Two - Dimensional Exact Solution For Multilayer Piezoelectric Cantilevers

- 1 -
http://www.ivypub.org/rms/
ResearchofMaterialsScience
December2012,Volume1,Issue1,PP.118
Two-Dimensional Exact Solution for Multilayer
Piezoelectric Cantilevers
Hui Huang
#
, Chuanzhou Dong
Design Branch of China Railway Major Bridge Engineering Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430050, P.R. China
#Email: huanghui276@126.com
Abstract
In our present paper, the plan strain theory of transversely isotropic bodies for studying a piezoelectric multi-layer cantilever has
been used, and also in order to find the general solution of a multi-layer piezoelectric cantilever the inverse method has been
obtained. The stress and induction functions in the form of polynomials as well as the general solutions of the beam have been
obtained. Finally, based on the general solution we have deduced the solutions of the cantilever under different loading conditions.
Keywords: Piezoelectric; Multi-layer; Cantilever; Elasticity
I. INTRODUCTION
Since the Curie brothers found the piezoelectric effect in 1880, piezoelectric materials has been widely used in
sensor actuators. In various engineering applications, many important achievements have been obtained, such as the
investigations on piezoelectric ultrasonic motors [1] vibration control of different kinds of structures [2, 3]. In
engineering field, these piezoelectric devices are usually designed as sandwich structures with multiple layers, to
provide large electrical or mechanicals outputs. However, the bonding layer may crack at low temperature or peel off
at high temperature, which will reduce the life time and reliability of these smart material devices

[4]. In recent
years, more and more researchers have paid their attentions on how to reduce the crack of these smart materials and
also someone have made these materials used in engineering more perfectly. To improve the reliability, functionally
gradient piezoelectric materials have been used to produce these sensors and actuators[5]. Based on the theory of
elasticity, some basic problems for functionally graded piezoelectric sensors and actuators have been solved, and a
set of exact solutions has been obtained [6-10]. Assuming a piezoelectric coefficient
31
d as a linear function in the
thickness direction and other material parameters as constants, investigation of the BaTiO
3
FGPM actuator showed
that, with respect to a classical bi-morph, the defection of the FGPM cantilever actuators is only slightly smaller,
whereas the internal mechanical stress is drastically reduced [11].
In our present paper we continue to study multiple layers piezoelectric cantilever under different kinds of loads,
including the affection of the temperature. To get the general solutions ,in this paper we assume the constants and
parameters of every layer is different, it means elastic compliance
ij
S of layer k is
ijk
S , and also the
piezoelectric
ij
g , dielectric impermeabilities
ij
, , and thermal strain constant
ii
, pyro-electric coefficients
3
q ,are
denoted by the same way. We have obtained the stress and induction functions in the form of polynomial as well as
the general solutions of the multiple layer cantilevers, in which the semi-inverse method is used.
II.BASICEQUATIONSFORMULTILAYERPIEZOELECTRICMATERIALS
The plane strain (or stress) theory of transversely isotropic piezoelectric materials is referred to a Cartesian
coordinate system x and z .Setting
ij
c ,
ij
o ,
i
D and
i
E as the components of strain, stress, induction and electric
filed, respectively, the two-dimensional constitutive equations can be written in the following forms [12].
11 12 21 11
12 22 22 22
33 13
x x z z
z x z z
xz xz x
S S g D T
S S g D T
S g D
c o o
c o o
t
= + +
= + +
= +

- 2 -

13 11
21 22 22 3
x xz x
z x z z
E g D
E g g D q T
t ,
o o ,
= +
= +
(1)
Where
ij
S ,
ij
g and
ij
, are constants of the effective elastic compliance, piezoelectric and dielectric
impermeabilities, respectively. T is the temperature rise,
ii
and
3
q are the thermal strain constant and
pyro-electric coefficients of the material. The relations of the strain and displacement components (u andw) as well
as the components of electric filed potential | are in the following forms:
x
x
z
z
xz
u
x
E
w
x
z
E
u w
z
z x
c
|
c
|
c
=
c c
=
c c
=

c c

=
c c c
= +
c c
(2)
Without considering body charge, the equilibrium equations are given by:
0
0
0
x xz
x
xz z
z
x z
F
x z
F
x z
D D
x z
o t
t o
c c
+ + =
c c
c c
+ + =
c c
c c
+ =
c c
(3)
Where
x
F and
z
F are the components of body force. And the compatibility equations can be expressed by the
components of stress and induction as:
2 2 2
2 2
0
x xz z
x z
z x x z
E E
z x
c c c c c
+ =
c c c c
c c
c c
(4)
In steady state, the temperature filed is governed by Fouriers heat condition equation
2 2
2 2
0
T T
x z
c c
+ =
c c
(5)
Using equations (1) and (3), the above compatibility equations can be expressed by the components of stress and
inductions as:
( )
2 2
33
11 12
2 2
2 2
33
22 12
2 2
2 2 2
21 22 13
2 2
2 2
33
11 22
2 2
13 21 22 11
22 31 3
2
2
2
x
z
x z z
x z
x x z
z
x
S
S S
z x
S
S S
x z
D D D
g g g
x z z x
S F F T T
x z z x
D
g g g
x x z
D T
g F q
x
o
o

o o
,
,
(
c c | |
+ +
( |
c c \ .

(
c c | |
+ + +
( |
c c \ .

c c c
+ +
c c c c
c c c c | |
= +
|
c c c c \ .
c c c
+ + +
c c c
c c
+ +
c
0
x
=
c
(6)

- 3 -
In this case, the weight of the only body force and it has a potential .Thus we have
0;
x z
V
F F
z
c
= =
c
(7)
By symmetry, the heat condition equation (5) can be simplified to:
2 2
2 2
0; 0
T T T
x x z
c c c
= = =
c c c
(8)
Where ( ) V V z = and ( ) T T z = are the potential function. By introducing the stress function and
introduction function , the components of stress and induction can be described as:

2
2
2
2
2
x
x
z
z
xz
z
D
z
V
x
D
x
x z
t
c
=
c
c
c c
= +

c c

=
c c
=
c c
(9)
Substituting expression (9) into equation(6), the compatibility equation can be rewritten as
( )
( )
( )
4 4 4
11 12 33 22 4 2 2 4
3 3 2
13 21 22 12 2 3 2
3 3
13 21 22 2 3
2 2
11 22 2 2
2 S S S S
z x z x
V
g g g S
x z x z
g g g
x z x
z x

, ,
c c c
+ + +
c c c c
c c c
= + +
c c c c
c c
+ +
c c c
c c
c c
(10)
Thus the solution of a density functionally gradient piezoelectric material reduces to finding a solution of equation
(10) that satisfies all the boundary conditions of the problem.
.GENERALSOLUTIONFORAMULTILAYERPIEZOELECTRIC
In general, the potential function V and the temperature function T can be represented by a power series. In the
following analysis we take
3 2
1 2 3 4
V z z z = + + + (11-1)
0 1
T t z t = + (11-2)
Where ( 1,2,3,4)
i
i = and ( ) 0,1
i
t i = are material constants. Furthermore, in order to find the general
solution for a piezoelectric multi-layer cantilever the stress and induction functions are assumed to be in the form of
polynomials and be expressed as:
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
3 2
1 2 3 4
3 2
3 4 5
5 4 3 2
1 2 3 4
2
3 4
3 2
1 2 3 4
3 2
3 4 5
2
x
b z b z b z b
x c z c z c z
d z d z d z d z
x A z A
x B z B z B z B
D z D z D z
= + + +
+ + +
+ + + +
= +
+ + + +
+ + +
(12)
Where coefficients , ,
i i i
b c d and , ,
i i i
A B D are constants which will be determined later.
Without lose of generality it is assumed that the N-layered (with the same coefficient of the thermal
conductivity K ) are in complete contact at the interface. First the continuity conditions at the interface
( 1,2, , 1
k
z h k n o = = ) can be considered as follows:
( 1) ( 1)
( 1) ( 1)
( 1,2, , 1)
k
k k k k
k k k k
z h
T T
T T
z z
k n
o
+ +
+ +
=
=
c c
K = K
c c
=
(13)

- 4 -
Substituting Eqs.(11-2), (13) the following result can be obtained as:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1
k k k k
k k k k
t t t
t t t
+ +
+ +
= =
= =
(14)
Where the temperature boundary can be assumed as: at the bottom of the sandwich beam the temperature is
1
T ,
and at the upper surface the temperature is
2
T , and then to simply the problem we have studied recently, we assume
the temperature at the bottom and the upper of beam are both static. Then we can get the following expresses as:

