Web Site: www.ijettcs.org Email: editor@ijettcs.org, editorijettcs@gmail.com Volume 2, Issue 4, July August 2013 ISSN 2278-6856
A Genetic Optimized Parallel MLP to Improve Classification Accuracy for Web Learning System
L. Jayasimman1 , E.George Dharma Prakash Raj2
1
School of Computer Science and Engineering, Bharathidasan University, Trichy, Tamilnadu, India
Keywords: Web Learning System, Classification Accuracy, Genetic Optimization, Parallel Multi Layer Perceptron, Neural Network.
1. INTRODUCTION
The real value of Web-based learning lies not in accessing knowledge at any time, any place, and for anyone, but helping the right students to acquire the right skills and knowledge at the right time in order to function as active, self-reflected and collaborative participants in the information based society. Only the Web-based learning becomes a crucial resource for learners and educational institutions[1]. This however can be achieved only by adhering to the learning paradigm and associated. pedagogical principles, and to the factors that constantly affect the development of Web-based learning. Unfortunately, much of the development of Web-based learning is carried out without a true understanding of the issues that are proper to Web-based learning, partly because marketing advertising and technologies still drive Volume 2, Issue 4 July August 2013
the construction process [2]. Clearly, there is a need for a disciplined, systematic approach to the development process for incorporating and translating the specific requirements of Web-based learning into a system that must constantly evolve in order to ensure the relevance, correctness, and completeness of the content available on the Web[3]. Cognitive learning theory [4], states that learning involves a change in a persons cognitive structure, this change occurring when new information/experiences combine with existing knowledge stored in the long term memory (LTM). Learning is meaningful when it connected to what a person already knows. When new information is connected to existing knowledge, it is known as meaningful learning. Effective teachers create learning experiences leading to such learning. Classification is a data mining technique that assigns items in a collection to target categories or classes. The goal of classification is to accurately predict the target class for each case in the data. Neural networks have emerged as an important tool for classification. The recent vast research activities in neural classification have established that neural networks are a promising alternative to various conventional classification methods[5]. The advantage of neural networks lies in the following theoretical aspects. First, neural networks are data driven self-adaptive methods in that they can adjust themselves to the data without any explicit specification of the functional or distributional form of the model. Second, they are universal functional approximators in that neural networks can approximate any function with arbitrary accuracy. The relevance in optimization technique will lead to the genetic approach which has a little chance to get stuck in local minima. Genetic approaches are finding prevalent applications in solving problems requiring efficient and effective search in the synthesis of neural network architectures, scheduling, numerical optimization etc., and results in solutions that are globally optimal or nearly so. Topology optimization, genetic training algorithms and control parameter optimization are the ways in which genetic algorithms are applied in Artificial Neural Network (ANN). In Genetic algorithm, the learning of an Page 315
2. RELATED WORKS
Jan L. Plass [9] proposed a hybrid model that combines cognitive and software engineering approaches regarding the criteria for the design and evaluation of the user interface of foreign language multimedia software. The proposed approach involves a three step design which includes selection of instructional activity that supports cognitive processes of competence, selection of feature attributes and selection of design features. It is still pragmatic to be practical. Based on this proposal, contextualized model of interface design, domain specific evaluation criteria are developed to describe how well the user interface is able to support the cognitive processes involved in the development of linguistic and pragmatic skills and competencies in SLA. Baylari et al [8] proposed a personalized multi agent elearning system based on item response theory (IRT) and artificial neural network (ANN) which presents adaptive tests (based on IRT) and personalized recommendations (based on ANN). These agents add Adaptivity and interactivity to the learning environment and act as a Volume 2, Issue 4 July August 2013
3. METHODOLOGY
3.1 Multi Layer perceptron ANN architecture is also known as a multilayer perceptron (MLP). Neural networks operational principle is simple. Each input layer neuron has a value, so that the input layer holds input vector. Each neuron connects to other neurons in the next neuron layer. Artificial Neural Networks architecture is a neuron layout grouped in layers. ANNs main parameters include: layer numbers, neuron number per layer, connectivity level and neurons interconnector types. A multilayer Perceptron (MLP) is an original Perceptron model variant proposed by Rosenblatt in 1950 [13]. It has one/more hidden layers between input and output layers, neurons are in layers, connections are always directed from lower to upper layers, same layer neurons are not interconnected. The neural networks first layer is the input layer containing n neurons; the last network layer is the output layer, containing m neurons. In the Perceptron model, a neuron with a linear weighted net function and threshold activation function are used. Input to a neuron is a feature vector in ndimensional feature space. The net function is a weighted sum of inputs:
variable vector of values is presented to the input layer. The input layer distributes values to each neuron in the hidden layer. In addition to the predictor variables, a constant input of 1.0, called bias is fed to each hidden layer; the bias is multiplied by a weight and added to sum going into the neuron [11]. 3.3 Hidden Layer Neurons between an input and output layers are the hidden layer neurons. Outputs from hidden layer are distributed to the output layer. First hidden layer neurons are directly connected to input layer (data layer) of neural network. 3.4 Output Layer Reaching an output layer neuron, value from every hidden layer neuron is multiplied by a weight (wkj), and resulting weighted values are added, producing a combined value Vj. The weighted sum (Vj) is fed to a transfer function , which outputs value Yk. The Y values are network outputs. The logistic function defined by:
4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
Figure 7 Mapping the weights of the neural network from
Problem space (left hand side) into a chromosome.
