Polymer Rheology
w1 t w2 w = t t w3 t
123
123
Mathematics Review
4. Differential Operations with Vectors, Tensors (continued)
Polymer Rheology
To carryout the differentiation with respect to 3D spatial variation, use the del (nabla) operator. This is a vector operator Del may be applied in three different ways Del may operate on scalars, vectors, or tensors This is written in Cartesian coordinates
Del Operator
x1 e +e +e = 1 2 3 x1 x2 x3 x2 x3 = e =e p p x xp p =1 p
3
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Mathematics Review
4. Differential Operations with Vectors, Tensors (continued)
Polymer Rheology
A. Scalars - gradient
Gibbs notation
x1 +e +e = e 1 2 3 x1 x2 x3 x2 x3
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The gradient operation captures the total spatial variation of a scalar, vector, or tensor field.
Mathematics Review
4. Differential Operations with Vectors, Tensors (continued)
Polymer Rheology
B. Vectors - gradient
w e 1
The basis vectors can move out of the derivatives because they are constant (do not change with position)
=e 1
=e 1e 1
w1 w w w +e 1e 2 2 + e 1e 3 3 + e 2 e 1 1 + x1 x1 x1 x2 w w w2 w w +e 2 e 3 3 + e 3e 1 1 + e 3e 2 2 + e 3e 3 3 x 2 x2 x3 x3 x3
Faith A. Morrison, Michigan Tech U.
e 2 e 2
Mathematics Review
4. Differential Operations with Vectors, Tensors (continued)
Polymer Rheology
j =1 k =1
e je k
wk w w =e je k k = k e je k x j x j x j
Einstein notation for gradient of a vector
Mathematics Review
4. Differential Operations with Vectors, Tensors (continued)
Polymer Rheology
C. Vectors - divergence
Divergence of a vector field
w e 1
Mathematics Review
4. Differential Operations with Vectors, Tensors (continued)
Polymer Rheology
w e m
w j w j w je e mj j = m e j = xm xm xm w j = x j
Mathematics Review
4. Differential Operations with Vectors, Tensors (continued)
Polymer Rheology
w e m
( )
Laplacian operation does not change the order of the entity operated upon
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Mathematics Review
4. Differential Operations with Vectors, Tensors (continued)
Polymer Rheology