2 1
0
1 1
n
T T
t
h
t T
o

=
(15)
Substituting equations (12) into equation (10), one finds that equation (10) can be satisfied only if
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
11 1 12 33 1 13 21 1 1 12
11 2 12 33 2 13 21 2 2 12
13 21 3 22 3 11 3 22 3
13 21 4 22 4 11 4 22 4
13 21 1 11 1
13 21 2 11 2
20 2
12 2
3
S d S S b g g B S
S d S S b g g B S
g g c g a D A
g g c g a D A
g g b B
g g b B
, ,
, ,
,
,
+ + = +
+ + = +
+ + =
+ + =
+ =
+ =
(16)
Substituting equation (12) into (9) we can get as
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
3 2
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
3 2 3 2
1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
2 2
1 2 3 3 4 5
2 2 2
3 1 2 3 3 4 5
3 2
3 4 1 2 3 4
6 2 6 2 20 12 6 2
2
3 2 3 2
3 2 3 2
2
x
z
xz
x
z
x
b z b x c z c d z d z d z d
b z b z b z b z z z
x b z b z b c z c z c
D A x x B z B z B D z D z D
D x A z A B z B z B z B
o
o
t
= + + + + + + +
= + + + + + + +
= + + + +
= + + + + + +
= + + + +
(17)
Substituting equation (17) into (1) and (2) we can get as:
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3 2
3 2
1 2 3 4 1 1 2 2 3 3
11 12
3 2
4 4
1 2 3 4
2 3 2 3 2
21 3 4 21 1 2 3 4 11 0 1 12 3 4
3 2 3
22 3 4 33 3 4
6 2 6 2
6 2
20 12 6 2
1 1
2
6 2
x x
b z b c z c b z b z b z
u S S x
b
x d z d z d z d
g x A z A g x B z B z B z B x t z t S c z c z z W
g A z A z S c z c

(
( + + + + + + + +
(
= + (
(
+ +
(

( + + + +

+ + + + + + + O +
| |
+ + +
|
\ .
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 3 2
5 13 3 4 5
2
4 3
2 2
1 1 2 2
1 2 3 4
12 22
4 3 2 2
1 2 3 4 3 3 4 4
2 4 3 2
22 3 4 22 1 2 3 4 22 0
1 1
3 2 3 2
4 3
2
1
5 4 3 2
2
1 1 1 1 1
2 4 3 2 2
z c z g D z D z D z
x
b z b z
b z b z x c z c z
w S S
d z d z d z d z b z b z
g x A z A z g B z B z B z B z t

+ + + +
(
(
+ + +
( + + +
(
= + (
(
(
( + + + + + + +

(

| | | |
+ + + +
| |
\ . \ .
( )
2 4 3 2
1 11 1 11 3 11 3
2 3 2 2 2 3 2
12 3 3 21 3 21 3 11 0 33 3 13 3 13 3
1
3
4
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 3 2 2 2 3 2
z t z S b x S c x S d x
S b x g A x g B x t x S b x g A x g B x x H
| |
+
|
\ .
+ + + + + + O +
(18-1)
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
3 2 2
2 2
3 1 2 3 1 2 3
13 11
2 2
3 4 5 3 4 5
4 3 2
1 1 2 2 3 3 2 4 3 2
22 3 0 1 21 1 2 3 4
4 4
22
3 2 3 2
3 2 2
3 2 3 2
1 1 1
1
4 3 2 5 4 3 2
2
1
4
x x x
A B z B z B b z b z b
g
x c z c z c x D z D z D
b z b z b z
g q t z t z g d z d z d z d z
b z
B
| ,

,
( (
+ + + + + + +
( (
=
( (
( ( + + + +

(
+ + + + +
| |
(
+ + + +
|
(
\ .
+ +
(

4 3 2
1 2 3 4
1 1
3 2
z B z B z B z M
| |
+ + + +
|
\ .
(18-2)

- 5 -
Where O,W , H and M are the constants will be given later.
Equation (18) is the general solution of piezoelectric multi-layer cantilever .The constants , , b c d and , A , B D
in this general solution should be determined in analysis of concrete case. Without losing the generality, now we
denote every parameter which has been shown above differently.

FIG.1 ANALYTICAL MODEL
For convenience, the displacement and electric potentials, stress, induction at the upper and the lower surfaces of
layer k are denoted by
( , , , , , )
U U U U U U
k k k zk zk zk
u w D | o t
and
( , , , , , )
L L L L L L
k k k zk zk zk
u w D | o t
as shown in FIG.1 respectively. For a
sandwich cantilever the distributions of stress and induction should satisfy the boundary conditions in every layers
interface.
1 1 1
1 1 1
; ;
; ;
U L U L U L
k k k k k k
U L U L U L
k k k k k k
u u w w
D D
| |
o o t t
+ + +
+ + +
= = =
= = =
(Where 1,2,3 1 k n = ) (19)

Here as follows another induction boundary at 0 x = andx L = .
1
1
0
k
k
n
h
xk
h
k
D dz
o
o

=
=
}
(Denote
0
0 o = ) (20)
Substituting equations (19) into equation (18) above all we can get: (see appendix A)
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
111 111
11 21 1 1 2 1
11 1 11 1
11 21 31 3 1 3 1 3 1
11 21 41 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1
;
k k
k k
k k k
k k k k
S S
b b b b
S S
b b b b b b
b b b b b b b
+ +
+ +
+ + +
+ + + +
= =
' '' = + +
' '' ''' = + + +
(21-1)
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
31 3 1 3 1
31 41 4 1 4 1
k k
k k
A A A
A A A A
+ +
+ +
'
=
'
= +
(21-2)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
11 21 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1
111
11 21 31 31 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
11 1
11 21 31 31 41 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1
;
k k k k
k k k k
k
k k k k k
B B b B B b
B B b B b B b B
B B b B b B b B B B
+ + + +
+ + + +
+
+ + + + +
' ' = =
' '' ''' = + +
' '' ''' '''' = + + + +
(21-3)
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
111
31 31 3 1 3 1
11 1
111
31 41 41 4 1 4 1 4 1
11 1
31 41 31 41 51 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1 5 1
k k
k
k k k
k
k k k k k
S
c c A c
S
S
c c A c A c
S
c c A c A c c c c c
+ +
+
+ + +
+
+ + + + +
' = +
' '' = + +
' '' ''' '''' = + + + +
(21-4)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
11 21 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
111
11 21 31 31 0 31 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
11 1
11 21 31 41 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 3 1
;
k k k k k k
k k k k k k k
k
k k k k k k
d d b d d d b d
S
d d b d b d b d B d t d d
S
d d b d b d b d b d B
+ + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+
+ + + + + +
' '' ' '' = + = +
' '' ''' '''' ''''' '''''' = + + + + + +
' '' ''' '''' ''''' = + + + +
( ) ( )
( )
111
31 41 41 3 1 4 1
11 1
k k
k
S
d B d d
S
+ +
+
'''''' ''''''' + + +
(21-5)

- 6 -
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3 1 3 1 31 3 1 31
4 1 4 1 31 4 1 41 4 1 31 4 1 41
111
5 1 5 1 31 5 1 41 5 1 31 5 1 41 51
11 1
k k k
k k k k k
k k k k k
k
D D A D c
D D A D A D c D c
D D A D A D c D c D
+ + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+
' ''
= +
' '' ''' ''''
= + + +
' '' ''' ''''
= + + + +
(21-6)
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 11 21 31 11 1 2 13
41 31 41 31 1 4 15 1 6 1 7
41 0 1 1 18 19 110 111
1 31 41 31 41 11 1 2 13 1 4
1
1 31 41 31 41 11 1 2 13 1 4
51 1 15
k k k k
k k k k
k k k k
k k k k k
k k k k k
k
k
M M b M b M b
M b M B M B M d
M d M t M t M M
c c A A
W W c W c W A W A
W D W
H
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + +
+
= + +
+ + + +
+ + + + +
O = O + O + O + O
+O
= + + +
+ +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
11 21 31 41 1 11 1 2 13 1 4
31 41 31 41 15 1 6 1 7 18
0 1 1 19 110
k k k k
k k k k
k k
H b H b H b H b
H B H B H d H d
H t H t H
+ + + + +
+ + + +
+ +
= + + +
+ + + +
+ + +
(21-7)
Equation (21) is the relations of every constant we want to give later. The result boundary condition will be
expressed as:
( )
( ) ( )
( )
1
1
1 1
,0 0
,0
,0 ,0 0
x
w L
u L w L
x
| =
c
= = =
c
(22)
From equations (18), (22) we can get
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
1 211 41 31 51 131 31 111 31
3 2
2
111 21 41 41 121 41 41 212 41 211 41 111 1 1
4 2 3
3 2
111 11 111 31 111 31 121 31 31 1 211 31
2
211 31 111
2 0, 0, 0
2 2 2 0
6 2
3
4 2 3
1
2 2
M g d A D g b B
L L
S b c Ld S L b g L A g LB Lt W
L L L
S b S L c S L d S b H g A
L
g B
= = = + =
(
+ + + + + = (
(

