STEEL DESIGNERSMANUAL SIXTH EDITION The Steel Construction Institute Edited by Buick Davison Department of Civil & Structural

Engineering,The University of Shefeld Graham W.Owens Director , The Steel Construction Institute Blackwell Science STEEL DESIGNERSMANUAL SIXTH EDITION The Steel Construction Institute Edited by Buick Davison Department of Civil & Structural Engineering,The University of Shefeld Graham W.Owens Director , The Steel Construction Institute Blackwell Science

The Steel Construction Institute,1992,1994,2003Blackwell Science Ltd,a Blackwell Publishing companyEditorial ofces:Blackwell Science Ltd,9600 Garsing + 44 (0) 1865 776868Blackwell Publishing Inc.,350 Main Street,Malden,MA 02148-5020,USATel: + 1 781 388 8250Blackwell Science Asia Pty Ltd,550 Swanston Street,Carlton,Victoria 3053,AustraliaTel: +

61 (0)3 8359 1011The right of the Author to be identied as the Author of this Work has been asserted inaccordance with the Copyright,Designs and Patents A

Contents Introduction to the sixth edition xi Contributors xv Notation xxvSECTION 1:DESIGN SYNTHESIS1 Single-storey buildings 1Range of building types;Anatomy of structure;Loading;Design of common structural forms2 Multi-storey buildings 42Introduction;Factors inuencing choice of form;Anatomy of structure;Worked example3 Industrial steelwork 94Range of structures and scale of construction;Anatomy of structure;Loading;Structure in its wider context4

Bridges

124Introduction;Selection of span;Selection of type;Codes of practice; Trafc loading;Other actions;Steel grades;Overall stability andarticulation;Initial design;W Other structural applications of steel 169Towers and masts;Space frames;Cable structures;Steel in residential construction;AtriaSECTION 2:STEEL TECHNOLOGY6 Applied metallurgy of steel

222Introduction;Chemical composition;Heat treatment;Manufacture and effect on properties;Engineering properties and mechanical tests;Fabrication effects a Fracture and fatigue 248Fracture;Linear elastic fracture mechanics;Elasticplastic fracturemechanics;Materials testing for fracture properties;Fracture-safedesign;Fatigue8 Sustainability and steel construction 275Introduction;Economic impacts;Social impacts;Environmental impacts;Embodied energy;Operational energy;Summaryiii

SECTION 3:DESIGN THEORY9 Introduction to manual and computer analysis 286Introduction;Element analysis;Line elements;Plates;Analysis of skeletal structures;Finite element method10 Beam analysis

325Simply-supported beams;Propped cantilevers;Fixed,built-in orencastr beams;Continuous beams;Plastic failure of single members;Plastic failure of proppe Plane frame analysis 342Formulae for rigid frames;Portal frame analysis12 Applicable dynamics Local buckling and cross-section classication

354Introduction;Fundamentals of dynamic behaviour;Distributedparameter systems;Damping;Finite element analysis;Dynamic testing SECTION 4:ELEMENT

373Introduction;Cross-sectional dimensions and momentrotation behaviour;Effect of momentrotation behaviour on approach to designand analysis;Classic Tension members

383Introduction;Types of tension member;Design for axial tension;Combined bending and tension;Eccentricity of end connections;Otherconsiderations;Cables Columns and struts

402Introduction;Common types of member;Design considerations;Cross-sectional considerations;Compressive resistance;Torsional andexural-torsional buck Beams 431Common types of beam;Cross-section classication and moment capacity, M c

;Basic design;Lateral bracing;Bracing action in bridges U-frame design;Design for restricted depth;Cold-formed sections asbeams;Beams with web opening Plate girders

470Introduction;Advantages and disadvantages;Initial choice of cross-section for plate girders in buildings;Design of plate girders used inbuildings to BS 5950 iv Contents

18 Members with compression and moments

511Occurrence of combined loading;Types of response interaction;Effect of moment gradient loading;Selection of type of cross-section;Basic design proced Trusses

