SPE Summaries

SUMMARYOFBLOCKINGGELPAPERIADC.
SPE72291 SUMMARYOFBLOCKINGGELPAPERSPE68975 SUMMARYOFBLOCKINGGELPAPERSPE81441 SUMMARYOFBLOCKINGGELPAPERSPE86547 SUMMARYOFBLOCKINGGELPAPERSPE99729 SUMMARYOFCARBONATECEAPAPER65355 SUMMARYOFCARBONATEPAPERPUBLISHED65068 SUMMARYOFCARBONATEACIDIZINGENGINEERINGPAPERIPTC10697 SUMMARYOFCARBONATEPAPERNIF_00SYMMETRYOFACID WORMHOLING SUMMARYOFCARBONATEPAPERNIF00UNDERSTANDINGFINITE REACTIVITY SUMMARYOFCARBONATEPAPERSPE54719 SUMMARYOFCARBONATE_ZCAPAPERSPE58804 SUMMARYOFCARBONATE_ZCAPAPERSPE/IADC85337 SUMMARYOFCONFORMANCEPAPERSPE81447 SUMMARYOFCORROSIONFORMICDECOMPOSITIONPAPERSPE106185 SUMMARYOFCORROSIONHAI303_HII600NACEPAPER06482 SUMMARYOFCORROSIONINHIBITORANNNACEPAPERH03166 SUMMARYOFDIAGNOSTICPROCESSENHANCESGASSTORAGE DELIVERABILITYSPE51039 SUMMARYOFFORMICHCLPAPERSPE103978 SUMMARYOFFORMICHClPAPERSPE78557 SUMMARYOFGASSTORAGEWELLSTIMULATIONPAPERSPE65636 SUMMARYOFGUIDONAGSPAPER107584 SUMMARYOFGUIDONAGSMEXICOPAPER SUMMARYOFGUIDONAGSPAPER103771 SUMMARYOFGUIDONAGSPAPER106951 SUMMARYOFGUIDONPAPERSPE89413 SUMMARYOFGUIDONAGSPAPERSPE109714 SUMMARYOFGUIDONAGSARTICLE SummaryofPowerSafeDPaperSPE81732 SUMMARYOFPOWERSAFEDPAPERSPE104119 SUMMARYOFPULSONIXPAPERSPE89653 SUMMARYOFPULSONIXSS2000PAPERSPE93071 SUMMARYOFPULSONIXSS2000PAPERSPE93987 SUMMARYOFSCALEINHIBITIONPAPERNIF_01_SCALE_DESORB SUMMARYOFSCALEINHIBITIONPAPERNIF_01_SCALE_ISOTHERM SUMMARYOFSCALEINHIBITIONPAPERNIF_02_LAB_SQUEEZE SUMMARYOFSCALEINHIBITIONPAPERSPE94510 SUMMARYOFSCALEINHIBITIONPAPERSPE95088 SUMMARYOFSCALEINHIBITORPLACEMENTPAPERSPE107801 SUMMARYOFSCALEREMOVALPAPER(VISCOSIFIED)SPE90359 SUMMARYOFSGA7PAPERSPE107687 SUMMARYOFSTIM2001PAPERSPE63179 SUMMARYOFSTIM2001PAPERSPE82261 SUMMARYOFSTIM2001PAPERSPE94695 SUMMARYOFSTIM2001PAPERSPE96892 SUMMARYOFSTIM2001PAPERSPE102412 SUMMARYOFSTIM2001BIOVERTPAPERSPE102606 SUMMARYOFSTIMWATCHPAPERSPE100617 SUMMARYOFSTIMWATCHPAPERSPE107775 SUMMARYOFSTIMWATCHPAPERSPE110707 SUMMARYOFSURGIFRACPAPERSPE71692
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SUMMARYOFGASSTORAGEWELLSTIMULATIONPAPER SPE65636
TITLE
OptimizingDeliverabilityinFiveGasStorageReservoirsCaseStudies
AUTHORS
JohnGuoynes,KenSquire,MattBlauch,ValerieYeager,Halliburton EnergyServices,Inc.,JohnYater,RobertWallace,RussellFrame, RandallClark,KinderMorgan,KinderMorgan,Inc.
PRESENTATION or PUBLICATION INFORMATION
2000 SPE Eastern Regional Meeting, Held in Morgantown, West Virginia,1719October2000 This paper illustrates case studies using SolutionTeam a multidisciplined team process, inwhich over 75wells were diagnosed andtreatedsuccessfully.Rigorousdamageidentificationtechniquesand reservoir quality diagnostics were used in the five gasstorage reservoirs.Thispaperalsodemonstrateshowaneffectivediagnosticand rankingprocesscanbeusedtotailorawelltreatmentthatcanoptimize deliverabilityenhancement. Damage in each well was quantified using well test analysis and historical injection/withdrawal cycle performance matching. Log analysis, petrophysical data, geological data, wellbore imaging, and workoverhistoricaldatawerealsogatheredastreatmentdesigncriteria. Thedeliverabilityimprovementwasquantifiedforeachwellusingpost treatmentdiagnostics.Theposttreatmentevaluationswereupdatedwith 1 and2yearfollowupevaluations. Well test analysis was used to evaluate reservoir properties and the degreeofdamagesowellscouldberankedandthecandidatesselected based on their potential for deliverability improvement. Pretreatment damage diagnostic techniques such as downhole sampling, downhole video, gammaray/neutron(GR/N) log were employed to identify and rankwellsbasedonthedegreeofdamagemechanismidentifiedinthe welltestanalysis. Laboratory testssuchasxraydiffractionofsamplesindicatedpresence oftypical formationfines suchasquartz,calcite,illite,barite,gypsum, iron sulphide. Infrared analysis of samples indicated presence of corrosion inhibitors,hydrocarbonoils,aromatics,moderateamountsof ethoxylate and ethoxylated aliphatic and a small amount of ester. Comparisonofabsoluteopenflow(AOF)potentialofawellbeforeand after treatment was made to measure the productivity achieved following a treatment. After the pretreatment analysis was completed, thewellswererankedbasedonthedegreeofdamageandthereservoir
SUMMARY OF PAPER
flowcapacityusingthedeliverabilityindex. Case study 1 incorporates highpressure jetting, tailored acidizing, and hydraulic fracturing techniques used in a deep highpermeability pressuredrivecarbonatereservoir.Casestudy2includeshighpressure jettinganddamagespecificfluidtreatmentsintwoshallowwaterdrive clastic reservoirs. Case study 3 incorporates hydraulic fracturing and highpressure jetting of a shallow highpermeability pressuredrive clastic reservoir. Case study 4 incorporates highpressure jetting with foamedchemicaltreatmentsinaconvertedoilcarbonatereservoir. Tailoredstimulationtechniquesinthefourcasestudiesincludedcoiled tubing, highpressure wellbore sterilization jetting, various tailored chemicaltreatments,andhydraulicfracturestimulation. Study in this paper demonstrates that diagnostic process should be applied on a wellbywell basis to adequately develop a treatment strategy and further new well testing methods demonstrate the relationship between the physical cause of formation damage and the degree to which the identified mechanisms impair deliverability. Also, the wide range of damage mechanisms, and the fact that these mechanisms vary from well to well, indicates the need for custom treatmentsbasedonaccurateidentificationofdamagemechanisms.
HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER
Name: PrimaryApplication:
CaseHistory
TYPE OF CONTENT
LaboratoryStudy
BackgroundResearch Review FieldStudy Comparisontocompetitorproduct

Nameofcompetitorandproduct: CoiledTubing
OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHERPSLs
IMPORTANT REFERENCES
3. Blauch,M.E.etal.:DiagnosticProcessEnhancesGasStorage DeliverabilityACaseStudy,PaperSPE51039presentedatthe 1998SPEEasternRegionalConferenceandExhibitionheldin Pittsburgh,Nov.911
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SUMMARYOFGUIDONAGSPAPER107584
TITLE AUTHORS PRESENTATION or PUBLICATION INFORMATION
RelativePermeabilityModifiersandTheirUseinAcidStimulationin HPHTLowPermeabilityCarbonateFormations:OffshoreMexico Cases EduardoSorianoDuverney,FernandoRobles,HalliburtonAntonio IndaLopez,OctavioSteffani,PEMEX 2007SPELatinAmericanandCaribbeanPetroleumEngineering ConferenceheldinBuenosAires,Argentina,1518April2007. Successful acid stimulation requires a method for diverting an acid across the entire hydrocarbonproducing zone. Because most producingwellsarenothomogeneousandcontainsectionsofvarying permeability,beingabletocompletelyacidizetheintervalisamajor problem.Thispaperdescribestheuseofanew lowviscosity system thatusesarelativepermeabilitymodifier(RPM)thatdivertsacidfrom highpermeability zones to lowerpermeability zones and inherently reduces formation permeability to water with little effect on hydrocarbon permeability. Associative polymer (AP) technology involvingtheapplicationofahydrophobicallymodifiedwatersoluble polymer is used for the system. First the laboratory results of a previous publication using this system are summarized. Acid diversiontestingwasdoneinthatworkusingsingleandparallelcore assembly. Sandstone, Berea and Bedford limestone cores were used forthetests.TheresultsofthesetestsillustratedthattheAPiscapable of providing diversion from a watersaturated core to oil saturated core and is also capable of providing significant permeability reductiontothewatersaturatedcore.Inasinglecoretest,itappeared that the acid diversion could be obtained up to at least 350F. This assumptionisdemonstratedinthefieldresultspresentedinthispaper. RPMsystemhasbeenusedeffectivelyoffshoreMexicowithsuccess for more than two years.The cases presented in this paper show the first application in a lowpermeability carbonate formation where oil production was increased significantly compared to previous traditional acid treatments using conventional diverters. Cases from threefieldsarepresentedinthispaper.Inthefirstcase,theBHSTwas 302F and porosity was between 9 and 10%. Oil production was improved after the treatment and produced 9,700 BOPD with a drawdownpressureofonly213psi.Thewatercutreducedfrom14% to1%.Inthesecondcase,onewellhadtheBHST320Fandaverage porosity 11%. After the treatment, the increase in production was around600BOPDwithadrawdownpressureof400psi.Thesecond well had BHST 323F and average porosity 910%. After the treatment the oil rate increased from 7,166 BOPD to 10,067 BOPD
SUMMARY OF PAPER
whereas the drawdown pressure decreased from 3,991 to 3,460 psi usingachokesizeof1in.Inthethirdcase,thewellhadBHST275F andaverageporosity8%.Theproductionincreasedfrom2,500BOPD to5,192BOPDafterthetreatment. One important feature of this work is that the downhole conditions were highpressure/hightemperature (HPHT). Details from the jobs using this new RPM aciddiversion system, are presented showing preandpostjobproductionresults.
HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER Name:GuidonAGS PrimaryApplication:Aciddiversion
CaseHistory
TYPE OF CONTENT
BackgroundResearch Comparisontocompetitorproduct
ConformanceControl
LaboratoryStudy Review
Nameofcompetitorandproduct:Notmentioned OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHERPSLs
1. Eoff, L., et al.: Development of a Hydrophobically Modified WaterSolublePolymerasaSelectiveBullheadSystemforWater ProductionProblems,paperSPE80206 2.Eoff,L.,etal.:DevelopmentofAssociativePolymerTechnology forAcidDiversioninSandstoneandCarbonateLithology,paper SPE89413 3. Hernandez, R.G.: A New Method for Acid Stimulation without Increasing Water Production: Case Studies from Offshore Mexico,paperSPE103771
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SUMMARYOFSURGIFRACPAPERSPE71692
TITLE
SuccessfulHydrajetAcidSqueezeandMultifractureAcid TreatmentsinHorizontalOpenHolesUsingDynamic DiversionProcessandDownholeMixing M. J.ReesandA.Khallad,PetroCanadaOilandGas, A.Cheng,K.A.Rispler,J.B.Surjaatmadja,andB.W. McDaniel,HalliburtonEnergyServices,Inc.
AUTHORS
SPEAnnualTechnologyConference,NewOrleans, September30,2001
SUMMARY OF PAPER
Effective stimulation of wells with long, openhole horizontal completions is generally considered a difficult task, especially in lowpermeability carbonate reservoirs thatrequiredeeppenetrationwithliveacid.Successfulacid treatmentsinwellswithlongopenholewellboresdependon thefollowingconditions: Liveacidreachesthedesiredlocationalongthewellbore. Live acid reaches far into the formation for adequate etching or wormholing to achieve sufficient nearwellbore orfractureconductivity. Isolating procedures are used to ensure that the acid is only placedwithinthetargetarea. A relatively new hydrajet fracturing process has been suggestedtoachievethesegoals.Theprocesscanbeusedin two ways: (1) dynamic fluid energy is used to divert flow intoaspecificfractureentrypointtoinitiateafractureatthe intended location with live acid directed into this fracture plane,(2)highpressuredownholemixing isusedtocreate foam for highintensity acid squeezes. This technique typically uses two independent fluid streams, one in the treatingstringandanotherintheannulus.Thetwofluids(if dissimilar) are mixed downhole at a tremendously high energytoformahomogenousmixture.Variousmethodsfor placing acid in an openhole (horizontal) wellbore such as pumping through casing, spot placement, washing, squeezing, hydrajet squeezing and fracture acidizing are described. Reasons for variousproductiondeficiencies and treatment options are also described. This paper also discusses and compares the results of conventional acid treatmentswithvariousstylesofhydrajetfractureacidizing
treatments performed in seven openhole horizontal wells (WellsA,B,C,D,E,FandG)withintwodifferentareasof thesameformation.Thenoveluseofthedownholemixing feature is also discussed. Wells A, B, E, F, and G are locatedinanareaoftheformationthathaslowerporosity, lower effective permeability, and fracturing throughout the wellbore.WellsCandDarelocatedinanareaofformation that has higherporosity andlessfracturingthanrestofthe wells.Acarefulstudyofproductionproblemstodetermine thebestand mosteconomicalsolutionforaparticularwell shouldguidethechoiceoftreatmentmethod.Awashalone, which is the simplest solution to apply, produced positive resultsinWellA,possibly becauseofthehighqualityofthe reservoir in which this well is located. Generally, a horizontal well in this formation requires more than a simple wash to increase and sustain production. This is shown with the improvements exhibited by Well B. The formation fracturing in Wells C and D allowed successful use of the hydrajet fracturing technique. The hydrajet squeeze technique used in Wells E, F, and G effectively increased theproduction ratesto unexpectedly high levels. Overall, the hydrajet stimulation technique has worked effectivelywhenappliedtoappropriatecandidatewells.
HALLIBURTON TRADENAMEUSED INPAPER Name:SurgiFracorSurgiFracNWB PrimaryApplication:AcidFractureStimulation
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TYPE OF CONTENT
CaseHistory
LaboratoryStudy
! BackgroundResearchReview
Comparisontocompetitorproduct Nameofcompetitorandproduct:n/a
CoiledTubing (1)Surjaatmadja,J.B.,Grundmann,S.R.,McDaniel,B.W., Deeg,W.F.J.,Brumley,J.L.,andSwor,L.C.:Hydrajet Fracturing: An Effective Method for Placing Many FracturesinOpenholeHorizontalWells,paperSPE48856 presentedatthe1998SPEInternationalConferenceand Exhibition,Beijing,China,November26. (2) Love, T.G., McCarty, R.A., Surjaatmadja, J.B., Chambers, R.W., and Grundmann, S.R.: Selectively
Placing Many Fractures in Openhole Horizontal Wells Improves Production, paper SPE 50422 presented at the 1998 SPE/CIM International Conference on Horizontal WellTechnology,Calgary,Alberta,Canada,November14. (3)Eberhard,M.J.,Surjaatmadja,J.B.,Peterson,E.M., Lockman,R.R.,andGrundmann,S.R.:PreciseFracture InitiationUsingDynamicFluidMovementAllowsEffective FractureDevelopmentinDeviatedWellbores,paper SPE62889presentedatthe2000SPEAnnualTechnical ConferenceandExhibition,Dallas,Texas,October14. (4) U.S. Patent 5765642: Subterranean Formation FracturingMethods,June1,1998. (5) Patent Pending, Process for generating Fracturing foam downhole using the SurgiFrac and Other Jetting Processes.
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SUMMARYOFBLOCKINGGELPAPERIADC.SPE72291
Isolation of a Horizontal Hole Section in anOpenhole Well Using a NonDamaging Temporary Gel Plug to Facilitate Hydrocarbon ProductionfromtheRemainingLateral SectionACaseHistoryfrom Kuwait. MohammedR.Khater,SaudiArabianTexacoInc.,ShahabUddinand JamalA.AlRubaiyea,KuwaitOilCo.,AshishR.Rai,Halliburton OverseasLtd.Kuwait,NazGazi,HalliburtonEnergyServices,Inc. IADC/SPEMiddleEastDrillingTechnology heldinBahrain,2224 October2001.
TITLE
AUTHORS PRESENTATION or PUBLICATION INFORMATION
SUMMARY OF PAPER
Thispaperdescribestheapplicationofanondamagingtemporarygel system to isolate a part of a horizontal section in an openhole well. Thepurposeofthisapplicationwastoprovideacosteffectivemethod of isolating a high water saturated zone of the extended lateral to facilitatetheproductionofhydrocarbonfromtherestoftheopenhole. The candidate well (R91) selected for this application was the first extended lateral horizontal well (3000ft lateral section) drilled as a producer.Thewellwastobeconvertedtoaninjectoratalatertime. Logging while drilling (LWD) was performed during the drilling phase of this well, and a low resistivity section was identified along the horizontal lateral. On completion of the drilling, a well test was performed,indicatingahighwatercut.Itwassuspectedthatthiswater wasbeingproducedfromthislowresistivitysectionalongthelateral hole. Aneconomicalmethodforconfirmingandisolatingthesourceofthis water influx was needed. Since this was a low pressure well, an electricsubmersiblepump(ESP)forproductionhadbeenused.Since lowpressurewellswerethenormforthisfield,ESPcompletionswere commonplace. Different techniques, including use of drillpipe conveyed or coiledtubingconveyed production logging tool (PLT) werealsoconsidered. Thenondamaginggelplugplacedacrossthelowresistivitysectionof open hole with coiledtubing allowed the operator to identify and confirmthesourceofwater.Thegelplugformedabarrieracrossthis zone,therebyrestrictingandreducingthewaterinflux. Presence of a natural fracture was also identified during the drilling phase,andhence,communicationbetweenthelowresistivityinterval withtheoilzonetowardstheheelofthelateralsectionwasconfirmed. Due to nonavailability of certain logging tools at the time of requirement along with high costs of using such tools, the proposed gel technique was used as an alternative option. Being a non damaging pill with greater than 99% regained permeability after
cleanup,thewellcouldsafelybeisolatedwiththistechnique.Thepill wouldbe dissolvedwithacidatalaterstagewhenrequired. The operators objective of drilling this well to initially produce as much oil as possible, and then, at a later stage to convert it into an injectortoimprovethesweepefficiencyintheareawasachievedasa resultoftheapplicationofthistechnique. This gel polymer had been prepared by grafting crosslinkable sites ontoanHECbackbone.Thepolymercanbetransformedintoarigid, crosslinkedgelbyadjustmentofthepHofthesolutionfromacidicto slightlybasicthroughtheuseofnontoxiccrosslinkerswithoutusing multivalentmetals. Thistechniquewaslimitedtowellboreisolationonly,andhence,any fracture communication in the reservoir (outside the wellbore) could notbeaffected.
Name: KMAX. PrimaryApplication:Nearwellboreisolationnondamagingpill.
CaseHistory
TYPE OF CONTENT
BackgroundResearch
Comparisontocompetitorproduct FieldStudy
Nameofcompetitorandproduct:HTPill(BJ).
ConformanceControl 1.Blauch,M.E.,Broussard,G.L.,Sanclemente,L.A.,Weaver,J.D. and Pace, J. R.: Fluid Loss Control Using CrosslinkabIe HEC in HighPermeability Offshore FlexureTrend Completions,paper SPE 19752,presentedatthe65thAnnualSPETechnicalConference,San Antonio,TX.October811,1989. 2.Holmes,R.E.,andSandy,J.M.:ANewCrosslinkableHECits ApplicationinConipietieiiWork6thOffshoreSoutheastAsia Conference,Singapore,February1986. 3.Himes,R.E.Ali,S.A.,Hardy,M.A.,Holtmyer,M.D.,and Weaver, J. D.: Reversible, Crosslinkable Polymer for Fluid Loss Control paper SPE 27373, presented at the Formation Damage ControlSymposium,Lafayette,LA,February910,1994. 4.Cole,R.C.,Foley,K.A.,Ali,S.A.,ANewEnvironmentallySafe Crosslinked Polymer for FluidLoss Control, paper SPE 29525, presented at the Production Operations Symposium, Oklahoma City, OK,April23,1995.
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SUMMARYOFBLOCKINGGELPAPERSPE68975
TITLE
PolymerSealantforUnwantedGasinOpenholeGravelPack Completion T.BachK.E.Wennberg (Statoil)A.MebratuW.P.HendriksJ.M. WarrenJr.(HalliburtonEnergyServices,Inc.)T.Rolfsvaag (Conoco) SPEEuropeanFormationDamageConferenceheldinTheHague,The Netherlands2122May2001 This paper is a joint effort of Statoil, Conoco and Halliburton. In September1999,StatoilcompletedWellA13inthereformationof HeidrunOilfield with 130mopenhole gravel pack. Heidrun is located ontheHaltenbankenareaoftheNorwegianSea.Duringliftingthewell 3 produced 2000 Sm /day with a high gastooil ratio (GOR) of 700 3 3 Sm /Sm .Basedonproductionresultsfromotherwellscompletedinthe same layers, GOR of this well wasconsiderably higher than expected, forcingtheoperatortoshutdownthewell.Freegaswasbelievedtobe flowingfromgasfilledsandlocatedimmediatelyabovethecasingshoe. Productionanalysisindicatedahigh permeabilityflowchannelbetween this layerand the upper zone of the gravel pack. This paperdescribes the wells gasflow mechanism, the polymer gel systems used for sealingthegasflowzone,theplacementtechnique,andtheoperational aspectsoftheselectivegasshutofftreatment. Thechallengesassociatedwithshuttingoffunwantedgasproductionin thereformationincluded(1)temporarilyprotectingthelowerportion of the screen section, (2) selecting a permanent chemical/slurry for blockinggas,and(3)designingan effectiveplacementmethod. Asinglephase,twocomponent,waterbasedtemporarysealantgelwith a positive environmental profile proved to be suitable for blocking unwanted gas production. This would allow later treatments for permanently filling all possible flowpaths. The permanent sealant selectedforthistreatmentincludesanovelsystemconsistingofabase polymer and an organic crosslinker. The base polymer is a low molecularweight acrylamide copolymer that is crosslinked with an organiccrosslinker.Thepolymerformsstrongcovalentbondswiththe crosslinker, forming a permanent seal in the target zone. Laboratory testsshowthatthesystemcanbeusedattemperaturesupto160Cand canprovidea99.9%reductioninpermeabilitytowater.Unlikesystems formulated from metallic crosslinkers, this system can be pumped deeply into the formation as a thin gel without losing its ability to crosslink. The placement technique chosen had to isolate the lower gravelpacked zone. Engineers could achieve isolation by accurately spottingthetemporarygelinthelowersectionofthewellbeforepulling up and squeezing the permanent sealant into the upper zone. The
AUTHORS PRESENTATION OR PUBLICATION INFORMATION
SUMMARYOF PAPER
treatment was pumped through 2 7/8 in. CT. After the CT was pulled insidethecasingshoe,thepermanentsealantwassqueezedintothere 9andthesuspectedchannelbehindthe casing.Extensive labtestsand simulationswereconductedbeforetheoperationtofinalizetherequired strengthwithminimalchemicalconcentration. In February 2000, a temporary blocking agent consisting of a crosslinkedhydroxypropylguarpolymerwasplacedinthelowerpartof gravel pack. Then permanent sealant was injected into gas producing zone.After72hourscoiltubingwasusedtowashthewell.Finallythe wellwasliftedwithproductiongas.Theentireoperationwascompleted inasinglerunwithCT.Currently,thewellisproducingoilatarateof 350Sm3/daywithoutany significantfreegas. Name:H2ZeroandTemblok50 PrimaryApplication:WatershutofsealantandTemporaryblocking agent
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TYPE OF CONTENT CaseHistoryLaboratoryStudy !
BackgroundResearch
Review
! ComparisontocompetitorproductFieldStudy
Nameofcompetitorandproduct:Notmentioned
OPPORTUNITIES 1]ConformanceControl FOROTHER 2]CoiledTubing PSLs
5. Azari, M., Soliman, M., and Gazi, N.: Reservoir Engineering Applications to Control Excess Water and Gas Production, paper SPE 37810 presented at the 1997 SPE Middle East Oil Show in Bahrain,March1518.
6.Soliman,M.Y.,andEast,L.:ReservoirConformanceApproachand ManagementPracticesforImprovedRecovery Opportunities:Process andCaseHistory,paperSPE53918presentedatthe1999SPELatin American and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference in Caracas,Venezuela,April2123.
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SUMMARYOF BLOCKINGGELPAPERSPE81441
Successful use of a CostEffective Temporary Non Damaging Gel PlugSystemtoIsolateaHighlyPermeableProducingZoneDuringa StimulationJobofaLowPermeabilityGasProducingZoneinKhuff GasReservoirinBahrainACaseHistory MohammedSaeedMirza,BahrainPetroleumCompanyTorsten KritzlerandNazH.Gazi,Halliburton
th SPE13 MiddleEastOilShow&Conference heldin Bahrain,58 April,2003.
TITLE
AUTHORS
SUMMARY OF PAPER
The Khuff formation in Bahrain has been producing for 33 years. Currentlygasisbeingproducedfrom29Khuffwells.Theyconsistof 2,100ftofdolomitizedcarbonaterockswiththinbedsandnodulesof anhydrite.Toenhancetheproductivityofthereservoir,amatrixacid stimulation program was undertaken using coiled tubing and a temporary non damaging gel plug system with complete regained permeabilitytoisolatethehighpermeabilityproducingzonewhilethe lowpermeability gasproducing zone was being stimulated. Because the isolated zone is also producing, the gel system has to be completely non damaging with full regained permeability to this isolatedformation. Thesuccessofstimulatinga lowpermeabilityintervalwherea high permeabilityproducingzoneisalsopresentisprimarilydependenton the ability to divert the respective stimulation fluid into the zone of lower permeability and productivity. Several methods are commonly usedtodivertthestimulatingfluidinthenonproductivezone.These methodsaredependentonthetypeofstimulationandconfigurationof thecompletion.Ifcoiledtubingisusedforthroughtubingstimulation in cased holes, inflatable packers have limited expansion ratios and pressure capabilities. The previous use of ball sealers gave very limitedresultsofonly10%incrementalgasproduction. This paperpresents the successful stimulationtechniques and results ofauniqueandcosteffectivesolutionforawellwheretwointervals withdifferentpermeabilitieswereisolatedwithoutthehighrisksand costs of using a mechanical packer. Coiled tubing was used to stimulate the lower interval while the upper producing interval was isolatedusingatemporarychemicalpackersorgelplug.Temperature inthiswellexceeded270F. A modified HEC polymer is used for this purpose. Because of the polymers unique properties, it can be transformed into a rigid, internally crosslinked gel if the pH of the solution is adjusted from
acid to slightly basic through the use of a nontoxic metal oxide crosslinker. No multivalent metal ions are associated with the crosslinkingchemistry. The post job gas production of the treated well increased by approximate 50% from 43 MMSCFD to 65 MMSCFD showing positiveresultsfromthetreatmentusingthisgelplugsystem.
Name: KMAX PrimaryApplication:DiversionofMatrixAcidStimulation
TYPE OF CONTENT
LaboratoryStudy BackgroundResearch Review Comparisontocompetitorproduct FieldStudy