+ + +
+ +
( )
2 2 3 2
0 331 31 131 31 131 31 1
3 2
111 11 111 31 111 31 121 31 31
2 2
211 31 221 31 111 0 331 31 131 31 331 31 1
1 1 1
0
2 3 2
3 6
0
L t S b L g A L g B L L
S L b S L c S Ld S b
g L A Lg B Lt S Lb g L A g LB
+ + O =
+ + + + + O =
(23)

FIG. 2 SIMPLE BENDING by a COUPLE FORCE FIG. 3 SIMPLE BENDING by a CONCENTRATED FORCE

FIG. 4 SIMPLE TENSION by a CONCENTRATED FORCE FIG.5 BENDING by a UNIFORM LOADING

- 7 -

FIG.6 TENSION by a UNIFORM LOADING FIG.7 RESPONSE to an APPLIED VOLTAGE
.SOLUTIONSFORMULTILAYERPIEZOELECTRICCANTILEVERUNDERDIFFERENT
LOADINGCONDITIONS
Based on the general solution obtained above, a series of fundamental problems can be solved, which includes not
only the simple bending of a piezoelectric sandwich cantilever by a couple but also the simple tension and bending
of a piezoelectric sandwich cantilever by a concentrated force. Moreover, the responses of a piezoelectric sandwich
cantilever to a uniform loading, applied axially and laterally on the upper surface of the beam, or to an applied
voltage are also studied. To make the expresses of the constants we will obtain below conveniently, then we denote
the following:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
1
2
1 111
1 11 11 11 1
1
2 111
1 11 11 11 1
3 3
3 111 1
1 11
1
2
111
2 1 11 11 1
4 111
11
1 1
3
1 1
3
1
1 1
3
1
n
n
i
i n i i
n
n
i
i n i i
n
k k
k k
n k
i
k i i i
k
h
S h
S S S
h
S h
S S S
S h h
S
S h
S S
S
S
o
o
o
o
o o
o
o
=
+
=
+
= =
+
( | |
( | O = +
|
(
\ .
( | |
( | O = +
|
(
\ .
(
O =

| |
| +
|
\ .
O =
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 2
1
1
1
111
2 1 11 11 1
1 1
2
n
k k
k
n k
i
k i i i
h h
S h
S S
o
o
= =
+
| |
| +
|
\ .
(24-1)
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
3
111
1 3 4
11
2
111
2 3 4
11
2
111
3 3
11
111
4 3
11
4
4
5 4 41
1
3
;
2
n n n n
n
n n n
n
n n
n
n n
n
i
n in n
i
S
P h b h b
S
S
P h b b
S
S
P h b
S
S
P h b
S
P b h
o o
o
o
o
o
' ' = + +
'' '' = + +
' = +
'' = +
''' =

(24-2)
A. Simple Bending of a Cantilever by a Couples
For a cantilever which is bent by a couple, as shown in Fig.2, the distributions of stress and induction should
satisfy the boundary condition exactly.
1
1
1
1
0 0
1 0
0 0
1
0 0
0
0
n
n
n
h h
x xn
h h
x xn
h h
x xn
dz dz
zdz zdz M
dz dz
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
t t
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
} }
} }
} }
(at 0 x = ) (25)

- 8 -
And then 0
z xz
o t = = at the bottom and top surface of the cantilever; the induction at the top surface must
satisfy the boundary condition as: ( ) , 0
z n
D x h o = ; and as follows at the bottom surface must satisfy the boundary
condition as: ( ) ,0 0
z
D x = .
Substituting equation (18) into all the boundary condition above , we can get:
3 4 3 4 5
0 A A c c c = = = = = (25-1)
1 5 5 2
3 4
11 21
1 2 1 2
3 4 3 4
31 41 41
0 0
;
0;
P P P P
P P
b b
P P P P
P P P P
b b
= =
= =
(25-2)
Then the constants
3
b ,
4
b ,
1
B ,
2
B have been obtained.
31 41
0; 0 B B = = (25-3)
Now we get the following constants
3k
B ,
4k
B ,
1k
d ,
2k
d ,
3k
D , as the follows we denote:
Use the equation (25), now we can get:
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
12 1 1 1 2 1 33 1 3 1
1
12 1 3 1 3 1 21 1 3 1 11 1 0 1 33 1 3 1
2
1 12 1 2 12 3 3 21 3 33 3 11 0 33
1 1
3 2
2 2
1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
3 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
k k k k k k k
k
k k k k k k k k k
k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k k
S b h b h g B
S b g B t S b
S b h b h S b g B g B t S b
o o

o o
+ + + + +
+
+ + + + + + + + +
+
(
+ +
(
K = (
(
+ + +
(

I = + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
3
3 2
11 1 2 3
3 2
1 12 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
3 2
21 1 2 3 4
3 2
11 1 1 1 2 1 3 1
1 12 1 1 1 1 1
20 12 6
20 12 6
k
k k k k k k k
k k k k k k k k k k k k k
k k k k k k k k
k k k k k k k
k k k k k
S d h d h d h
S b h b h b h b
g B h B h B h B
S d h d h d h
S b
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o
+
+ + + +
+ + + +
(
(

(
+ + +
(
(
T = + + + + + + +
(
(
+ + + (

+ + +
H = + ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
3 2
2 1 2 1 3 1 3 1 4 1 4 1
3 2
21 1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1
k k k k k k k k
k k k k k k k k
h b h b h b
g B h B h B h B
o o
o o o
+ + + + + +
+ + + + +
(
+ + + + + +
( + + +
(25-4)
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
4 3
4 3
1 1 2 1 1
1 1
1 1
2
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 11 11
5 4
5 4
2 1 2 1 1
1
5 4
1 1
4 3
n n
k k k k k k
k k
n k n k
i i k i i k k k
k i k i k k
n
k k k k k k
k k
d h h d h h
h h h h
S S
d h h d h h
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o

= =

+ + + +
= = = =

=
| | | |
9 = +
| |
\ . \ .
| | | |
| |
+ K I + T H
|
| |
\ .
\ . \ .
| | | |
9 = +
| |
\ . \ .

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
1
1 1
3 2
3 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 11 11
2
2
111
3 1
1 11
111
4 1
1 11
3
3
111
5 1
1 11
2 1
3 2
3
2
2
n
n k n k
i i k i i k k k
k i k i k k
n
k k
k k
n
k k
k k
n
k k
k k
h h h h
S S
S
h h
S
S
h h
S
S
h h
S
o o o o
o o
o o
o o
=

+ + + +
= = = =
=
| | | |
| | | |
+ K I + T H
| |
| |
\ . \ .
\ . \ .
| |
9 =
|
\ .
9 =
| |
9 =
|
\ .
( )
( )
( )
2
2
111
6 1
1 11
n
k k
k k
S
h h
S
o o

=
| |
9 =
|
\ .

