203
ENU
398.4347
656.0538
1693.918
1652.619
2946.812
2798.570
1292.460
3956.198
439.5342
3210.160
7711.006
1635.157
1914.532
586.4324
EPR
58.20000
63.5
38
32.40000
47.20000
50.20000
61.5
61.5
64.59999
60.40000
48.90000
60.40000
46.59999
53.90000
FRST
646645
1089770
110750
8110
5500
1425
3427.5
249130
36450
63290
864
219835
3
387.5
Mexico
Mongolia
3.555099
3.436225
1406.742
1172.670
55.70000
53.90000
685210
121265
Morocco
Mozambique
1.127936
0.069733
319.1059
394.4103
47.40000
78.30000
50330
422830
Nepal
Netherlands
0.094243
11.40496
310.8007
4576.470
83.19999
54.29999
43585
3525
Nicaragua
Nigeria
0.599431
0.317386
504.2186
704.8133
53.79999
53.09999
41640
151855
Oman
Pakistan
7.595163
0.663417
2731.220
421.5838
55.29999
46.5
20
23215
Peru
Philippines
1.002350
0.876622
460.4488
484.3087
61.5
61
696845
68435
Portugal
Qatar
5.176747
61.48102
2015.020
15758.59
54.70000
78.30000
33735
0
Romania
Russian Federation
Senegal
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
5.603084
11.22259
0.417564
13.36642
9.035236
6.137360
0.319669
0.152684
3.104668
0.118666
3.042095
0.233367
16.62215
2053.156
4297.570
222.8231
5337.158
2647.773
2559.005
328.0365
397.4342
853.7094
368.0821
1038.120
383.3702
4874.918
57.79999
55.09999
68.40000
62.5
42
38.90000
48.70000
46.90000
48.59999
77.90000
72.90000
72.30000
49.90000
63685
8091092
91232
23
92410
154031
22160
734362
4020
394785
192765
5855
2371.5
Country Name
Tunisia
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
CARBON
1.756639
2.921469
8.657036
30.07873
9.729973
19.67105
1.424298
0.403293
0.243385
1.29486
ENU
647.9847
1045.536
3180.071
11788.49
3727.464
7763.365
797.9140
303.9805
653.4026
842.2248
EPR
40.79999
50.40000
57
73.69999
56
62
57.0999
77.5999
65.5
69.9000
FRST
7400
99130
93920
2775
27020
2982650
11660
105440
519670
205290
PCGDP
1476.200
416.31483
7402.975
20395.927
30014.273
397.19812
1370.672
28067.97
383.9272
3010.382
4751.066
1554.721
308.0968
626.4717
20117.1
4951.567
604.2280
2537.690
774.3254
3379.254
749.4717
2791.414
14212.05
PSPTR
27.27589
34.46713
17.24465
18.14897
11.68606
19.47262
19.76087
12.11
49.89695
25.49106
30.53759
17.33218
45.02911
46.29539
16.22553
36.97981
22.85133
24.8125
70.98047
30.60893
44.64832
13.57722
18.39116
TABLE B.3
Country Name
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Benin
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Congo, Rep.
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Cuba
Cyprus
IMRT
45.8
131
20.8
5.7
5.6
68.2
13.8
6.4
96.8
45.4
41
19.2
86.3
87.6
5.8
11.4
36.3
24.3
72
13
99.8
8.1
8
LIFE
68.46587
42.05092
72.62363
77.82926
76.71561
64.57582
68.46097
76.84073
50.94126
59.19780
68.34063
71.05341
56.06526
51.99190
77.97756
75.04146
70.42473
69.43668
54.60939
76.80880
51.05136
75.20675
77.26231
Country Name
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt, Arab Rep.
El Salvador
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Honduras
IMRT
8.6
5.3
37.4
33.4
47.9
37.3
103
4.3
5.4
63.8
5.3
69.7
9
45.3
35.6
LIFE
73.07487
75.21268
69.59173
71.252
65.59346
68.91380
49.31363
76.40951
77.75122
61.09761
76.42195
57.99292
77.58536
64.98639
68.607
PCGDP
5595.630
3139.356
2066.429
1774.840
969.3127
1657.042
135.3879
25609.13
26396.61
4560.583
30887.86
380.3275
12273.60
1463.397
701.5217
PSPTR
20.18596
9.9358
33.61187
26.35151
25.09622
40.23256
32.7529
16.34906
18.76642
52.45657
17.45831
29.98269
16.09251
33.63184
34.78818
Hungary
India
12.3
72.9
69.79170
59.83156
4411.033
380.0984
11.39403
39.62369
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
44.9
39
63.97770
68.15446
1013.699
1519.977
22.66127
31.91303
Iraq
Ireland
35.9
6.1
71.23470
75.57085
451.5466
18575.62
20.56550
23.3174
Israel
Jamaica
7.1
24.9
77.45122
70.26346
17310.09
2344.141
12.56790
33.63987
Japan
Kenya
4.1
71
79.53634
56.14922
42522.06
329.8480
18.54335
39.12452
Korea, Rep.
Luxembourg
5.3
5.2
73.39439
76.51219
11467.81
50592.52
33.17301
14.71496
11.4
7.8
71.16343
77.14390
4287.112
9717.501
19.93694
19.57063
19.3
31.1
61.5
53.5
137.5
76.3
5.6
41.4
125.3
26
86
40.7
34.4
70.32585
72.73763
61.26156
66.61331
45.41095
57.46863
77.40463
67.30419
45.11570
73.04302
62.04573
67.98478
66.01853
3599.551
3107.073
629.6975
1213.278
141.0109
203.8032
27101.95
892.9122
255.5006
6183.911
476.1494
2252.642
1070.239
23.9235
28.70808
23.71569
28.25967
57.59626
39.48273
18.09796
38.0089
37.20776
26.06586
37.0356
28.24828
33.60951
Malaysia
Malta
Mauritius
Mexico
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Nepal
Netherlands
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Oman