541Common types of trusses;Guidance on overall concept;Effects of load reversal:Selection of elements and connections;Guidance onmethods of analysis;D Composite deck slabs

577Introduction;Deck types;Normal and lightweight concretes;Selectionof oor system;Basic design;Fire resistance;Diaphragm action;Other constructional fea Composite beams

601Application of composite beams;Economy;Guidance on span-to-depth ratios;Types of shear connection;Span conditions;Analysis of composite section;Ba Composite columns 651Introduction;Design of encased composite columns;Design of concrete-lled tubes;Worked exampleSECTION 5:CONNECTION DESIGN23

Bolts

671Types of bolt;Methods of tightening and their application;Geometricconsiderations;Methods of analysis of bolt groups;Design strengths;Tables of strengths Welds and design for welding

685Advantages of welding;Ensuring weld quality and properties by theuse of standards;Recommendations for cost reduction;Weldingprocesses;Geometric co Plate and stiffener elements in connections 711Dispersion of load through plates and anges;Stiffeners;Prying forces;Plates loaded in-plane26 Design of connections 721Introduction;Simple connections;Moment connections;Summary; Worked examples Contents v

27 Foundations and holding-down systems 816Foundations;Connection of the steelwork;Analysis;Holding-down systems;Worked examplesSECTION 6:OTHER ELEMENTS28 Bearings and joints 842Introduction;Bearings;Joints;Bearings and joints other considerations29 Steel piles 867Bearing piles;Sheet piles;Pile driving and installation;Durability30 Floors and orthotropic decks 906Steel plate oors;Open-grid ooring;Orthotropic decksSECTION 7:CONSTRUCTION31 Tolerances 917Introduction;Standards;Implications of tolerances;Fabrication tolerances;Erection tolerances32 Fabrication 948Introduction;Economy of fabrication;Welding;Bolting;Cutting;Handling and routeing of steel;Quality management33 Erection

971Introduction;The method statement;Planning;Site practices;Site fabrication and modications;Steel decking and shear connectors;Quality control;Cranes a Fire protection and re engineering

1013Introduction;Standards and building regulations;Structuralperformance in re;Developments in re-safe design;Methods of protection;Fire testing;Fire eng Corrosion and corrosion prevention

1030The corrosion process;Effect of the environment;Design andcorrosion;Surface preparation;Metallic coatings;Paint coatings; Application of paints;Weather The Eurocodes

1053The Eurocodes background and timescales;Conformity with EN1990 basis of design;EC3 Design of steel structures;EC4 Designof composite steel an vi Contents

AppendixSteel technology Elastic properties of steel1071European standards for structural steels1072 Design theory

Bending moment,shear and deection tables forcantilevers1077simply-supported beams1079built-in beams1087propped cantilevers1094Bending moment an Element design

Explanatory notes on section dimensions and properties,bolts and welds1General11482Dimensions of sections11493Section properties11514Bolts and welds

fces:Blackwell Science Ltd,9600 Garsington Road,Oxford OX4 2DQ,UKTel:

e with the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or

erall stability andarticulation;Initial design;Worked example5

and mechanical tests;Fabrication effects and service performance;Summary7

ties;Fracture-safedesign;Fatigue8

of single members;Plastic failure of propped cantilevers11

s;Dynamic testing SECTION 4:ELEMENT DESIGN13

n approach to designand analysis;Classication table;Economic factors14

d connections;Otherconsiderations;Cables;Worked examples15

stance;Torsional andexural-torsional buckling;Effective lengths;Special types of strut;Economic points;Worked examples16

ections asbeams;Beams with web openings;Worked examples17

plate girders used inbuildings to BS 5950:Part 1:2000;Initial choice of cross-section forplate girders used in bridges;Design of steel bridges to BS 5400:Part 3;Worked examp

type of cross-section;Basic design procedure;Cross-section classication under compression and bending;Special design methods for members in portal frames;Worked exa

ections;Guidance onmethods of analysis;Detailed design considerations for elements;Factors dictating the economy of trusses;Other applications of trusses;Rigid-jointed Vier