(25-5)
Now we can get:

- 9 -
1 4 3 1
2 0 6 5 2 0
31 41
3 4 3 4
5 6 5 6
;
M M
d d
9 9 9 9
9 9 9 9
= =
9 9 9 9
9 9 9 9
(25-6)
( )
1 211 41
3
1 111 21 41 111 1
3
1 111 11 111 31 121 31 111 0
4 2
2 3
1 111 11 111 31 121 31 111 0 1
2
2 2
6
6
1
3
4 2 2
M g d
L
W S b Ld Lt
S L b S Ld S Lt
L L
H S b S L d S L t L
= + +
(
O = +
= + + + O
(25-7)
B. Simple Bending of a Cantilever by a Concentrated Force
For a cantilever which is bent by a concentrated force, as shown in FIG.3, the distribution of stress and induction
should satisfy the boundary condition exactly.
1
1
1
1
0 0
1
0 0
1
0 0
0
0
n
n
n
h h
x xn
h h
x xn
h h
x xn
dz dz F
zdz zdz
dz dz
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
t t
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
} }
} }
} }
(at 0 x = ) (26)
And then 0
z xz
z n
z
D x = .
Substituting equation (18) into all the boundary condition above, we can get:
3 4 3 4 5
0 A A c c c = = = = = (27-1)
1 5 5 2
3 4
11 21
1 2 1 2
3 4 3 4
31 41 41
0 0
;
0;
P P P P
P P
b b
P P P P
P P P P
b b
= =
= =
(27-2)
Then the constants
3
b
4
b
1
B
2
31 41
0; 0 B B = = (27-3)
3k
B ,
4k
B ,
1k
d ,
2k
d ,
3k
D , as the follows w e denote:
1 4 3 1
2 6 5 2
31 41
3 4 3 4
5 6 5 6
;
F F
d d
9 + 9 9 9 +
9 9 9 9
= =
9 9 9 9
9 9 9 9
(27-4)
( )
1 211 41
3
1 111 21 41 111 1
3
1 111 11 111 31 121 31 111 0
4 2
2 3
1 111 11 111 31 121 31 111 0 1
2
2 2
6
6
1
3
4 2 2
M g d
L
W S b Ld Lt
S L b S Ld S Lt
L L
H S b S L d S L t L
= + +
(
O = +
= + + + O
(27-5)
C. Simple Tension of a Cantilever by a Concentrated Force
For a cantilever tensioned axially by a concentrated force, as shown in FIG.1, the distributions of stress and
induction should satisfy the boundary condition exactly.

- 10 -
1
1
1
1
0 0
1
0 0
1
0 0
0
0
n
n
n
h h
x xn
h h
x xn
h h
x xn
dz dz
zdz zdz
dz dz F
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
t t
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
} }
} }
} }
(at 0 x = ) (28)
And then 0
z xz
z n
z
D x = .
3 4 5
0 A A c = = = (29-1)
3 3
4 4
31 41
1 3 1 3
2 4 2 4
0 0
;
F F
c c
O O
O O
= =
O O O O
O O O O
(29-2)
1 5 5 2
3 4
11 21
1 2 1 2
3 4 3 4
31 41 41
0 0
;
0;
P P P P
P P
b b
P P P P
P P P P
b b
= =
= =
(29-3)
Then the constants
3
b
4
b
1
B
2
31 41
0; 0 B B = = (29-4)
3k
B ,
4k
B ,
1k
d ,
2k
d ,
3k
1 4 3 1
2 6 5 2
31 41
3 4 3 4
5 6 5 6
; d d
9 9 9 9
9 9 9 9
= =
9 9 9 9
9 9 9 9
(29-5)
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 211 41
3 2
1 111 21 41 41 111 1
3 2
1 111 11 111 31 111 31 121 31 31 111 0
4 2
3 2 3
1 111 11 111 31 111 31 121 31 31 111 0 1
2
2 2 2
6 2
3 6
1
3
4 2 2
M g d
L L
W S b c Ld Lt
S L b S L c S Ld S b Lt
L L
H S b S L c S L d S b L t L
= + + +
(
O = + +
= + + + + + O
(29-6)
D. Bending by a Uniform Loading
For a cantilever which is bent laterally by a uniform loading, as shown in FIG.5, the distributions of stress and
1
1
1
1
0 0
1
0 0
1
0 0
0
0
0
n
n
n
h h
x xn
h h
x xn
h h
x xn
dz dz
zdz zdz
dz dz
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
t t
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
} }
} }
} }
(30)
at 0 x =
And then 0
z xz
o t = = at the bottom; at the top surface of the cantilever
z
q o = , 0
xz
t = ; the induction at the top
surface must satisfy the boundary condition as: ( ) , 0
z n
D x h o = ; and as follows at the bottom surface must satisfy
the boundary condition as: ( ) ,0 0
z
D x = .

- 11 -
3 4 3 4 5
0 A A c c c = = = = = (31-1)
1 5 5 2
3 4
21 11
1 2 1 2
3 4 3 4
31 41 41
0 0
;
0;
P P q P q P
P P
b b
P P P P
P P P P
b b

= =
= =
(31-2)
Then the constants
3
b
4
b
1
B
2
31 41
0; 0 B B = = (31-3)
3k
B ,
4k
B ,
1k
d ,
2k
d ,
3k
1 4 3 1
2 6 5 2
31 41
3 4 3 4
5 6 5 6
; d d
9 9 9 9
9 9 9 9
= =
9 9 9 9
9 9 9 9
(31-4)
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 211 41
3 2
1 111 21 41 41 111 1
3 2
1 111 11 111 31 111 31 121 31 31 111 0
4 2
3 2 3
1 111 11 111 31 111 31 121 31 31 111 0 1
2
2 2 2
6 2
3 6
1
3
4 2 2
M g d
L L
W S b c Ld Lt
S L b S L c S Ld S b Lt
L L
H S b S L c S L d S b L t L
= + + +
(
O = + +
= + + + + + O
(31-5)
E. Tensing by a Uniform Loading
For a cantilever which is tensioned axially by a uniform loading, as shown in FIG.6, the distributions of stress and
1
1
1
1
0 0
1
0 0
1
0 0
0
0
0
n
n
n
h h
x xn
h h
x xn
h h
x xn
dz dz
zdz zdz
dz dz
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
t t
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
} }
} }
} }
(at 0 x = ) (32)
And then 0
z xz
o t = = at the bottom; at the top surface of the cantilever 0
z
o = ,
xz
q t = ; the induction at the
top surface must satisfy the boundary condition as: ( ) , 0
z n
D x h o = ; and as follows at the bottom surface must
satisfy the boundary condition as: ( ) ,0 0
z
D x = .
Substituting equation (18) into all the boundary condition above ,we can get:
3 4
0 A A = = (33-1)
3 1
4 2
31 41
1 3 1 3
2 4 2 4
1 5 5 2
3 4
11 21
1 2 1 2
3 4 3 4
0 0
;
0 0
;
q q
c c
P P P P
P P
b b
P P P P
P P P P
O O
O O
= =
O O O O
O O O O
= =
(33-2)
Then the constants
1
B ,
2
31 41 41 31 41
0; ; 0 b b B B = = = (33-3)
3k
B ,
4k
B ,
1k
d ,
2k
d ,
3k

- 12 -
1 4 3 1
2 6 5 2
31 41
3 4 3 4
5 6 5 6
; d d
9 9 9 9
9 9 9 9
= =
9 9 9 9
9 9 9 9
(33-4)
( ) ( )
( )
( )
1 211 41
3 2
1 111 21 41 41
111 1
3 2
1 111 11 111 31 111 31
121 31 31 111 0
4
3 2
1 111 11 111 31 111 31
2
3
121 31 31 111 0 1
2
2 2 2
6 2
3 6
3
4
1
2 2
M g d
L L
W S b c Ld
Lt
S L b S L c S Ld
S b Lt
L
H S b S L c S L d
L
S b L t L
= + +
(
O =
+ +
= + + +
+ + O
(33-6)
F. Response of a Cantilever to an Applied Voltage
For a piezoelectric cantilever subjected to a voltage, as shown in FIG.7, some boundary conditions which used
above are also valid, and the following boundary conditions should be obtained as:
1
1
1
1
0 0
1
0 0
1
0 0
0
0
0
n
n
n
h h
x xn
h h
x xn
h h
x xn
dz dz
zdz zdz
dz dz
o o
o o
o o
o o
o o
t t
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
} }
} }
} }
(at 0 x = ) (34)
And then 0
z xz
satisfy the boundary condition as: ( )
0
,
n
x h V | o = ; and as follows at the bottom surface must satisfy the boundary
z
D x = .
41 41 51
0 A B c = = = (35-1)
1 5 5 2
3 4
11 21
1 2 1 2
3 4 3 4
31 41 41
0 0
;
0;
P P P P
P P
b b
P P P P
P P P P
b b
= =
= =
(35-2)
In the following equation (36) all the constants are in appendix B.
11 31 12 41
23 31 24 41 1
33 31 34 41 2
41 31 42 41 43 31 44 41
0 3
0 t c t c
t d t d
t d t d
t c t c t d t d
V
+ =
+ =
+ =
+ + +
= +
(36)
Then from the equation (36) the result constants we need to solve are obtained as the follows:
12 11
1 23 24 1 23 24
2 33 34 2 33 34
0 3 42 43 44 41 0 3 43 44
31 41
11 12 11 12
23 24 23 24
33 34 33 34
41 42 43 44 41 42 43 44
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
0 0
;
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
t t
t t t t
t t t t
V t t t t V t t
c c
t t t t
t t t t
t t t t
t t t t t t t t