CaseHistory
Nameofcompetitorandproduct:n/a
ConformanceControl 1.ColeR.C.,Ali,S.A.andFoleyK.A.ANewEnvironmentallySafe Crosslinked Polymer for Fluid Loss Control paper SPE 29525 presented at the 1995 Production Operations Symposium, Oklahoma City,Oklahoma,23April. 2. Jones A.T., Van der Bas, F. and Hardy B.V. Gel Plugs for Temporary Isolation in Horizontal Wells Completed with Slotted Liner paper SPE 38199 presented at the 1997 SPE European FormationDamageConferenceTheHague,Netherlands,23June.
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SUMMARYOFBLOCKINGGELPAPERSPE86547
TITLE AnnularBarrierReEstablishmentUsingaLongLife,HighStrengthPolymer GelSystem
AmareMebratu,HalliburtonBrgeNerlandandToreKleppan,BPNorway
International Symposium and ExhibitiononFormation Damage Control held inLafayette,Louisiana,U.S.A.,1820February2004. WellA01AintheValhallfieldhasbeenonproductionsincelate1993,butits performancehasbeenunstablewithproppantandchalkflowback.Mechanical impairments have been repaired, the subsurface safety valve (SSSV) was locked open, and an insert SSSV was installed in May 2001. Although the control line was repeatedly treated with apressureactivated sealant, leakage hasbeenarecurringproblem. Recently,aproductiontubingannuluscommunicationwasdetectedinWellA 01A.Theleakpointwasbelievedtobeatthesealassemblyatthebottomof the production tubing string. The operator and service company engineers evaluatedthemechanismoftheleakand itsseverity. InJanuary2003, 30bblofalonglife, highstrength polymersystem(HSPS) wereplacedintheannularspacebetweenthe5in.productiontubingand9 5/8in.casing. Applying this polymer system as an annular barrier was a new technique. A temporarygelplug(TGP)consistingofahydroxypropylguarpolymeranda crosslinker was pumped both ahead and behind the HSPS for placement accuracyandtopreventcontamination.Becausethewellwasatlowpressure, base oil was used as a displacement fluid. The base oil helped reduce hydrostatic head under placement. The well was kept producing at normal rates during the operation, and pumping was completed within 4 hr with no productionlossandnodowntime. Annuluspressurewasdramaticallyreducedfrom1,300psitolessthan250psi. Some pressure increase was observed following well intervention work, but laterpressurestabilizedat600to700psi.Whenthewellwasshutin,therewas no pressure increase observed in the annulus, while the tubing pressure increasedfromapproximately800to2,000psi. Currently, the well is producing oil at 2,200 BOPD. Stable annulus pressure and normal production performance indicate that the annular gel plug is effectivelyblockingthecommunication.Theuseofthislonglifepolymergel plugasanannularbarrierisintendedtokeepthewellproducinguntilatubing workoverispossibleandapermanentbarrierisestablished.Paybacktimefor thetotalcostofthisoperationisapproximatelyfourdays. The highstrength polymer system is a crosslinkable polymer system that forms a longlife seal at downhole conditions. The system was originally developed to stop or reduce unwanted water or gas production by sealing formation matrices around the interval. HSPS consists of two components: a base polymer and a crosslinker. The base polymer is an acrylamide/acrylate ester copolymer. The copolymer is crosslinked by an organic crosslinker
SUMMARYOF PAPER
polyethylene imine. The system has enhancedthermal stability, which forms strong covalent bonds. Because both components are in solution, they need onlybedilutedinthemixingbrine.Thetwocomponentsareplacedasalow viscosity fluid (2050 cp) and form a solid gel when heated to downhole temperatures at predictable times. HSPS has a broad temperature range of 150Fto 320F(66Cto160C).HSPSisstableinbothCO2 andH2S. This paper describes the polymer gel systems, placement technique, operationalaspects,andbenefitsofthemethodused. HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER Name:H2ZeroandTemblok50 PrimaryApplication:Watershutoffchemicalsealant Temporaryblockingagent
CaseHistory
TYPE OF CONTENT
LaboratoryStudy
BackgroundResearch
Review
Comparisontocompetitorproduct
OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHER ConformanceControl PSLs 1.Urdahl,Hans,etal.:ExperiencewithTemporarySealingLeakingTubing Annuli with ExtendedLife Polymer Gel Plugs in the Greater Ekofisk Area, paper SPE 24982 presented at the 1992 European Petroleum IMPORTANT Conference,Cannes,France,1618November. REFERENCES 7.Bach,T.etal.:paperSPE68975presentedatthe2001EuropeanFormation DamageConference,TheHague,The Netherlands,2122May.
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SUMMARYOFBLOCKINGGELPAPERSPE 99729
HowToApplyaBlockingGelSystemforBullheadSelectiveWaterShutoff: FromLaboratorytoField
TITLE
A.Stavland,Intl.ResearchInst.ofStavangerK.I.Anderson,Sand y,and T. Tjomsland,StatoilandA.A.Mebratu,Halliburton
The2006SPE/DOESymposiumonImprovedOilRecoveryheldinTulsa, Oklahoma,U.S.A.,2226April2006. This paper describes a new method for water control by the use of bullhead injection.NormallyitisdescribedasDisproportionatePermeabilityReduction (DPR) or Relative Permeability Modifier (RPM). DPR is effective in multilayerreservoirswithoutcrossflowandwithsomezonesproducingclean oil or in treating coning problems. DPR fluids may be classified as polymer systems, weakly crosslinked gel systems or rigid gel systems. Stavland and Nilssonsuggested a general mechanism forDPR whereDPRis governedby segregated or preferred flow of oil and water at the pore level. Calculations basedonexperimentaldataindicatedthattheDPRfluidsaturationcanbeused asthecontrollingparameterratherthanthefluidchemistry.Thecriticaltaskis tocontrolthesaturation.Inapatent,StavlandandNilssonsuggestedinjection ofthegelantasanemulsionforfieldapplication. In this work, a water based gelant is emulsified in oil and injected into the formation.Theemulsionisdesignedtoseparateintoawaterphaseandanoil phaseatstaticconditionsintheformation.Uponreactionintheformationthe waterphasegelsupwhiletheoil phaseremainsmobile.Boththelaboratory and field application results for this emulsified system are presented in this paper. Forthelaboratorystudy,afieldprovencopolymersystemofacrylamideandt butylacrylatecrosslinkedwithpolyethyleneimineischosen.Thisisreported to be stable up to 350F (177C). Two commercial emulsifiers, one alcohol ethoxylateandonefattyacidamineareselected.Basedonavailability,safety, viscosity and price, base oil is selected as the oil to use. The gel time and strength were measured by visual inspection of the samples. The core flood experimentswereperformedinBereasandstone.Insomeexperiments,parallel corefloodswereperformed.Theemulsionseparationtimeisfoundtoincrease by increasing the wateroil ratio (WOR) and also by increased oil viscosity. The gelation rate was compared with a reference system where no oil or emulsifier was added tothe gelant. Laboratory results showed that for water backflood astablelevelinRRFw israpidlyreached. For oil there was along decline period. The results clearly demonstrate the potential in designing the DPReffectbysaturationcontrol. Aprogram was undertakento verifythisDPR methodina fieldtest,using a commercialblockinggelsystem.Forfieldresults,RelativeProductivityIndex, PIr isselected as abetterparameterinstead ofRRFs.The firsttreatment was performed in well 30/3A16 T2 at the Statoil operated Veslefrikk field offshore Norway. The pumping operation in the well was executed in
SUMMARYOF PAPER
November23,2004.Resultsshowthatwaterproductionwasreducedby30% after the pilot test, while maintaining the oil rate. As expected, total well productivitywasreducedbymorethan80%. 3 The treatment consisted of124m emulsion, bullhead fromsurface.Steprate testing andion wateranalysis were combinedtostudy the relative changein flowcontributionbetweenthe6perforatedintervals. HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER Name:H2Zero PrimaryApplication:Watershutoffchemicalsealant
CaseHistory
TYPE OF CONTENT
LaboratoryStudy
BackgroundResearch
Review
OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHER Conformancecontrol PSLs 7. Liang, J., Sun, H and Seright, R.S.: Reduction in Oil and Water Permeabilities Using Gels, paper SPE 24195 presented at the 1992 SPE/DOESymposiumonEOR,Tulsa,OK,April2224 18. Stavland, A. and Nilsson, S.: Segregated Flow is the Governing Mechanism of Disproportionate Permeability Reduction in Water and Gas Shutoff, paper SPE 71510 presented at the 2001 SPE Annual Technical ConferenceandExhibition,NewOrleans,LA,September30October3. 22. Stavland, A. and Nilsson, S.: Emulgert gel, Norwegian patent No. IMPORTANT 310581,1999 REFERENCES 28. Eoff, L. et al.: Structure and Process Optimization for the use of a PolymericRelativePermeabilityModifierinConformanceControl,paper SPE64985presentedatthe2001SPEInternationalSymposiumonOilfield Chemistry,Houston,TX,February1316. 29.Seright,R.S.:CleanupofOilZonesAfteraGelTreatment,paperSPE 92772 presented at the 2005 SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry,Houston,TX,February24.
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SUMMARYOFCARBONATECEA PAPER65355
Novel Application of Emulsified Acids to Matrix Stimulation of HeterogeneousFormations M.A.BuijseandM.vanDomelen This paper was revised for publication from paper SPE 39583, presented at the 1998 SPE International Symposium on Formation DamageControlheldinLafayette,Louisiana,1819February. Historically, emulsified acids have primarily been used in fracture acidizing. By combining information from theoretical studies, experimental studies, and field testing, a better understanding has recently been gained of the application of emulsified acids in matrix acidizing. This paper discusses the use of emulsified acid as a stimulation fluid for matrix treatments in heterogeneous carbonate formations. Thegoalofmatrixstimulationofcarbonateformationsistodecrease skin by creating wormholes and to increase the effective wellbore radiuswhilebypassingdamagedareas.Thetwomainchallengesthat havetobeaddressedwhendesigningamatrixtreatmentinacarbonate are acid placement and acid penetration and optimum wormhole growth. An effective diversion method is essential to help ensure complete zonal coverage and to remove damage from the entire producinginterval. In this paper, results of flow tests are presented that compare the efficiency of emulsified acid with that of plain HCl acid. Several emulsifiedacidsystemsweretested.Theeffectsoftheinjectionrate, viscosity, and acid/oil volume ratio were analyzed on core samples. Rheologicalpropertiesandtemperaturestability(up to250F)ofthe emulsionsystemswereanalyzedbymeansof Fann50tests. Emulsified acid systems are effective systems for matrix acidization ofheterogeneousformations.Theviscosityofthesystemwillimprove wellborecoverageandwilldivertfluidtothelowpermeabilityand/or damaged sections ofthe well. The low diffusivity of emulsified acid provides for efficient wormholing at low injection rates. The wormholes are narrow but penetrate deep into the formation. Plain HClacidreactsfastanddoesnotpenetratedeepintotheformationat higher temperatures. Short, widewormholes are generallythe result. At low rates, compactdissolution without skinreduction may be the result. Acidinoilemulsionsareeffectivestimulationfluidsinlargeintervals where streaks of high permeability can act as thief zones. This is shown by means of example calculations of the fluid flow and distributioninawell.
SUMMARY OF PAPER
WEBLINK HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER Name:CEA(CarbonateEmulsionAcid) PrimaryApplication:MatrixAcidStimulation CaseHistory
LaboratoryStudy
TYPE OF CONTENT
ComparisontocompetitorproductFieldStudy Nameofcompetitorandproduct:n/a
CoiledTubing 8. Buijse, M.A.: Understanding Wormholing Mechanisms Can ImproveAcidTreatments inCarbonateFormations,paperSPE 38166 presented at the 1997 SPE European Formation Damage Conference,TheHague,TheNetherlands,23June. 9. Jones, A.T., Dvle, M., and Davies, D.R.: Using Acids ViscosifiedWithSuccinoglycanCouldImprovetheEfficiencyof MatrixAcidizingTreatments,paperSPE30122presentedatthe 1995SPEEuropeanFormationDamageConference,TheHague, TheNetherlands,1516May.
18. Wang, Y., Hill, A.D., and Schechter, R.S.: The Optimum Injection Rate for Matrix Acidizing Carbonate Formations, paper SPE 26578 presented at the 1993 SPE Annual Technical ConferenceandExhibition,Houston,36October. 19. Paccaloni, G.: A New, Effective Matrix Stimulation Diversion Technique,paperSPE24781presentedatthe1992SPEAnnual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Washington, DC, 47 October. 20.MaGee,J.,Buijse,M.A.,andPongratz,R.:MethodForEffective Fluid Diversion When Performing a Matrix Acid Stimulation in CarbonateFormations,paperSPE37736presentedatthe1997 SPE MiddleEastOilShow,Bahrain,1720March.
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SUMMARYOFCARBONATE PAPER PUBLISHED65068

UnderstandingWormholingMechanismsCanImproveAcid Treatmentsin CarbonateFormations M.A.Buijse,Halliburton Thispaper(SPE65068)wasrevisedforpublicationfrompaperSPE 38166, presented at the 1997 SPE European Formation Damage ConferenceheldinTheHauge,TheNetherlands, 23June. The physics of acidizing is complex, and often only poorly understood, due to the coupling of mechanical and chemical processes. In fracture acidizing, rock mechanical properties play a dominant role in fracture initiation and fracture growth, while the chemistry of the acidrock reaction determines the final fracture conductivity. In matrix treatments, formation properties such as permeability and porosity determine the direction and magnitude of fluidflow,butthesepropertiesarecontinuouslyalteredasaresultof acidrock dissolution. For a proper understanding of the acidizing processitisessentialtostudythecombinedeffectofacidreactionand fluidflow. In this paper, acid wormholing in carbonate formations is studied. Acidspending isstudiedbymodellingthewormholeasacylindrical pore and numerically solving the convection diffusion equations. A finite acidrock reaction rate is assumed, allowing calculation and study of spending profiles in both the diffusioncontrolled and the reactioncontrolled regime. Flow properties such as fluid loss from wormholetoformationandfluiddistributionina multiplewormhole geometry are studied through numerical simulations. The fraction of fluidthatleaksofftotheformationbeforeitreachesthewormholetip increases with the wormhole length. It is shown how wormhole growth properties are affected by the length and distance of neighboring wormholes. Wormhole interaction explains why side branches quickly stop growing and it is a key element in the mechanismthatdeterminesthespatialdistributionofwormholesand the wormhole density. The effect of injection rate and diffusion is studied with a simple model. This model explains several experimentally observed phenomena, such as the existence of an optimum injection rate and reduced wormhole efficiency at higher rates.
Name:None PrimaryApplication:MatrixAcidStimulation
TITLE
SUMMARY OF PAPER
HALLIBURTON TRADENAME
USEDINPAPER CaseHistory LaboratoryStudy
TYPE OF CONTENT
ComparisontocompetitorproductFieldStudy Nameofcompetitorandproduct:None
Nil
4.Levich,V.G.:PhysicochemicalHydrodynamics,PrenticeHall,Inc., EnglewoodCliffs,NewJersey (1962).

5. Buijse, M.A.: Mechanisms of Wormholing in Carbonate Acidizing, paper SPE 37283 presented at the 1997 SPE Intl. Symposium onOilfieldChemistry,Houston,1821February.
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SUMMARYOFCARBONATEACIDIZINGENGINEERING PAPERIPTC10697
FrontEndEngineeringStudiesforCarbonateStimulation Optimization
TITLE
AUTHORS
DwightFulton,KenLizak,MaryVanDomelen.
InternationalPetroleumTechnologyConference,Doha, Qatar,2123November2005.
SUMMARY OF PAPER
Thispaperdescribesinfourpartsanintegratedapproach to stimulation treatment design for carbonate reservoirs. Usingthisprocess helpsensurethatappropriate candidates arestimulatedwiththeoptimumtreatment.Part1discusses preliminary candidate selection based on estimated productivity gains from various stimulation options. Part 2 describeshowcoretestingcanbeusedtodemonstratethat specific carbonates will have uniquely different reaction characteristicswhentreatedwithvariousacidsystems.The paper reviews specialty core testing to optimize acid treatments. Part 3 investigates modelling for prediction of matrixstimulationfluidplacementanddiversion,leadingto predicted skin reduction and stimulation results. Part 4 describes refining a fracture acidizing treatment and more realisticsimulationofexpectedwellresponse.Parts1and3 usetheHalliburtonSTIM2001softwareforthecalculations andpredictionsshownthere. Three example wells (Ex1a, Ex1b and Ex2) are consideredandthickness,permeabilityandporositydatafor these wells are given. Ex1a is an example of a typical completion in that adequate perforations exist such that thereisnomechanicalskinfactorpresentandalltotalskin may be attributed to nearwellbore damage. Ex1b is identicaltoEx1aexceptthatthenumberandlengthofthe perforations has been artificially reduced, resulting in a significant perforation and partial completion skin. Ex2 usesthesamedataexceptthattheformationsallhavebeen artificially reduced to 25% of original permeability to hypothetically demonstrate a lower permeability example. The analysis of productivity for various conditions of
reduced skin show that Ex1a would be a good matrix acidizing candidate. Well Ex1b may be a good matrix acidizingtreatmentcandidate,however,thiswellcanrealize a quick win increase in productivity through reperforating. Ex2 shows that even when there is an appreciable skin factor, lowerpermeability formations are often better fracturing treatment candidates than matrix acidizingcandidate. Core testing to understand carbonate reactivity with various acid systems is a valid design consideration, whether the proposed treatment is matrix or fracture acidizing.Specialtytestingforcarbonateformationscanbe grouped into three basic categories: (1) mineralogical evaluations and rock properties, typically accomplished with Xray diffraction (XRD), acid solubility, and either petrographic or scanning electron microscope (SEM) examinations, (2) surface reactivity characteristics, determinedwithrotatingdiskexperiments,and(3)reaction characteristics under flowing conditions, evaluated with acidetchingtests. In matrix treatments, the biggest challenge is often fluid placement and diversion. The effectiveness of a possible treatment depends on adequately treating all producing intervals. The paper contrasts a conventional treatment approachwithanengineereddesignincorporatingdiversion. When fracture acidizing is required, the same reservoir data can be used for more realistic simulation of fracture stimulation, often the best choice for low permeability reservoirs.Fracturemodellingisacriticalsectionofthepre job planning and postjob analysis. Models are run to achieve a desired conductivity and length optimized on permeability. Predicted bottomhole pressures during treatment and posttreatment production for the modelled fracture geometry shouldbe compared to actual job gauge data and the production values to validate the design. The information learned can be used to improve future design models.
HALLIBURTON TRADENAMEUSED INPAPER Name:Nil PrimaryApplication:Nil
CaseHistory TYPE OF CONTENT
LaboratoryStudy
Nameofcompetitorandproduct: OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHERPSLs
Nil
1.Nitters,G.,Roodhart,L.,Jongma,H.,Yeager,V.,Buijse, M., Fulton, D., Dahl, J., and Jantz, E.: Structured Approach to Advanced Candidate Selection and Treatment Design of Stimulation Treatments, paper SPE 63179, presented at the 2000AnnualSPETech.Conf.,Dallas,Oct14. 5. Gdanski,R.D.and van Domelen, M.S.:Slayingthe Myth of InfiniteReactivityofCarbonates,paperSPE50730presentedat the 1999 International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry, Houston,TX,1619Feb. 6. Gdanski, R.D. and van Domelen, M.S.: Understanding the Finite Reactivity of Carbonates, Paper No. 26 presented at the 2000 NIF Oil Field Chemicals Symposium, Fagernes, Norway, 2022March. 15. Cipolla, C.L., Wright, C.A., Diagnostic Techniques to Understand Hydraulic Fracturing: What? Why? and How?, paper SPE 59735, presented at the 2000 SPE/CERI Gas TechnologySymposium,Calgary,Alberta,Canada,35April.
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SUMMARYOFCARBONATE PAPERNIF_00 SYMMETRYOF ACIDWORMHOLING