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
Country Name
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Senegal
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
IMRT
7.6
13.1
27.3
21.2
70.7
4.1
47.5
6.9
19.9
71.6
23.3
93.2
19.3
81.8
29.9
LIFE
75.31219
75.28273
69.45609
65.22122
54.36307
76.39512
59.88741
77.98073
69.22885
54.29097
72.83553
49.57375
72.26117
54.05009
68.99709
PCGDP
11619.32
16231.31
1563.949
2669.946
582.9425
22922.11
3862.809
15150.95
718.4438
458.8534
804.2200
180.5683
2816.732
320.4957
4224.696
PSPTR
12.34
8.90654
21.56186
19.34735
59.73722
25.26535
36.2809
17.83949
27.82225
34.17943
23.3829
36.83172
20.06
54.86158
26.27049
Tunisia
Turkey
31.6
42.9
71.35365
66.07309
2012.936
2879.248
25.22658
27.74516
Ukraine
16.3
14.2
67.11707
73.43485
935.9681
27993.43
20.14132
16.99968
6.2
7.9
76.83658
75.62195
19943.77
27559.16
18.67
16.17298
17.6
30.8
73.47626
69.43168
5986.739
288.0202
20.08104
34.79875
107.9
58.4
43.51526
53.09839
389.8943
608.5971
39.09751
39.11001
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
APPENDIX C
TABLE C.1
Country Name
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Benin
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Congo, Rep.
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt, Arab Rep.
El Salvador
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Honduras
Hungary
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
UPOP
60.787
48.987
90.125
87.165
65.8
51.386
69.973
97.118
38.333
53.219
81.192
68.899
18.586
45.542
79.478
85.946
35.877
72.075
58.695
59.038
43.541
75.6
68.648
73.988
85.1
61.746
60.299
42.797
58.912
14.739
82.183
76.895
80.108
73.067
43.954
59.736
45.127
45.458
64.575
27.667
42.002
64.042
ACSF
92
42
91
100
100
62
93
100
9
52
74
100
17
49
100
92
44
73
20
95
22
86
100
98
100
78
83
86
83
9
100
100
36
100
10
98
71
64
100
25
44
90
ACWS
89
46
96
100
100
74
100
100
66
95
94
100
44
64
100
94
80
91
70
95
77
90
100
100
100
87
86
96
82
29
100
100
85
100
71
99
87
82
99
81
78
93
ANFRW
5.4966
0.5763
30.974
22.424
3.6518
11.046
4.338
7.569
0.122
0.17376
57.528
6.6768
2.184
0.73564
44.462
20.29
525.4
11.1652
0.0436
3.9168
1.3382
6.6174
0.2011
2.046
0.86332
5.4266
15.946
64.528
1.1172
5.558
2.3964
31.762
0.102
41.57
0.7092
8.767
2.933
1.194
6.0444
566.24
97.716
87.02
Country Name
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Jamaica
Japan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Malta
Mauritius
Mexico
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Nepal
Netherlands
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Oman
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Senegal
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
UPOP
67.83
59.146
91.203
51.814
78.649
19.892
79.621
83.752
61.977
92.368
42.67
74.722
57.133
53.335
29.098
13.431
76.799
54.737
42.351
71.569
33.138
73.042
47.99
54.399
96.311
53.004
73.35
40.345
100
56.891
76.262
15.709
32.495
51.947
22.309
31.143
32.907
10.833
63.432
64.741
67.145
80.236
78.651
79.089
91.325
24.374
34.802
33.758
ACSF
69
99
100
80
100
28
100
100
92
100
89
75
49
64
14
20
100
48
34
90
37
63
65
98
100
72
72
45
100
75
100
82
27
88
9
94
13
92
81
87
95
97
100
100
96
56
47
40
ACWS
80
100
100
93
100
52
93
100
97
100
99
90
65
98
78
42
83
100
53
83
89
81
89
99
100
84
95
66
100
86
100
80
62
87
54
92
55
91
90
93
97
100
100
99
98
77
54
80
ANFRW
61.36
0.79
1.8202
0.72202
89.652
2.049
25.47
0.05872
7.503
0.05474
0.612
65.96
0.428
12.07
0.68852
9.878
8.5618
1.288
7.638
1.3052
165.8
19.196
74.245
8.463
0.2903
10.366
70.56
1.8766
0.19
12.66
35.854
11.7136
29.404
15.588
5.184
57.31
0.1378
0.25776
2.8528
37.84
33.488
2.5856
14.202
471.24
2.456
45.27
1.7264
3.011
TABLE C.2
Country Name
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Benin
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Congo, Rep.
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt, Arab Rep.
El Salvador
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Honduras
Hungary
CARBON
2.879789
0.685141
3.820041
17.20903
7.950479
3.666271
5.344180
11.28725
0.248112
2.432255
1.880367
5.328034
0.181185
0.218921
17.37045
3.806399
2.696862
1.456686
0.334450
1.396932
0.409566
2.344977
7.261740
12.13441
8.850879
2.341391
1.696411
2.089127
0.966704
0.08891
10.07321
6.001543
0.851980
10.12146
0.328136
8.391708
0.882395
0.809102
5.606995
ENU
884.9472
538.4749
1650.493
5644.541
3564.577
1420.288
2467.192
5707.434
304.1926
1044.621
1074.373
2286.094
274.1529
402.4460
8171.664
1632.591
936.6746
649.1698
259.6402
754.8298