+ +
= =

- 13 -
11 12 11 12
1 24 23 1
2 34 33 2
41 42 0 3 44 41 42 43 0 3
31 41
11 12 11 12
23 24 23 24
33 34 33 34
41 42 43 44 41 42 43 44
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
;
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
t t t t
t t
t t
t t V t t t t V
d d
t t t t
t t t t
t t t t
t t t t t t t t

+ +
= =
(37)
.CONCLUSION
Based on the theory of elasticity, the present analysis provides an exact solution of a piezoelectric multiple layers
cantilever under differents loads. It is found that with the increase of the number of layers, the discontinuity for the
normal stress in the interface of every bonding can be significantly reduced. It is demonstrated that the solutions of
the N-layered cantilever are convergent to those for the case of functionally gradient cantilever.
REFERENCE
[1] Philippe, Bouchilloux and Lenji, Vchino 2003. Combined Finite Element Analysis-Genetic Algorithm Method for the Design of
Ultrasonic Motors, J ournal of Intelligent Materials Systems and Structures, 14(10): 657-667
[2] Clark, William W. 2000. Vibration Control with State-switched Piezoelectric Materials, J ournal of Intelligent Materials Systems
and Structures, 11(4): 263-271
[3] Corr, L. R and Clark, W. W. 2000. Energy Dissipation Analysis of Piezoelectric Semi-active Vibration Control Structures,
Structural Dynamics and Material Conference. Seattle. W. A, April 16-19
[4] Zhu, X.H., Wang, Q. and Meng, Z.Y. 1995. A Functionally Gradient Piezoelectric Actuator Prepared by Powder Metallurgical
Process in PNN-PZ-PT System, J ournal of Materials Science Letters 14(7): 516-518
[5] Qiu, J .H.etal 2003. Fabrication and High Durability of Functionally Graded Piezoelectric Bending Actuators, Smart Mater. Struct
12: 115-121
[6] Shi, Z.F., 2002. General Solution of a Density Functionally Gradient Piezoelectric Cantilever and its Applications, Smart Mater.
Struct. 11: 122-129
[7] Liu, T.T. and Shi, Z.F. 2004. Bending Behavior of Functionally Gradient Piezoelectric Cantilever, Ferroelectrics 308:43-51
[8] Shi, Z.F. and Chen, Y. 2004 Functionally Graded Piezoelectric Cantilever under load, Arch. Appl. Mech. 74: 237-247
[9] Chen, Y. and Shi, Z.F 2005 Exact Solutions of Functionally Gradient Piezo-thermal-elastic Cantilevers and Parameter
Identification, Journal of Intelligent Materials Systems and Structures, 16: 531-539
[10] Shi, Z.F 2005 Bending Behavior of Piezoelectric Cured Actuator, Smart Mater. Struct. 14: 835-842
[11] Huake, T. Kouvatov A. Steinhausen R. Seifert W. Beige, H. Langhammer H.T. and Abicht H. 2000 Bending Behavior of
Functionally Gradient Materials, Ferroelectrics 238: 195-202
[12] Wu, X.H, Shen, Y.P., Chen, W.Q. 2003 An Exact Solutions for Functionally Graded Piezothermalelectric Cylindrical Shell as
Sensors or Actuators, Mater, Lett. 57: 3532-3542
[13] Marcus, M.A. 1984 Performance Characteristics of Piezoelectric Polymer Flexure Mode Devices, Ferroelectric 57: 203-220
[14] Kouvatov A, Steinhausen R, Seifer W. Hauke T, Langhammer H.T, Beige H and Abicht H 1999 Comparison between Bi-morphic
and Polymorphic Bending Devices, J.Eur. Ceram.Soc.H. 19: 1153-1156
[15] Z.F. Shi, H.J . Xiang, B.F. Spencer, J r 2006 Exact Analysis of Multi-layer Piezoelectric/Composite Cantilever, Smart Materials
and Structures 15: 1447-1458
APPENDIXA
In this section all the expressions in equation 24 can be denoted as:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
111 3 1
1 11 11 1
111 21 3 1
1 11 11 1
1 1
3
1 1
2
k
i k
i i i
k
i k
i i i
b S h
S S
b S b h
S S
o
o
+
=
+
+
=
+
| |
' | =
|
\ .
| |
'' | =
|
\ .
(A1)

- 14 -
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
3
111 4 1
1 11 11 1
2
111 4 1
1 11 11 1
4
4
4 1 1
1 1
1 1
2
1 1
k
i k
i i i
k
i k
i i i
k
j
j i i k j i
i j
b S h
S S
b S h
S S
b h
o
o
o
+
=
+
+
=
+
+ +
= =
| |
' | =
|
\ .
| |
'' | =
\ .
''' =

(A2)
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
111
3 1
11 1
111 111
4 1
1 11 11 1
k
k
k
n k
i i i
A
A h

o

+
+
+
=
+
' =
| |
' | =
|
\ .

(A3)
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
111
1 1 2 1 13 1 21 1
11 1 11 1
1
k k k k
k k
S
B B g g
S ,
+ + + +
+ +
' ' = = +
(A4)
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
111 111
13 11 1 13 3 13 3 3 1 13 1 11 1 1 1
1 11 11 1 11 1
2
111 111
13 11 2 3 1 13 1 11 1 2 1
11 11 1 11 1
1
3 3
1
2 2
k
i i i i i i i i k i i i
i i k i
i i i i k i i i
i k i
S S
B g g B B h g b g b
S S
S S
B g g B B h
S S
o
,
o
,
+ + + +
=
+ +
+ + + +
+ +
( | |
' ' ' ' ' ( | = + +
|
(
\ .
( | |
'' ' ' ( | = +
|
(
\ .
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
13 3 13 3
1
131 3 1 13 1
11 1
1
k
i i i i
i
k k
k
g b g b
B g g
,
=
+ +
+
'' '' +
''' =
(A5)
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
3
1 3 4 1 1 1 3 1
1
2
2 3 4 1 2 1 3 1
1
3 4 1 3 1
1
111 111
4 1
1 11 11 1
k
i i i i k i i
i
k
i i i i k i i
i
k
i i k i
i
k
i k
i i i
B B B h B B h
B B B h B B h
B B B h
B h
o o
o o
o

o

+ + +
=
+ + +
=
+ +
=
+
=
+
' ' ' ' ' = +
'' ' ' '' '' = +
''' ''' ''' =
| |
'''' | =
|
\ .
(A6)
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
21 13 3 3 1 21 1 13 1 3 1
1
3
k k k k k k k
c g g A g g A
+ + + +
(
' ' ' = + +

(A7)
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
11 3 21 3 211 41 4 1 11 1 3 1 21 1 3 1 21 1 4 1
1
11 1 11 1
211 41 4 1 21 1
1 1
3
k
i i i i i k i i i i k k
i
k k
k k
c S c S c g A g A h g A g A
S S
c g g A
o
+ + + + + + +
=
+ +
+ +
' ' ' ' ' ' ' = + +
'' ' =
(A8)
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
3 4 5 1 3 1 4 1
1
4 5 1 4 1
1
2
111 111 111 111
5 1
1 11 11 11 1 11 1
111 111
5 1
1 11 11 1
3 2
3 2
k
i i i i k i i
i
k
i i k i
i
k
i i k
i i i i i
k
i k
i i i
c c c h c c h
c c c h
S S S S
c h h
S S S S
S S
c h
S S
o o
o
o o
o
+ + +
=
+ +
=
+
=
+ +
+
=
+
' ' ' ' ' = +
'' '' '' =

| | | |
''' | | = +
| |
\ . \ .
| |
'''' | =
|
\ .
(A9)
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
111
1 1 21 1 13 1 1 1 12 1 33 1
11 1 11 1
12 1
1 1 1 1
11 1
1
2
20
20
k k k k k k
k k
k
k k
k
S
d g g B S S
S S
S
d
S

+ + + + + +
+ +
+
+ +
+
(
' ' = + + (
(
'' =
(A10)

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
111
2 1 21 1 13 1 2 1 12 1 33 1
11 1 11 1
12 1
2 1 1 1
11 1
1
2
12
12
k k k k k k
k k
k
k k
k
S
d g g B S S
S S
S
d
S

+ + + + + +
+ +
+
+ +
+
(
' ' = + + (
(
'' =
(A11)

- 15 -
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
111 12 1 33 1 33 1 21 1 2 12 1
12 111
3 1 3 1 3 1
1 11 11 1 11 1 11 1
111 12 1 33 1 12 1
12
111 3 1
1 11 11 1 11 1 11
3
3 1
3 2 2 2
1
3
k
k k k k i
i
i k k k
i i k i k
k
k k i
i
i k
i i k i k
S S S g g S
S S
d h b B
S S S S
S S S S
S
d S h
S S S S
o
o
+ + + + +
+ + +
=
+ + +
+ + +
+
=
+ + +
(
+ + | |
(
' ' ' | = +
| (
\ .