3.5 Genetic Algorithms (GAs) GAs finds approximate solutions to difficult problems through application of evolutionary biology principles to computer science. GAs views learning as a competition between the populations of evolving candidate problem solutions. A fitness function evaluates every solution to decide if it can contribute to next generation solutions. By operations analogous to gene transfer in sexual reproduction, the algorithm generates a new candidate solution [14] problem. The 3 important aspects of using GA are: Definition of objective function. Definition/implementation of genetic representation and Definition/implementation of genetic operators. begin t0 initialise P(t) evaluate P(t) while(not termination condition) do begin t 0 select P(t) from P(t 1) alter P(t) evaluate P(t) end
The cognitive behavior of 82 students studying in undergraduate and postgraduate courses was captured using questionnaires. They were initially subjected to go through a known subject and an unknown subject in a popular online learning website [14]. The typical questions were in the areas of Learning ability Indication about meaningfulness of error Message Prefer to read the text rather than to listen to a lecture Visualization of content read as a mental picture Typical questions in the questionnaire are as follows: 1. I prefer content that is challenging so I can learn new things. 2. Compared with other websites this website is better in terms of content. 3. I am so nervous during the online test that I cannot remember facts I have learned 4. I often choose advanced concept links even if they require more work 5. I am sure I can do an excellent job on the problems and tasks assigned for this session 6. I think I will receive a good grade in this class 7. Even when I do poorly on a test I try to learn from my mistakes 8. I think that what I am learning in this class is useful for me to know 9. I think that what we are learning in this website is interesting 10. Understanding this subject is important to me Table 1 Neural network parameters
3.7 Steps for the genetic algorithm [12] 1) Generation of Population: Initial population generated with 10 chromosomes and population size maintained over generations. 2) Evaluation: Each chromosome evaluated to find fitness. Parents selection: Here among top 5 chromosomes with better fitness, 4 are chosen randomly to an empty parent chromosome set. Among the 5 with worst fitness, 2 are chosen to the same set. 3) Passage of genes from parents to children: The principle is that identical characteristics between parents should pass on to children.
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Table 3 Classification Accuracy Neural Network General Cognition Algorithms MLP Parallel MLP Proposed GO PMLP 75.6% 92% 92.68%
The above result shows that GO PMLP gives better classification accuracy.
5. CONCLUSION
This study considered a new method to identify and clasifiy the users preferences of web learing system based on his/her cognitive behavior. It was proposed to optimize the weight updating parameters of PMLP (GO PMLP) and improve the classification accuracy. MLP is combined with GA gives better classification accuracy. Questionnaires were used to indentify the cognitive behaviour of the students. The proposed Genetic Optimized PMLP achieves a classification accuracy of 92.68% for web learning data set.
References
[1] Joi L. Moore, Camille Dickson-Deane, Krista Galyen, e- Learning, online learning, and distance Volume 2, Issue 4 July August 2013
AUTHOR L. Jayasimman working as a Assistant Professor, with department of Computer Application, J.J.College of Engineering and Technology, Trichy, India. He received his M.Tech degree in Bharathidasan University, Trichy, India in 2008. Now he is pursuing PhD (Computer Science) in Bharathidasan University.
Dr. E. George Dharma Prakash Raj working as a Assistant Professor with School of Computer Science and Engineering, Bharathidasan University, Trichy, India. He has more than twenty years of experience in Academics. He is a Chairman/Member in Board of Studies in Colleges and Universities in India. He is also a member in Research Organizations, International Programme committee member, Reviewer for international/National journals and conferences.
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