Diaphragm action;Other constructional features;Worked example21

onditions;Analysis of composite section;Basic design;Worked examples22

:CONNECTION DESIGN23

oups;Design strengths;Tables of strengths24

reduction;Weldingprocesses;Geometric considerations;Methods of analysis of weld groups;Design strengths25

R ELEMENTS28

shear connectors;Quality control;Cranes and craneage;Safety;Special structures 34

Methods of protection;Fire testing;Fire engineering35

int coatings; Application of paints;Weather-resistant steels;The protectivetreatment specication36

tructures;EC4 Designof composite steel and concrete structures;Implications of theEurocodes for practice in the UK;Conclusions

pped cantilevers1094Bending moment and reaction tables for continuous beams1102Inuence lines for continuous beams1105Second moments of area of two anges1116r

93Section properties11514Bolts and welds1160Tables of dimensions and gross section propertiesUniversal beams1166Universal columns1172Joists1175Universal bearing p

ieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording orotherwise,except as permitted by the UK Copyright,Designs and Pa

l bridges to BS 5400:Part 3;Worked examples

s for members in portal frames;Worked examples19

er applications of trusses;Rigid-jointed Vierendeel girders;Worked examples20

cond moments of area of two anges1116rectangular plates1118a pair of unit areas1122Geometrical properties of plane sections1124Plastic modulus of two anges1127rec

olumns1172Joists1175Universal bearing piles1178Hot-nished:circular hollow sections1181square hollow sections1183rectangular hollow sections1185Cold-formed:circular

itted by the UK Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988,without theprior permission of the publisherFirst edition published Crosby Lockwood & Sons Ltd 1955Second edition

124Plastic modulus of two anges1127rectangles1128Formulae for rigid frames1130

hollow sections1185Cold-formed:circular hollow sections1187square hollow sections1190rectangular ho

Lockwood & Sons Ltd 1955Second edition published 1960Third edition published 1966Fourth edition published by Granada Publishing Ltd in Crosby Lockwood Staples 1972

hing Ltd in Crosby Lockwood Staples 1972Fifth edition published by Blackwell Science Ltd 1992Sixth edition published by Blackwell Science Ltd 2003Reprinted 2004 (twice)R

Science Ltd 2003Reprinted 2004 (twice)Reissued in paperback 2005Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is availableISBN-10:1-4051-3412-7ISBN-13:978-140

eISBN-10:1-4051-3412-7ISBN-13:978-14051-3412-5A catalogue record for this title is available from the British LibrarySet in 10/12pt Timesby SNP

pt Timesby SNP

STEEL DESIGNERSMANUAL SIXTH EDITION The Steel Construction Institute Edited by Buick Davison Department of Civil & Structural Engineering,The University of Shefeld Graham W.Owens Director , The Steel Construction Institute Blackwell Science STEEL DESIGNERSMANUAL SIXTH EDITION The Steel Construction Institute Edited by Buick Davison Department of Civil & Structural Engineering,The University of Shefeld Graham W.Owens Director , The Steel Construction Institute Blackwell Science

The Steel Construction Institute,1992,1994,2003Blackwell Science Ltd,a Blackwell Publishing companyEditorial ofces:Blackwell Science Ltd,9600 Garsing + 44 (0) 1865 776868Blackwell Publishing Inc.,350 Main Street,Malden,MA 02148-5020,USATel: + 1 781 388 8250Blackwell Science Asia Pty Ltd,550 Swanston Street,Carlton,Victoria 3053,AustraliaTel: +

61 (0)3 8359 1011The right of the Author to be identied as the Author of this Work has been asserted inaccordance with the Copyright,Designs and Patents A