+ | |
'' | =
|
\ .
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
33 1 21 1
3 1 3 1
1
33 1 21 1 121 331 12 1 33 1
3 1 3 1
11 1
111 33 1 21 1
331 211
3 1
11 1 11 1
1 3 1 11 1
11 1
2
1
3 2 2 2
1
3 2 2
1
6
k k
k k
k k k k
k k
k
k k
k
k k
k k
k
g g
b B
g g S S S S
d B
S
g g
g g
d
S
d
S

+ +
+ +
+ + + +
+ +
+
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
+
(
+
(
'' '' +
(

(
+
(
''' ''' = + +
(

(
+
+
(
'''' =
(

''''' =
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
11
31 3 1 3 1
11 1
1
6
k k
k
d
S

+ +
+
'''''' =
(A12)

( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
3 12( 1) 12
11 1 21 1 111 11 1 1 1 21 1 1 1
11 11 1
4 1 4 1
1
11 1
11 3 21 3 3 4 11 1 3 1 21 1 3 1 3 1 4 1
20 20 ( )
1
2
6 6 1
i i
k
i i i i i i i i i
i i
k k
i
k
i i i i i i i i i i i i i
S S
S d g B S d g B S h
S S
d B
S
S d g B b b S d g B b b h
o
o
+
+ + + +
+
+ +
=
+
+ + + + + +
( | |
' ' ' ' ( | + +
|
( ' ' =
\ .
(
' ' ' ' ' ' ' + + + +

( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
2 12( 1) 12
11 2 21 2 111 11 1 2 1 21 1 2 1
11 11 1
4 1 4 1
1
11 1
11 3 21 3 3 4 11 1 3 1 21 1 3 1 3 1 4 1
12 12 ( )
1
2
6 6
i i
k
i i i i i i i i i
i i
k k
i
k
S S
S d g B S d g B S h
S S
d B
S
S d g B b b S d g B b b h
o
o
+
+ + + +
+
+ +
=
+
+ + + + + +
(
| |
' ' ' ' | + +
|
'' '' =
\ .
'' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' + + + +
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
11 3 21 3 4 1 11 1 3 1 21 1 3 1 4 1
1
11 1
121 4 1 12 1
11 1
111 21 1
11 3 4 1 11 1 3 1
11 1 11 1
1
6 6
2
1
2
1
6 6
2
k
i i i i i k i i i i k
i
k
k k
k
i
i i k i i
k i
d S d g B S d g B h B
S
d S S
S
g
d S d S d
S
o
+ + + + + +
=
+
+ +
+
+
+ + +
+ +
(
(
(
(
(

(
''' ''' ''' ''' ''' ''' = +
(

'''' =
''''' '''' '''' = +
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
111 21
1 11
121 4 1 12 1
11 1
3 4 1 3 1
1
11 1
3
11 1 11 2 4 1 11 1 1 1 11 1 2 1
11 1
1
2
1
2
1
20 12
2
k
i
i
i i
k k
k
k
i i k i
i
k
i i i i i i k i i i i
k
g
h
d g g
S
d d d h
S
d S d S d h S d S d h
S
o
o o
=
+ +
+
+ +
=
+
+ + + + +
+
| | | |
| |
| |
\ . \ .
'''''' =
| |
''''''' ''''' ''''' =
|
\ .
''''''' '' '' '' '' = +
( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
2
21 3 21 1 3 1 12 1 4 1
1
4 4
4 4
12 12 1 1
1 1 1
k
i i i i i k k
i
k
j j
i ji i i i j i
i j j
g d g d h S b
S h S h
o
o o
+ + + +
=

+ +
= = =
| |
'''''' '''''' ''' +

|
\ .
| |
+
|
\ .

(A13)
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
3 1 22 1 3 1 13 1 21 1 3 1
11 1
111
3 1 13 1 21 1
11 1 11 1
1 1
3
k k k k k k
k
k k k
k k
D A g g c
S
D g g
S
+ + + + + +
+
+ + +
+ +
(
' ' ' = + +
(

'' = +
(A14)
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
4 1 22 1 4 1 13 1 21 1 4 1
11 1
4 1 22 1 13 1 21 1 4 1
11 1
4 1 13 1 21 1 4 1
11 1
111
4 1 13 1 21 1
11 1 11 1
1
1
1
k k k k k k
k
k k k k k
k
k k k k
k
k k k
k k
D A g g c
D g g c
D g g c
S
D g g
S
+ + + + + +
+
+ + + + +
+
+ + + +
+
+ + +
+ +
(
' ' ' = + +
(
'' '' = + +
(
''' ''' = +

'''' = +
(A15)

- 16 -
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
31 3 11 3 5 1 31 1 3 1 11 1 3 1
1
11 1
13 1
31 4 11 4 31 1 4 1 11 1 4 1 5 1
1
11 1 11 1
31 4 11 4 5 1 31 1 4 1 11
11 1
1
3
1
2
1
2
k
i i i i i k i i i i
i
k
k
k
i i i i i i i i i k
i
k k
i i i i k i i i
k
D g c D g c D h
g
g c D g c D h c
D g c D g c
o
+ + + + +
=
+
+
+ + + + +
=
+ +
+ + +
+
' ' ' ' ' = +
' ' ' ' ' + +
'' '' '' '' = +
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
13 1
1 4 1 5 1
1
11 1
111 2 31 1
31 111
11 3 5 1 11 1 3 1
1 11 11 1 11 1
13 1
31 4 11 4 31 1 4 1 11 1 4 1
1
11 1
1
3
1
2
k
k
i i k
i
k
k
i
i
i i i k i i
i i k i
k
k
i i i i i i i i i
i
k
g
D h c
g S
g S
D D D h
S S
g
g c D g c D h
o
o

+
+ + +
=
+
+
+ + +
=
+ +
+
+ + + +
=
+
'' ''
| |
''' '' '' | = +
|
\ .
''' ''' ''' ''' + +
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
5 1
11 1
111 31 1 13 1
31 111
11 3 5 1 11 1 3 1 5 1
1 11 11 1 11 1 11 1
1
2
k
k
k
i k
i
i i i k i i k
i i k i k
c
g S g
g S
D D D h c
S S
o

+
+
+ +
+ + + +
=
+ + +
'''
| |
'''' '''' '''' '''' | = +
\ .