TITLE
TheSymmetryofAcidWormholinginCarbonates RickGdanski,Halliburton
AUTHORS
Presentedatthe2000NIFOilFieldChemicalsSymposium,Fagernes, Norway,Mar.2022 A new theoretical model has been developed to describe the chemical reactions of acid in the porous carbonate media. The three major unansweredquestionsofacidwormholingwhenpumpedintocarbonate formations for the past 20 years have been (1) How many dominant wormholes are created? (2) What is the spatial distribution of those dominant wormholes along the well bore? (3) What is the leakoff profilefromthedominantwormholesunderradialflowconditions? This paperpresents answers tothese three basic questions which lead to an understanding of the reaction of acid in matrix and the interaction of wormholedevelopment. Thenewmodelrequiresamajorparadigmshiftintheunderstandingof matrix carbonate acidizing and the variables that control wormhole growth. Most investigators assume that the direction of fluid flow throughthematrixisgovernedbythedevelopingwormholepattern.As aresult,they focusonthephysicsofthewormholegrowthandignore the matrix itself. The breakthrough in thinking is that the developing wormholepatternisgovernedbythefluidflowthroughthematrix. It was found that wormhole length is predominantly controlled by matrixporosity,permeabilityanisotropyandthevolumeofacidpumped not by reactivity. It was also found that formation reactivity and contact time with the acid predominantly control wormhole diameters and acidized permeability. The new theory confirms classically held rulesofthumbformatrixacidizingofcarbonates. Therealpurposeofthenewwormholingtheoryisnottosimplyprovide a new description of how wormhole patterns might be described. Rather, the real purpose is to exploit the simplicity of the theory to provideeasydesigncriteriaforacidizingcarbonateformations.Thenew modelalsoaccommodatestheeffectsofpermeabilityanisotropycaused bynaturalfracturingorlayeringeffects. Easy to use charts have been presented for designing matrix acidizing treatmentsunderavarietyofformationconditions.
SUMMARY OF PAPER
Name:Nil PrimaryApplication: Nil
CaseHistory
TYPE OF CONTENT
LaboratoryStudy
Review
BackgroundResearch
Nameofcompetitorandproduct: Nil 3.Gdanski,R.D.andvanDomelen,M.S.:SlayingtheMythofInfinite ReactivityofCarbonates,paperSPE50730presentedatthe1999 InternationalSymposiumonOilfieldChemistry,Houston,TXFeb.16 19. 23.Daccord,G.:ChemicalDissolutionofaPorousMediumbya ReactiveFluid,Phys.Rev.Lett.(1987)58,479482. 24.Daccord,G.andLenormand,R.:FractalPatternsfromChemical Dissolution,Nature (1987)325,4143. 25.Daccord,G.,Touboul,E.andLenormand,R.:Carbonate Acidizing:TowardaQuantitativeModeloftheWormholing Phenomenon,SPEPE(February1989)6368.
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SUMMARYOFCARBONATEPAPERNIF00UNDERSTANDING FINITEREACTIVITY
TITLE UnderstandingtheFiniteReactivityofCarbonates
RickGdanskiandMary vanDomelen
2000NIFOilFieldChemicalsSymposium,Fagernes,Norway,Mar. 2022 Thispaperbuildsuponthehistoricalfoundationinunderstandingthe acidizing process and brings together the reactivity studies using a number of different reactors to show that carbonates do not have infinite reactivity. New reactivity data are suggested for default reactivity for normal limestones and dolomites in the absence of specificlaboratorymeasurements. Therotatingdiskapparatushasbeenusedforobtainingacidreaction rates on carbonates in the laboratory. Reactivity data that were determined with three distinctly different reactors on a single limestonewere all consistent with each other. This study shows that oilfieldlimestonesshowanaverageEaof2kcal/mole,whileoilfield dolomites show an average Ea of5.8 kcal/mole. Furthermore, it was observed that limestones are more reactive than dolomites up to 200 F. Aformationmaynotalwaysbepredominantlylimestoneordolomite. Thissituationpresentsaprobleminchoosingadefaultforreactivity. Thisstudyindicatesthatoneshouldavoidusingdefaultreactivityfor any type of carbonate. The reactivity of mixed carbonates with compositions ranging from 95% limestone to 95% dolomite was studied.Itwasobservedthatthe95%limestonebehavedasanaverage limestone,whilethe95%dolomite(5%calcite)behavedasanaverage dolomite.However,inthe60to80%calciterangethereactivityfirst increased as the calcite content decreased, which is attributed to an experimental artifact. Further, it is not yet clear how this behavior wouldmanifestitselfinanacidtreatment.Duringfractureacidizingat low temperatures, these crystals might stay at the rock surface and spendortheymightbehaveas insolubles.At hightemperaturesthey mightspendinnormalfashion.Thesamesituationmightexistduring matrix acidizing. However, it is suspected that wormholing would predominantly occur through the limestone portions, so the mixed composition carbonate might behave as though it were just a limestone. Thisstudyshowsthatthereactivitydatashouldbedeterminedinthe
SUMMARY OF PAPER
laboratoryasafunctionoftemperatureforeachcarbonateconsidered foracidizingtreatments.Laboratorycorepreparationforrotatingdisk reactivity testing must include presaturation with a noninterfering brine so that inadvertent acid spending does not occur within the porosityofthesample. It is also shown that carbonates have a significant surface kinetic effectinfractureacidizingtreatments,evenattemperaturesof250 F. Finally,itisconcludedthatliveacidpenetrationdistancesaregreater thanclassicallythought,whichsupportsthenotionthatacidfluidloss may bethedominantfactorcontrollingetchedlengths. HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER Name:Nil PrimaryApplication: Nil
CaseHistory TYPE OF CONTENT

!
BackgroundResearch
Comparisontocompetitorproduct Nameofcompetitorandproduct:n/a
OPPORTUNITIES Frac/Acid FOROTHER PSLs 1. Frasch,H.:IncreasingtheFlowofOilWells,U.S.PatentNo. 556,669(March17,1896). 2. Dill,W.R.:ReactionTimesofHydrochloricAceticAcid SolutiononLimestone,paperpresentedatthe1960Southwest RegionalAm.Chem.Soc.Meeting,OklahomaCity,OK,Dec.1 3. IMPORTANT 3. Anderson,M.S.:ReactivityofDolomiteFormations,paper REFERENCES presentedatthe1990AIChEAnnualMeeting,Chicago,IL,Nov. 1116. 4. Gdanski,R.D.andvanDomelen,M.S.:SlayingtheMythof InfiniteReactivityofCarbonates,paperSPE50730presentedat the1999SPEInternationalSymposiumonOilfieldChemistry, Houston,Feb.1619.
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SUMMARYOFCARBONATE PAPER SPE54719

TITLE
AFundamentallyNewModelofAcidWormholinginCarbonates RickGdanski
AUTHORS
1999 European Formation Damage Conference, The Hague, The Netherlands,May 31 June1 A new theoretical model has been developed to describe the chemical reactions of acid in the porous carbonate media. The three major unansweredquestionsofacidwormholingwhenpumpedintocarbonate formations for the past 20 years have been (1) How many dominant wormholes are created? (2) What is the spatial distribution of those dominant wormholes along the well bore? (3) What is the leakoff profilefromthedominantwormholesunderradialflowconditions? This paperpresents answers tothese three basic questions which lead to an understanding of the reaction of acid in matrix and the interaction of wormholedevelopment. Thenewmodelrequiresamajorparadigmshiftintheunderstandingof matrix carbonate acidizing and the variables that control wormhole growth. Most investigators assume that the direction of fluid flow throughthematrixisgovernedbythedevelopingwormholepattern.As aresult,they focusonthephysicsofthewormholegrowthandignore the matrix itself. The breakthrough in thinking is that the developing wormholepatternisgovernedbythefluidflowthroughthematrix. It was found that wormhole length is predominantly controlled by matrixporosity,permeabilityanisotropyandthevolumeofacidpumped not by reactivity. It was also found that formation reactivity and contact time with the acid predominantly control wormhole diameters and acidized permeability. The new theory confirms classically held rulesofthumbformatrixacidizingofcarbonates. Therealpurposeofthenewwormholingtheoryisnottosimplyprovide anewdescriptionofhowwormholepatternsmightbedescribed.Rather therealpurposeistoexploitthesimplicityofthetheorytoprovideeasy designcriteriaforacidizingcarbonateformations.Thenewmodelalso accommodatestheeffectsofpermeabilityanisotropycausedby natural fracturingorlayeringeffects. Calibrationofthemodelwithfieldtreatmentsindicatesonlyfractional pore volumes of acid are required to achieve a given stimulation distancenotmultipleporevolumes.
SUMMARY OF PAPER
Name:Nil PrimaryApplication: Nil
CaseHistory
TYPE OF CONTENT
LaboratoryStudy
Review
BackgroundResearch
Nameofcompetitorandproduct: Nil 3.Gdanski,R.D.andvanDomelen,M.S.:SlayingtheMythof Infinite ReactivityofCarbonates,paperSPE50730presentedatthe1999 InternationalSymposiumonOilfieldChemistry,Houston,TXFeb.16 19. 20.Buijse,M.A.:UnderstandingWormholingMechanismsCan ImproveAcidTreatmentsinCarbonateFormations,paperSPE 38166 presentedatthe1997EuropeanFormationDamageConference,The Hague,TheNetherlands,Jun.23.
21.Daccord,G.:ChemicalDissolutionofaPorousMediumbya ReactiveFluid,Phys.Rev.Lett.(1987)58,479482. 22.Daccord,G.andLenormand,R.:FractalPatternsfromChemical Dissolution,Nature (1987)325,4143. 23.Daccord,G.,Touboul,E.,andLenormand,R.:Carbonate Acidizing:TowardaQuantitativeModeloftheWormholing Phenomenon,SPEPE(February1989)6368.
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SUMMARYOFCARBONATE_ZCAPAPERSPE58804
Successful HighPressure/HighTemperature Acidizing With InSitu CrosslinkedAcidDiversion
TITLE
AUTHORS
M.Buijse,R.Maier,andA.Casero,Halliburton,andS.Fornasari,ENI AGIP.
2000SPEInternationalSymposiumonFormationDamageControlheld inLafayette,Louisiana,2324February2000. This paper describes a very successful acid stimulation treatment performed in AGIPs TrecateVillafortuna Field. The goal of the acid treatmentwastoremovethenearwellboremuddamageandtoimprove the permeability of the horizontal drain. The highpressure at 6000 m and the bottomhole static temperature (BHST) of 182C, classify the acid treatment as High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT). This treatmentusedinsitucrosslinkedacid(ICA)asthedivertingagent.The treatment is unique because it represents the highest temperature applicationeverattemptedforsuchasystem. Hightemperature acidizing poses a number of problems during treatmentdesignandexecution,suchashighacidrockreactionrateand corrosion problems, which are not normally encountered during treatmentsatlowertemperatures. The high acidrock reaction rate requires the use of a retarded acid system to ensure that acid will not all spend on the formation face (compact dissolution) but will penetrate deeper into the formation. Protectingthetubularsagainstacidcorrosionrequirescarefulselection of the acid fluids and inhibitor package design. This paper discusses theseissuesin moredetail. The design process included temperature simulations, detailed laboratory testing, and a review of acid formulations that were used successfully in the TrecateVillafortuna Field and elsewhere. Temperature simulations indicated that cooldownfrom the bottomhole temperature(BHT)of180Ctoatleast150Ccouldbeachieveddespite the high treating pressures that limited injection rates. Even after cooldown,seriousconcernsaboutcorrosionandtheeffectivenessofthe ICAsystemstill existed. Laboratory support included fluid optimization for hightemperature applicationoftheICA.Theflowtestsenabledtheselectionofthemost appropriatebaseacidsystems.TheconclusionofthesetestsisthatICA iseffectiveattemperaturesuptoatleast176C(350F).
SUMMARY OF PAPER
Success of the treatment must also be attributed to the operational planning and close attention to experience gained from previous stimulation treatments.Theexecutionofthetreatmentused(1)allofthe components considered to be stateoftheart in matrix acidizing treatment execution and evaluation: prestimulation injection tests, spotting of acid with coiled tubing (CT) to help reduce injection pressures and improve zonal coverage, the use of the Maximum Pressure Maximum Rate Diversion Technique (MAPDIR), and real timetreatmentpressuremonitoringand(2)designoptimizationthrough integration of laboratory testing and the use of modern theories in carbonateacidizing The paper presents job procedures and a detailed treatment pressure analysis. It also gives details on the changes in injectivity and the ProductivityIndex(PI)beforeandafterstimulation.
HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDIN PAPER
Name:ZCA PrimaryApplication: MatrixAcidStimulation
TYPE OF CONTENT
CaseHistory LaboratoryStudy BackgroundResearch Review FieldStudy Comparisontocompetitorproduct

Nameofcompetitorandproduct:Notused CoiledTubing.
4. Van Domelen, M.S. and Jennings, A.R. Jr.: Alternate Acid Blends forHPHTApplications,paperSPE30419presentedat the 1995 Offshore Europe Conference, Sep. 58, Aberdeen, Scotland.
6. Buijse, M.A. and Van Domelen, M.S.: Novel Application of Emulsified Acids to Matrix Stimulation of Heterogeneous Formations, paper SPE 39583 presented at the 1998 International Symposium on Formation Damage Control, Feb. 1819,Lafayette,LA.
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SUMMARYOFCARBONATE_ZCAPAPERSPE/IADC85337
Remarkable Results from Stimulation Treatment Using Deep Penetrating Diverting Acid System in Marrat Tight Limestone Formation Case Histories from Humma Field, DZKuwait/Saudi Arabia.
TITLE
AUTHORS
TalalZ.AlMutairi andMohammadA.Shahid,KuwaitOilCompany, DavidL.Barge,SaudiArabianTexacoandNazH.Gazi,Halliburton.
SPE/IADCMiddleEastDrillingTechnologyConference&Exhibition heldinAbuDhabi,UAE,2022October2003. This paper presents the resultsof joint research work betweenKuwait OilCompany,SaudiArabianTexacoandHalliburton.TheHummafield islocatedinthesouthwestcorneroftheDividedZone(DZ)bordering KuwaitandSaudiArabia.Marratproductionwasdiscoveredinthefield in 1998 and brought online in 1999. The Jurassic Marrat formation consistsofseveraldistinctlimestonelayersofvaryingreservoirquality and productivity. These layers are generally classified as tight to low permeability limestones. Production from the Marrat formation is characterized by high initial production rates but with quick steep declines. To maintain producing rates the wells are acidized on a frequent basis with 15% HCl acid. The benefit of these frequent acid treatmentsdiminishedovertimeaspostacidtreatmentproductiongains dropped. As a result, several stimulation alternatives to enhance the productivitywereinvestigated. To overcome this problem of short sustaining of the post acid job incremental oil production, a better designed acid system was needed which would penetrate deeper into the formation. Also needed was a chemical diverting system for an effective diversion from the most permeablezonestolesspermeablezones.Thiswillbeinadditiontothe PPIstraddlepackersthatwouldbeusedonthejobs. This paper describes the development and application of a deep penetratingacidsysteminstimulatingtheMarratlimestoneformationin theHummafield.Coresamplesandreservoirrockpropertieswereused tocustomizethesystem.Theunderstandingofreservoirrockproperties, the systematic approach of treatment design, and sustained production resultswerekeyfactorsinemployingthissystem. Itwas importantfortheacidstimulationjobdesigntocollecttheright information on the wells, including core analysis, cuttings, fluid loss histories during drilling, open hole logs, geology, reservoir properties,
SUMMARY OF PAPER
and well test analysis results. The main design focus was on the rock propertiesandtheunderstandingofthereasonsofthelowproductivity. Theresultingdeeppenetrationacidsystemwasfoundtobefavourable for acid penetration and uniform distribution over the long limestone pay intervals. The system was tailored to penetrate deep into the formation while removing near well bore damage. The system creates unevenetchingpatternsintheformation,connectingthewellborewith undamagednativepermeabilityofthecarbonatereservoir. Thesystemwasappliedinthree HummaMarratwells.Inallthethree cases,incrementalproductionincreasedby201%andsustainedsince1 yeartodate.Inthesecondwelltheincrementalproductionwas151% anditwassustainedforsixmonths. In the third well the expected initial production was 2500 BOPD with ESP, but using the deep penetration acid technique the well started flowingby itselfandsustainedaproductionof3381BOPDasNatural Flow since one year to date. The flowing bottomhole pressure is still significantly high, and as a result of this the well has just been completedwithTG5600pumpandisproducing4500BOPD.Thiswell is being monitored with the application of VSD and the production is expectedtobe+/ 6000BOPD. Theprocedureandtheplacementtechniquesofusingpinpointinjection packers,straddlepackersanddivertingsystems,andthesubsequenttest results, provided insight into this treatment success andof limiting the uncertaintiesinvolved. The postjob analysis allowed further optimization of these processes, whichwouldfacilitatesimilarapplicationsinthefuture.
Name:ZCA PrimaryApplication: MatrixAcidStimulation
CaseHistory
TYPE OF CONTENT
BackgroundResearch FieldStudy
CoiledTubing
LaboratoryStudy Review Comparisontocompetitorproduct
Nameofcompetitorandproduct: n/a
1. Buijse,M.A.andvanDomelen,M.S.:NovelApplicationof EmulsifiedAcidstoMatrixStimulationofHeterogeneous Formations,paperSPE39583presentedatthe1998SPE InternationalSymposiumonFormationDamageControl, Lafayette,Louisiana,1819February. 6. ColeR.C.,AliS.A.,and FoleyK.A.:ANewenvironmentally SafeCrosslinkedPolymerforFluidLossControl,paperSPE 29525presentedatthe1995ProductionOperationsSymposium,
OklahomaCity,Oklahoma,23April. 8. Mirza,M.S.,Kritzler,T.,andGazi,N.H.:SuccessfulUseofa CostEffectiveTemporaryNondamagingGelPlugSystemto IsolateaHighPermeableProducingZoneduringaStimulation JobofaLowPermeabilityGasproducingZoneinKhuffGas ReservoirinBahrainACaseHistory,paperSPE81441 presentedatthe2003SPEMiddleEastOilShowand Conference,Bahrain,58April.
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SUMMARYOF CONFORMANCEPAPERSPE81447
Lessons Learned from the First Openhole Horizontal Well Water Shutoff Job Using Two New Polymer SystemsA Case History from WafraRatawiField,Kuwait Shahab Uddin, Kuwait Oil Company Jimmy D. Dolan, and Ricardo A. Chona, Saudi Arabian Texaco, Inc. Naz H. Gazi, and Ken Monteiro, Halliburton Jamal A. AlRubaiyea and Anwar Al Sharqawi,KuwaitOilCompany
th SPE13 MiddleEastOilShow&Conference heldinBahrain,58 April,2003.
TITLE
AUTHORS
SUMMARY OF PAPER
TheWafraRatawiOolitereservoirisinthePartitionedNeutralZone ofSaudiArabiaandKuwait.Withtheintroductionofwaterinjection, itfacedwaterproductionproblems,especiallyafterdrillinghorizontal wells. An economical method to reduce this unwanted water influx wasneeded.Theprocesswascomplicatedinthe horizontalopenhole producing wells. Notonly the waterproducingsection of thepartof the horizontal section has to be treated to reduce unwanted water production, but a good, costeffective method of temporarily protectingtheproducing horizontalsectionduringthistreatment was alsoneededtoprotectthepotentialoilproducingzoneforfuturepost treatmentproduction.Thisrequirementnecessitatedagoodplacement techniqueandtheuseoftwogelsystems,onetotemporarilyprotect theoilzoneandtheothertopermanentlydamagethewaterproducing zone. This paper describes the application and techniques of placing a nondamaging temporary gel system to isolate the oil producing heel sideofahorizontalsectioninanopenholehorizontalwellandtheuse of another organically crosslinked polymer system to shut off water from the toe side of this horizontal openhole wellbore. A candidate openholelateralhorizontalwellwasselectedforthisapplication.The suspectedhighwatercutfromthetoesidewascausedbyinterference betweena nearbyinjection well and thisproducingwell.The special features of the organically crosslinked polymer system compared to the older chromebased system are mentioned in the paper. The nondamaging gel polymer has been prepared by grafting a crosslinkable site onto an HEC backbone. Because of the polymers unique properties, it can be transformed into a rigid, internally crosslinked gel if the pH of the solution is adjusted from acid to slightlybasicthroughtheuseofa nontoxicmetaloxidecrosslinker. No divalent or trivalent metals are associated with the polymer or includedinitscrosslinkingchemistry.
Isolatingtheproducingzoneswiththenondamaginggelpackerrunon coiledtubingwhiletreatingthewaterzoneswasimportant.Thewater shutoff gelwasthenpumpedinto thebottomwaterzonebelowthis zone. Job execution details and the post job results aregiven in the paper. Theoilproductionhasincreasedby25%andtheliquidproductionby 17%afterthetreatment.Theinitialresultsshowedwatercutreduction tobetween70%and80%fromoriginal82%. The success of the conformance control job discussed in this paper was a result of reservoir understanding, problem identification, well defined objectives for the treatments, and the proper design and executionof thetreatments to finally deliver the results. A complete field study is important to reap benefits from conformance management. Conformance response can be used to improve field development.
NameandPrimaryApplication:KMax(Temporarynondamaging gel)andH2Zero(PermanentGel)
CaseHistory
TYPE OF CONTENT
BackgroundResearch Comparisontocompetitorproduct FieldStudy

ConformanceControl,CoiledTubing
1. Azari, M., Soliman, M., and Gazi, N.: Reservoir Engineering ApplicationstoControlExcessWaterandGasProductionpaperSPE 37810presented at the 1997 Middle East Oil Show held inBahrain, 1518March. 2. Khater, M. et al.: Isolation of a Horizontal Hole Section in an Openhole Well Using a Non Damaging temporary Gel Plug to Facilitate Hydrocarbon Production from the Remaining Lateral Section ACaseHistory fromKuwait,paperSPE72291presented at the 2001 IADC/SPE Middle East Drilling Technology held in Bahrain,2224October. 3. Holems, R.E. and Sandy, J.M.: A New Crosslinkable HEC its Application in Conipieteii Work, paper presented at the 1986 OffshoreSoutheastAsiaConference,Singapore,February. 4. Willhite, G. Paul: Waterflooding, Textbook Series, SPE, Richardson,Texas(1986)28.
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SUMMARYOFCORROSIONFORMICDECOMPOSITIONPAPER SPE106185
TITLE
UnderstandingFormicAcidDecompositionasaCorrosionInhibitor IntensifierinStrongAcidEnvironments JuanitaM.CassidyRobertI.McNeilChadE.Kiser
AUTHORS
2007SPEInternationalSymposiumonOilfieldChemistryheldin Houston,Texas,U.S.A.,28February 2March2007.
SUMMARY OF PAPER
This paper investigates the role and mechanism of formic acid as a corrosion inhibitor intensifier in strong acid environments. The study confirmsthatCOisproducedbydecompositionofformicacidinstrong acidsunderdownholeconditions. HCOOH CO+H20 This decomposition is found to be sensitive to temperature, acid strength, and alloy. The decomposition in HCl follows firstorder reaction rate with temperature and the activation energy for catalysis withHClis174kJ/mol.Decompositioniscatalyzedhomogeneouslyby HClandheterogeneouslybythesteelsurface.Further,theresultsreveal that HCl is a necessary component for heterogeneous reaction on the steel surface. Thus, the generation of CO by decomposition of formic acidiscausedbythedualmechanismofmetalsurfacecatalysisandthe homogeneoussolutionreactioncatalyzedbyHCl.TheCOthusformed, bondstothemetalsurfaceandreducestheabilityofthemetalsurfaceto react with the intended electroactive molecule, decreasing the turnover rate. FTIR analyses of the decomposition product in strong HCl environmentsshowsthatCOisthegasproduced.FTIRanalysesshows that the homogeneous reaction producing CO occurs at about 230F (110C)for7.5%HCl,at220F(104C)for15%HCl,and150F(66C) for 28% HCl. For 15% HCl, the homogeneous reaction becomes significant at 250F (121C). Alloy type does appear to affect the reaction rate of the surface decomposition, the rate with N80 steel beinggreaterthanthatforIncoloy 825.Asmetalsurfaceheterogeneous catalysis is one of the contributors to decomposition of formic acid to CO,itisnotsurprisingthatdifferentmetalsoralloysexhibitdifferences in bonding to formic acid and subsequent decomposition, and differencesinbondingtoCOitself.Inthecaseofalloys,thepercentage of iron in the composition may be key to the decomposition rate. The results suggest that, at least for moderate temperatures, where
heterogeneousdecompositionpredominates, formicacidintensification shouldbemoreeffectiveonN80steel.

HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER Name: HII124Fintensifier PrimaryApplication:CorrosionInhibitorIntensifier CaseHistory
LaboratoryStudy
TYPE OF CONTENT
BackgroundResearchReview
Comparisontocompetitorproduct Nameofcompetitorandproduct:Notmentioned OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHERPSLs IMPORTANT REFERENCES
None Nil
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SUMMARYOFCORROSIONHAI303_HII600 NACEPAPER06482
DesignandInvestigationofaNorthSeaAcidCorrosionInhibition System JuanitaM.Cassidy

st CORROSION NACExpo 2006, 61 Annual Conference & Exposition.
SUMMARY OF PAPER
As environmental standards are continually tightened, especially in the North Sea area, options for different corrosion inhibitor chemistries that will meet the criteria are becomingmore limited. In addition, commonadditives used to augment the performanceof the maincorrosioninhibitorsuchascopperandantimonycompoundsare problematic because of their toxicity. This paper outlines the developmentofauniqueinhibitionsystemthatmeetsthepresentday North Sea environmental and performance requirements while offeringabroadperformancerange. ThisuniqueinhibitionsystemconsistsofablendofinhibitorAwhich isacinnamaldehydebasedHClacidinhibitorandinhibitorBwhichis a formulated bismuth inhibitor. Electrochemical tests were done by potentiodynamic polarization testing. Weightloss corrosion testing wasperformedusingN80steelspecimens.Corrosiondatagenerated for Inhibitor A and B shows that corrosion inhibition in HCl fluids withtheseinhibitorsissuccessfullyattainedatlowtemperatureswith Inhibitor A, and at high temperatures on N80 steel and corrosion resistant alloys with both Inhibitor A and B. Thus, bismuth plating inhibitors can be used effectively in HCl fluids up to at least 400F (204C)ifthedepositionrateofbismuthisproperlycontrolled.Ifthe depositionalrateistoohigh,itresults inpoorqualityplatingandthe redox chemistry is probably controlled by charge transfer. Thus, it seems logical to lower the current density into adiffusioncontrolled region. One technique for doing this would be to set up a barrier or filmontheferroussurface.Cinnamaldehydeiseffectiveincontrolling bismuth deposition. It is believed to form a polymer coating on the metal surface. In the presence of bismuth ions, it is probably the imperfectionsinthepolymercoatingthatallowbismuthtodiffuseto the surface at a controlled rate. Ineffective plating conditions are evidenced by a mixed potential for the two simultaneous reduction 2+ 3+ oxidation reactions, Fe/Fe and Bi /Bi. Conditions that exhibit good plating show mixed potential (Emp) values approaching the bismuth electrode corrosion potential. Present environmental standards and a broadperformancerangecanbeattainedwiththedevelopedinhibitor system.
Name: HAI303inhibitorandHII600intensifier PrimaryApplication:AcidCorrosionInhibition CaseHistory
LaboratoryStudy
TYPE OF CONTENT
Comparisontocompetitorproduct Nameofcompetitorandproduct:Notmentioned OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHERPSLs
None 14.Walker,M.L.,Corrosioninhibitingcompositionsandmethods, U.S.PatentNo. 5591381A(1997).
19. F.B. Growcock and V.R. Lopp, Film Formation on Steel in CinnamaldehydeInhibitedHydrochloricAcidCorrosionVol44. 1988,p.248254.
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SUMMARYOFCORROSIONINHIBITOR ANNNACEPAPERH03166
ANeuralNetworkforPredictingCorrosionofGradeN80Downhole TubularsExposedtoStimulationFluids JuanitaM.CassidyandTerryH.McCoy
TITLE
AUTHORS
NotAvailable
SUMMARY OF PAPER
Artificialneuralnetworks(ANN)haveshownpromiseaspredictorsin many situations, including corrosion risk assessment. In this investigation, a neural network has been proposed to determine corrosion losses expected from a variety of acid stimulation environments using commercial oilfield service company corrosion inhibitors. A model has been developed that appears suitable for corrosion prediction for N80grade tubulars in inhibited HCl. The even accuracy of the network model across the data distribution suggeststhatnoareaofweaknessexistsforpredictabilityincorrosion lossesfortheconditionsstudied. Sensitivity analysis was also undertaken to determine which input variables had most affected corrosion losses. Sensitivity analysis of the data variables shows the temperature as the largest influence on the predicted corrosion losses, with HCl concentration as the next largestfactor. Practical usage of a corrosion inhibitor requires development of sufficient data from weightloss couponor electrochemical testing to cover the normal acidizing situations, but often oilfield acid job conditionsthatrequireextrapolationorinterpolationfromthatdataset will arise. In these cases, the only way to recommend an inhibitor loading is to run a corrosion test under the conditions outsideof the existingdataset.LimitationsinANNsrequirethatpredictionsthatfall closetotheclassificationboundaryresultineither(1)changestothe controllablevariablesoftheacidblend,or(2)actualcorrosiontesting. However, time considerations, material availability, or other factors may limit the possibility for testing. In those situations, an accurate ANNthatcouldpredictthepossibilityofsuccesswouldbedesirable. An ANNcouldalsohelpdetermine howmuchcorrosion inhibitorto testbeforerunninganactuallaboratorytest.
Name: HAI85MinhibitedHClwastheobjectofthisstudy PrimaryApplication:Acidcorrosioninhibition CaseHistoryLaboratoryStudy ! BackgroundResearchReview
TYPE OF CONTENT
None
1.I.S.Helliwell,M.A.Turega,andR.A.Cottis,NeuralNetworks for Corrosion Data Reduction, CORROSION/96, paper no. 379 (Houston,TX:NACEInternational,1996).
4. H. M. G. Smets, and W. F. L. Bogaerts, Neural Networks for Materials Data Analysis: Development Guidelines, Computerization and Networking of Materials Databases: Fourth Volume, ASTM STP 1257, C. P. Sturrock and E.F. Begley, Eds. (Philadelphia,PA:AmericanTestingandMaterials,1995),pp.211 223.
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SUMMARYOFDIAGNOSTICPROCESSENHANCESGAS STORAGEDELIVERABILITYSPE51039
TITLE
AUTHORS
Diagnostic Process Enhances Gas Storage DeliverabilityA Case Study Matthew E. Blauch, Ken Squire, John Guoynes, Chad Jestes, Ray Loghry, William G. F. Ford, Daniel Durey, (Halliburton) Russ Frame,JohnYater,(NaturalGasPipelineof America)
1998 SPE Eastern Regional Conference and Exhibition held in Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,November9 11.
SUMMARY OF PAPER
Thetwocasestudiespresentedwereperformedinporousmediagas storage fields. Case Study 1 was performed on a pressuredrive carbonate reservoir. Case Study 2 was performed on a waterdrive clastic reservoir. The new diagnostic process involves integrating decisionmakingprocessesandtechnologiesasfollows: 1. CandidateSelection:Someoftheguidelinesusedinclude(1) thelocationofthewellswithinareservoir,(2)theagesofthe wells, (3) evidence that the wells were previously good withdrawalwells,(4)evidenceofdamage(solidsobservedin the wellbore or on tools, positive microbial evidence, failed stimulationprocedures,etc.),and(5)wellsthatwereusedfor both injection and withdrawal. The geologic location and distributionofthewells,Injection/withdrawalzones,including Kh,arealsoimportantselectionfactors,sincetheseareintegral factorsforevaluatingskinandotherindicationsof damage. 2. Downhole Diagnostics: Once wells were selected for treatment, researchers performed downhole diagnostics to determine the cause of the wells declined deliverability performances.Thediagnosticprocessconsistsofthefollowing basicsteps:1.Examinethewellboreandformationareaswith a high resolution downhole video (DHV) system tailored for damageidentification.2.Performanonsitewelltestanalysis and extract a physical sample of the wellbore. 3. Perform laboratoryanalysesofthesamples. Case Study 1. The Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America (NGPL) operates the North Lansing gas storage field in east Texas which is considered for this study. The candidate selection process revealed a surprising diversity and mix of identified damage mechanisms. The dominant damage mechanism in several wells was calciumcarbonatescale,whileothersweredamagedbysaltbuildup. Wells with calcium carbonate or salt buildup were assigned a three step solution package, consisting of highdensity perforating,
precipitate removal with an indexing, highpressure jetting tool, and formationcleaningandskinreductionwitha straddletool.Thewells containing chemical buildup were treated with a proprietary solvent treatmentsolutionthatremovedbothproduction chemicaldamageand inorganic damage that were identified with the diagnostic process. Sincethetreatmentswerecompleted,deliverabilityhasincreasedbya potential 90 MMcf/D, exceeding the teams goal of a potential 60 MMcf/D. This increase provided an average deliverability potential increaseof3.75 MMscf/Dperwell. Case Study2.The Iowa storage field contains a waterdrive clastic structuraltrapreservoirisfieldforthisstudy.Forthisseriesofwells, the solution team was challenged to perform the following: (1) Determine a population of damaged wells. (2) Identify the primary causesofformationdamagebyapplyingthe newdiagnosticprocess. (3) Select highgrade candidate wells for deliverability enhancement within a predetermined budget. (4) Treat a population of candidate wells for each wells individually identified damage mechanism(s). (5) Evaluate posttreatment results to determine the treatments effectiveness.Theteamselected28wells(17fromMt.Simonand11 fromSt.Peter)fordamagequantificationandmechanismdiagnosis. The following types of primary damage were identified in the samples: (a) inorganic scale (carbonates, sulfates, and salt) (b) microbially induced precipitates and products (iron sulfides and hydrogensulfide)(c) organicdeposits(productionchemicalresidue, paraffin,or otherhydrocarbonbasedmaterial) The resultant treatment strategy is broken into three main treatment phases: PhaseI.Wellboresterilization Phase I fluid was formulated to target microbialrelated damage acrossandbelowthe perforatedinterval. PhaseII.Wellboresolidscleanup Phase II fluid was formulated to provide economical wellbore (casing) cleaning, a less crucial process. This fluid system incorporates a microbial treatment solution (MTS), a dilute surfactant blend, and a pHbuffering system to reduce formation damageandreprecipitation. PhaseIII.Perforationdamageremoval The following three primary perforation damage removal treatment fluids for Phase III were developed based on the diagnosticprocess: DamageRemovalFluid1:Proprietarysolvent/acidsystem DamageRemovalFluid2:Nonchlorideorganicacidblend DamageRemovalFluid3:15%experimentalsulfideremovalacid formulation The authors had treated a population of wells and monitored results from the welltreatment program. Upon completion of the treatment program, extensive posttreatment diagnosis was conducted separately.Observeddamagemechanismsaffectingfieldandwellbore scalescanbecomplexanddiverse.Asprovenbythediagnosesinthe twocasestudies,asingle,universaltreatmentsolutionislessoptimal
than specifically developed solutions basedupon diagnostic analysis atthefieldprojectlevel. However, noteverywell needstoundergo diagnostic study. Understanding of actual formation damage mechanisms affecting field wide production performance can lead to highlyeffectivetreatmentsolutions.
Name: FDPS591HydraBlast(nowPulsonix)FE1AParagon1 AlgacideGU.S.Patent5,253,719 PrimaryApplication: FormationDamageDiagnosisandRemoval
CaseHistoryLaboratoryStudy
BackgroundResearchReview TYPE OF CONTENT
FieldStudy
Nameofcompetitorandproduct:notmentioned OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHERPSLs
Pulsonix,Logging,RotarySidewallCoring,Slickline,CTOperations 1. Yeager, V.J., Blauch, M.E., Behenna, F.R. and Foh, S.E.: .Damage Mechanisms in GasStorage Wells,. paper SPE 38863 presented at the 1997 SPE Annual Technical ConferenceandExhibition, SanAntonio,Oct.58,andatthe 1998SPEGasTechnology Symposium,Calgary,Mar.1518.
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SUMMARYOFFORMICHCLPAPERSPE103978
LongTermComparativeEvaluationofHCl/FormicAcidSystemUsed ToStimulateCarbonateFormationsatSevereConditionsinSaudi Arabia.
TITLE
AUTHORS
H.A.NasrElDin,S.M.AlDriweesh,SaudiAramco,andL.Sierra,M. vanDomelen,andT.Welton,Halliburton
FirstInternationalOilConferenceandExhibitioninMexicoheldin Cancun,Mexico,31August2September2006. This paper presents the results of joint research work between Saudi Aramco and Halliburton. The high levels of carbon dioxide and low levelsofhydrogensulphidecontentofsomedeepandhightemperature gas producers contributed in the requirement to complete these wells usingsuperCr13tubings.Duetothelowpermeabilityoftheformation and the associated formation damage issues, acid fracturingtreatments wererequiredtooptimizetheproductivityofthesewells. This paper describes the selection, optimization and long term comparativeevaluationofthegelledandinsitucrosslinkedHCl/formic acid systems used in this type of wells. The high temperatures encounteredindeepwellsandthesusceptibilityofsuperCr13tosevere corrosion in high concentration HCl systems used for stimulation purposesaddedoneadditionaldifficultytotheacidstimulationprocess. As a result, the 28% HCl acids that are used in this field cannot be utilized in wells completed with super Cr13 tubulars. To overcome these problems, extensive experimental and field studies were performedtoselectanacidsystemtoenhancetheproductivityofthese wells. Fourkeyobservationsweremadebasedonrheologicaltests:(1)anin situ crosslink can be generated with an HClformic acid blend, (2) the overall temperature stability of a gelled acid can be greatly enhanced and maintained above 20 mPa.s for significantly longer periods comparedtoHClalone,(3)theinsitugelledacidobtainsasubstantially higher viscosity that can be obtained using a fluid that has HCl alone, and(4)thespentviscosityofevenlineargelscanbeimprovedbyusing HClandformicacid. Corefloodtestsperformedwith HCl/formicacidsystemsshowedtheir abilitytocreatedeepwormholes intight carbonatecoreshoweverthe corrosivenessofthese systemsatdownholeconditionscouldbesevere ifthecorrecttypeandconcentrationofcorrosioninhibitoris notused.
SUMMARY OF PAPER
In general, for the HCl/formic acid systems at downhole conditions o (275 F)itwasfoundthathighconcentrationsofcorrosioninhibitorsare requiredtoprotectthesuperCr13completions. Based on lab tests study acid stimulations were performed, the flow back fluid was recovered and analysed to observe the corrosion problems and to optimize the corrosion inhibitor. The corrosion inhibitor package maintained the integrity of the super Cr13 tubing, withnosignificantuniformorpittingcorrosion. No operational problems were encountered during mixing or pumping theacid. Gelledandinsitugelled15wt%HCl/9wt%formicacidsystemswere used successfully to acid fracture eleven vertical wells in deep gas reservoirs. In all the cases the wells responded very well to the acid stimulationandthecompletion integritywasnotcompromisedinashort or long term. Substantial increases in gas production and flowing wellheadpressureswereobtained. The paper also shows for the first time a comparative long term well responsetotheacidstimulationofthetwoacidsystemsusedinthearea, showing the better performance of the insitu crosslinked HCl/formic systemoverthegelledHCl/formicsystem.
HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER Name andPrimaryApplication:ZCApreparedwithHCL/FormicAcidSystem
CaseHistoryLaboratoryStudy ! BackgroundResearchReview
TYPE OF CONTENT
None 1. Welton,T.D.andvanDomelen,M.S.:HighviscosityYield AcidSystemsforHightemperatureStimulation,paperSPE 98236presentedatthe2006SPEFormationDamageControl ConferenceheldinLafayette,LA,1517Feb. 2. NasrElDin,H.A.,AlKhuraidah,A.S.,Kritzler,T.Cassidy,J.: RecentDevelopmentsinHighTemperatureAcidizingwith Super13CrCompletions:LaboratoryTesting,paperSPE78557 presentedatthe 2002AbuDhabiInternationalPetroleum ExhibitionandConference,AbuDhabi,UnitedArabEmirates, Oct.1316. 3. NasrElDin,H.A.,Driweesh,S.M.Muntasheri,G.A.:Field ApplicationofHClFormicAcidSystemtoAcidFractureDeep GasWellsCompletedwithSuperCr13TubinginSaudi Arabia,paperSPE84925presentedatthe2003International
ImprovedOilRecoveryConferenceinAsiaPacific,Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia,Oct.2021.
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SUMMARYOFFORMICHCl PAPERSPE78557 \
TITLE
RecentDevelopmentsinHightemperatureAcidizingwithSuper13Cr Completions:LaboratoryTesting
AUTHORS
H.A.NasrElDin,A.S.AlKhuraidah,(SaudiAramco),T.Kritzler,J. Cassidy(Halliburton)
th 10 AbuDhabiInternationalPetroleum Exhibition andConference,13 16October2002.
SUMMARY OF PAPER
This paper presents the results of joint research work between Saudi Aramco and Halliburton. The new gas reservoirs in Saudi Arabia presentedchallengingconditionssuchastemperaturesupto275 F,H2S contentsupto10mol%andCO2 contentshigherthan2mol%.Previous completions utilized regular lowcarbon steel (L80 and C95) metallurgy.Duetothenatureofthereservoirconditions,thesetypesof completionhardwarecouldnotbeappliedin areaswhereH2Scontentis verylowandCO2 ishigh.Super13Crcompletionshavebeenprovento be reliable in these environments. However, Super 13Cr completions cannottoleratethehighacidconcentrations(28wt%HClAcid)thatare neededtoacidfracturethetightcarbonateformationsavailableinSaudi Arabia. Thispaperdiscusseshowtheaforementionedproblemwasovercomeby developing an acid blend using 15 wt% HCl and 9 wt% formic acid. Initial laboratory tests showed high corrosion rates for the Super13Cr couponswhenthisacidformulationwasapplied.Itispossibletoinhibit 15wt%HCl/9wt%formicacideffectivelyupto250 Fforthreehours. However, the inhibitor intensifier concentration is high level at 150 lbs/Mgal. Temperature simulationswere performed to furtheroptimize the inhibitor package. Lowering the temperature range had a dramatic effect on the intensifier loading. Therefore it was suggested to run a tapered system using a higher intensifier loading at the beginning comparedtotheendofthetreatment.Itisagoodpracticetotailorthe inhibitor package to adjust for cooldown of the completion when performinghighratestimulationtreatments. During the testing of several coupons, a difference in pitting patterns under the same conditions for different coupons was noted. This difference was explained due to different composition of the coupons, i.e. different percentage of molybdenum, which was varying between 1.5 and 2.5 wt%. It was shown that with higher molybdenum
concentration higher corrosion rates were observed. Hence, the percentage of molybdenum is critical to obtain effective protection of the completion. It is also mentioned that Potassium Iodide is the recommendedinhibitorintensifierforSCR13completions. Compatibility of various additives was conducted and corrosion tests were performed at bottomhole conditions. As a conclusion, a new corrosionpackagewasdevelopedforSuper13Crtubing.Thispackage iscompatiblewithreservoirfluidsandotheracidadditives.Inaddition, itproducesacceptablecorrosionrateswithnopitting. Thispapershowsthatitisnotonlynecessarytouseasoundengineering approachtowellcompletiondesign,butalsothatitisnecessarytotake all other contributing factors into account, such as the stimulation methodtobeusedaftercompletingthewell.
HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER Name:HII124B PrimaryApplication:CorrosionInhibitorIntensifier
TYPE OF CONTENT
CaseHistory BackgroundResearch
FieldStudy
Nameofcompetitorandproduct: Notmentioned
CoiledTubing 3.Rahim,Z.andAlQahtani,M.Y.:SelectingPerforationIntervals andStimulationTechniqueintheKhuffReservoirforImprovedand EconomicGasRecovery,PaperSPE68216presentedat2001SPE MiddleEastOilShowheldinBahrain,1720March. 21.DoCarmoMarques,L.C.andMainer,F.B.:CorrosionProblems AssociatedwiththeuseofCopperBasedCorrosionInhibitorIntensifier inAcidStimulationTreatments,paperSPE23634presentedatthe 1992LatinAmericanPetroleumEngineeringConferenceheldin Caracas,Venezuela,811March. 22.Keeney,B.R.andJohnson,Jr.,J.W.:InhibitedTreatingAcid, U.S.PatentNumber3,773,465,1973. 23.Keeney,B.R.:AcidCorrosionInhibitionUsingMetalHalide OrganoInhibitorSystems,MaterialsPerformance,12(September, 1973)1315. 26.LynnJ.D.andNasrElDin,H.A.:ACorebasedComparisonofthe ReactionCharacteristicsofEmulsifiedandInsituGelledAcidsinLow Permeability,HighTemperature,GasBearingCarbonates,paperSPE
65386presentedatthe2001SPEInternationalSymposiumonOilfield ChemistryheldinHouston,TX,1316February.
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SUMMARYOFGUIDONAGSMEXICOPAPER
ANewMethodforAcidStimulation WithoutIncreasingWater Production:CaseStudiesfromOffshore Mexico GabrielHernandezReza,PemexEduardoSoriano,LarryEoffand DwyannDalrymple,Halliburton Paper SPE 103771 with minor updates by the same authors, presented at the 2006 SPE International Oil Conference and ExhibitioninCancun,Mexico,August31September1,2006. Successful acid stimulation requires a method to distribute the acid betweenmultiplehydrocarbonzones.Sincealmostallproducingwells are inhomogeneous, containing sections of varyingpermeability,this canbeahugeproblem.Inaddition,thewatersaturationofthevarious zones plays an important role. Since acid is an aqueous fluid, it will tend to predominantly enter the zones with the highest water saturation.These water zones are also often the highest permeability zones,soacidstimulationwilloftenresultinlargeincreasesinwater production. This paper describes the use of a new low viscosity system that inherently reduces formation permeability to water with little effect on hydrocarbon permeability, and alsodiverts acid from highpermeabilityzonestolowerpermeabilityzones.Thetreatmentis referred to as relative permeability modifier (RPM),disproportionate permeability modifier or bullhead treatment. Hydrophobically modified water soluble polymers are used for the treatment. Rather than reaching a plateau in adsorption, as is common for hydrophilic polymers, hydrophobicallymodified polymers appear to produce a continuedgrowthinadsorptionwithincreasedpolymerconcentration. This is attributed to associative adsorption of polymer chains on previously adsorbed layers of polymers. Hence, this technology is referredtoasassociativepolymer(AP)diverter. In the laboratory, parallel core testing was used polymer and acid werebullheadedintobothawatersaturatedcoreandanoilsaturated coresimultaneously.LaboratorytestshaveshownthattheAPdiverter can divert acid from predominantly watersaturated zones to predominantly oilsaturated zones in both sandstone and carbonate lithology. In both sandstone and carbonate, it provided permanent waterpermeabilityreduction. ThisnewsystemhasbeenusedinoffshoreMexicointheChuc,Caan, andPolfieldsamongothersoverthepastyear.Duringthistime,over 30 wells have been treated with the new system. Most standard acid treatments in this field result in increased hydrocarbon and water production. The new system has resulted in increased hydrocarbon productionwithnoincreaseinwaterproduction,andinsomecasesa
TITLE
SUMMARY OF PAPER
decrease in water production. Details from several of these jobs are presentedwhich showthediversionandproductionresults.
HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER Name:GuidonAGS PrimaryApplication:Acid diversion
CaseHistory
TYPE OF CONTENT
LaboratoryStudy
BackgroundResearch Review Comparisontocompetitorproduct