406.1202
1157.995
2265.444
3990.673
3489.698
908.5870
650.8111
601.0266
667.9783
284.2286
6226.394
4135.012
1184.191
4094.124
403.6537
2480.999
627.3068
480.8098
2448.233
EPR
30.79999
66.69999
49.20000
59.40000
56
59.29999
52.5
48.70000
71.59999
57.59999
61.70000
43.90000
77.40000
64.5
60.90000
49.59999
73.5
56
64
56.5
63.40000
51.09999
57.79999
55.09999
62.90000
54.20000
61.70000
42.20000
56.20000
75.30000
55.70000
49.59999
50.20000
53.70000
66.90000
46.70000
62.20000
63.40000
46
FRST
15790
597280
318610
1549200
38380
9360
82730
6673
50610
125350
5459430
33750
115460
221160
3101340
158340
1770005
615090
225563
23760
103280
24350
1716.1
26370
4860
19720
118410
590
3320
137050
224590
153530
220000
110760
60940
36010
42080
63920
19070
Country Name
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Jamaica
Japan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Malta
Mauritius
Mexico
1.125975
1.234417
5.703851
2.979613
10.83281
9.968362
3.985086
9.612933
0.333334
9.520954
18.88551
5.406947
5.413532
2.332671
3.816725
ENU
433.8315
726.9529
1882.135
1066.748
3608.370
2901.714
1478.474
4090.515
439.1633
4002.751
7617.914
2011.964
1771.322
719.6260
1451.820
EPR
56.90000
63.29999
38.5
32.90000
56.5
49.40000
57.70000
59.40000
61.5
58.29999
52.20000
61.5
47
54.70000
58.70000
FRST
653900
994090
110750
8180
6350
1530
3409
248760
35820
62880
868
215910
3
387
667510
Mongolia
Morocco
3.112899
1.177536
993.8702
355.5721
56.5
46.09999
117170
50170
Mozambique
Nepal
0.074143
0.132549
394.0889
332.2751
79.90000
84.09999
411880
39000
Netherlands
Nicaragua
10.38355
0.741537
4597.828
536.1814
61.20000
56.20000
3600
38140
Nigeria
Oman
0.640168
9.966914
732.4486
3569.938
52.40000
50.29999
131370
20
Pakistan
Peru
0.736560
1.171482
439.2840
472.5744
47.20000
65
21160
692130
Philippines
Portugal
0.875175
6.157546
515.7356
2412.804
57.90000
58.5
71170
34200
Qatar
Romania
58.76934
4.009474
17619.96
1613.200
75.59999
60.09999
0
63660
Russian Federation
Senegal
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
10.64989
0.414308
11.82336
8.377511
7.31274
0.531947
0.161856
3.192807
0.077890
3.191342
0.283047
18.97275
2.083213
4232.754
252.2475
4647.038
2483.263
3029.303
435.9003
390.2062
986.0068
393.3803
1144.554
440.3325
8260.303
763.9368
54.79999
68.40000
62.09999
38.29999
45.5
52.40000
47.70000
45.5
76.80000
70.80000
73.80000
54.09999
40.09999
8092685
88982
23
92410
169878
20820
704910
4320
374620
190040
4860
2336
8370
CARBON
Country Name
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
CARBON
3.397059
6.523008
37.10649
9.231429
20.24879
1.607511
0.684549
0.178289
1.110112
ENU
1199.917
2720.694
11190.19
3785.476
8056.819
936.6955
370.1625
612.0676
790.3185
EPR
46.59999
51
74.40000
58.40000
63.59999
57.29999
76.59999
69.80000
70.30000
FRST
101460
95100
3100
27930
3001950
14120
117250
511340
188940
TABLE C.3
Country Name
Algeria
Angola
IMRT
LIFE
PCGDP
PSPTR
38.8
118.7
70.02417
45.20492
1794.405
298.4058
28.3962
42.3921
Argentina
Australia
18.1
5.1
73.71797
79.23414
7695.594
21708.03
19.3425
17.8758
Austria
Azerbaijan
4.6
56.7
78.02682
66.75722
23974.18
655.0974
13.39
18.6857
Belarus
Belgium
10.9
4.7
68.91219
77.72195
1273.049
22697.01
18.2068
11.9828
Benin
Botswana
86.6
50.5
52.56534
50.76548
361.9501
3204.115
52.6495
26.7229
Brazil
Bulgaria
31.2
17.7
70.13826
71.66341
3696.146
1579.348
24.7969
16.8298
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Congo, Rep.
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
76.4
86.3
5.3
9.1
28.8
21.1
69.5
11
94.9
6.6
5.4
5.6
4.6
31.3
57.46414
50.07126
79.23658
76.82173
71.24170
71.00097
54.14585
77.80407
50.16087
76.36580
77.95692
74.96829
76.59268
70.89370
293.5684
592.372
23559.50
5144.589
949.1780
2511.974
1026.831
4068.821
628.2281
2752.552
13421.65
5724.837
4657.019
2792.917
50.1228
57.2916
17.4159
32.2268
22.8560
26.4524
60.4805
24.9407
44.9842
11.4999
17.7250
16.8854
10.1221
31.0327
Country Name
Ecuador
Egypt, Arab Rep.
El Salvador
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Honduras
Hungary
India
Indonesia
IMRT
28.1
35.6
28
86
3.5
4.4
60.3
4.4
63.8
6.8
37.2
28.8
9.5
64.2
37.6
LIFE
73.39204
69.08265
69.70161
51.71012
77.46585
78.95853
59.69095
77.92682
58.38224
77.88780
67.74417
70.38202
71.24634
61.61387
65.64636
PCGDP
1291.341
1475.844
2211.022
123.6809
23529.53
21774.99
4102.624
22945.70
259.9906
11396.23
1716.685
1142.709
4542.720
450.4151
773.3109
PSPTR
23.2513
22.9810
43.5257
67.3391
16.6872
18.7464
46.6306
15.2833
33.7852
13.4149
32.5606
34.0589
10.7092
39.9999
22.4461
Iran, Islamic Rep.