(A16)
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
2 2 3 1
11 12 1 3 1 4 1 22 1 4 1
1
2 2
3
12 3 4 22 4
1
12 4 22 1 2 12 1 4 1 22 1
1
111
13 12 1
3 2 2
2
3 2 2
2
2
3
k
i
i i i i k i i i i i
i
k
i
i i i i i i i i i
i
k
i i i i k i i i
i
k i
A
S c h c h g h A h
A
S c h c h g h A h
S c g S c g h
S
S
o o o o
o o o o
o
+
+ + + + + +
=
=
+ + + +
=
+ +
'
| |
' ' ' O = + +
|
|
\ .
'
| |
' ' ' + +
|
\ .
'' '' O = +
O =
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
111
12 4 4 1
1 11 11 1
12 1
12
111 1 4
1 11 11 1
3
2 2
2
k
i i i i i i i
i i i
k
i
i
i k
i i i
S
h c h S h c h
S S
S
S
S h
S S
o o o o
o
+
=
+
+
+
=
+
| |
| |
''' ''' | + +
|
|
\ .
\ .
| |
| O =
|
\ .
(A17)
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
111 4 22 1 22 1 1 1
22 111 22 1
21 1 11 21 1 1 1
1 11 11 1
2 22 1 3 1 22 1 3 1
22 3 22 3
21 3 21 1 3 1
1
22 4
5 5
4 4 4 4
3 3
2 2 2 2
k
i i i
i i i
i i i k i i
i i i
k
i i i i
i i i i
i i i i i
i
i i
g S B
g S B
M g d g d h
S S
g b B
g b B
g d g d h
g b
o
+ + +
+ + +
=
+
+ + + +
+ +
=
( '
'
' ' = + + (
(

' '
( ' '
' ' + + +
(
(

' +
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
21 4 22 4 22 1 4 1 21 1 4 1 22 1 4 1
1
111 3 22 1 22 1 1 1
22 111
21 1 1 2 21 1 1 1
1 11 11 1
22 3 22 3
21 3
2 2
4 3 4
3 3 3
3
2 2
k
i i i i i i i i i i i
i
k
i i i
i
i i i k i i
i i i
i i i i
i i
g d B g b g d B h
g S B
g S
M g d g d h
S S
g
g b B
g d
o
+ + + + + +
=
+ + +
+ + +
=
+
( ' ' ' ' ' + +

( '
' ' = + + (
(

'' ''
'' + + +
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 22 1 3 1 22 1 3 1
21 1 3 1
1
22 4 21 4 22 4 22 1 4 1 21 1 4 1 22 1 4 1
1
22 1
22 22 3
21 3 13 21 1
3
2 2
2 2
3 3
2 2 2
k
i i i i
i i i
i
k
i
i
i i i
i i k i
b B
g d h
g b g d B g b g d B h
g
g B
M g d g
o
o
+ + + +
+ +
=
+ + + + + +
=
+
+ +
'' ''
(
''
(
(

( '' '' '' '' '' '' + + +

'''
''' ''' = + +
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 22 1 3 1
21 4 22 4 3 1 21 1 4 1 22 1 4 1
1 1
22 21 4 22 4 1 4 22 1 21 1 4 1 22 1 4 1
1
2 15
2 2
2
2 2
3
k k
i i
i i
k
i i i i i i k i i i i i
i
k
B
d h g d B g d B h
M g g d B g g d B h
M g
o o
o
+ +
+ + + + +
= =
+ + + + + +
=
+
'''
(
( ''' ''' ''' ''' + +
(

(

( '''' '''' '''' '''' = + + +

=

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
111 111
1 3 22 4 21 1 3 1 22 1 4 1
1 1 11 11 1
21 4 22 1 6 21 1 4 1 22 1
1
111 21 1
21 111
1 7
11 11
3
2 2
3
k k
i i i i i i i i i i
i i i i
k
i i i i k i i i
i
i
i
k
i i
d g d h B B h
M g b g b h
g S
g S
M
S S

o o

o
+ + + +
= =
+
+ + + +
=
+
+
(
( '''' '''' '''' '''' + + (

(

( '''''' '''''' = +

=

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
111 2 21 1
21 111
18
1 1 11 1 11 1
2 3 1 3 1
3 3
21 3 19 21 1 3 1 110
1 1
22 1
21 111
; 2
3 ;
2 2 2 2
5
4
k k
i
i
i i k
i i i i
k k
i i
i i
i i i i k i i k
i i
i i
k
g S
g S
h M h
S S
q q
q q
M g d g d h M h
g
M g
o o
o o
+
+
= =
+ +
+ +
+ + + +
= =
+
| | | |
| | =
| |
\ . \ .
( | | | |
''''' ''''' = + = ( | |
| |
( \ . \ .
= +

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
4 3 22 1 1 1 22 1 2 1
22 2
1 21 2 21 1 1 1 21 1 2 1
1 1
2 22 1 3 1
22 3
21 3 22 4 21 1 2 1
1
5 4 4
4 2 4
3 3 2
3 3
k k
i i i i
i i
i i i i i i i i i i
i i
k
i i
i i
i i i i i i i
i
g g
g
d g d h g d g d h
g
g
g d g d h g g

o o
o
+ + + +
+ + + +
= =
+ +
+ +
=
( (
'' '' '' '' + +
( (
( (

(
'''''' '''''' + + + +
(
(

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
21 4 22 1 4 1 21 1 4 1
1
2
k
i i i i i i i
i
d g g d h o
+ + + +
=
( ''''''' '''''''

(A18)

- 17 -
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
3 2 3 2
22 3 4 31 3 4 11
1
3 2 3 2
12 3 4 33 3 4 5 3
1
3 2 3 2
22 1 3 1 4 1 31 1 3 1 4 1
1
1 1
2
6 2
1 1
2
6 2
k
i i i i i i i i i i k
i
k
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
i
k
i i i i i i i i i i
i
W g A h A h g D h D h
S c h c h S c h c h c h h
g A h A h g D h D h
o o o o
o o o o o o
o o o o
+
=
=
+ + + + + +
=
| |
' ' ' = + + +
|
\ .
' ' ' ' ' + + + + O
| |
' ' ' + + +
|
\ .
+
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
3 2 3 2
12 1 3 1 4 1 33 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 13
1
2 2
22 31 4 1 2 22 1 31 1 4 1
1
2 2
12 4 33 4 5 4
1
2
12 1 4 1
k
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i
i
k
i i i i i k i i i
i
k
i i i i i i i i i i
i
i i i
S c h c h S c h c h c h h
W g g h g D g D h
S c h S c h c h h
S c h
o o o o o o
o o
o o o o
o
+ + + + + + + +
=
+ + + +
=
=
+ +
' ' ' ' ' + + + + O
'' '' = +
'' '' '' + + O
'' +
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
2
33 1 4 1 5 1 1 4
1
3 3 3 12 1
12
31 3 31 4 111 13 31 1 3 1 31 1 4 1
1 11 11 1
2
33 4 5 1 33 1 4
1
k
i i i i i i i
i
k
i
i
i i i i i i i k i i i i
i i i
k
i i i i i i i i i
i
S c h c h h
S
S
W g D g D h g D g D h S h
S S
S c h c h h S c
o o o
o o o
o o o
+ + + +
=
+
+ + + + +
=
+
+ +
=
'' '' + + O
| |
'' '' ''' ''' | = +
|
\ .
''' ''' ''' + O +
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
( )( )
2
1 5 1 1 4
1
2 2 12 1
12
31 4 111 1 4 31 1 4 1
1 11 11 1
2 33 1
33
111 33 5 2 33 1 5 1 1 2
1 11 11 1
k
i i i i i
i
k
i
i
i i i i k i i
i i i
k
i
i
i i i i i i i i i
i i i
k
h c h h
S
S
W g D g D h S h
S S
S
S
S h S c S c h h
S S
W
o o o
o o
o o o
+ +
=
+
+ + +
=
+
+
+ + +
=
+
''' + O
| |
'''' '''' | =
|
\ .
| |
'''' '''' | + + O O
|
\ .
( ) ( )
( )
( )
2
111 111
31 15 31 1
1 11 11 1
k
i i i
i i i
g g h

o

+ +
=
+
| |
| =
\ .