ConformanceControl 1.Eoff, L. et al.: Development of a Hydrophobically Modified WaterSoluble Polymer as a Selective Bullhead System for WaterProductionProblems,SPE80206
2.Eoff, L. et al.: Development of Associative Polymer Technology for Acid Diversion in Sandstone and Carbonate Lithology,SPE89413 3.Zaitoun,A.,Kohler,N.:ImprovedPolyacrylamideTreatmentsfor WaterControlinProducingWells,paperSPE18501
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SUMMARYOFGUIDONAGSPAPER103771
TITLE
ANewMethodforAcidStimulationwithoutIncreasingWater Production:CaseStudiesfromOffshoreMexico GabrielHernandezReza,PemexEduardoSoriano,LarryEoff, DwyannDalrymple,Halliburton
AUTHORS
FirstInternationalOilConferenceandExhibitioninMexicoheldin Cancun,Mexico,31August2September2006 Successful acid stimulation requires a method to distribute the acid betweenmultiplehydrocarbonzones.Sincealmostallproducingwells are inhomogeneous, containing sections of varyingpermeability,this canbeahugeproblem.Inaddition,thewatersaturationofthevarious zones plays an important role. Since acid is an aqueous fluid, it will tend to predominantly enter the zones with the highest water saturation.These water zones are also often the highest permeability zones,soacidstimulationwilloftenresultinlargeincreasesinwater production. This paper describes the use of a new low viscosity system that inherently reduces formation permeability to water with little effect on hydrocarbon permeability, and alsodiverts acid from highpermeabilityzonestolowerpermeabilityzones.Thetreatmentis referred to as relative permeability modifier (RPM),disproportionate permeability modifier or bullhead treatment. Hydrophobically modified water soluble polymers are used for the treatment. Rather than reaching a plateau in adsorption, as is common for hydrophilic polymers, hydrophobically modified polymers appears to produce a continuedgrowthinadsorptionwithincreasedpolymerconcentration. This is attributed to associative adsorption of polymer chains on previously adsorbed layers of polymers. Hence, this technology is referredtoasassociativepolymer(AP)diverter. In the laboratory, parallel core testing was used polymer and acid werebullheadedintobothawatersaturatedcoreandanoilsaturated coresimultaneously.LaboratorytestshaveshownthattheAPdiverter can divert acid from predominantly watersaturated zones to predominantly oilsaturated zones in both sandstone and carbonate lithology. In both sandstone and carbonate, it provided permanent waterpermeabilityreduction. ThisnewsystemhasbeenusedinoffshoreMexicointheChuc,Caan, andPolfieldsamongothersoverthepastyear.Duringthistime,over 30 wells have been treated with the new system. Most standard acid treatments in this field result in increased hydrocarbon and water production. The new system has resulted in increased hydrocarbon
SUMMARY OF PAPER
productionwithnoincreaseinwaterproduction,andinsomecasesa decrease in water production. Details from several of these jobs are presentedwhich showthediversionandproductionresults.
HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER Name:GuidonAGS PrimaryApplication:Aciddiversion
TYPE OF CONTENT
CaseHistory LaboratoryStudy BackgroundResearch Review Comparisontocompetitorproduct FieldData

ConformanceControl 1.Zaitoun,A.,Kohler,N.:ImprovedPolyacrylamideTreatmentsfor WaterControlinProducingWells,paperSPE18501 2. Eoff, L. et al.: Development of a Hydrophobically Modified WaterSoluble Polymer as a Selective Bullhead System for Water ProductionProblems,paperSPE80206 3.Eoff,L.etal.:DevelopmentofAssociativePolymerTechnology forAcidDiversioninSandstoneandCarbonateLithology,paperSPE 89413
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SUMMARY OFGUIDONAGSPAPER106951
Simultaneous Acid Diversion and Water Control in Carbonate Reservoirs:ACaseHistoryfromSaudiArabia AliA.AlTaq,HishamA.NaserElDin,JimmyK.Beresky,Khalid M.Naimi,SaudiAramcoandLeopoldoSeirra,LarryEoff, Halliburton SPEEuropec/EAGEannualconferenceandexhibitionheldin London,UnitedKingdom,1114June2007
TITLE
AUTHORS
SUMMARY OF PAPER
Aciddiversionandwatercontrolareusuallyaddressedastwoseparate issues. Associative polymers can be used to simultaneously achieve effective diversion and water control during a single treatment. Objectives of the study presented in this paper are to (1) assess the effectivenessofassociativepolymersinreducingbrinepermeabilityin carbonatecores,(2)designapolymerbasedtreatmenttocontrolwater and divert acid in matrix treatment and (3) evaluate the use of this type of polymers based on field application. A polymer based treatmentwasappliedinanoffshore,perforatedverticalwellwithtwo setsofperforationsinacarbonatereservoirinSaudiArabia.Theacid treatment was needed to restore the productivity of the upper set of perforations and reduce water production from the lower set of perforations. The solution properties of both ionic and nonionic water soluble polymers are uniquely modified when hydrophobic groups are introducedintothepolymerchains.Theprimaryfactorresponsiblefor this property modification is the associative tendency between the hydrophobicgroupswhenplacedinaqueousmedia.Theviscosityofa polyelectrolyte solution decreases with added salt because of the screeningofthechargesonthepolymerchainbythecomponentions ofthesalt.Forhydrophobicallymodifiedpolymers,thereductionin viscositycaused by chargedscreening is more than compensated for by the increased intermolecular interactions among the hydrophobic groupsduetothepresenceofsalt.Thus,theyfinduseasviscosifiers forbrinessuchasthoseusedindrillingfluids. Experimental studieswerecarriedouttoinvestigatethepotentialuse of associative polymers to control water mobility and act as an acid diverter.Corefloodexperimentswereconductedonreservoircoresat downholeconditions(temperatureof200Fandpressureof3,500psi). 15 wt% HCl was used for the studies. A polyacrylamide modified with C18 acrylate as hydrophobe was used in the study. Both single
coreflowmodelandparallelcoreflowmodelwereusedforlaboratory studies.Extensivelabtestingshowedthatassociativepolymershadno significant effect on the relative permeability to oil. However, the relativepermeabilitytowaterwassignificantlyreduced. Besidesthelaboratoryresults,thispaperpresentsacasehistorywhere anassociativepolymerwasappliedduringmatrixacidtreatmentofa damaged well. The treatment included stages of associative polymer solutions and 20 wt% HCl with additives. Post stimulationtreatment production data showed that oil rate increased by 11fold whereas water rate decreased by 3fold resulting in a reduction in water cut from 75 to 14 vol%. Production Logging Tool (PLT) test confirms thattheassociativepolymerwasveryeffectiveindivertingtheacidto theoil zone. The PLT showedthat the upper setofperforations was producing most of the fluid, which further confirmed that the associativepolymerwaseffectiveinreducingtherelativepermeability to water. A build up analysis showed that the skin value decreased from+17.9 to 4.19after the treatment indicating that the results of theacidtreatmentdidremoveskindamage,withoutincreasingwater production.Anopenholelogofawellincarbonateformationisalso presentedinthepaper.
HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER Name:GuidonAGS PrimaryApplication:InCarbonateReservoirs
CaseHistory
TYPE OF CONTENT
LaboratoryStudy

ConformanceControl,BaroidFluidServices 1. Eoff, L, Dalrymple, D and Reddy, B.R. Development of AssociativePolymerTechnologyforAcidDiversioninSandstoneand CarbonateLithologySPEPF20(3)(2005)250256. 2. McCormick, C.L., Bock, J., and Schulz, D.N.:Encyclopedia Polymer Science and Engineering, second edition, Mark, H.F., Bikales, N.M., Oveberger, C.G., and Menges, G.T. (ed.) Wiley interscience:NewYork 17 (1989)730. 3. Hydrophilic polymers: Performance with Environmental Acceptance, Glass, J.E. (ed.) Advances in chemistry series 248, AmericanChemicalSociety:Washington,DC(1996). 4.Eoff,L.,Dalrymple,D.,Reddy,B.R.,Morgan,J.andFarmpton,H.: DevelopmentofaHydrophobicallyModifiedWatersolublePolymer asSelectiveBullheadSystemforWaterProductionProblems,paper
SPE80206.
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SUMMARYOFGUIDONPAPERSPE89413
DevelopmentofAssociativePolymerTechnologyforAcidDiversion inSandstoneandCarbonateLithology LarryEoff,DwyannDalrymple,B.R.Reddy
TITLE
2004SPE/DOEFourteenthSymposiumon ImprovedOilRecovery heldinTulsa,Oklahoma,U.S.A.,1721April2004. Thispaperdescribestheuseofassociativepolymertechnology(APT) to achieve fluid diversion during an acid stimulation treatment. APT involvestheuseofaverylowviscosityaqueouspolymersolution.It reacts immediatelywiththe formationsurfacetosignificantlyreduce theabilityof subsequentaqueousfluidstoflowintohighpermeability portionsoftherock.ThefirststagecontainingtheAPTpredominately willenter the most permeable area, divertingfollowing acid stage(s) tolesspermeablesectionsoftherock.APThas littleornoeffecton theflowofsubsequenthydrocarbonproduction. Thispaperincludesa general description of associating polymers and their properties, as well as a detailed description of the laboratory development of the currentsystem.LaboratorydatashowingtheabilityofAPTtoreduce the ability of aqueous fluids to flow through porous media is presented.Parallelflowstudiesusingwatersaturatedandoilsaturated coresarepresentedthatshowtheabilityofAPTtodivertacidinboth sandstone and carbonate cores. These tests also show the ability of APTtodecreasewaterpermeabilityinthewatersaturatedcorewhile thedivertedacidincreasesthepermeabilityoftheoilsaturatedcore. This paper discusses the initial project wherein the goal was the development of a polymer which wouldprovidea minimumof 80% reductioninbrinepermeability,withamaximumof50%reductionin oil permeability. Several hydrophobicallymodified water soluble polymers were investigated. Polyacrylamide modified with C18 hydrophobe groups did improve the level of brine permeability reduction. However,thetarget goalof80%minimumreductionhad not been met. The hydrophobic modification also appeared to be increasing the temperature stability of the base polymer (polyacrylamide)atthescreeningtemperatureof175F. AhydrophobicmodificationofPolydimethylaminoethylmethacrylate by introducing C16 hydrophobe could achieve the targeted 80% reduction in permeability to brine with little or no damage to the effective permeability to oil. In addition, no decline inthe effective brine permeability reduction has been seen with continued flow
SUMMARY OF PAPER
throughthecoresforsixmonths,at210F. Thispolymerwaschosen forfielddevelopment. Four acid diversion jobs have been pumped with APT till date. For threeofthem,productionresultsarenotavailable.Butforallofthem, the pressure response indicate that each stage of the acid behind the APTstagewasbeingdivertedtolesspermeablezones.Inthefourth job for which production data is available, a 34% increase in oil production and 3% decrease in water cut (from 21% to 17%) were achievedafterthejob. In sandstone, APT can provide acid diversion and permanent water permeability reduction. In carbonate, it can provide acid diversion. Further work is needed to determine whether permanent water permeability reductionwillbeseen.
HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER Name:ThetermAssociativePolymerTechnology(APT)isused PrimaryApplication:Aciddiversion.
TYPE OF CONTENT
CaseHistory LaboratoryStudy BackgroundResearch Review Comparisontocompetitorproduct

ConformanceControl,DrillingFluids 1.Zaitoun,A.,Kohler,N.:ImprovedPolyacrylamideTreatmentsfor WaterControlinProducingWells,paperSPE18501 2. Eoff, L. et al.: Development of a Hydrophobically Modified WaterSoluble Polymer as a Selective Bullhead System for Water ProductionProblems,paperSPE 80206 3. Taylor, K.C. and NasrElDin, H.A.J.: WaterSoluble HydrophobicallyAssociatingPolymersforImprovedOilRecovery:A Literature Review, J. Petro. Sci. Eng. (1998) 19, 289. Paper SPE 29008 4. AudibertHayet, A. et al.: Novel Hydrophobically Modified NaturalPolymersforNondamagingFluids, paperSPE56965 5. Volpert, E. et al.: Adsorption of Hydrophobically Associating PolyacrylamidesonClay.Langmuir(1998) 14,1870. 6.Dalrymple,E.D.etal.:StudiesofaRelativePermeabilityModifier TreatmentPerformedUsing MultitapFlowCells,paperSPE59346
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SUMMARYOFGUIDONAGSPAPERSPE109714
EffectiveAcidDiversionandWaterControlin CarbonateReservoirs UsinganAssociativePolymerTreatment:CaseHistoriesFromSaudi Arabia AliA.Altaq,HishamA.NasrElDin,RidhaA.Lajami,Saudi AramcoandLeopoldoSierra,Halliburton Presentedin2007SPEAnnualTechnicalConferenceandExhibition heldinAnaheim,California,U.S.A.,1114November,2007.

Acid diversion and water control are usually addressed as two separate issues in the oil industry. An associative polymer can be used to simultaneously address these two issues in a single treatment. Associative polymertreatmentsweresuccessfullyappliedduringmatrixacidstimulation in onshore and offshore oil carbonate reservoirs in Saudi Arabia. The oil producers were completed as perforated and openhole wells. The associativepolymerwasappliedincombinationwithacidtreatmentsmainly to: 1) mitigate the preferential stimulation of water saturated zones located near oil producer layers, 2) improve acid diversion in heterogeneous carbonatereservoirs,and3)restoretheproductivityofthedamagedwells. Extensive studies were carried out to investigate potential use of an associative polymer to control water mobility and act as an acid diverter. Coreflood experiments (Parallel cores) conducted on reservoir cores at downhole conditions showed that the polymer treatment has no significant effectontherelativepermeabilitytooil.However,therelativepermeability towaterwassignificantlyreduced.Inaddition,theassociativepolymerwas veryeffectiveindivertingacidintooilsaturatedcores. This paper presents the results obtained from several wells where an associativepolymer was appliedsuccessfully during matrixacidtreatments ofdamagedwells.Associativepolymersaremacromoleculeswithattractive groups, some of which possess hydrophobic moiety. The rheological propertiesoftheassociativepolymersareinfluencedbythehydrophobetype and content, molecular weight, degree of hydrolysis, temperature and presence of surfactant. The polymer used in this study was an acrylate polymermodifiedwithaC16hydrophobe. Threecases,referredtoasWells A, B and C are studied. Wells A and C have a primarily calcite reservoir while Well B has a mixed calcite and dolomite reservoir. Reservoir temperaturesofWellsA,BandCwere144,225and200Frespectively.All thetreatmentsincludedstagesofassociativepolymersolutionsand20wt% HCl with additives. Post stimulation treatments production data, buildup, downhole gauges and production logging confirmed that the associative polymerwasveryeffectiveindivertingtheacidintooilsaturatedzonesand resultedinasignificantreductioninwaterproduction.
SUMMARY OF PAPER
Name: GuidonAGS PrimaryApplication:Aciddiversion
CaseHistory
TYPE OF CONTENT
LaboratoryStudy

Nameofcompetitorandproduct:Notspecified.
ConformanceControl 1. NasrElDin, H.A., AlHabib, N.S., AlMumen, A.A., Jemmali, M. and Samuel M.: A New Effective Stimulation Treatment for Long Horizontal Wells Drilled in Carbonate Reservoirs, SPEPO, 21(3)(2006)330338. 2. AlTaq, A.A., NaserElDin, H.A., Beresky, J.K., Naimi, K.M., Sirra, L. and Eoff, L.: Simultaneous Acid Diversion and Water ControlinCarbonateReservoirs:ACaseHistoryfromSaudiArabia, paper SPE 106951 presented at the 2007 SPE EUROPEC/EAGEA AnnualConferenceandExhibition,London,UK,1114June. 3. Reza, G.H., Oriano, E., Eoff, L. and Dalrymple, D.: A New Method for Acid Stimulation without Increasing Water Production: CaseStudiesFromOffshoreMexico,paperSPE103771presentedat the 2006 International Oil Conference and Exhibition in Mexico, Cancun,Mexico,31August2September. 4. Eoff,L., Dalrymple, D. and Reddy, B.R.: Development of Associative polymer Technology for Acid Diversion in Sandstone andCarbonateLithology,SPEPF 20(3)(2005)250256.
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SUMMARYOFGUIDONAGSARTICLE
Smartacidsystemreduceswater DwyannDalrymple,LarryEoff andMattBlauch. E&P,July2005 Copyright:HartEnergyPublishing,4545PostOakPlace,Ste.210, Houston,TX77027USA(713)9939320,Fax(713)8408585 This article describes the prospects of Associative Polymer Technology(APT)inaciddiversion.APTisappliedpriortoanacid treatment and it uses the relative permeability modifier (RPM) technologyto divert treating acid away from water producing zones. Unlike many other available acid diversion techniques, APT has the specialfeaturetoreducethewaterproductionafteranacidtreatment. APT uses a hydrophobically modified water soluble polymer for selective permeabilityreduction of the water zone. It has little effect onrelativepermeabilitytooilandgas.APTcanbeusedregardless of lithology and with almost any acid treatment. It is placed in alternatingstagesthroughoutthetreatment. APTcanprovidehighly effectiveaciddiversionwithoutgellingorsubsequentsettingup.The technology is simple to use requiring no zonal isolation, no catalyst and no special placement technique. Due to fast reaction with the rock,nosetinperiodisrequired.Thetreatingpolymerconcentration is determined based on the application temperature. APT is successfully used up to 350 F (176 C). In laboratory tests on two sandstonecores,oneoilsaturated,andtheotherwatersaturated,acid increased the permeability to both oil and water.When the acid was preceded byAPT agent, permeability to oil increased significantly butpermeabilitytowaterwascutby96%. TheAPTsystemhasbeen appliedsuccessfullyinlandbasedwellsintheUnitedStates,Mexico, VenezuelaandAngola.Todate,thesystemhasbeenpumpedinmore than 40 acidizing treatments. In a typical well in Mexico, oil production was increased by 34% and water cut was reduced from 21%to17%. APThelpsincostsavingbyreducingproducedwater as well as having less impact on the environment. It canbe a major contributortorevitalizeactivitiesinmaturereservoirs. Name: ThetermAssociativePolymerTechnology(APT)isused. PrimaryApplication:Aciddiversion
SUMMARY OF PAPER
HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER TYPE OF CONTENT
CaseHistory LaboratoryStudy BackgroundResearch Review
Nameofcompetitorandproduct:Notspecified. OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHERPSLs IMPORTANT REFERENCES
ConformanceControl Nil
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SummaryofPowerSafeDPaperSPE81732
TITLE
DamageRemovalinScreenedHorizontalWells
AUTHORS
D. J. McCulloch, J. Mann (Halliburton) P. Macmillan, S. Ali (ChevronTexaco)
SPE/ICoTACoiledTubingConference, Houston,Texas,U.S.A., 89April2003.
SUMMARY OF PAPER
This paper describes a common damage mechanism in screened and gravelpackedcompletionsinhorizontalwellsandtheremedialcleanup procedures developed. Horizontal wells do not normally require stimulation for primary reasons as it is often necessary to cleanup the DrillInFluid(DIF)filtercake.ThispaperdealswiththeAlbafieldthat islocatedinblock16/26oftheUKsectorofnorthsea.Itwasexpected that drilling in the reservoir section would be through reactive shales and unconsolidated sand, thus three high priority requirements were perceived to be: shale inhibition and borehole stability while drilling and sand exclusion while producing. Sometime later when production started,analysisofrecoveredsandindicatedthataveragesandsizewas approximately 110 microns, suggesting that there has been mechanical failureofthescreens. Priortotheremedialtreatmentandinordertoensurethefutureintegrity ofthewellthedamagedsectionofscreenswasrepairedusingastraddle system. A placement technique was developed which included a Coil Tubing,ControlledInjectionTechnique(CIT)incombinationwith a True Fluidic Oscillator (TFO) to aid in placing a modified Proprietory ScaleandDIFfiltercakeSolvent(PSDS)fluidbehindthescreenintothe gravel packed annulus. Field trials of various types of CT jetting tools wereundertakentodeterminethemostefficientmeansofmovingfluid throughascreenintoagravelpack.ThispaperelaboratesonthePSDS fluid testing procedures and the type of fluids used. Five tests were performed during the course of this evaluation using different PSDS formulations and the results are illustrated. Thus, the placement technique is supported with surface testing results of two standard jettingtoolsversusaTrueFluidicOscillator(TFO)fortheplacementof the stimulation fluid. This PSDS fluid was specifically modified to improve the effectiveness of removing filtercakes layed down with a drill solids laden DIF mud sample from the field. The presence of formationdrilledsolids,resultsinamuchmoretenuousfiltercakethan one created with a clean DIF. Field results show that after the initial
wellcleanup,PSDStreatmenthadimprovedtheproductivityby62%if the inflow length is normalized to account for the effect of reduced inflowduetothepackersection.Fieldtestsalsoindicatedanimproved movementoffluidsbehindascreenedpipewiththeTFOtoolcompared to the conventional jetting tools. Installation of a completion straddle effectivelyrepairedanerodedsectionofscreen.Ithasalsobeenfound that increasing the strength of PSDS type solvents can increase their effectiveness in cleaning up calcium carbonates based DIF filtercakes, but not as effectively as direct contact with fluid. Mutual solvent increased the effectiveness of PSDS solvent fluids in an oil saturated gravelpack.Hence,acombinationoflaboratoryevaluation,fieldtesting and engineering developments have lead to an effective process for cleaning up calcium carbonate filtercake damage in horizontal gravel packedwellsthathasglobalapplications.
HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER Name:PowerSafeD,Pulsonix PrimaryApplication: Wellborecleanout
CaseHistory
LaboratoryStudy
FieldStudy
CoiledTubing,SandControl Fredd, C.N. and Fogler, H.S.: Chelating Agents as Effective MatrixStimulationFluidsforCarbonateFormation,paperSPE 37212,1997. 2) Burton,R.C.,Hodge,R.M.,Wattie,I.,andTomkinson,J.:Field TestofaNovelDrillInFluidCleanUpTechnique,paperSPE 58740,2000. 3) Murray G., Brookley J., Ali S., Davidson E., MacMillan N., RobertsJ.DevelopmentoftheAlbaFieldPart1 SPE73726. 4) Murray G., Morton K., Blattel S., DavidsonE., MacMillan N., RobertsJ.DevelopmentoftheAlbaFieldPart2SPE73727.
1)
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SUMMARYOFPOWERSAFEDPAPERSPE104119
Openholecleanupofdeep,hightemperaturehorizontalwellswitha chelantbasedacidsystemcasehistoriesfromIndonesia Kunto Wibisono, Robert C. Burton, Richard M. Hodge, (ConocoPhillips) Rio Wijaya, Bastiaan Nieuwland and Juanita Cassidy Presentedatthe2006SPEinternationalOilandGasConferenceand Exhibition,Beijing,China,December57. This paper covers work performed in the Belanak field offshore Indonesia. Belanak wells which are drilled in the Gabus Massive reservoirhaveabottomholestatictemperatureof315F(157C).The wells are typically long horizontals (23003400ft) with openhole completions utilizing standalone screens through the producing interval. The reservoir section is drilled with a waterbased Drillin Fluid(DIF)consistingofpolymerandCaCO3 particlesanddisplaced to a solidsfree, DIF prior to running the screens. Typically, acid is used to degrade waterbased DIF filtercake and remove CaCO3 contained in the filtercake. The use of a common acid was not an optionforthisdevelopmentbecauseofthehighreservoirtemperature (>300 F). The combination of high reservoir temperature and long shutintimesafteracidtreatmentleadtoahighprobabilityofsevere corrosion of the sand control screens. In addition to the corrosion concernswithcommonacids,therapidremovalofthefiltercakewith acidcouldcreatelocalized,highleakoffofthetreatingfluidresulting in an uneven distribution of acid across the horizontal openhole section. To overcome these problems, a slow reacting alternative chemical solution was required allowing the stimulation fluid to be placed across the entire horizontal openhole section before the CaCO3 filtercake was dissolved and before major losses started to occur. The solution was found in the application of a Chelant Based AcidSystem.ThispaperdetailstheapplicationsoftheChelantBased AcidSystemasameanstoremoveCaCO3 filtercakesin10Belanak wells, post treatment well performance, best practices, and lessons learned.A slowreacting chelant based acid system, EDTA(Ethylene Diamine Tetraacetic Acid), has proven to be effective for openhole cleanout of high temperature sandstone reservoir drilled with water basedDIFusingCaCO3 bridgingparticles.Specialpolymerdegrader inEDTAsolutionisnotrequiredforwellswith315FBHT.Aslong asthetreatmentfluidpHishigherthan7andthewellisnotinsevere fluidlossproblem,theEDTAtreatmentdoesnotcauseafluidlossto thewell.AnEDTAtreatmentvolumeof136bblper1000ftof81/2
TITLE
SUMMARY OF PAPER
openhole length showed the best results for openhole cleanout effectiveness.SpentEDTAcanbeleft inanopenholehorizontalfor extended length of time up to 114 days without any evidence of plugging due to precipitation or from secondary reaction versus the laboratorytestof96hourssoakingtime.
HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER Name:PSDS(PowerSafeDScale) PrimaryApplication:RemovalofDIFfiltercakeonopenholeface
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TYPE OF CONTENT
CaseHistoryLaboratoryStudy ! BackgroundResearchReview
DrillingFluids 4. R.C.Burton,R.M.Hodge,I.WattieandJ.TomkinsonField TestofNovelDrillInFluidCleanUpTechnique,SPE70757 presentedattheSPEEropeanFormationDamageConference heldinTheHague,TheNetherlands,2122May2001 8. D.J.McCulloch,J.Mann,P.MacmillanandS.Ali:Damage RemovalinScreenedHorizontalWells,SPE81732presented attheSPE/ICoTACoiledTubingConferenceheldinHouston, Texas,USAon89April2003.
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SUMMARYOFPULSONIXPAPERSPE89653
Screen and NearWellbore Cleaning and Stimulation Tools Evaluation:RecentExperienceinWellOperation AzizHarthy,PetroleumDevelopmentOmanRamziAbdulkadir, HalliburtonIqbalSipra,JanSaebyandAvadhutRaiturkar,Petroleum DevelopmentOmanMichaelBailey,JimVenditto,Halliburton SPE/ICoTACoiledTubingConferenceandExhibition,Houston, Texas,U.S.A.,2324March2004. InSouthernOman,oilproducingwellsarecompletedwithwirewrap screens, internal gravel packs and predrilled liners. These wells produce from mature clastic formations where fines migration and subsequentblockageofscreenscanresultinimpairedoilproduction. Conventionaltreatmentusecoiledtubingandajettingtooltoremove this damage. The gains resulting from these intervention activities were often short lived. This lack of longevity required frequent well interventionandoildeferment,oftenresultinginalossofrevenue. This paperdescribes the results of a systematic approachto evaluate the wellbore cleaning and stimulations tools that are currently availableintheindustry.Threecleanouttoolsviz.RotationCavitation Tool,PiezoElectricSonicTool,andPulseJettingToolwereusedfor implementingthisapproachasatrialinoilproducingwells. Excellentsuccesswasachievedwithapulsejettingtooloperatingon thePrincipleofCoandaeffecttocreatepulsatingpressureandremove perforation tunnel damage, scales, formation fines, mud and cement damage,drillingdamage,andwaterandgasblocks.Theeffectofthe cleanout procedure is presented in terms of initial production and sustainmentofproductionlevel. This paper also outlines the importance of using proper cleaning and/or stimulation fluid. To help avoid clayswelling problems, specialemphasisisplacedonthebrinefluidsaltconcentration. Inconclusion,thepulsejettingtoolcoupledwithproperlyengineered stimulation design has proven to be a very successful and economic wellborecleanoutandstimulationtoolinOman.Theversatilityofthe tool enables it to be deployed for use with coiled tubing or regular workover strings. Many fluids, including nitrogen, can be pumped through the tool. This versatility is important because most of the wells are subhydrostatic and require the use of nitrified fluid to maintaincirculationincasecleanoutandwellliftingoperationsoccur immediatelyaftersandstoneacidstimulation. Name: Pulsonix PrimaryApplication: Nearwellborestimulation.
TITLE
SUMMARY OF PAPER
USEDINPAPER
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TYPE OF CONTENT
Comparisontocompetitorproduct Nameofcompetitorandproduct:n/a OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHERPSLs
CoiledTubing,SandControl,WellIntervention 1. E.Stevenson,A.Raiturkar,K.AlHarthy,R.Abdulkadir,M. Buijse:StructuredApproachtoMatrixStimulationProves SuccessfulinOman,paperSPE82261presentedatEuropean FormationDamageConferenceheldinTheHague, Netherlands,1314May2003. 2. Nitters,G.,Roodhart,L.Jongma,H.,Yeager,V.,Buijse,M., Fulton,D.,Dahl,J.,Jantz,E.,:StructuredApproachto AdvancedCandidateSelectionandTreatmentDesignof StimulationTreatments,paperSPE63179,presentedatthe 2000AnnualSPETech.Conf.,Dallas,TX,Oct.14.
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SUMMARYOFPULSONIXSS2000 PAPERSPE93071
OptimizedStimulationTreatmentsinStraddledCompletions M.I.Willemse,O.Mostafa,M.ElAshry,I.Abdallah,andA.A. Sattar,BapetcoA.Waheed,andB.Conrad,Halliburton