Iraq
35.3
34.4
69.73965
70.74348
1550.090
1063.481
26.1486
21.3902
Ireland
Israel
5.8
5.6
76.54073
78.95365
25629.65
19859.30
20.9389
13.5707
Jamaica
Japan
21.5
3.3
70.47229
81.07609
3479.056
37291.70
33.6331
20.6906
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
70
4.9
52.29963
75.85548
406.5230
11346.66
34.4369
32.1207
Luxembourg
Malaysia
3.9
9.1
77.87317
72.14248
46453.24
4005.5563
12.0789
19.5577
Malta
Mauritius
6.5
16.4
78.2
71.66341
10377.03
3861.038
19.1402
26.1176
Mexico
Mongolia
24.1
48.6
74.27424
63.12134
5816.614
471.4733
27.1579
32.5843
44.2
116
61.8
5.1
34.1
112.5
17.7
75.9
29.8
29.4
5.5
10.5
23.2
68.67514
47.23785
61.52163
77.98780
69.64573
46.27231
74.11029
63.16195
70.47626
66.79514
76.31463
76.30319
71.16341
1271.8111
236.80964
225.16868
24179.731
1006.6273
371.76808
8774.9338
511.7025
2060.576
1048.070
11470.89
30052.76
1650.968
28.76272
63.98903
38.03822
16.8
35.66299
42.9015
25.08144
32.99996
28.74385
35.31923
13.23902
13.1214
18.5625
Morocco
Mozambique
Nepal
Netherlands
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Oman
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Country Name
Russian Federation
Senegal
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Ukraine
IMRT
17.8
67
2.9
52.3
5.5
16.4
66.6
19.4
77.9
15.9
78.7
28.2
24.7
28.4
15.9
LIFE
65.34146
55.73924
78.05122
54.77631
78.96585
70.98429
56.97409
74.01887
50.37329
72.51522
54.80948
68.39561
72.6
69.44687
67.86341
PCGDP
1775.141
492.2862
23814.55
3019.946
14413.78
854.9267
358.5292
1208.734
307.9861
1943.237
270.0008
6311.106
2245.335
4189.478
635.7089
PSPTR
17.58649
50.91758
23.58854
33.46174
14.54434
26.58198
25.69616
24.77985
41.35754
20.79357
37.45983
20.75006
23.21045
30.5
19.88406