Contents Introduction to the sixth edition xi Contributors xv Notation xxvSECTION 1:DESIGN SYNTHESIS1 Single-storey buildings 1Range of building types;Anatomy of structure;Loading;Design of common structural forms2 Multi-storey buildings 42Introduction;Factors inuencing choice of form;Anatomy of structure;Worked example3 Industrial steelwork 94Range of structures and scale of construction;Anatomy of structure;Loading;Structure in its wider context4

Bridges

124Introduction;Selection of span;Selection of type;Codes of practice; Trafc loading;Other actions;Steel grades;Overall stability andarticulation;Initial design;W Other structural applications of steel 169Towers and masts;Space frames;Cable structures;Steel in residential construction;AtriaSECTION 2:STEEL TECHNOLOGY6 Applied metallurgy of steel

222Introduction;Chemical composition;Heat treatment;Manufacture and effect on properties;Engineering properties and mechanical tests;Fabrication effects a Fracture and fatigue 248Fracture;Linear elastic fracture mechanics;Elasticplastic fracturemechanics;Materials testing for fracture properties;Fracture-safedesign;Fatigue8 Sustainability and steel construction 275Introduction;Economic impacts;Social impacts;Environmental impacts;Embodied energy;Operational energy;Summaryiii

SECTION 3:DESIGN THEORY9 Introduction to manual and computer analysis 286Introduction;Element analysis;Line elements;Plates;Analysis of skeletal structures;Finite element method10 Beam analysis

325Simply-supported beams;Propped cantilevers;Fixed,built-in orencastr beams;Continuous beams;Plastic failure of single members;Plastic failure of proppe Plane frame analysis 342Formulae for rigid frames;Portal frame analysis12 Applicable dynamics Local buckling and cross-section classication

354Introduction;Fundamentals of dynamic behaviour;Distributedparameter systems;Damping;Finite element analysis;Dynamic testing SECTION 4:ELEMENT

373Introduction;Cross-sectional dimensions and momentrotation behaviour;Effect of momentrotation behaviour on approach to designand analysis;Classic Tension members

383Introduction;Types of tension member;Design for axial tension;Combined bending and tension;Eccentricity of end connections;Otherconsiderations;Cables Columns and struts

402Introduction;Common types of member;Design considerations;Cross-sectional considerations;Compressive resistance;Torsional andexural-torsional buck Beams 431Common types of beam;Cross-section classication and moment capacity, M c

;Basic design;Lateral bracing;Bracing action in bridges U-frame design;Design for restricted depth;Cold-formed sections asbeams;Beams with web opening Plate girders

470Introduction;Advantages and disadvantages;Initial choice of cross-section for plate girders in buildings;Design of plate girders used inbuildings to BS 5950 iv Contents

18 Members with compression and moments

511Occurrence of combined loading;Types of response interaction;Effect of moment gradient loading;Selection of type of cross-section;Basic design proced Trusses

541Common types of trusses;Guidance on overall concept;Effects of load reversal:Selection of elements and connections;Guidance onmethods of analysis;D Composite deck slabs

577Introduction;Deck types;Normal and lightweight concretes;Selectionof oor system;Basic design;Fire resistance;Diaphragm action;Other constructional fea Composite beams

601Application of composite beams;Economy;Guidance on span-to-depth ratios;Types of shear connection;Span conditions;Analysis of composite section;Ba Composite columns 651Introduction;Design of encased composite columns;Design of concrete-lled tubes;Worked exampleSECTION 5:CONNECTION DESIGN23

Bolts

671Types of bolt;Methods of tightening and their application;Geometricconsiderations;Methods of analysis of bolt groups;Design strengths;Tables of strengths Welds and design for welding

685Advantages of welding;Ensuring weld quality and properties by theuse of standards;Recommendations for cost reduction;Weldingprocesses;Geometric co Plate and stiffener elements in connections 711Dispersion of load through plates and anges;Stiffeners;Prying forces;Plates loaded in-plane26 Design of connections 721Introduction;Simple connections;Moment connections;Summary; Worked examples Contents v