th 14 SPEMiddleEastOil&GasShowandConferenceheldinBahrin InternationalExhibitionCentre,Bahrin,1215March2005.
SUMMARY OF PAPER
Hundreds of wells have been completed by completing a producing zone(s) behind straddle packers. It is not a problem if such wells produce troublefree and meet expectations. However, if there is a problem, then the options for executing an enhanced stimulation treatment are limited. Generally, the best treatment has consisted of pumping and squeezing away the treatment into the perforations via theslidingsidedoor(SSD).Thepreferredtechniqueistoimprovethe injectivity into the perforations by spotting reactive fluids at the perforations or using some type of mechanical action such as perforation jetting to break up blockages in the perforation tunnels. This is only possible when perforations are accessible through the wellbore. Theseproblemsbecomemorecomplicatedifthezonesofinterestare sandstonereservoirs.Thispaperaddressessuchascenario,inwhicha dirty sandstone reservoir not previously acidized, was not producing up to expectations. The zones were completed between straddle packers and were only accessible through SSD, 100 ft above the perforations. The benefits of using highpressurejetting to loosen up debrisacrossthedamagedperforationscouldnotbeusedbecausethe perforationswerenotdirectlyaccessible. In addition to applying the best practices in sandstone acidizing technology, a true fluidic oscillator (TFO) was included as a stimulationtool.TheTFOsarebasedontheCoandaeffect.Thetool doesnothaveany movingpartsanditdoesnotrelyoncavitationto createpressurewaves.Therearenopackerelementstofail,andTFO efficiently transfers the kinetic energy of the fluid pumped to the damagedzone.Thusthistoolprovidesacontinuouspressurepulsein the fluid system that allows solid build upwithin the perforationsto fatigueandbreakupwhiletheacidsystemworksontherockmatrix. TheresultsfromtheTFOtreatmentofthiswellwereexceptionaland arepresentedinthepaper. Basedonthejobresultsseveralconclusionscanbedrawn: 1. Integratedteamworkwasakeytosuccess. 2. Acidjobsshouldbeconsideredonacasebycasebasis. 3. The response of the well depends on correctly analyzing the damage mechanism and choosing an appropriate stimulation
technique. 4. Rock mineralogy information is essential if sandstone acid stimulationisplanned. 5. The completion design, if possible, should be optimized to allowdirectaccesstotheperforations. 6. The organic acid and retarded HF acid systems worked very wellwiththeformationtypestreated. 7. Pressureresponsesfromtheacidjobplotsverifiedthisasdid the production results. In future jobs acid volumes can be optimized. 8. Though nitrified acid is one of the better systems for stimulating lowpressure reservoirs, it should be carefully re evaluated if chosen again for tight formations such as those seeninthiswell. 9. TheTFOprovidedanewandbetterwaytotreatzonesthatare notdirectlyaccessible. 10. Artificialliftisnecessaryforliftingthespentacidandputting thewellonproduction. 11. Theformationwascompetentenoughtoresistsandproduction aftertheacidtreatment. Name: PulsonixTF PrimaryApplication: Fluidicoscillator(TFO)usedforstimulatingthe zones. Name:Sandstone2000BestPractices PrimaryApplication:Halliburtonsexclusivesandstonestimulation processthatincludesrockanalysisasthebasisofstimulationdesign. Name:FinesControlAcid PrimaryApplication:retardedacidsystemandworksonfines stabilizationaswell. Name:ClaysafeFpreflush PrimaryApplication:Worksonformationconditioningbefore exposingto HFacid.
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TYPE OF CONTENT
Comparisontocompetitorproduct Nameofcompetitorandproduct:n/a OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHERPSLs IMPORTANT REFERENCES
CoiledTubing,Completions,Frac/Acid 2. Gdanski, R. and Shuchart, C.: Advanced Sandstone Acidizing Designs Using Improved Radial Models, paper SPE 38597 presented at the 1997 Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,SanAntonio,Texas,58October.
4.Gdanski, R.: Formation Mineral Content Key to Successful SandstoneAcidizing,OilandGasJ.(30August1999)90. 8. Gdanski,R.:AlCl3 RetardsAcidforMoreEffectiveStimulations, OilandGasJ.(October1985)111115. 10.Harthy, A., et al.: Screen and NearWellbore Cleaning and Stimulation Tools Evaluation: Recent Experience in Well Operation, paperSPE 89653presented at the 2004 SPE/ICoTA Coiled Tubing Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas, 2324March. 11.McCulloch, D. et al.: Damage Removal in Screened Horizontal Wells, paper SPE 81732 presented at the 2003 SPE/ICoTA Coiled Tubing Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas, 89 April. 12.Gunarto,R.,etal.:ProductionImprovementforHorizontalWells inSumatra,paperSPE86545presentedatthe2004International Symposium and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control, Lafayette,Louisiana,1820February. 7.Hall,B.E.:MethodsandCompositionsforDissolvingSilicates inSubterraneanFormations,U.S.Patent4,304,676(Dec.8,1981).
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SUMMARYOFPULSONIXSS2000 PAPERSPE93987
EnsuringEffectiveStimulationTreatmentsinDifficultCompletions M.I.Willemse,O.Mostafa,M.ElAshry,I.Abdallah,andA.A. Sattar,BapetcoA.Waheed,andB.Conrad,Halliburton 2005SPE/ICoTACoiledTubingConferenceandExhibitionheldin TheWoodlands,Texas,U.S.A.,1213April2005. Achieving effective stimulation across zones which are not readily accessible, such as in horizontal wells completed with slotted liner, gravelpack,internalgravelpack,orplainsandscreensisachallenge intheoilfieldbecausethereisnoeasywaytoeffectivelyremovethe drilling fluid filter cake from the wellbore walls. Similar inaccessibility is encountered when dealing with straddled completions. Another accessibility problem is encountered when a fish becomes caught up across the perforated interval and accessibilityagainisdenied. It is not a problem if such wells produce troublefree and meet expectations. However, if there is a problem then the options for executing an enhanced stimulation treatment are limited. Generally, thebest treatment has consistedofpumping and squeezing away the treatment into the perforations via the sliding side door (SSD). The preferredtechniqueistoimprovethe injectivity intotheperforations by spotting reactive fluids at the perforations or using some type of mechanicalactionsuchasperforationjettingtobreakupblockagesin the perforation tunnels. This is only possible when perforations are accessiblethroughthewellbore. Theseproblemsbecomemorecomplicatedifthezonesofinterestare sandstonereservoirs.Thispaperaddressessuchascenarioinwhicha dirty sandstone reservoir not previously acidized, was not producing up to expectations. The zones were completed between straddle packers and were only accessible through SSD, 100 ft above the perforations. Thebenefitsofusinghighpressurejettingtoloosenupdebrisacross the damaged perforations could not be used due to stimulation challenges as mineralogical issues. In addition to applying the best practices in sandstone acidizing technology, a true fluidic oscillator (TFO) was included as a stimulation tool. This tool provides a continuous pressure pulse in the fluid system that allows solid build up within the perforations to fatigue and break up while the acid systemworksontherockmatrix.TheresultsfromtheTFOtreatment ofthiswellwereexceptionalandarepresentedinthepaper. The paper also describes the challenge in a gas well where the perforationswereinaccessiblebecauseofanunidentifiedfishleftin the hole during workover however, there was fluid communication
SUMMARY OF PAPER
around the fish. This resulted in declined production after workover. Low circulation material, along with TFO included in the CT stimulation string were employed to rectify the problem. Post treatmentresultswereawaitedduringthewritingofthispaper. Basedonthejobresultsseveralconclusionscanbedrawn: Integrated teamwork was a key to success. Acid jobs should be consideredonacasebycasebasis.Theresponseofthewelldepends on correctly analyzing the damage mechanism and choosing an appropriate stimulation technique. Rock mineralogy information is essential if sandstone acid stimulation is planned. The completion design,if possible, shouldbeoptimized toallow direct access to the perforations. The organic acid and retarded HF acid systems worked very well with the formation types treated. Pressure responses from theacidjobplotsverifiedthisasdidtheproductionresults.Infuture jobs acid volumes can be optimized. Though nitrified acid is one of thebettersystemsforstimulatinglowpressurereservoirs,itshouldbe carefully reevaluated if chosen again for tight formations such as those seen in this well. The TFO provided a new and better way to treat zones that are notdirectlyaccessible. Artificial lift is necessary for lifting the spent acid and putting the well on production. The formation was competent enough to resist sand production after the acidtreatment. Name: PulsonixTF PrimaryApplication: Fluidicoscillator(TFO)usedforstimulatingthe zones. Name:Sandstone2000BestPractices PrimaryApplication:Halliburtonsexclusivesandstonestimulation processthatincludesrockanalysisasthebasisofstimulationdesign. Name:FinesControlAcid PrimaryApplication:retardedacidsystemandworksonfines stabilizationaswell. Name:ClaysafeFpreflush PrimaryApplication:Worksonformationconditioningbefore exposingtoHFacid.
!
TYPE OF CONTENT
Comparisontocompetitorproduct Nameofcompetitorandproduct:n/a OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHERPSLs IMPORTANT REFERENCES
CoiledTubing,Completions,Frac/Acid
3. Harthy, A., et al.: Screen and NearWellbore Cleaning and Stimulation Tools Evaluation: Recent Experience in Well
4.
5.
6.
7. 8.
9.
Operation, paper SPE 89653 presented at the 2004 SPE/ICoTA Coiled Tubing Conference and Exhibition, Houston, Texas, 2324 March. McCulloch, D. et al.: Damage Removal in Screened Horizontal Wells,paperSPE81732presentedatthe2003SPE/ICoTACoiled TubingConferenceandExhibition,Houston,Texas,89April. Gunarto, R., et al.: Production Improvement for Horizontal Wells in Sumatra, paper SPE 86545 presented at the 2004 International Symposium and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control, Lafayette,Louisiana,1820February. Gdanski, R. and Shuchart, C.: Advanced Sandstone Acidizing Designs Using Improved Radial Models, paper SPE 38597 presentedatthe1997AnnualTechnicalConferenceandExhibition, SanAntonio,Texas,58October. Gdanski, R.: Formation Mineral Content Key to Successful SandstoneAcidizing,OilandGasJ.(30August1999)90. Hall, B.E.: Methods and Compositions for Dissolving Silicates in SubterraneanFormations,U.S.Patent4,304,676(Dec.8,1981). Gdanski,R.:AlCl3RetardsAcidforMoreEffectiveStimulations, OilandGasJ.(October1985)111115.
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SUMMARYOFSCALEINHIBITIONPAPER NIF_01_SCALE_DESORB
SuccessfulModeloftheKineticReleaseofaPhosphonateScale Inhibitor RickD.GdanskiandGaryP.Funkhouser
TITLE
AUTHORS
2001NIFInternationalOilFieldChemistrySymposium,Geilo, Norway,April14. The ability to model and predict the desorption of scale inhibitors from reservoirs is dependent on understanding the adsorption/desorption process. It is often assumed that laboratory desorption tests are a reasonable approximation of equilibrium desorption conditions of scale inhibitors. Isotherms arederived from these laboratory profiles for use in radial model calculations of field treatments. However, this paper demonstrates that laboratory experiments may not be at equilibrium conditions. In addition, it discusses a kinetic equation that was developed and used with the modified Langmuir isotherm for modeling kinetic desorption of a common phosphonate scale inhibitor diethylenetriamine penta(methylenephosphonic acid) (DETPMP). The kinetic desorption of scale inhibitors was modeled throughtheuseofboththestaticisothermanddynamicdeclineprofile conducted at variable flow rates. The rate of inhibitor desorption at lowpH is linearlyrelatedtothe squareoftheconcentration gradient from equilibrium. The rate of inhibitor desorption at neutral pH essentially follows the equilibrium profile defined by the static adsorptionisotherm. Inhibitorconcentrationsmeasuredatthesurface from well returns represent equilibrium desorption conditions. The new modeling method successfully matches published inhibitor decline profiles for both laboratory and field examples. The field examples were found to decline in accordance with equilibrium conditions. From the wellreturns modeling, a new surface for adsorptionwasdiscoveredandlateridentifiedassiderite.
Name:LP65 PrimaryApplication:ScaleInhibition
SUMMARY OF PAPER
HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER TYPE OF
CaseHistoryLaboratoryStudy !
CONTENT BackgroundResearchReview
Comparisontocompetitorproduct Nameofcompetitorandproduct: OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHERPSLs
None 1.Meyers,K.O.,Skillman,H.L.,andHerring,G.D.:Controlof Formation DamageatPrudhoeBay,Alaska,byInhibitorSqueeze Treatment,JPT(June 1985)10191034.
3.Chen,P.andGraham,G.M.:ExaminationoftheInfluenceFlow Rateon InhibitorReturnConcentrationsinNonEquilibriumCore Floodingof GenericallyDifferentScaleInhibitorAppliedinBoth AdsorptionandPrecipitationTreatments,paperpresentedattheNIF 11thInternationalOil FieldChemicalsSymposium,Fagernes, Norway,March2022,2000.
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SUMMARYOFSCALEINHIBITIONPAPER NIF_01_SCALE_ISOTHERM
Improved AdsorptionIsotherm Modeling for Phosphonate Scale Inhibitors GaryP.FunkhouserandRickGdanski Presented at the 2001 NIF International Oil Field Chemistry Symposium,Geilo,Norway,April14 Classicalstaticadsorptionisothermsaregenerallypresentedonlinear plotsofadsorptionvs.solutionconcentration.Curvefittingofthedata is normally represented by hand drawn curves, and mathematical fitting is rarely done. Static data directly impacts the study of scale inhibitoradsorption/desorption.Furthermore,isothermfittingwiththe modified Langmuir equation provides the mathematical framework foranunderstandingofdesorptionkinetics. This paper presents static adsorption isotherms for the common phosphonate scale inhibitor diethylenetriamine penta (methylenephosphonic acid) (DETPMP) on silica flour, kaolinite, illite,smectite,alumina,andsiderite.Howeverinmanysystems,static adsorptionisothermdatadonotfollowthesimpleLangmuirisotherm. Byincorporatinganinteractionparameter( b)tomodifytheLangmuir equation, a wide variety of adsorption experiments can be fit easily. This paper demonstrates the information available from static adsorptionisothermsintheregionbelowtheplateauandmathematical fitting with the modified Langmuir equation is shown. The mathematicalfitting hasbeendonetoestimatethemodelparameters like interaction parameter, equilibrium constant, adsorption capacity, etc.Thiswork,thusdescribesthelimitationsofthesimpleLangmuir isothermandsignificanceofincorporatinganinteractionparameterto modify the Langmuir equation.The minerals studiedcan be broadly classified into three groups, strongly adsorbing (siderite), moderately adsorbing silicalike minerals (silica and kaolinite) and weakly adsorbing aluminalike minerals (illite, smectite, and alumina). Staticadsorptionisothermswereusefulindeterminingthemagnitude ofthekineticeffectondesorptioninlinearflowtests.Sideritemaybe responsible for the longterm, lowlevel inhibitorreturn profiles sometimesobservedaftersqueezetreatments.
Name: PrimaryApplication:
SUMMARY OF PAPER
HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER TYPE
OF CONTENT
None
2. Hong, SA. and P.J. Shuler: A Mathematical Model for the Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Process, paper SPE 16263 presented at the 1987 InternationalSymposiumonOilfieldChemistry,SanAntonio,TX,February 46.
4. Fowler, R. and E.A. Guggenheim: Statistical Thermodynamics, CambridgeUniversityPress,Cambridge(1952)Chapter10. 5. Meyers, K.O., H.L. Skillman, and G.D. Herring: Control of Formation DamageatPrudhoeBay, Alaska,byInhibitorSqueezeTreatment,Journal ofPetroleumTechnology(June1985)10191034.
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SUMMARYOFSCALEINHIBITIONPAPER NIF_02_LAB_SQUEEZE
FullyContainedLaboratorySqueezeTreatments RickD.Gdanski,GaryP.Funkhouser 2002NIFInternationalOilFieldChemistrySymposium,Geilo, Norway,March1720. Scale inhibitor adsorption/desorption studies have been commonly performedinthelaboratorywithshortcores.Thesecoresaretypically treatedwithseveralporevolumes(PV)ofscaleinhibitorsolutionand thenshutintoallowcompletesaturationonthesurfaces.Theexcess scale inhibitoris flushedfromthecore,andtheadsorbedinhibitoris desorbed by a continuous flow of simulated formation brine. The declineprofilescanthenbeusedfordeducingadynamicadsorption isotherm. This paper introduces an improved testing procedure that involves conducting a laboratory inhibitor squeeze treatment that is fully contained within the test column. Squeezes were performed in the injectiondirectionwithoutanyscaleinhibitorexitingthecolumn.The inhibitor was a commonly used phosphonate, diethylenetriaminepenta(methylenephosphonic acid) (DETPMP). Brine flow was reestablished in the production direction after the squeezetodesorbtheinhibitorandtheentireprocesswassuccessfully modeled. The experimental analysis included dual mineralogy, stackedisothermmathematics,andkineticdesorption.Ironsubstituted carbonates play an important role in providing longterm release of scale inhibitor for scale prevention in produced brines with low minimum inhibitor concentration (MICs). Desorption of DETPMP from ironsubstituted carbonates is fast, but still exhibits significant kinetic effects in laboratory experiments. Scale inhibitors apparently returnatnearequilibriumconditionsfromsqueezedwells.Sincewell returnsofscaleinhibitorsareessentiallyatequilibriumconditions,the relevantindependentvariableforsqueezemodelingisproducedwater volume. Squeeze life then becomes a secondary function based on produced water rates. One of the roles of the overflush is to redistribute the adsorbed scale inhibitor from clays and onto iron substitutedcarbonates.
Name:LP65 PrimaryApplication:ScaleInhibition
SUMMARY OF PAPER
HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER TYPE OF
! CaseHistoryLaboratoryStudy
CONTENT BackgroundResearchReview
Comparisontocompetitorproduct Nameofcompetitorandproduct:n/a OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHERPSLs
None 7.Gdanski,R.D.andFunkhouser,G.P.:SuccessfulModelofthe KineticReleaseofaPhosphonateScaleInhibitor,paperpresentedat theNIF2001InternationalOilFieldChemistrySymposium,Geilo, Norway,April14.
9.Funkhouser,G.P.andGdanski,R.D.:ImprovedAdsorption IsothermModelingforPhosphonateScaleInhibitors,paperpresented attheNIF2001InternationalOilFieldChemistrySymposium,Geilo, Norway,April14.
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SUMMARYOFSCALEINHIBITIONPAPERSPE94510
TITLE
MineralogyDrivenScaleInhibitorSqueezeDesigns
RickGdanski,GaryP.Funkhouser
th 6 SPEEuropeanFormationDamageConference,Scheveningen,The Netherlands,2527May2005.
SUMMARY OF PAPER
Preventionofformationdamagecausedbyscalingbrinesisacommon challenge for producing wells. Deposits that can occur in the formationandinthetubularsareoftenmitigatedwithscaleinhibitors by squeezing them into the formation. This paper describes several aspectsofhowformationmineralogycanaffecttreatmentdesignsand showedhowthemineralogycanbeusedtocreateafirstgoodestimate oftheadsorptionisotherm,whichisnormallytheprimarycontrolling mathematical function that describes how the scale inhibitor will returnfromtheformation.Thiswasaccomplishedbyfirstdetermining thetrueequilibriumadsorptionisothermsofacommon scaleinhibitor like diethylenetriamine pentamethylenephosphonic acid (DETPMP) on various single minerals. This paper demonstrates that scale inhibitors,particularly at pH less than 5, are reactivewith formation mineralogy and can lead to fluid conditions not achievable in short coretesting,andthereforenotgenerallyanticipatedduringthesqueeze treatment. This paper also discusses how an evaluation of the formation mineralogy can lead to insight into ways to avoid many damagemechanismsunobservableinshortcoretesting. Static adsorption isotherms have been determined for DETPMP on several minerals at neutral and low pH. The adsorption behavior on aluminosilicates seems to naturally group into two categories suggestedasbeingaluminatypesurfacesandsilicatypesurfaces.The natural grouping of the isotherms was observed at both neutral and low pH. The adsorption isotherms for DETPMP on siderite were situatedatalowerconcentrationthaneitherthealuminatypeorsilica typesurfaces.Compositeisothermsrepresentingthesurfacecategories ofaluminatype,silicatype,andironsubstitutedcarbonateshavebeen constructed. DETPMP returns profiles can be understood in the context of the three surface categories. The method of creating composite isotherms based on formation mineralogy and laboratory adsorption data on specific minerals allows the estimation of a relevant isotherm for scale inhibitor squeeze designs. Depletion experimentsofDETPMPonaluminosilicatesatlowpHsuggestthat aluminiumleachingfromtheclaysmay causeenhanceddepletionof the scale inhibitor from solution. LowpH scale inhibitor squeeze
treatments may experience unexpected formation damage from aluminiumleachingandsubsequentscale inhibitorprecipitation.The useoflowpHmainstagestoprovidecompatibilitybetweenformation water and scale inhibitor squeeze treatments may be ineffective becauseofspendingoncarbonates.Careshouldbetakentousebase fluidsforsqueezetreatmentsthatarecompatiblewithswellingclaysif theyarepresentintheoilproducinglayersofaformation.Compatible basefluidsinclude6%NaCl,7%KCl,andseawaterfortifiedwith3% KCl,andareessentially1molarbrines.
HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER Name:LP65 PrimaryApplication:Scaleinhibition CaseHistoryLaboratoryStudy ! BackgroundResearchReview
TYPE OF CONTENT
Comparisontocompetitorproduct Nameofcompetitorandproduct: OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHERPSLs IMPORTANT REFERENCES
None Funkhouser,G.P.andGdanski,R.D.:ImprovedAdsorptionIsotherm Modeling for Phosphonate Scale Inhibitors, paper presented at the 2001 NIF International Oil Field Chemistry Symposium, Geilo, Norway,April14.
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SUMMARYOFSCALEINHIBITIONPAPERSPE95088
ACompleteTheoryofScaleInhibitorTransportandAdsorption/ DesorptioninSqueezeTreatments
TITLE
K.S.Sorbie,HeriotWattUniversity andR.D.Gdanski,Halliburton.
th SPE7 InternationalSymposiumonOilfieldScaleheldinAberdeen, UnitedKingdom,1112May2005.
SUMMARY OF PAPER
This paper, presents a reevaluation of the equations that have been proposed to model Scale Inhibitor (SI) transport and adsorption in porousmedia.Variousapproachesareanalyzedintermsoftwobasic aspects:(a)themathematicalstructureofthevariousequationsusedto describe transport and (b) the surface chemistry assumptions and modelsusedtodescribetheSI/rockretentionmechanism,particularly by adsorption. The authors specifically focus on comparing and reconciling their own (HeriotWatt University and Halliburton) respective approaches, which have been developed over the last few years.Theanalysisandcomparisoniscarriedoutinthecontextofthe mathematicsandthedescriptionoftheadsorptionprocess. In the calculations, authors have shown some of the predicted rate effects of the HeriotWatt (HW) and Gdanski and Funkhouser (GF) models.However,inpractice,thecorrectformoftheadsorptionrate equation may be established by performing static adsorption rate experiments where the adsorption level is monitored over time from some initial solution concentration, to some final value. Models are numerically integrated and are presented. These integrated equations shouldthenbecomparedwiththeexperimentalresults.Thiswillhelp to establish the correct rate law as well as the actual values of the adsorptionparameters. Thisapproachassumes,ofcourse,thatnoadditionalchemistryoccurs, suchasprecipitationwithcalcium,extractionofaluminiumfromclays tocauseadditionalSIdeposition,orotheradditionalcomplexsurface reactions. Chemical reactions capturedby an isotherm under one set of conditions in the laboratory may not transform properly to field conditions. Therefore, it will be important to identify and isolate adsorptionandchemicalreactioneffects. HW and GF models are compared and the advantages and disadvantages of each of them are presented. The mathematics are essentially identical, although different units give slightly different forms of expressions in various papers. However, there are three important differences in the details of the adsorption modelling
betweenthetwoapproachesasfollows: (1)Theformoftheadsorptionratelawisdifferentineachapproach. st nd A1 orderlawisassumedintheHWmodelwhereasa2 orderrate lawisassumedintheGFapproach.Thelatteremphasisestheeffect ofrate,whichdependsontheratioofadsorptionratetofluidvelocity viatheDamkohlernumber. (2) The Langmuir form (sometimes modified Langmuir) of the equilibrium isotherm adsorption, is assumed by GF for the mineral separates (supported experimentally). The HW leaves this open and either a Langmuir, Freundlich or table of numbers (usually) may be usedtomodeladsorption. (3) In the GF approach, the entire rock is treated as a mineral assemblage and multiisotherm treatment may be applied byusing a Langmuir form for each of the rock components. The HW approach only considers a single adsorption isotherm although a clear connection between these approaches is demonstrated for one of the dynamiccases.
HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER Name:Nil PrimaryApplication:Nil
CaseHistoryLaboratorystudy BackgroundResearchReview
TYPE OF CONTENT
Comparisontocompetitorproduct FieldStudy Nameofcompetitorandproduct:
Nil 1. Sorbie, K.S., Wat, R.M.S. and Todd, A.C.: Interpretation and Theoretical Modelling of ScaleInhibitor/Tracer Corefloods, SPE ProductionEngineering,pp.307312,August1992. 2.Yuan,M.D.,Sorbie,K.S.,Jiang,P.,Chen,P.,Jordan,M.M.,Todd, A.C.,Hourston,K.E.andRamstad,K.:PhosphonateScaleInhibitor AdsorptiononOutcropandReservoirRockSubstratesTheStatic andDynamicAdsorptionIsotherms",inRecentAdvancesinOilfield Chemistry,EditedbyP.H.Ogden,RoyalSocietyofChemistry, SpecialPublicationNo.159,1994. 3. Funkhouser, G.P. and Gdanski, R.D.: Improved Adsorption IsothermModelingforPhosphonateScaleInhibitors,Presentedatthe NIFInternationalOilfieldChemistrySymposium,Geilo,Norway,14 April2001.
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SUMMARYOFSCALEINHIBITORPLACEMENTPAPERSPE 107801
Gelledscaleinhibitortreatmentforimprovedplacementinlong horizontalwellsatNorneandHeidrunfields OlavM.Selle,MartinSpringerandIngeH.Auflem,StatoilASA, PingChen andRozennMatheson,Champion Technologies,and AmareMebratu andGerardGlasbergen,Halliburton PresentedattheEuropeanFormationDamageConference, Scheveningen,TheNetherlands,May30June1,2007 Ajointstudywasinitiatedbyamajoroperatorinthe NorthSeaand two service companies in 2002, with the objective of improving the placement of treatment fluids. As a result of this work, a fully viscosifiedscaleinhibitorsystemisdeveloped.Thesystemcomprises a purified xanthan viscosifying agent, a standard scale inhibitor for down hole scale squeezing and a breaker to achieve controlled gel breakingdownhole.ThesystemhasbeenfieldtestedatNornefieldin twolong horizontalwellsat Heidrunfieldinonelongdeviatedwell, all with significant permeability variations and cross flow. The operationsweresuccessfulandthescaletreatmentshaveprotectedthe wells from scaling. The paper describes the product qualification process, placement simulation, temperature prediction and gel breakingcharacteristics,casehistoriesandpostjobevaluation. Thequalificationprocessincluded: Polymergel/scaleinhibitorcompatibility Gelled scale inhibitor temperature stability and breaking characteristics Gelledscaleinhibitorshearthinningproperty Technical qualification of gelled scale inhibitor by core floodingforformationdamageandinhibitorreturnprofile Based on the results from the lab work and the three case studies presentedinthispaper,thefollowingconclusionsaredrawn: Gelled scale inhibitor squeeze treatments have been successfully applied for light viscosity diversion in two long horizontal wells with multizone production at the sub sea Nornefield. Scaleprotectionandsqueezelifetimeinthewellswereasgood asorbetterthanstandardtreatments. Thepostjobanalysisindicatedthateffectiveviscousdiversion wasobtained,andthatthekeytosimulateplacementcorrectly is to account for the variation in fluid viscosity due to cool downofthewellduringpumping.
TITLE
SUMMARY OF PAPER
Purified xanthan gel showed no formation damage from core floodingexperimentsandnowelldamageattheNornefield. Gelled scale inhibitor squeeze treatment was only partly successfulfortheHeidrunA28Awell.Theplacementofthe scale inhibitor seems to be good, but the well was damaged frompluggingduringinjection. A well with injectivity problems is not a good candidate for lightviscositydiversion. Treatment can be pumped at a higher rate due to significant reductioninfrictionpressurewiththissystem. Good quality rheology measurements are important in understandinglightviscositysystemsregardingshearthinning andbreakingmechanisms. This technology is particularly beneficial in sub sea wells where coil tubing deployment requires rig deployment and expensivecoiledtubingoperation.
HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER Name:BioPac,SPbreaker,Scaleinhibitor PrimaryApplication:Gravelpackcarrierfluid,Gelbreakingagent, BaSO4ScaleinhibitorfromChampiontechnologies
!
TYPE OF CONTENT
CaseHistory
LaboratoryStudy
CoiledTubing 1. Selle,Wat,Vikane,Nasvik,Chen,Hagen,Montgomerie, Bourne,Awaybeyondscaleinhibitors extendingscale inhibitorsqueezelifethroughbridgingSPE80377 2. Selle,Wat,Nasvik,MebratuGelledorganicacidsystemfor improvedCaCO3removalinhorizontalopenholewellsatthe Heidrunfield.SPE90359
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SUMMARYOFSCALE REMOVALPAPER(VISCOSIFIED) SPE 90359