United Kingdom
10.6
5.6
74.61590
77.74146
34395.14
25057.61
16.14708
18.66476
United States
Uruguay
7.1
14.8
76.63658
74.88682
35081.92
6914.362
15.00811
20.75667
Vietnam
Zambia
26.2
91
71.94551
41.92987
401.5478
318.9268
29.52151
57.81632
Zimbabwe
62.8
44.61797
534.7911
39.05300
APPENDIX D
TABLE D.1
Country Name
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Benin
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Congo, Rep.
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt, Arab Rep.
El Salvador
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Honduras
Hungary
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
UPOP
66.689
53.943
91.382
88.182
66.534
52.389
72.354
97.292
41.003
57.32
82.834
70.179
19.174
48.541
80.122
87.623
42.522
73.581
60.988
61.706
46.836
75.6
69.444
73.698
85.856
65.681
63.607
43.027
61.648
15.7
82.905
81.555
83.494
73.355
47.694
60.316
47.172
48.649
66.365
29.235
45.937
67.558
ACSF
94
51
90
100
100
74
93
100
11
57
76
100
24
48
100
96
55
75
19
95
23
89
100
98
100
81
90
93
85
14
100
100
33
100
12
98
75
72
100
30
50
97
ACWS
85
48
96
100
100
77
100
100
70
96
96
100
54
71
100
96
87
92
71
96
79
92
100
100
100
87
92
98
86
37
100
100
86
100
79
100
91
85
100
86
80
94
ANFRW
6.161
0.6405
32.57
22.58
3.657
11.354
4.338
6.7444
0.13
0.194
58.562
6.2274
2.184
0.9594
45.97
11.34
525.4
12.65
0.046
2.68
1.409
7.555
0.2074
1.7186
0.61568
3.485
15.25
68.3
1.376
5.558
1.8884
32.056
0.13
35.04
0.982
9.6526
2.933
1.194
5.69
610.4
113.3
91.86
Country Name
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Jamaica
Japan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Malta
Mauritius
Mexico
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Nepal
Netherlands
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Oman
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Senegal
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
UPOP
67.042
60.477
91.518
52.027
85.978
21.675
81.345
83.928
67.575
93.645
42.18
76.308
62.494
54.97
29.999
15.114
80.172
55.933
45.75
71.907
34.481
75.034
48.033
57.575
97.449
52.762
72.93
41.121
100
59.256
76.701
15.127
32.76
53.783
24.192
32.241
35.185
12.122
65.128
66.841
67.79
82.262
79.007
80.731
91.925
27.281
36.612
35.86
ACSF
71
99
100
80
100
30
100
100
96
100
89
80
50
68
16
26
100
50
32
95
43
67
70
100
100
73
71
49
100
77
100
88
26
92
10
96
13
92
85
89
95
97
100
100
99
66
48
40
ACWS
80
100
100
93
100
55
96
100
100
100
99
93
75
98
80
45
86
100
57
86
90
83
90
99
100
89
96
68
100
89
100
86
60
88
54
94
58
93
94
97
98
100
100
99
100
86
58
80
ANFRW
66
0.79
1.9048
0.5847
90.04
2.4606
25.47
0.0602
10.9272
0.0539
0.679
76.41
0.428
12.61
0.7442
9.813
10.4548
1.288
10.31
1.3366
172.6
19.34
77.57
8.463
0.38396
8.6454
66.2
2.221
0.19
12.5
34.254
12.95
37.14
16.6
5.184
57.31
0.169
0.2316
2.85
40.86
38.48
3.5604
14.03
476.4
3.66
67.326
1.74
4.205
TABLE D.2
Country Name
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Benin
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Congo, Rep.
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt, Arab Rep.
El Salvador
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Honduras
Hungary
CARBON
3.257305
1.161767
4.023907
18.00129
9.055824
4.091801
6.112425
10.35679
0.314159
2.459429
1.867383
6.189919
0.278643
0.210574
17.42608
3.760414
4.441150
1.416002
0.456665
1.644843
0.434237
2.314063
7.266083
11.79542
8.690753
2.117251
2.1822175
2.3535486
1.0666732
0.0739188
10.408749
6.2021447
1.5195243
9.8169306
0.3214585
8.886492
0.988466
1.107683
5.74167
ENU
984.0914
568.5691
1731.413
5600.235
4103.304
1649.877
2781.034
5600.427
327.5248
1027.916
1157.274
2576.983
257.2255
397.7164
8424.041
1739.198
1342.446
629.2792
306.4850
897.1864
534.6092
955.9132
2150.063
4390.544
3485.343
828.2449
818.3037
845.3632
747.8861
287.1469
6529.458
4283.718
1352.704
4101.617
380.2490
2724.028
617.6686
580.9928
2734.504
EPR
36.59999
65.69999
55.59999
61.20000
55.90000
58.5
50.90000
48.90000
71.59999
60.29999
64
45.40000
79.69999
66.59999
62.20000
50.79999
72.19999
59.20000
65.30000
58.29999
63.90000
52
60
54.70000
62.7000
52.9000
65.1999
42.7000
55.5
80.0999
55.7999
51.2000
49.9000
51.9000
67.5
48.20000
63
58.70000
46.5
FRST
15360
591040
305990
1539200
38620
9360
84360
6726
48110
119430
5304940
36510
107310
210160
3101340
160430
1930439
610040
224713
24910
104050
26970
1728.5
26470
5340
19720
108530
670
3090
130000
221570
157140
220000
110760
55170
37520
39380
57920
19830
Country Name
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Jamaica
Japan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Malta
Mauritius
Mexico
1.237784
1.504562
6.979772
4.090265
10.43089
8.544039
4.016488
9.690473
0.240419
9.616486
24.82464
6.993930
6.683171
2.743053
4.085557
ENU
473.0317
794.1433
2467.833
973.4757
3479.163
2669.083
1419.070
4073.946
450.4675
4366.123
9433.495
2433.178
2181.127
866.2758
1597.933
EPR
58.20000
59.90000
41.5
33.29999
59.5
50.29999
59.29999
57.79999
58.70000
59.20000
52.40000
59.79999
45.59999
53.20000
58.40000
FRST
677090
978570
110750
8250
6950
1550
3392
249350
35220
62550
868
208900
3
349
655780
Mongolia
Morocco
3.457778
1.505652
1030.492
430.0139
54.40000
46.20000
113080
50810
Mozambique
Nepal
0.087746
0.118819
408.7334
334.7129
80.09999
82.40000
400790
36360
Netherlands
Nicaragua
10.55327
0.796360
4829.935
613.1895
61.5
58.09999
3650
34640
Nigeria
Oman
0.744108
12.52314
761.7430
4433.810
51.29999
49.90000
110890
20
Pakistan
Peru
0.861266
1.357755
476.0369
495.1523
48.59999
63.70000
19020
687420
Philippines
Portugal
0.808745
6.190790
453.0399
2508.874
59.79999
57.40000
73910
34370
Qatar
Romania
63.19318
4.389341
20473.80
1786.640
80.19999
51.09999
0
63910
Russian Federation
Senegal
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
11.28664
0.538991
11.59122
8.392574
8.144637
0.592686
0.283734
2.739320
0.144674
4.125496
0.247493
21.72791
2.273547
4552.648
256.7071
5264.322
2716.048
3269.024
458.1967
393.9179
1124.860
442.1304
1486.778
438.5606
12755.49
829.0382
56.09999
68.69999
61.70000
39.09999
51.40000
50.59999
48.29999
42.09999
79
72.19999
75
60
39.59999
8087900
86732
23
92410
172932
19330
702200
4610
354450
188980
3860
2300
9240
CARBON
Country Name
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
ENU
1238.261
3033.366
10623.17
3692.301
7846.804
894.5568
503.1385
629.2148
771.8885
CARBON
3.483379
7.197277
28.57473
8.999521
19.71596
1.747129
1.254043
0.197068
0.857045
EPR
42.20000
53.59999
74.90000
59
61.79999
57.59999
75.80000
67.19999
83
FRST
107400
95750
3120
28450
3021080
15200
130770
503010
172590
PCGDP
PSPTR
TABLE D.3
Country Name
Algeria
Angola
IMRT
LIFE
32.3
107.8
71.64614
48.53843
3111.703
1856.959
25.43721
43.98931
Argentina
Australia
15.4
4.7
74.74146
80.84146
4735.983
33944.98
16.65034
17.87626
Austria
Azerbaijan
4
47.9
79.33170
68.92273
37067.32
1578.367
12.40884
13.44831
Belarus
Belgium
7.1
4
68.85122
78.98048
3126.367
36011.46
16.03553
11.4904
Benin
Botswana
77.5
28.5
53.81373
50.44656
570.8874
5467.659
46.8289
25.55037
Brazil
Bulgaria
22
13.8
71.52953
72.56097
4743.266
3733.263
21.04365
16.22654
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Congo, Rep.
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
55.6
83.7
5.2
7.9
20.3
18.2
66.6
9.2
88.5
5.3
3.9
4.4
4.1
26.2
59.97939
49.41241
80.29268
78.27497
72.17131
72.27978
55.06485
78.56424
51.57556
77.68319
78.57395
75.92439
77.84390
72.07668
471.1219
944.9874
35087.89
7631.348
1731.125
3404.234
1722.812
4632.856
908.0232
3789.166
22430.60
12705.62
5246.513
3670.450
53.21143
47.8128
18.20311
26.05133
19.18562
28.34839
68.79602
21.34285
44.85819
10.30837
17.72706
16.24551
11.9
24.32793
Country Name
Egypt, Arab Rep.
El Salvador
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Honduras
Hungary
India
Indonesia
IMRT
26.2
19.9
68.2
3
3.8
55.9
3.9
57.9
4.8
30.6
23.4
7.2
55.8
31.4
LIFE
71.52868
70.69880
55.15665
78.81707
80.11463
60.00558
78.93170
61.03831
79.23902
69.64785
71.43885
72.64878
63.36724
67.07336
PCGDP
1208.650
2825.181
165.4322
37318.79
33819.13
6321.991
33542.78
495.9325
21620.71
2139.726
1412.138
10936.94
731.7400
1257.653
PSPTR
25.6326
43.23934
64.17900
15.53424
18.55493
33.16288
14.12233
32.81364
11.06286
31.05577
30.41686
10.44291
39.07012
20.41336
Iran, Islamic Rep.