(A19)
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
4 2 4 2
12 1 3 4 11 12 1 1 1 3 1 4 1
1 1
4 2 4 2
1 3 111
22 3 4 22 4
1 11
4
111
22 1 3
11 1
5 3 2 5 3 2
4 4 2
4
k k
i i i i i i i i i i k i i i i
i i
k
i i
i i
i i i
i
H S d h d h d h S d h d h d h
B B S
S h b h b h g h h B h
S
S
S h b
S
o o o o o o
o o o o o o
o
+ + + + +
= =
=
+
+
' ' ' ' ' ' = + + + +
| | ' '
| |
' ' ' + + + + + +
| |
\ .
\ .
' +

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 4 2 1 1 3 1
1 4 1 22 1 4 1
1
3 2 3 2
12 2 3 4 1 2 12 1 2 1 3 1 4 1
1 1
3 2
111
22 3
11
4 2
4 3 2 4 3 2
3
k
i i
i i i i i i i i
i
k k
i i i i i i i i i i k i i i i
i i
i i i i
i
B B
h b h g h h B h
H S d h d h d h S d h d h d h
S
S h b h
S
o o o o o
o o o o o o
o o
+ +
+ + + +
=
+ + + + +
= =
| | ' '
| |
' ' | + + + + |
|
|
\ .
\ .
' '' '' ' '' '' = + + + +
'' ' + + +

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
3 2
2 3
4 22 4
1
3 2 3 2 2 1 3 1
111
22 1 3 1 4 1 22 1 4 1
1
11 1
2
12 3 4 13
3 2
3 3 2
3 2
k
i i
i i i i i i i
i
k
i i
i
i
i i i i i k
i
B B
b h g h h B h
B B
S
S h b h b h g h h B h
S
H S d h d h
o o o o
o o o o o o
o o
=
+ +
+ + + + +
=
+
+
=
| | ' ''
| |
' '' + + +
| |
\ .
\ .
| | ' ''
| |
'' '' '' | + + + + + |
|
|
\ .
\ .
''' ''' = +
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
2
12 1 3 1 4 1
1 1
2 2 2 3 1
3
22 22 4 22 1 22 1 4 1
1
12 4 22 1 4 12 1 4 1 22 1
1
12 15
3 2
2 2
2 2
3
k k
i i i i i
i
k
i
i
i
k
i i i i k i i i
i
i k
S d h d h
B
B
S S h g h B h g h B h
H S d S S d S h
H S
o o
o o o o o
o
+ + +
=
+
+ + +
=
+ + + +
=
+
''' ''' +
'''
| | '''
| |
''' ''' + + + +
|
|
|
\ .
\ .
'''' '''' = +
=

( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2 22 1
22
3 4 111 22 4 22 1 4 1
1 11 11 1
2 12 1
12
22 111 1 6 22 1 1 7
1 1 11 11 1
12 1
12
111 1 7
11 11
2
;
k
i
i
i i i i i i i i i i
i i i
k k
i
i
i i i k i k
i i i i
i
i
k
i
g
g
d h d h h g B g B h
S
S
H g g h H S h
S S
S
S
H S
S S
o o o o

o o
+
+ +
=
+
+
+ + +
= =
+
+
+
| |
'''' ''''' '''' '''' | + + +
|
\ .
| |
| = =
|
\ .
=

( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 22 1
22
12 3 18 12 1 3 1
1 1
1
22 1
22
19
1
4 3 2
12 2 3 3 4 110 12 1 1
1
;
2 2
2 2
5 4 3 2 5
k k
i
i
i i i i k i i
i i
i
k
i
i
i k
i
k
i i i i i i i i i k i i
i
h H S d S d h
H h
H S d h d h d h d h S d
o o
o
o o o o
+
+ + +
= =
+
+
+
=
+ +
=
| |
| |
''''' ''''' | = + |
|
|
\ .
\ .
| |
= |
|
\ .
'' '' '''''' '''''' '' = + + +

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )( )
4 3 2
1 3 1 3 1 4 1
1
4 3 2 4 3 2 1 1 2 1
1 2
22 3 4 4 22 1 3 1 4 1 4 1
1 1
4 3 2
4 3 4 3
k
i i i i i i i
i
k k
i i
i i
i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i i a
i i
h d h d h d h
S h h h b h S h h h b h
o o o o

o o o o o o o o
+ + + +
=
+ +
+ + + +
= =
'' '''''' '''''' + + +

| |
| |
''' ''' + + + + + + + + + |
|
|
\ .
\ .
(A20)

- 18 -
APPENDIXB
In this section all the expressions in equation 36 can be denoted as:
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 2 2 2
11 3 1 4 1 5 1
1
n
k k k k k k k k k
k
t D h D h D o o o o o o

=
'' ''' ''' = + +
(B1)
( ) ( )
2 2
12 4 1 5 1
1
n
k k k k k k
k
t D h D o o o o

=
'''' ''''
= +
(B2)
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
111
23 1
1
11
3
n
k k
k
k
S
t h h
S
o o

=
=
;
( ) ( ) ( )
111
24 1
1
11
2
n
k k
k
k
S
t h h
S
o o

=
=
(B3)
( ) ( )
( )
3 3
111
33 1
1
11
2
n
k k
k
k
S
t h h
S
o o

=
=
;
( ) ( )
( )
2 2
111
34 1
1 11
n
k k
k k
S
t h h
S
o o

=
=
; (B4)
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2
111
41 13 5 11 3 4 5
11
3 3 2
2 2
n n n n n n n n n
n
S L L
t g h c D h D h D
S
o o o
| |
''' '' ''' ''' = + + +
|
\ .
(B5)
( ) ( ) ( )
111
42 13 5 11 4 5
11
2 2
2 2
n n n n n n n
n
S L L
t g h c D h D
S
o o
| |
'''' '''' '''' = + +
|
\ .
(B6)
( )
2
111
43 21 7
11
3
n n n
n
S
t g h M
S
o = +
;
( )
111
44 21 8
11
2
n n n
n
S
t g h M
S
o = +
(B7)
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )( )
4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 1 3 11 3 21 3 0 3 1
1 1
4 11 4 21 4 41 4 1
1
5 4 3
2
n n
k k k k k k k k k k k k
k k
n
k k k k k k
k
d h d h d b d b d t d h
d b d b d b d h
o o o o o o
o o

= =
=
' '' ''''' '''''' = + + + +
' '' '''' ''''''' + + +

(B8)
( ) ( ) ( )( )
( )( )
5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3
2 1 1 2 1 3 11 3 21 3 0 3 1
1 1
2 2 2
4 11 4 21 4 41 4 1
1
4 3 2
n n
k k k k k k k k k k k k
k k
n
k k k k k k
k
d h d h d b d b d t d h
d b d b d b d h
o o o o o o
o o

= =
=
' '' ''''' '''''' = + + + +
' '' '''' ''''''' + + +

(B9)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
3 13 1 2 3 11 1 2 3 11 3 21 3 31
4 3 2
22 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4
4
2
1 2
3 0 1 21
3 2 3 2
8
1 1 1
4 3 2
5 4
1
2
n n n n n n n n n n n n n n
n n n n n n n n n n n n n
n n n n
n n n n n n
L
g b h b h b B h B h B b B b B b
g b h b h b h b h
d h d h
q t h t h g
o o o o
o o o o
o o
o o
( ( (
' '' ''' = + + + + + + +

(
+ + + + + + + +
(

+
| |
+ +
|
\ .
( )( )
( )( )
( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )
3 2
3 11 3 21 3 31 3 0 3
4 11 4 21 4 31 4 41 4
4 3 2
22 1 2 3 11 3 21 3 31 4 11 4 21 4 31
3
2
1 1 1
4 3 2
n n n n n n
n n n n n n
n n n n n n n n n n n n
d b d b d b d t d h
d b d b d b d b d h
B h B h B b B b B b h B b B b B b
o
o
, o o o o
(
' '' ''' ''''' '''''' + + + + +
(
' '' ''' '''' ''''''' + + + + + (

' '' ''' ' '' ''' + + + + + + + + ( )
1 11 2 21 4 41 9 0 10 1 11
n
n n n n n n
h
M b M b M b M t M t M
| |
|
\ .

(B10)
AUTHORS
1
Hui Huang, male born in Chenggdu,
Sichuan Province, China, Nov.1982.
Graduated from Beijing J iaotong
University, which is located in
Beijing, China, in 2005.Master of
Science in Engineering. Mainly
engaged in the study of bridge.
He is now working in Wuhan, Hubei
province Design Branch of China Zhongtie Major Bridge
Engineering Co.,Ltd.
2
Chuanzhou Dong, male born in Zhijiang, Hubei
Province, China, Sep .1978. Graduated from Wuhan
University of Technology, which is located in Whuan,
China ,in 2005.Master of Science in Engineering. Mainly
engaged in the study of bridge.
He is now working in Wuhan, Hubei province Design
Branch of China Zhongtie Major Bridge Engineering
Co.,Ltd.

Two - Dimensional Exact Solution For Multilayer Piezoelectric Cantilevers

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Two - Dimensional Exact Solution For Multilayer Piezoelectric Cantilevers

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- 1 -

(Where 1,2,3 1 k n = ) (19)

' '' ''' = + + +

' '' ''' = + +

' '' ''' '''' = + + + +

' '' ''' '''' = + + + +

' ' ' ' ' = +

'' ' ' '' '' = +

''' ''' ''' =

' ' ' ' ' ' ' = + +

' ' ' ' ' = +

'' '' '' =

'''''' '''''' ''' +

'''' '''' '''' '''' | = +

'' '''''' '''''' + + +

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