27 Foundations and holding-down systems 816Foundations;Connection of the steelwork;Analysis;Holding-down systems;Worked examplesSECTION 6:OTHER ELEMENTS28 Bearings and joints 842Introduction;Bearings;Joints;Bearings and joints other considerations29 Steel piles 867Bearing piles;Sheet piles;Pile driving and installation;Durability30 Floors and orthotropic decks 906Steel plate oors;Open-grid ooring;Orthotropic decksSECTION 7:CONSTRUCTION31 Tolerances 917Introduction;Standards;Implications of tolerances;Fabrication tolerances;Erection tolerances32 Fabrication 948Introduction;Economy of fabrication;Welding;Bolting;Cutting;Handling and routeing of steel;Quality management33 Erection

971Introduction;The method statement;Planning;Site practices;Site fabrication and modications;Steel decking and shear connectors;Quality control;Cranes a Fire protection and re engineering

1013Introduction;Standards and building regulations;Structuralperformance in re;Developments in re-safe design;Methods of protection;Fire testing;Fire eng Corrosion and corrosion prevention

1030The corrosion process;Effect of the environment;Design andcorrosion;Surface preparation;Metallic coatings;Paint coatings; Application of paints;Weather The Eurocodes

1053The Eurocodes background and timescales;Conformity with EN1990 basis of design;EC3 Design of steel structures;EC4 Designof composite steel an vi Contents

AppendixSteel technology Elastic properties of steel1071European standards for structural steels1072 Design theory

Bending moment,shear and deection tables forcantilevers1077simply-supported beams1079built-in beams1087propped cantilevers1094Bending moment an Element design

Explanatory notes on section dimensions and properties,bolts and welds1General11482Dimensions of sections11493Section properties11514Bolts and welds

fces:Blackwell Science Ltd,9600 Garsington Road,Oxford OX4 2DQ,UKTel:

e with the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or

erall stability andarticulation;Initial design;Worked example5

and mechanical tests;Fabrication effects and service performance;Summary7

ties;Fracture-safedesign;Fatigue8

of single members;Plastic failure of propped cantilevers11

s;Dynamic testing SECTION 4:ELEMENT DESIGN13

n approach to designand analysis;Classication table;Economic factors14

d connections;Otherconsiderations;Cables;Worked examples15

stance;Torsional andexural-torsional buckling;Effective lengths;Special types of strut;Economic points;Worked examples16

ections asbeams;Beams with web openings;Worked examples17

plate girders used inbuildings to BS 5950:Part 1:2000;Initial choice of cross-section forplate girders used in bridges;Design of steel bridges to BS 5400:Part 3;Worked examp

type of cross-section;Basic design procedure;Cross-section classication under compression and bending;Special design methods for members in portal frames;Worked exa

ections;Guidance onmethods of analysis;Detailed design considerations for elements;Factors dictating the economy of trusses;Other applications of trusses;Rigid-jointed Vier

Diaphragm action;Other constructional features;Worked example21

onditions;Analysis of composite section;Basic design;Worked examples22

:CONNECTION DESIGN23

oups;Design strengths;Tables of strengths24

reduction;Weldingprocesses;Geometric considerations;Methods of analysis of weld groups;Design strengths25

R ELEMENTS28

shear connectors;Quality control;Cranes and craneage;Safety;Special structures 34

Methods of protection;Fire testing;Fire engineering35

int coatings; Application of paints;Weather-resistant steels;The protectivetreatment specication36

tructures;EC4 Designof composite steel and concrete structures;Implications of theEurocodes for practice in the UK;Conclusions

pped cantilevers1094Bending moment and reaction tables for continuous beams1102Inuence lines for continuous beams1105Second moments of area of two anges1116r

