Carbonic acid

Dilute acids

Tea

Tannic acid

Concentrated acids
Vinegar

Vitamin C

Ascorbic acid Ethanoic acid Lemons

Fizzy drinks

Citric acid

Bases are substances that react with acid and neutralize them. Common example are metal hydroxide, metal carbonate, metal oxide, metal hydrogen carbonate. Not all bases are soluble, but if they are, they are called alkali

Metal oxides and metal hydroxides are two types of bases. The general word equation for what happens when you neutralize it with acid is:

Metal oxide + Acid = Salt + Water Metal hydroxide + Acid = Salt + Water The mixture usually warms up a little during this process due to neutralization.

Litmus indicator SOLUTION turns red in acid and blue in alkali, and purple if neutral. Red litmus paper is more reliable and comes in both read and blue litmus paper.

Metal carbonate and metal hydrogen carbonates are also two other types of bases. Their general word equation is: Metal carbonate + acid = Salt + Water + Carbon dioxide

Blue litmus paper: Turn red in acid. Stays blue in alkali. Stays blue in neutral

Metal hydrogen carbonate + Acid = Salt + water + carbon dioxide

Universal indicators is a mix of indicators which tell you exactly how strong acidic or alkaline solutions are. This is measured using the pH scale .

Metal + Acid = Salt + Hydrogen Hydrogen can be detected using a lighted splint

A chemical reaction happens when you mix a base and acid together, this reaction is called neutralization. And a neutral solution is made, if you add just the right amount of acid and base together.

Using neutralizations Farmers use lime to neutralize their soil. (Calcium oxide) Your stomach contain hydrochloric acid, too much cause indigestion using antacid tablets neutralizes it. Antacids contains bases such as magnesium hydroxide and magnesium

carbonate. Bee stings are acidic using baking powder which contains sodium hydrogen carbonate neutralizes it.

A salt is always made when a base and acid neutralize themselves. But the exact salt made depends on the type of base and acid used. The first part of the salt depends on the metal in the base The second part depends on the acid used.

Acid used: Hydrochloric acidChloride

sulphuric acid sulphate

nitric acid nitrate

Displacement reaction is when metals compete with each other to form a compound with the non metal. Itdisplacement- can only occur if one metal is lower in the reactivity series than the other metal.

For example iron in a copper sulphate solution will give you :

Iron + Copper sulphate = Iron Sulphate + copper

Salt Preparation:

Two methods. 1)If the base dissolves in waters just add enough of acid to neutralize the solution. Then evaporate to get salt crystals. 2)If the base does not dissolve in water then add it to the acid until no more can dissolve and some base is left over. Then filter the solution and evaporate the filtrate. You can evaporate the solution slowly to get larger crystals.

increasing collisions so the reaction rate increases. Increasing the pressure of gaseous reactions by decreasing volume increases collisions.
Increasing the temperature: increasing the temperature of a reaction increases the kinetic energy of the particles which increases the number of collisions so the reaction rate increases. Particle size: Smaller reactant particles provide a greater surface area which increases the chances for particle collisions so the reaction rate increases. presence of a catalyst decreases the activation energy so more particles will have the minimum amount of energy required to form products so the reaction rate increases. Stirring also increases the rate of reaction. Stirring means more particles in collision which means higher rate of reaction.

Endothermic and exothermic reaction: Photosynthesis is an endothermic reaction. It requires light energy to covert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. Respiration is an exothermic reaction. When exercising the bodys temperature rises because of the increase of energy due to the breakdown of glucose. Exothermic reactions can be observed during neutralisarion.

Rates of reaction: Rate of reaction means the speed at which the reactants produce a product. The factors which affect the rate of reaction are: Concentration of particles. Increasing the reactants increases the reactant particles thus