Iraq
27.8
32.8
71.33309
68.46363
2753.612
1134.736
21.74286
19.33844
Ireland
Israel
4.4
4.4
78.47951
80.15122
48866.39
19330.02
17.86512
13.01884
Jamaica
Japan
18.8
2.8
71.47941
81.92512
4178.908
35781.23
27.67837
18.89505
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
59.3
4.5
53.00956
78.43268
526.1299
17550.85
44.75823
27.93094
Luxembourg
Malaysia
3.1
7.3
79.43170
72.98829
80925.22
5499.293
11.32837
16.89527
Malta
Mauritius
5.7
13.6
79.50487
72.43219
14809.92
5054.318
11.51595
22.3399
Mexico
Mongolia
18.4
36.5
75.49890
66.05236
7972.553
990.5866
28.3176
34.23344
Morocco
Mozambique
Nepal
Netherlands
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Oman
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
36.3
94.3
50.1
4.4
27.8
95.5
11.9
67.8
21.3
25
3.8
8.4
17.9
70.41746
48.01714
65.58658
79.34634
71.97280
49.00470
73.58470
64.10468
72.46661
67.44714
78.07073
77.24768
71.87889
1930.528
316.7314
298.0087
39122.29
1165.595
802.7867
12720.70
690.8486
2880.574
1204.795
18185.62
52424.9
4572.048
27.09953
66.33962
39.71153
15.9
33.55782
36.90999
16.72949
38.33941
23.02813
35.07377
10.52502
11.11321
16.9932
Country Name
Russian Federation
Senegal
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Ukraine
IMRT
13.7
56.5
2.3
51.6
4.8
13.5
61.7
16.3
62
13.5
76
26.4
19.1
18.9
12.4
LIFE
65.47
57.34934
79.99024
51.05968
80.17073
73.98934
59.54824
74.92841
53.34692
73.18878
55.304
68.61351
73.50243
72.07785
67.95682
PCGDP
5337.065
800.1370
28952.80
5234.313
26056.38
1242.404
690.5694
1561.284
375.0206
2644.017
391.1125
12231.03
3218.961
7087.720
1828.717
PSPTR
16.74517
41.67137
21.32767
29.61579
13.75078
21.924
28.98553
28.955
55.85542
18.54
33.59536
16.54586
19.98753
25.8
18.70376