93Section properties11514Bolts and welds1160Tables of dimensions and gross section propertiesUniversal beams1166Universal columns1172Joists1175Universal bearing p

ieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording orotherwise,except as permitted by the UK Copyright,Designs and Pa

l bridges to BS 5400:Part 3;Worked examples

s for members in portal frames;Worked examples19

er applications of trusses;Rigid-jointed Vierendeel girders;Worked examples20

cond moments of area of two anges1116rectangular plates1118a pair of unit areas1122Geometrical properties of plane sections1124Plastic modulus of two anges1127rec

olumns1172Joists1175Universal bearing piles1178Hot-nished:circular hollow sections1181square hollow sections1183rectangular hollow sections1185Cold-formed:circular

itted by the UK Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988,without theprior permission of the publisherFirst edition published Crosby Lockwood & Sons Ltd 1955Second edition

124Plastic modulus of two anges1127rectangles1128Formulae for rigid frames1130

hollow sections1185Cold-formed:circular hollow sections1187square hollow sections1190rectangular ho

Lockwood & Sons Ltd 1955Second edition published 1960Third edition published 1966Fourth edition published by Granada Publishing Ltd in Crosby Lockwood Staples 1972

hing Ltd in Crosby Lockwood Staples 1972Fifth edition published by Blackwell Science Ltd 1992Sixth edition published by Blackwell Science Ltd 2003Reprinted 2004 (twice)R

Science Ltd 2003Reprinted 2004 (twice)Reissued in paperback 2005Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is availableISBN-10:1-4051-3412-7ISBN-13:978-140

eISBN-10:1-4051-3412-7ISBN-13:978-14051-3412-5A catalogue record for this title is available from the British LibrarySet in 10/12pt Timesby SNP

pt Timesby SNP

STEEL DESIGNERSMANUAL SIXTH EDITION The Steel Construction Institute Edited by Buick Davison Department of Civil & Structural Engineering,The University of Shefeld Graham W.Owens Director , The Steel Construction Institute Blackwell Science STEEL DESIGNERSMANUAL SIXTH EDITION The Steel Construction Institute Edited by Buick Davison Department of Civil & Structural Engineering,The University of Shefeld Graham W.Owens Director , The Steel Construction Institute Blackwell Science

The Steel Construction Institute,1992,1994,2003Blackwell Science Ltd,a Blackwell Publishing companyEditorial ofces:Blackwell Science Ltd,9600 Garsing + 44 (0) 1865 776868Blackwell Publishing Inc.,350 Main Street,Malden,MA 02148-5020,USATel: + 1 781 388 8250Blackwell Science Asia Pty Ltd,550 Swanston Street,Carlton,Victoria 3053,AustraliaTel: +

61 (0)3 8359 1011The right of the Author to be identied as the Author of this Work has been asserted inaccordance with the Copyright,Designs and Patents A

Contents Introduction to the sixth edition xi Contributors xv Notation xxvSECTION 1:DESIGN SYNTHESIS1 Single-storey buildings 1Range of building types;Anatomy of structure;Loading;Design of common structural forms2 Multi-storey buildings 42Introduction;Factors inuencing choice of form;Anatomy of structure;Worked example3 Industrial steelwork 94Range of structures and scale of construction;Anatomy of structure;Loading;Structure in its wider context4

Bridges

124Introduction;Selection of span;Selection of type;Codes of practice; Trafc loading;Other actions;Steel grades;Overall stability andarticulation;Initial design;W Other structural applications of steel 169Towers and masts;Space frames;Cable structures;Steel in residential construction;AtriaSECTION 2:STEEL TECHNOLOGY6 Applied metallurgy of steel

222Introduction;Chemical composition;Heat treatment;Manufacture and effect on properties;Engineering properties and mechanical tests;Fabrication effects a Fracture and fatigue 248Fracture;Linear elastic fracture mechanics;Elasticplastic fracturemechanics;Materials testing for fracture properties;Fracture-safedesign;Fatigue8 Sustainability and steel construction 275Introduction;Economic impacts;Social impacts;Environmental impacts;Embodied energy;Operational energy;Summaryiii