Gelled Organic Acid System for Improved CaCO3 Removal in HorizontalOpenholeWellsattheHeidrunField OlavM.SelleRexM.S.WatHaavardNasvik(Statoil)andAmare Mebratu(Halliburton) SPEAnnualTechnicalConferenceandExhibitionheldinHouston, Texas,U.S.A.,2629September2004.
SUMMARY OF PAPER
Proper contact with treatment fluids is necessary to remove calcium carbonate (CaCO3) damage from openhole wells. Poor results are oftencausedbytheimproperplacementofacid.Suchwasthecasein thehorizontal,openholewellswithsandscreensontheHeidrunField (Norwegian Sea). In these wells, bullheading plain HCl acid to dissolvecarbonatekillpillsprovidedonlytemporaryeffectiveness. An operator and a service company initiated a joint project to study Heidruns CaCO3 removal problem. Two wells were selected as candidates because of their severe CaCO3 plugging. The team surmised that treatment could be improved with more uniform placement of acid. To provide a more even distribution of the acid treatment,theteamdevelopedagelledorganicacidsystem. This paper describes the product quantification process and the chemistry of the new gelled organic acid system. A diversion technology study screened possible treating methods, and different gellingproductsweretestedforpotentialformationdamage,viscosity profile, and gel breaking characteristics. A purified xanthan polymer withanaddedbreakerwasselectedforfurtherevaluation.Whenused to viscosify HCl, the gelbreaking time of the xanthan gel was too short for bullheading applications at Heidrun. Subsequently, an organic acid blend with acceptable CaCO3 dissolution power was formulated,andanenvironmentallyacceptablecorrosioninhibitorwas incorporated. Twocasehistoriesarepresentedtoshowthatthesystemwasapplied withsuccess.Thegelledorganicacidsystemisnowqualifiedforuse in the Heidrun field. This system is applicable to most types of completionsandthepaperincludesadiscussionofitsbenefits.Based on the results of the two case studies presented in this paper, the followingconclusionsaredrawn: a)Viscousdiversionseemstobeagoodalternativeforacidtreatment oflonghorizontalopenholewellswith multizoneproduction. b)Purified xanthan gel showed no formation damage from specially designed geldiversion, returnpermeabilitymeasurements, while two othercommercialgelsfailedthetest. c)ItwaspossibletodesignaviscousorganicacidmixtureforHeidrun
fieldapplications. d) The gelled organic acid was successfully deployed in two horizontalwellsatHeidrun,andnoproblemswereexperiencedduring pumpingorreturningthewellstoproduction. e) The intervention in Well A26, the 650 m long horizontal well, indicated that effective viscous diversion was obtained and the resulting productivity was better than most of previous 10% HCl bullheadingtreatments. f) The intervention in Well A30A, the 73m, upwardsdipping well, indicatedthatviscousdiversionwassomewhatbetterthanbullheading butlesseffectivethan CT. g) The gelled organic acid was also capable of dissolving equal amounts of CaCO3 particles from killpill material in the two wells compared to the HCl treatments, including the one performed with coiledtubing. Name:Gelledorganicacidis BIOPAC,SPBreaker,Hotrockacid(aceticandformicmix) PrimaryApplication:Carrierfluidforgravelpacking, Gelbreakingagent, CaCO3dissolvingacid
!
TYPE OF CONTENT CaseHistory
LaboratoryStudy
! ComparisontocompetitorproductFieldStudy
1]CompletionTools, 2]CoiledTubing 4] Stalker, R., Graham, G.M., Oliphant, D., Smilie, M.: Potential ApplicationofViscosifiedTreatmentsforImprovedBullheadScale InhibitorPlacementinLongHorizontalWellsATheoreticaland Laboratory Examination, paper SPE87439 presented at the 2004 International Symposium on Oilfield Scale, Aberdeen, UK, 2627 May.
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SUMMARYOFSGA7PAPERSPE107687
TITLE OptimizationofSurfactantbasedFluidsforAcidDiversion
AUTHORS
H.A. NasrElDin, A. AlNakhli, S. AlDriweesh (Saudi Aramco)T.Welton,L.Sierra,M.VanDomelen(Halliburton)
This paper was prepared for presentation at the European Formation Damage Conference held in Scheveningen, The Netherlands,30May1June2007 This paper examines the use of surfactant gels during acid injection and describes the optimization of these fluids. Unlike available viscoelastic surfactants used today in the field, this surfactantiscationicatlowpH values.If usedinliveacids,the fluid has relatively low viscosity when pumped. However, once the acid is spent the surfactant molecules significantly increase thefluidviscosity.Tofurtherenhancediversion,theacidicfluid canalsobefoamed.Alternately,brinegelledwithsurfactantscan befoamedandutilizedfordiversion. Rheological measurements were conducted on Hastelloy fitted rotational viscometers at temperatures from 70 to 300F. The effects of surfactant concentration and acid additives on the apparent viscosity of various surfactantbased fluids were investigatedindetail.Theviscosityoflive20wt%HClwiththe surfactant was much lower than the apparent viscosity of spent acids. Another important observation is the presence of a maximum in the apparent viscosity at 150F. The apparent viscosityinpresenceofmagnesiumchloridewashigherthanthat of calcium chloride. The difference, however, diminished at higher temperatures and reflected the complex nature of surfactantsalt interactions. The apparent viscosity increased by adding salts (sodium and magnesium), especially at higher surfactantconcentrations. Surfactantsolutions withand withoutliveacid were placedin a high temperature/high pressure (HT/HP) seethrough cell (STC) at various temperatures to examine potential phase separation, thermal stability of the surfactant and compatibility with other acidadditives.Theresultsindicatedthatthesurfactantwasstable and compatible with other acid additives. No phase separation was noted up to 250F. Ferric ion is not compatible with this surfactantathighconcentrations. The apparent viscosity of the surfactant solutions can be predictedusingCarreauYasudamodel.Corefloodtestsindicated thatthesurfactantdelayedacidbreakthroughincarbonatecores. Acceptable corrosion rates were obtained when this surfactant wasaddedtotheacid.
SUMMARY OF PAPER
Theperformanceofthissurfactantwasvalidatedwithfieldtrials. Itwasusedwithupto28wt%HClasinsituaciddiverter.Matrix acidtreatmentsthatarebasedonthissurfactantweresuccessfully applied in more that 50 wells. It was also used to enhance the stabilityandapparent viscosity of foams used foracid diversion inpowerwaterinjectors.Allwellsrespondedandnooperational problemswereencountered.
HALLIBURTON TRADENAMEUSED INPAPER
Name:SGA7 PrimaryApplication:SurfactantGellingAgentforAcidising applications
TYPE OF CONTENT
Comparisontocompetitorproduct Nameofcompetitorandproduct: OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHERPSLs
Nil
6.Chang,F.F.,Qiu,X.,NasrElDin,H.A.:"ChemicalDiversion Techniques Used for Carbonate Matrix Acidizing: An OverviewandCaseHistories,"paperSPE106444presentedat the2007SPEInternationalSymposiumonOilfieldChemistry heldinTheWoodlands,TX,Feb28March02. 9. Mohammed, S.K., NasrElDin, H.A. and Erbil, M.M.: ''SuccessfulApplicationofFoamed ViscoelasticSurfactantBased Acid,'' paper SPE 95006 presented at the 2005 SPE European FormationDamageConference,Scheveningen,TheNetherlands, May2527.
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SUMMARYOFSTIM2001PAPERSPE63179
StructuredApproachtoAdvancedCandidateSelection and TreatmentDesignofStimulationTreatments
TITLE
AUTHORS
Gerrit Nitters, Leo Roodhart, Hans Jongma (Shell EP Technology Applications and Research), Valerie Yeager, Marten Buijse, Dwight Fulton, Jeff Dahl, Eric Jantz (Halliburton EnergyServices,Inc.)
2000 SPE Annual Technical conference and Exhibition, Dallas,Texas,14October2000.
SUMMARY OF PAPER
High failure rates for matrix acidizing treatments are usually attributed to poor candidate selection and/ or inadequate treatment design. A structured approach to appropriatecandidateselectionandtreatmentdesignshould increasethesuccessrateandoverallproductionofcandidate wells. Another reason for the high failure of matrix acidizing treatments is the lack of proper technology transfer to the field. Because acidizing fluid selection and placement involve complicated chemistry and technology, information transfer and design can be best accomplished with a software design tool. Stimulation budgets can be more effectively spent when decisions are based on an overall reservoir solution that considers all types of treatments. To improve the situation, a task force investigated the problem and mapped out a total process. They concluded that individual pieces of design, softwareand some design rules existed for many elements, but they lacked an integratedoverallapproach.Thispaperdescribesanewtool for fast, complete technology transfer through a user friendly, easytouse browser software program. This program puts the latest technology and a structured, engineeredsolutionatthefingertipsofeveryfieldengineer. Four phases have been used as a basis for developing the newsoftwareprogram.Phase1involvescandidateselection and damage identification. One goal of the software is to help users wisely apply their stimulation resources (help themtreat the right wells and avoid wasting moneyon the wrongones).All possible damage mechanisms that should
beconsideredhavebeenreported.Phase2focusesonfluid selection. An expert system, a geochemical simulator and userspecified information can be applied independently or incombinationtoobtainacompletefluidseries.Phase3is todesignatreatmentthatwilleffectivelyplacethefluidso that it will remove the damage hindering production. Placement includes diversion, various placement techniques, the determination of the complete pumping schedulewithstages,volumes,andrates,andthesimulation of the fluid placement to optimize the design process. In Phase4,theapproachistoevaluatetheresultsandenterthis informationintothedesignsystem.
HALLIBURTON TRADENAMEUSED INPAPER Name:STIM2001 PrimaryApplication:MatrixAcidTreatmentDesign
TYPE OF CONTENT
Comparisontocompetitorproduct Nameofcompetitorandproduct:StimCADE OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHERPSLs IMPORTANT REFERENCES
Nil Numerous,thispaperisalsoanexcellentreviewpaperfor matrixstimulationtechnologies.
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Structured Approach To Matrix Stimulation Proves SuccessfulinOman
TITLE
AUTHORS
EddieStevenson,PetroleumDevelopmentOmanRaiturkar Avadhut, Petroleum Development Oman Khalfan Al Harthy,PetroleumDevelopmentOmanRamziAbdulkadir, Hallibuton Energy Services Marten Buijse, Shell EP TechnologyApplicationsandResearch
SPEEuropeanFormationDamageConference,TheHague, TheNetherlands,1314May2003.
SUMMARY OF PAPER
In early 2000, the success rate for matrix stimulations matchedtheindustryaverageofaround30%.Inmid2000, anintegratedapproachwaslaunched,coveringallaspectsof the stimulation process, and today the success rate for engineeredstimulation standsat85%.Longtermsustained gains have been achieved allowing stimulations tobecome an effective tool for reservoir management. This paper presents some examples of successful matrix stimulation applicationsusingastructuredapproach. The key to success of any operational activity is ensuring full engagement of all parties. This is achieved within stimulations by applying a process management approach, whichcoversallaspectsfromcandidateselectiontoactivity review with futureplans/requirements proposed. Each step in the process has been mapped out and all contributing partiesareidentified. There are typically ten steps that define the fully engineered approach, although not all steps may be required for each remedial treatment. The ten steps are (1) Candidate selection (2) Completion of stimulation data request forms (SDRS) (3) Using well history (4) Running the integrated stimulation design software (5) UTC calculation and economic challenge (6) Laboratory compatibilitytesting(7)Finalisingstimulationproposal(8) Executing the activity through the service company (9) Hookup/Beamup,and(10)Wellperformancereview. Different wells have been studied. Well1 showed heavy damage immediately after startup. Well2 is located in a
fieldwithpoorsandstone.Well3isagainapoorsandstone with high clay content. Well4 was killed with 3% KCl. Well5/6 are water injectors that had been plugged almost completely. These wells are examples of the typical gains thatcanbeexpectedfromtheintegratedapproach. In future, stimulation will continue to play an important role. To be effective, the treatments must be individually designedandbasedontheintegrated,processmanagement approach. Technical experts must keep abreast of all new technologies and techniques and be aware of potential applicationswithinthewellstock.Continuoustrainingmust bemaintainedtoensureallrelevantpartiesareawareofthe business opportunities available from remedial treatments. Thispaperdocumentsthat2MMbblofadditionaloilwas recoveredasaresultofusingthedescribedprocess.
HALLIBURTON TRADENAMEUSED INPAPER Name:STIM2001 PrimaryApplication:MatrixAcidStimulation
TYPE OF CONTENT
Comparisontocompetitorproduct Nameofcompetitorandproduct:Notmentioned
Nil Nitters, G., Roodhart, L., Jongma, H., Yeager, V., Buijse, M.,Fulton,D.,Dahl,J.,Jantz,E.:StructuredApproachto Advanced Candidate Selection and Treatment Design of StimulationTreatments,paperSPE63719,presentedatthe 2000 Annual SPE Annual Tech Conf., Dallas, Texas, 14 October2000.
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TITLE
FieldValidationofAcidizingWormholeModels
AUTHORS
Gerard Glasbergen, DiederikvanBatenburg,MaryVan DomelenandRickGdanski(Halliburton)
th 6 FormationDamageConference,Scheveningen,The Netherlands,2527May2005.
SUMMARY OF PAPER
This paper describes how two different wormhole models are implemented in a placement simulator. One model, called a lineartype model, is fully consistent with the decadesoflinearflowtestsconductedinthelaboratory.The second model, called a symmetry model, is exceedingly difficult to validate in the laboratory. The evaluation is conducted by comparing the predicted treating pressure responsesofthemodelsusingtheactualtreatmentratesand fluidpropertiesvs.theactual(measured)pressureresponse. Several field cases of matrixacidizing treatments in carbonate formations are used to access the validity ofthe different wormhole models. There is a small difference betweenthe behaviourof the two wormholemodels inthe selected case histories. The differences in observed treatment pressure responses between the two wormhole models are too small to determine which one is the better model. Recommendations for improvement of the models havebeenmadebasedonthecomparison. A matrix treatment simulator has been used that includes such effects as multiple formation layers with independent formation parameters and allows for modelling zonal coverage. The formation parameters include permeability, porosity, mineralogy, acid reactivity, skin damage, and permeabilitycontrast.Thewellparametersincludeheightof the layers, wellbore tubulars, friction pressures, etc. This simulator has been an ideal framework for evaluating the twoacidizingwormholemodels. The case histories show that correct representation of the placement of the fluids is at least as important as the wormhole model. Flow into the formation is a key for the propagationofthewormholesandcorrectwellborefriction dataandreservoir characteristicsplay importantroles. It is
concluded that wormhole evolution in a placement simulator should ideally be represented by a gradually changing permeability in time and space. This paper also demonstrates the key issues related to the interaction betweenthewormholemodelsandzonalcoverage.
HALLIBURTON TRADENAMEUSED INPAPER Name:Nil PrimaryApplication:Nil
!
TYPE OF CONTENT
BackgroundResearch
Review
Nil ForLinearwormholemodel: 1)Buijse,M.A.,andGdanski,R.D.:Chemistryand th PhysicsofWormholeGrowthinCarbonateAcidizing,8 InternationalOilFieldChemicalsSymposium,Norwegian SocietyofCharteredEngineers,Geilo,Norway,March 1997. 2)Buijse,M.A.:UnderstandingWormholingMechanisms CanImproveAcidTreatmentsinCarbonateFormations, SPEPF,15(3),(August2000),pp.168175. ForRadialwormholemodel: 1)Gdanski,R.D.:AFundamentallyNewModelofAcid WormholinginCarbonates,paperSPE54719,Presentedat the1999EuropeanFormationDamageControlConference, TheHague,TheNetherlands,May31June1,1999. 2)Gdanski,R.D.:TheSymmetryofAcidWormholingin th Carbonates,11 Int.OilFieldChemistrySymposium, NorwegianSocietyofCharteredEngineers,Fagernes, Norway,March,2000. Foroverviewofothermodels: 1)Fred,C.N.andMiller,M.J.:ValidationofCarbonate MatrixStimulationModels,paperSPE58713presentedat theInternationalSymposiumonFormationDamage Control,Lafayette,LA,February2324,2000.
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ASemiempiricalModelToCalculateWormholeGrowthin CarbonateAcidizing
TITLE
AUTHORS
M.Buijse,ShellIntl.E&PB.V.,andG.Glasbergen, Halliburton
2005 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition heldinDallas,Texas,U.S.A.,912October2005.
SUMMARY OF PAPER
Thispaperdescribesthedevelopmentofarelativelysimple wormhole growth model. The model is semiempirical and its accuracy depends on two parameters Weff, the wormhole efficiency factorand WB,the wormhole B factor that can be measured in a simple (linear) core flow test. Alternatively, the value of these two parameters can be taken from literaturedata.Parameters such as temperature, acid concentration, permeability and mineralogy, have not been modelled explicitly but areincorporated in the model in these two constants. The semiempirical nature of the modelgivesitflexibilitybeyondmanymuchmoreextended models. The wormhole penetration depth is a function of acidvolume,coverageandinjectionrate.Indevelopingthe semiempirical wormhole model, it was found that an improvedfitofactualtreatmentdatacouldbeobtainedifa time delay was incorporated into the equations. The wormhole model was embedded in a comprehensive near wellboresimulatortoanalyzewormholebehaviourinmore complexenvironments,suchasmultilayeredreservoirsand long horizontal wells. The model hasbeen usedwith good success in the design of many carbonate acid treatments. Severalexampleshavebeendiscussedinthepaper.
Name:Nil PrimaryApplication:Nil
HALLIBURTON TRADENAMEUSED INPAPER TYPE OF CONTENT
! !
CaseHistoryLaboratoryStudy !
Nil ForExperimentaldata: Fred,C.N.,Tjia,R.andFogler,H.S.:TheExistenceofan OptimumDamkohlerNumberforMatrixStimulationof CarbonateFormations,PaperSPE38168presentedatthe SPEEuropeanFormationDamageConference,23June, 1997,TheHague,TheNetherlands. ForTimedelay:
Daccord,G.,Lenormand,R.andLietard,O.:Chemical DissolutionofaporousmediumbyaReactiveFluid. I. ModelFortheWormholingPhenomenon,Chem. Eng.Sc.,48(1993)169178. Foroverviewofothermodels: Fred,C.N.andMiller,M.J.:ValidationofCarbonate MatrixStimulationModels,paperSPE58713presentedat theInternationalSymposiumonFormationDamage Control,Lafayette,Lousiana,Feb.2324,2000
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TITLE
ImprovedAcidDiversionDesignusingaPlacementSimulator
GerardGlasbergen,HalliburtonMartenBuijse,Shell
2006SPERussianOilandGasTechnicalConferenceandExhibition heldinMoscow,Russia,36October2006.
SUMMARY OF PAPER
Thispaper,givesanoverviewofthedifferentdiversionmethodsand their application. Further, it discusses the implementation of the models in a comprehensive fluid placement simulator (FPS). The work showshowthissimulatorcanbeusedtooptimizeplacementand diversion. In an acid treatment, the fluid diversion design is often based on guidelines, rulesofthumb, and an intuitive idea on how diversion "works." Simulators arenotused,usuallybecause they are not available. However, the use of a diversion simulator shows that many of the guidelines and intuitive ideas are wrong, or at least incompletethisisillustratedwithexamplecalculations. Twoexamplesofdiversionusinggelledfluids(inshortandlong intervals)aresimulated. Thesuccessofgelleddiversiontreatmentsin shorter intervals depends on the volumes of the ungelled and gelled stage and on the position of the high and low permeability zones relativetothepositionofthefluidentranceinthewellbore.Oftenthe situation is complex and a simulator is required to visualize fluid placement and to evaluate the success of fluid diversion. A longer wellbore will likely benefit from gelled fluids because of improved fluidcoverage. Validationofthemodelsispresentedbasedontheanalysisoftwo case histories. Several validation methods are used. The applied methodsareskinanalysisovertime,bottomholeandtreatingpressure comparisonovertime,andinjectionsurveys.Case1isamultilayered Russian carbonate reservoir in which different diversion techniques andcombinationofdiversiontechniqueshavebeenused.Case2isa temporarily abandoned, deviated water injection well that was used forafieldtrialtotestanewparticulatematerial. ThepredictionsoftheFPSusedinthisinvestigationarein good agreement with measured field data. Pressure predictions follow the measured predictions fairly well. The comparison with injection surveys from a PLT is promising as well.The authors are confident that the model can be used in predictions for zonal coverage within acceptable accuracy when reservoir parameters are known within reasonableuncertainties.Themodelhasalsobeenusedsuccessfullyin
thedesignandevaluationofmanyacidtreatmentsinalargevariation of reservoirsworldwideoverthelastcoupleofyears.
Name: STIM2001 PrimaryApplication:Diversion Design
CaseHistory
LaboratoryStudy
Conformance,SandControl 1. Nitters, G., et al.: Structured Approach to Advanced Candidate SelectionandTreatmentDesignofStimulationTreatments,paper SPE 63179, presented at the 2000 SPE Annual Technical ConferenceandExhibition,Dallas,Texas,October14,2000. 2. Jones, A.T. and Davies, D.R.: Quantifying Acid Placement: The Key to Understanding Damage Removal in Horizontal Wells, SPEPF,13(3),(August1998),pp163169. 3. Glasbergen, G., et al.: Field Validation of Acidizing Wormhole Models, paper SPE 94695 presented at the 2005 SPE European Formation Damage Conference, Scheveningen, The Netherlands, 2527May. 4. Buijse, M.A. and Glasbergen, G.: A Semiempirical Model to Calculate Wormhole Growth in Carbonate Acidizing, paper SPE 96892presentedattheSPE2005AnnualTechnicalConferenceand Exhibition,Dallas,Texas,912October.
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SUMMARYOFSTIM2001BIOVERTPAPERSPE102606
TITLE
DesignandFieldTestingofaTrulyNovelDivertingAgent
AUTHORS
GerardGlasbergen,BradTodd,MaryVanDomelen (Halliburton), MarkGlover(BP,America,Inc.)
SPEAnnualTechnicalConferenceandExhibitionheldinSan Antonio,Texas,U.S.A.,2427September2006. BibliographyNo.:SPE102606 This paper presents the work done in a joint project between Halliburton and BP, America, to develop a novel fluiddiversion process.Thisprojectresultedinaparticulatediversionagentthathas severaladvantagesovertraditionalparticulatedivertersincludinglittle or no environmental impact, negligible solubility at surface conditions, controlled permeability of the filter cake or perforation pack, upper temperature limit significantly higher than traditional diverting agents (excluding salt), compatibility with nearly all treatment fluids, diverter degradation at bottomhole conditions to eliminateposttreatmentremoval,andexcellentregainedpermeability. Avarietyofnewchemicalcompositionsforthedegradableparticulate diverting agent (DPDA) were screened and aliphatic polyester diverting agent was selected based upon the criteria required by the operator. An extensive field trial was conducted, incorporating multiple steprate tests, fluidefficiency tests, treatmentpressure matching, pressurebuildup tests, temperature surveys, and injection profiles.Thesetestswereperformedina226Fsandstonereservoirat approximately 11,900 ft MD. The application to matrix stimulation and chemical placement techniquesusing bothpressure matches and injection profile matches are unique and novel processes. Injection tests, production log analysis, and posttreatment pressure analysis indicatethatDPDAcanbeplacedefficientlyinexistingperforations, does modify injectivity uniformly across the entire interval, and degrades underbottomhole conditions. From the skin analysis it can be concluded that the DPDA degraded. The placement simulator proved to be a very effective tool when evaluating the field trial. Injectiondistributions werepredicted and compared to the measured distributionswith goodagreement.Inadditionthepredictedpressure responses matches the measured bottomhole pressures during the majorityofthetreatment. Name:BioVert
SUMMARY OF PAPER
USEDINPAPER
PrimaryApplication:DivertingAgent
CaseHistoryLaboratoryStudy BackgroundResearchReview
TYPE OF CONTENT
FieldStudy
Fracturing,Conformance,SandControl 1. Nitters, G., et al.: Structured Approach to Advanced Candidate Selection and Treatment Design of Stimulation Treatments, paper SPE63179,presentedatthe2000SPEAnnualTechnicalConference andExhibition,Dallas,TX,October14,2000. 2. Jones, A.T. and Davies, D.R.: Quantifying Acid Placement: The Key to Understanding Damage Removal in Horizontal Wells, SPEPF,13(3),(August1998),pp163169.
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SUMMARYOFSTIMWATCHPAPERSPE100617
RealTimeMonitoringofAcidStimulation UsingaFiberOpticDTS System RayClanton (OXY,USA),JamesHaney,RickPruett,CourtneyWahl, JohnGoiffon,andDanGualtieri(Halliburton)
TITLE
AUTHORS
SPEWestern Regional/AAPGPacificSection/GSACordilleran SectionJointMeetingheldinAnchorage,Alaska,U.S.A.,810May 2006. This paper discusses a unique system that combines a fiberoptic distributed temperature system (DTS) to measure the distributed temperature across the entire wellbore and a molecular telemetry transmission system that provides a singlepoint determination of bottomhole pressure.The system has been used toperformrealtime downhole monitoring of multistage acidstimulation treatments performed on wells that contain multiple nonisolated pay intervals. The fiberoptic for the DTS is contained inside a length of capillary tubing, which is placed concentrically inside a larger size capillary tubing. The created annulus between these 2 strings of capillary comprises the molecular transmission system for determining the bottomholepressure. Use of a DTS/PTS (pressure transmission system) system while stimulating offers several advantages over traditional methods. Fluid progress can be monitored over the entire length of the wellbore. A downholepressurereferencecanbeusedtobettercontrolpumprates andpreventformationdamage.Effectivenessofdivertermethodscan be monitored in real time. If one diversion method is not effective, anothermethodcanbeimmediatelyimplemented. In the case history presented, the temperature profile across the multiple pay intervals yielded valuable information for identifying which zones were taking the acid, allocating how much acid these zonesweretaking(relativetooneanother),andidentifyingthezones nottakingacid.Thisallowedontheflychangestobemadeonsitein realtime regarding the makeup of the acid treatment, the pumping rates,andwhenandwheretoapplydiversionprocesses.Thissystem enabledtheoperatortocontinuouslymonitorthewellboretemperature acrosstheintervalthatwasbeingstimulatedaswellasfromasingle point bottomhole pressurebelow the lowest perforation. Inthis case, the system was deployed inside the work string used for the acid stimulation,butthesystemcanalsobepermanentlydeployed. Thenominalratingsforthismonitoringsystemare250Cand10,000
SUMMARY OF PAPER
psi.Thisallowsthe systemtobeappliedina large numberofwells, either onshore or offshore. Furthermore, there are no downhole electronics and no moving parts, making the system extremely well suitedforharshenvironments.
Name:StimWatchStimulationMonitoringService HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER PrimaryApplication:MatrixAcidStimulationMonitoring (Realtimedownholefluidplacementidentification.)
FieldStudy
Coiled Tubing, WellDynamics, Completion Products, Wireline and Perforating 2.Wijaya,Z.,Nath,D.K.,Andayani,Y.:FiberOpticUsedToSupport ReservoirTemperatureSurveillanceinDuriSteamFlood,SPE Paper93240presentedattheSPEAsiaPacificOil&Gas ConferenceandExhibitionheldinJakarta,Indonesia,57April 2005.
3.Nath,D.K.,Sugianto,R.,Finley,D.:FiberOpticDistributed TemperatureSensingTechnologyUsedforReservoir MonitoringinanIndonesiaSteamFlood,paperSPE/PSCIM/ CHOA97912presentedatthe2005SPEInternational ThermalOperationsandHeavyOilSymposiumheldinCalgary, Alberta,Canada,13November2005.
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RealTimeFluidDistributionDeterminationinMatrixTreatments UsingDTS
TITLE
AUTHORS
GerardGlasbergen,DanGualtieri,MaryvanDomelen(Halliburton) andJosSierra(WellDynamics)
EuropeanFormationDamageConferenceheldinScheveningen,The Netherlands,30May1June2007.
SUMMARY OF PAPER
The application of distributed temperature sensing (DTS) during matrix treatments to monitor the temperature profiles along the wellbore in real time is a recent method to obtain a qualitative indicationofthefluiddistribution.ThispaperdiscusseswhetherDTS can also be used to quantify the fluid distribution during a matrix treatment. With DTS, the realtime read out is a feasible technique that has been developed to present and evaluate the temperature surveys in real time. Further, a coupled wellbore and nearwellbore thermalmodelisavailablethatrunsinrealtime.Thispaperdescribes these techniques and models and validations using several case histories. In addition, an analysis of matrix treatments using DTS temperature surveys, where available, is presented. The models are used in the analysis to obtain calculated fluid flow distribution. The applicationofmethodologyinrealtimeandbenefitsofquantification offluidflowdistributionarepresented. Thepaperstatesthatknowledgeofthezonalcoverageoftheinjected fluid is one of the benefits of quantification. The possibility to determine the flow distribution in real time opens the door to more applications which include (1) considering the effectiveness of diverters, (2) identifying well conditions prior to treatment by quantifying flow distribution during an injectivity test, (3) making realtime treatment decisions, (4) improving future job designs, (5) understanding the reasons for well performance, (6) quantifying damage removal per layer during the treatment, and (7) optimizing fluidvolumes. Thesebenefitsarediscussedindetail. The paper concludes that quantification of the flow distribution in matrix treatments leads to better understanding of placement and diversion and a more efficient use of stimulation fluids. Applying DTSisvaluableforstimulationtreatmentswheretemperatureeffects areimportant,andcanleadtobetterunderstandingandeconomicuse ofadditives.
Name:StimWatch PrimaryApplication:RealTimeDiversionMonitoring
CaseHistory
LaboratoryStudy
Nameofcompetitorandproduct:Notmentioned OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHERPSLs IMPORTANT REFERENCES
Fracturing,Conformance,SandControl Nil
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TITLE
RealTimeDiversionQuantificationandOptimizationusingDTS
AUTHORS
Gerard Glasbergen, Dan Gualtieri, Rakesh Trehan, Mary Van Domelen(Halliburton),MickyNelson(OccidentalofElkHills).
SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition held in Anaheim, California,U.S.A.,1114November2007. This paper discusses the application of DTS to quantify the effectiveness of diversion agents. Quantification of fluid distribution makes it possible to determine the flow distribution both before and after a diverter stage so that the diversion effect can be evaluated. Knowledge of the diverter effect will lead tobetterunderstanding of the diversion process and subsequently to optimization of future treatment designs. Ultimately, use of real time quantification of the effect of diversion will lead to the development of realtime optimization itself.Inrealtimeoptimization,the resultsofadiverter stage will be used to adjust the next diverter stage to optimize placement. The posttreatment analysis of the temperature profiles showed that flow distribution can be quantified both before and after a diverter stage.Basedontheobservations,thedecisionwasmadetodevelopa diagnosticstoolthatcanbeusedinrealtimeandwillenablerealtime quantification. The novel approach of using the diagnostics tool in combination with DTS during matrix acid treatments will help to further optimize diversion treatments. This optimization is both an optimization during the treatment and an optimization of diverter stagesinfuturetreatments. The quantification methoduses tracer slugs to evaluate the effect of diversion.Theideaistoinjectatracerslugbeforeandafteradiverter stage. Evaluating each of these slugs will result in flow distributions before and afterthe diverter stage and measurement of the diversion effect. The tracer slugs are small volumes of fluid that will have a different temperature signature than the majority of fluids being injected.Theconceptconsistsoftracingtheleadingandtrailingedge of the slug at different timestamps and arriving at a fluid velocity profile along the perforations. This velocity profile can be relatively easilyconvertedtoaflowrateandleakoffprofile.Aninjectivitytest before a matrix acid treatment provides a great amount of valuable informationthatcan beusedtoalterthedesignforthemaintreatment. Thediversionstrategyandconceptoftracerslugstomonitor diversion
SUMMARY OF PAPER
wasappliedduringafoamacidtreatmentintheElkHillsfield.Both DTS and realtime downhole pressure measurement were used to monitorthetreatment. Thecombinationofrealtimeskinevaluationwiththecapabilityofan onthefly acid blender would allow complete control of an acid treatment. The potential to completely control the stimulation and diversioneffectenablesbullheadtreatmentsinlongerintervalsrather than use of mechanical isolation, which can result in time and cost savings.DTS provides information about fluid going out of isolated intervalsthatcouldnotbeobservedwithoutthistechnology.
Name:StimWatch PrimaryApplication:RealTimeDiversionMonitoring CaseHistoryLaboratoryStudy
BackgroundResearch TYPE OF CONTENT
Review
FieldStudy
Fracturing,Conformance,SandControl Glasbergen, G. et al. 2007. RealTime Fluid Distribution Determination In Matrix Treatments Using DTS. Paper SPE 107775 presented at the 2007 EFDC, Scheveningen, The Netherlands, 30 May1June.
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SUMMARYOFBLOCKINGGELPAPERIADC.