United Kingdom
8
5.1
75.66046
79.04878
44384.74
38121.56
15.23077
17.47359
United States
Uruguay
6.8
12
77.33902
75.609268
42516.39
5252.367
14.12972
20.15194
Vietnam
Zambia
22
76
73.699732
44.384366
642.2508
626.2718
21.55565
65.86401
55.4
43.861585
457.8282
39.05300
Zimbabwe
APPENDIX E
TABLE E.1
Country Name
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Benin
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Congo, Rep.
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt, Arab Rep.
El Salvador
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Honduras
Hungary
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
UPOP
72.024
58.379
92.349
89.046
67.454
53.401
74.615
97.456
44.258
60.977
84.335
72.524
19.814
51.512
80.554
88.942
49.226
75.02
63.223
64.186
50.557
75.215
70.311
73.464
86.795
69.073
66.863
43.375
64.28
16.757
83.558
85.229
85.838
73.815
51.215
61.219
49.328
51.577
68.965
30.93
49.924
68.938
ACSF
95
58
90
100
100
82
93
100
13
62
79
100
31
49
100
96
64
77
18
95
24
91
100
98
100
83
92
95
87
21
100
100
33
100
14
98
78
77
100
34
54
100
ACWS
83
51
97
100
100
80
100
100
75
96
98
100
64
77
100
96
91
92
71
97
80
94
100
100
100
86
94
99
88
44
100
100
87
100
86
100
92
87
100
92
82
96
ANFRW
6.161
0.6405
32.57
22.58
3.657
12.21
4.338
6.216
0.13
0.194
58.07
6.162
2.184
0.9594
45.97
11.34
554.1
12.65
0.046
2.68
1.409
7.555
0.192
1.699
0.6375
3.485
15.25
68.3
1.376
5.558
1.634
31.62
0.13
32.3
0.982
9.471
2.933
1.194
5.59
723.35
113.3
93.3
Country Name
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Jamaica
Japan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Malta
Mauritius
Mexico
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Nepal
Netherlands
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Oman
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
Portugal
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Senegal
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
UPOP
66.536
61.898
91.823
51.992
90.541
23.571
82.933
85.186
72.006
94.671
41.779
77.825
67.567
56.676
30.958
16.656
82.747
57.252
49.001
73.188
35.882
76.911
48.648
60.506
98.655
52.792
73.652
42.252
100
61.546
77.284
15.041
33.084
55.673
26.279
33.73
37.533
13.444
66.098
70.487
68.685
84.042
79.508
82.143
92.453
30.393
38.725
38.13
ACSF
73
99
100
80
100
32
100
100
96
100
89
85
51
70
18
31
100
52
31
99
48
71
74
100
100
73
70
52
100
79
100
92
26
95
10
96
13
92
85
90
94
98
100
100
100
76
48
40
ACWS
79
100
100
93
100
59
98
100
100
100
99
96
82
98
83
47
89
100
58
89
92
85
92
99
100
89
97
72
100
91
100
91
58
90
53
96
61
94
94
100
98
100
100
99
100
95
61
80
ANFRW
66
0.79
1.954
0.5847
90.04
2.735
25.47
0.0602
13.21
0.0539
0.725
79.5875
0.428
12.61
0.7442
9.787
10.8225
1.288
10.31
1.321
180.775
19.34
80.895
8.463
0.444
7.26425
66.2
2.221
0.19
12.5
32.5025
12.95
37.14
16.76
5.184
57.31
0.169
0.2316
2.85
40.1
38.48
3.998
12.99
478.4
3.66
82.03
1.74
4.205
TABLE E.2
Country Name
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Australia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Benin
Botswana
Brazil
Bulgaria
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Congo, Rep.
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt, Arab Rep.
El Salvador
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
CARBON
3.709020
1.430334
4.136294
18.37295
6.713799
4.929292
6.091129
9.398714
0.591274
1.923485
1.775823
4.623928
0.301648
0.400539
14.11945
3.662994
6.235766
1.644263
0.550317
1.711128
0.312391
2.970060
7.09481
9.400653
8.020025
1.967892
2.110762
2.737362
0.981609
0.104809
9.511957
5.614252
0.643956
8.357966
0.258272
8.120221
1.254702
ENU
1138.239
716.4935
1846.823
5652.663
4033.582
1307.459
2922.029
5585.685
412.8140
1127.809
1362.549
2370.149
355.3723
362.7185
7379.546
1806.740
1806.92
696.2990
363.4567
997.8310
484.9344
975.2908
2215.189
4192.823
3470.398
839.9952
836.3025
903.1455
676.9158
400.2646
6787.212
4030.516
1417.600
4003.264
382.1951
2440.492
712.7625
EPR
38.40000
65.19999
55.79999
62.09999
57.90000
60.29999
50.09999
49.5
72.09999
63.5
64.80000
48.5
81.30000
67.5
61.29999
55.40000
71.09999
59.20000
66.19999
59.79999
64.09999
55.70000
60.40000
54.20000
59.79999
55.59999
63.90000
44.40000
57.59999
79.5
55.20000
51.20000
50.40000
55.40000
66.80000
47.70000
65.30000
FRST
14920
584800
294000
1493000
38870
9360
86300
6778
45610
113510
5195220
39270
100940
199160
3101340
162310
2068606
604990
224110
26050
104030
28700
1731.8
26570
5440
19720
98650
700
2870
122960
221570
159540
220000
110760
49400
39030
36570
Country Name
Honduras
Hungary
India
Indonesia
Iran, Islamic Rep.
Iraq
Ireland
Israel
Jamaica
Japan
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
Luxembourg
Malaysia
Malta
CARBON
0.902840
4.268646
1.764577
2.050175
8.438006
3.268120
8.870361
8.475692
1.915143
7.807929
0.359606
10.33469
18.93724
6.580298
5.850867
ENU
600.9429
2566.705
565.6385
866.5019
2816.767
1180.264
3217.686
3005.364
1130.616
3898.370
482.8572
5059.911
8342.546
2557.845
2012.930
EPR
60.20000
45
53.59999
62.59999
39.90000
33.70000
52.20000
53.5
55.90000
57.29999
60.20000
58
54.59999
58.5
47.70000
FRST
51920
20290
684340
944320
110750
8250
7390
1540
3371
249790
34670
62220
867.5
204560
3
Mauritius
Mexico
2.883209
3.657619
980.1274
1570.343
54.90000
58.40000
350
648020
Mongolia
Morocco
6.594630
1.449816
1188.684
516.6659
57.29999
45
108980
51310
Mozambique
Nepal
0.123047
0.133539
435.9701
341.0612
79.30000
82.19999
390220
36360
Netherlands
Nicaragua
9.954919
0.780290
5020.998
541.9963
61.90000
59.59999
3650
31140
Nigeria
Oman
0.293821
14.38032
713.6144
7187.670
52
55.29999
90410
20
Pakistan
Peru
0.940431
1.842431
487.3155
667.1311
50.59999
71.09999
16870
679920
Philippines
Portugal
0.732204
5.303291
434.0163
2213.050
59.59999
55.29999
76650
34560
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Senegal
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
39.45428
2.995839
10.10211
0.305527
6.309765
10.70662
5.328489
0.649590
0.384741
3.512487
0.165129
3.753639
0.251270
12799.43
1632.155
4926.806
271.9735
6455.726
2737.815
2772.666
477.8918
370.9316
1062.966
447.7589
1698.856
446.0935
86
51.90000
58
69.19999
63.29999
39.09999
47.29999
52.20000
48.90000
38.79999
78.90000
71
75.59999
0
65730
8090900
84730
23
92410
181732
18600
699490
4910
334280
189720
2870
Country Name
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
Turkey
Ukraine
United Kingdom
United States
Uruguay
Vietnam
Zambia
Zimbabwe
EPR
62.90000
40.70000
43.59999
53.90000
75.90000
57
57.5
61
75.19999
66.90000
82.69999
FRST
2264
10060
113340
97050
3173
28810
3040220
17440
137970
494680
156240
LIFE
PCGDP
PSPTR
26.9
98.2
72.852537
50.653659
4566.891
4237.347
23.32803
45.58651
Argentina
Australia
13
4.2
75.63214
81.69512
9124.335
51628.6
17.9343
17.8766
Austria
Azerbaijan
3.5
39.8
80.38292
70.50651
44916.36
5843.169
11.0283
11.0422
Belarus
Belgium
4.3
3.6
70.40487
80.23414
5817.897
43006.91
14.9661
11.0342
Benin
Botswana
69.5
21.3
55.58558
53.10951
741.0730
7426.628
46.3918
25.7487
Brazil
Bulgaria
Cambodia
Cameroon
Canada
Chile
China
Colombia
Congo, Rep.
Costa Rica
Cote d'Ivoire
Cuba
Cyprus
Czech Republic
15
11
39
79.9
5
7.7
13.7
15.8
64.3
8.7
82.1
4.6
2.8
3.4
73.09953
73.51219
62.53622
51.06275
80.79780
78.88573
73.27309
73.42968
56.96019
79.19261
54.74156
78.96414
79.38039
77.42439
10992.94
6334.682
795.1664
1144.249
46211.53
12639.52
4433.361
6186.024
2970.116
7773.858
1161.263
5789.534
28779.18
18910.00
22.1660
17.4900
48.4495
45.7947
18.9902
23.4115
16.8437
28.1310
49.1456
17.8517
42.3646
9.12865
13.7530
18.7069
CARBON
36.13296
2.397655
3.712166
4.823288
20.54256
6.849273
15.94828
2.219515
1.799281
0.156025
0.700398
ENU
15913.29
912.8086
1445.082
2844.932
8271.473
3252.445
7164.461
1240.854
681.3371
627.806
764.013
TABLE E.3
Country Name
Algeria
Angola
IMRT
Country Name
Denmark
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
Egypt, Arab Rep.
El Salvador
Ethiopia
Finland
France
Gabon
Germany
Ghana
Greece
Guatemala
Honduras
Hungary
IMRT
3.3
21.7
20.3
19.1
14
54
2.4
3.5
50.4
3.4
53
3.9
25.2
18.9
5.7
LIFE
79.1
73.20002
75.46229
72.97526
71.73236
58.71509
79.87073
81.36829
62.28668
79.98780
63.83726
80.38780
70.82541
72.82592
74.20731
PCGDP
6963.872
5195.381
4008.238
2698.365
3460.023
320.3786
43863.96
39170.26
8767.825
40163.81
1319.083
25832.21
2873.077
2018.75
12863.13
PSPTR
9.7
25.53138
18.77983
27.73437
43.23934
54.05852
14.03056
17.76643
25.96963
12.68383
32.08
9.54829
26.86718
34.40925
10.57857
India
Indonesia
48.6
25.8
65.13134
68.88965
1397.100
2951.699
33.42072
15.96983
Iran, Islamic Rep.