SECTION 3:DESIGN THEORY9 Introduction to manual and computer analysis 286Introduction;Element analysis;Line elements;Plates;Analysis of skeletal structures;Finite element method10 Beam analysis

325Simply-supported beams;Propped cantilevers;Fixed,built-in orencastr beams;Continuous beams;Plastic failure of single members;Plastic failure of proppe Plane frame analysis 342Formulae for rigid frames;Portal frame analysis12 Applicable dynamics Local buckling and cross-section classication

354Introduction;Fundamentals of dynamic behaviour;Distributedparameter systems;Damping;Finite element analysis;Dynamic testing SECTION 4:ELEMENT

373Introduction;Cross-sectional dimensions and momentrotation behaviour;Effect of momentrotation behaviour on approach to designand analysis;Classic Tension members

383Introduction;Types of tension member;Design for axial tension;Combined bending and tension;Eccentricity of end connections;Otherconsiderations;Cables Columns and struts

402Introduction;Common types of member;Design considerations;Cross-sectional considerations;Compressive resistance;Torsional andexural-torsional buck Beams 431Common types of beam;Cross-section classication and moment capacity, M c

;Basic design;Lateral bracing;Bracing action in bridges U-frame design;Design for restricted depth;Cold-formed sections asbeams;Beams with web opening Plate girders

470Introduction;Advantages and disadvantages;Initial choice of cross-section for plate girders in buildings;Design of plate girders used inbuildings to BS 5950 iv Contents

18 Members with compression and moments

511Occurrence of combined loading;Types of response interaction;Effect of moment gradient loading;Selection of type of cross-section;Basic design proced Trusses

541Common types of trusses;Guidance on overall concept;Effects of load reversal:Selection of elements and connections;Guidance onmethods of analysis;D Composite deck slabs

577Introduction;Deck types;Normal and lightweight concretes;Selectionof oor system;Basic design;Fire resistance;Diaphragm action;Other constructional fea Composite beams

601Application of composite beams;Economy;Guidance on span-to-depth ratios;Types of shear connection;Span conditions;Analysis of composite section;Ba Composite columns 651Introduction;Design of encased composite columns;Design of concrete-lled tubes;Worked exampleSECTION 5:CONNECTION DESIGN23

Bolts

671Types of bolt;Methods of tightening and their application;Geometricconsiderations;Methods of analysis of bolt groups;Design strengths;Tables of strengths Welds and design for welding

685Advantages of welding;Ensuring weld quality and properties by theuse of standards;Recommendations for cost reduction;Weldingprocesses;Geometric co Plate and stiffener elements in connections 711Dispersion of load through plates and anges;Stiffeners;Prying forces;Plates loaded in-plane26 Design of connections 721Introduction;Simple connections;Moment connections;Summary; Worked examples Contents v

27 Foundations and holding-down systems 816Foundations;Connection of the steelwork;Analysis;Holding-down systems;Worked examplesSECTION 6:OTHER ELEMENTS28 Bearings and joints 842Introduction;Bearings;Joints;Bearings and joints other considerations29 Steel piles 867Bearing piles;Sheet piles;Pile driving and installation;Durability30 Floors and orthotropic decks 906Steel plate oors;Open-grid ooring;Orthotropic decksSECTION 7:CONSTRUCTION31 Tolerances 917Introduction;Standards;Implications of tolerances;Fabrication tolerances;Erection tolerances32 Fabrication 948Introduction;Economy of fabrication;Welding;Bolting;Cutting;Handling and routeing of steel;Quality management33 Erection

971Introduction;The method statement;Planning;Site practices;Site fabrication and modications;Steel decking and shear connectors;Quality control;Cranes a Fire protection and re engineering

1013Introduction;Standards and building regulations;Structuralperformance in re;Developments in re-safe design;Methods of protection;Fire testing;Fire eng Corrosion and corrosion prevention