JohnGuoynes,KenSquire,MattBlauch,ValerieYeager,Halliburton EnergyServices,Inc.,JohnYater,RobertWallace,RussellFrame, RandallClark,KinderMorgan,KinderMorgan,Inc.

PRESENTATION or PUBLICATION INFORMATION

BackgroundResearch Review FieldStudy Comparisontocompetitorproduct

3. Blauch,M.E.etal.:DiagnosticProcessEnhancesGasStorage DeliverabilityACaseStudy,PaperSPE51039presentedatthe 1998SPEEasternRegionalConferenceandExhibitionheldin Pittsburgh,Nov.911

Nameofcompetitorandproduct:Notmentioned OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHERPSLs

SuccessfulHydrajetAcidSqueezeandMultifractureAcid TreatmentsinHorizontalOpenHolesUsingDynamic DiversionProcessandDownholeMixing M. J.ReesandA.Khallad,PetroCanadaOilandGas, A.Cheng,K.A.Rispler,J.B.Surjaatmadja,andB.W. McDaniel,HalliburtonEnergyServices,Inc.

PRESENTATION or PUBLICATION INFORMATION

AUTHORS PRESENTATION or PUBLICATION INFORMATION

Name: KMAX. PrimaryApplication:Nearwellboreisolationnondamagingpill.

AUTHORS PRESENTATION OR PUBLICATION INFORMATION

HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER

OPPORTUNITIES 1]ConformanceControl FOROTHER 2]CoiledTubing PSLs

PRESENTATION or PUBLICATION INFORMATION

Name: KMAX PrimaryApplication:DiversionofMatrixAcidStimulation

LaboratoryStudy BackgroundResearch Review Comparisontocompetitorproduct FieldStudy

AUTHORS PRESENTATION OR PUBLICATION INFORMATION

AUTHORS PRESENTATION OR PUBLICATION INFORMATION

A.Stavland,Intl.ResearchInst.ofStavangerK.I.Anderson,Sand y,and T. Tjomsland,StatoilandA.A.Mebratu,Halliburton

WEBLINK HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER Name:CEA(CarbonateEmulsionAcid) PrimaryApplication:MatrixAcidStimulation CaseHistory

SUMMARYOFCARBONATE PAPER PUBLISHED65068

AUTHORS PRESENTATION or PUBLICATION INFORMATION

USEDINPAPER CaseHistory LaboratoryStudy

4.Levich,V.G.:PhysicochemicalHydrodynamics,PrenticeHall,Inc., EnglewoodCliffs,NewJersey (1962).

PRESENTATION or PUBLICATION INFORMATION

CaseHistory TYPE OF CONTENT

Nameofcompetitorandproduct: OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHERPSLs

SUMMARYOFCARBONATE PAPERNIF_00 SYMMETRYOF ACIDWORMHOLING

PRESENTATION or PUBLICATION INFORMATION

HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER

Name:Nil PrimaryApplication: Nil

AUTHORS PRESENTATION or PUBLICATION INFORMATION

CaseHistory TYPE OF CONTENT

SUMMARYOFCARBONATE PAPER SPE54719

PRESENTATION or PUBLICATION INFORMATION

HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER

Name:Nil PrimaryApplication: Nil

PRESENTATION or PUBLICATION INFORMATION

Name:ZCA PrimaryApplication: MatrixAcidStimulation

CaseHistory LaboratoryStudy BackgroundResearch Review FieldStudy Comparisontocompetitorproduct

TalalZ.AlMutairi andMohammadA.Shahid,KuwaitOilCompany, DavidL.Barge,SaudiArabianTexacoandNazH.Gazi,Halliburton.

PRESENTATION or PUBLICATION INFORMATION

Name:ZCA PrimaryApplication: MatrixAcidStimulation

LaboratoryStudy Review Comparisontocompetitorproduct

PRESENTATION or PUBLICATION INFORMATION

BackgroundResearch Comparisontocompetitorproduct FieldStudy

UnderstandingFormicAcidDecompositionasaCorrosionInhibitor IntensifierinStrongAcidEnvironments JuanitaM.CassidyRobertI.McNeilChadE.Kiser

PRESENTATION or PUBLICATION INFORMATION

2007SPEInternationalSymposiumonOilfieldChemistryheldin Houston,Texas,U.S.A.,28February 2March2007.

heterogeneousdecompositionpredominates, formicacidintensification shouldbemoreeffectiveonN80steel.

Comparisontocompetitorproduct Nameofcompetitorandproduct:Notmentioned OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHERPSLs IMPORTANT REFERENCES

DesignandInvestigationofaNorthSeaAcidCorrosionInhibition System JuanitaM.Cassidy

HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER

Name: HAI303inhibitorandHII600intensifier PrimaryApplication:AcidCorrosionInhibition CaseHistory

Comparisontocompetitorproduct Nameofcompetitorandproduct:Notmentioned OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHERPSLs

None 14.Walker,M.L.,Corrosioninhibitingcompositionsandmethods, U.S.PatentNo. 5591381A(1997).

PRESENTATION or PUBLICATION INFORMATION

HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER

Name: HAI85MinhibitedHClwastheobjectofthisstudy PrimaryApplication:Acidcorrosioninhibition CaseHistoryLaboratoryStudy ! BackgroundResearchReview

Comparisontocompetitorproduct Nameofcompetitorandproduct:Notmentioned OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHERPSLs

PRESENTATION or PUBLICATION INFORMATION

HALLIBURTON TRADENAME USEDINPAPER

BackgroundResearchReview TYPE OF CONTENT

Nameofcompetitorandproduct:notmentioned OPPORTUNITIES FOROTHERPSLs