Iraq
22.1
31.4
72.75185
68.48604
4373.648
2532.323
19.64677
13.38096
Ireland
Israel
3.4
3.7
80.89512
81.60243
45873.18
28522.40
15.80376
13.05877
Jamaica
Japan
16.3
2.4
72.84712
82.84268
4966.208
43063.13
20.62308
17.77275
Kenya
Korea, Rep.
50.1
4.2
56.49707
80.56585
794.7672
20540.17
47.02247
20.91785
Luxembourg
Malaysia
2.4
5.8
80.63170
74.02456
103574.1
8690.570
9.29398
12.72227
Malta
Mauritius
5.1
13
80.94878
72.96731
19624.85
7577.106
14.29348
21.46053
14.1
27.3
29.4
75.7
40.6
3.5
22.7
80.8
7.9
60.4
15.1
21
2.9
76.68378
68.19497
71.86463
49.69692
68.39482
80.70243
73.72922
51.41002
73.12461
65.19885
73.76497
68.48431
79.02682
9127.541
2249.765
2795.490
393.7186
534.5219
46622.90
1455.835
1443.209
20790.83
1016.614
5283.224
2140.121
21358.42
28.14672
30.23907
26.23715
58.48961
31.91867
15.8
30.21638
36.02612
8.78079
40.45158
19.68166
29.12964
10.82935
Mexico
Mongolia
Morocco
Mozambique
Nepal
Netherlands
Nicaragua
Nigeria
Oman
Pakistan
Peru
Philippines
Portugal
Country Name
Qatar
Romania
Russian Federation
Senegal
Singapore
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Sudan
Tanzania
Thailand
Togo
Trinidad and Tobago
Tunisia
IMRT
6.7
11.7
10.3
48
2.1
35.5
3.7
10.8
57.5
13.7
47.8
11
73.4
24.8
14.8
LIFE
78.09758
73.45853
68.80487
58.95407
81.54146
52.08148
81.62682
74.72261
61.10824
75.70256
57.38748
73.92765
56.58870
69.755
74.60243
PCGDP
72397.61
7670.303
10446.84
1033.905
41986.82
7271.729
29956.15
2400.015
1487.688
2892.755
526.5582
4613.680
529.648
15613.73
4206.779
PSPTR
12.03187
16.1126
18.67893
33.65179
15.57397
31.13958
12.40145
23.91437
40.06787
34.9992
50.76274
12.54178
40.57306
17.63798
17.11543
12.5
9.2
73.69665
70.27561
10049.77
2973.981
21.4
15.65789

United Kingdom
6
4.5
76.57361
80.40243
39624.70
36237.69
16.83357
17.52706
United States
Uruguay
6.5
9.1
78.54146
76.23682
46611.97
11741.69
13.59084
13.79403
Vietnam
Zambia
18.1
55.9
74.82824
48.45548
1224.246
1252.489
19.90175
59.11768
Zimbabwe
45.1
49.86087
591.2851
39.05300
Turkey
Ukraine

Urbanization and Impacts

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Urbanization and Impacts

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A Cross-Country Analysis of the Impacts of Urbanization

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3. Global Context of Urbanization

6. Choice of Suitable Indicators

These variables may be categorized as follows:

10. Summary and Concluding Remarks

Urbanization. Retrieved July 4, 2013, from

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