1030The corrosion process;Effect of the environment;Design andcorrosion;Surface preparation;Metallic coatings;Paint coatings; Application of paints;Weather The Eurocodes

1053The Eurocodes background and timescales;Conformity with EN1990 basis of design;EC3 Design of steel structures;EC4 Designof composite steel an vi Contents

AppendixSteel technology Elastic properties of steel1071European standards for structural steels1072 Design theory

Bending moment,shear and deection tables forcantilevers1077simply-supported beams1079built-in beams1087propped cantilevers1094Bending moment an Element design

Explanatory notes on section dimensions and properties,bolts and welds1General11482Dimensions of sections11493Section properties11514Bolts and welds

fces:Blackwell Science Ltd,9600 Garsington Road,Oxford OX4 2DQ,UKTel:

e with the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or

erall stability andarticulation;Initial design;Worked example5

and mechanical tests;Fabrication effects and service performance;Summary7

ties;Fracture-safedesign;Fatigue8

of single members;Plastic failure of propped cantilevers11

s;Dynamic testing SECTION 4:ELEMENT DESIGN13

n approach to designand analysis;Classication table;Economic factors14

d connections;Otherconsiderations;Cables;Worked examples15

stance;Torsional andexural-torsional buckling;Effective lengths;Special types of strut;Economic points;Worked examples16

ections asbeams;Beams with web openings;Worked examples17

plate girders used inbuildings to BS 5950:Part 1:2000;Initial choice of cross-section forplate girders used in bridges;Design of steel bridges to BS 5400:Part 3;Worked examp

type of cross-section;Basic design procedure;Cross-section classication under compression and bending;Special design methods for members in portal frames;Worked exa

ections;Guidance onmethods of analysis;Detailed design considerations for elements;Factors dictating the economy of trusses;Other applications of trusses;Rigid-jointed Vier

Diaphragm action;Other constructional features;Worked example21

onditions;Analysis of composite section;Basic design;Worked examples22

:CONNECTION DESIGN23

oups;Design strengths;Tables of strengths24

reduction;Weldingprocesses;Geometric considerations;Methods of analysis of weld groups;Design strengths25

R ELEMENTS28

shear connectors;Quality control;Cranes and craneage;Safety;Special structures 34

Methods of protection;Fire testing;Fire engineering35

int coatings; Application of paints;Weather-resistant steels;The protectivetreatment specication36

tructures;EC4 Designof composite steel and concrete structures;Implications of theEurocodes for practice in the UK;Conclusions

pped cantilevers1094Bending moment and reaction tables for continuous beams1102Inuence lines for continuous beams1105Second moments of area of two anges1116r

93Section properties11514Bolts and welds1160Tables of dimensions and gross section propertiesUniversal beams1166Universal columns1172Joists1175Universal bearing p

ieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording orotherwise,except as permitted by the UK Copyright,Designs and Pa

l bridges to BS 5400:Part 3;Worked examples

s for members in portal frames;Worked examples19

er applications of trusses;Rigid-jointed Vierendeel girders;Worked examples20

cond moments of area of two anges1116rectangular plates1118a pair of unit areas1122Geometrical properties of plane sections1124Plastic modulus of two anges1127rec

olumns1172Joists1175Universal bearing piles1178Hot-nished:circular hollow sections1181square hollow sections1183rectangular hollow sections1185Cold-formed:circular

itted by the UK Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988,without theprior permission of the publisherFirst edition published Crosby Lockwood & Sons Ltd 1955Second edition

124Plastic modulus of two anges1127rectangles1128Formulae for rigid frames1130

hollow sections1185Cold-formed:circular hollow sections1187square hollow sections1190rectangular ho

Lockwood & Sons Ltd 1955Second edition published 1960Third edition published 1966Fourth edition published by Granada Publishing Ltd in Crosby Lockwood Staples 1972

hing Ltd in Crosby Lockwood Staples 1972Fifth edition published by Blackwell Science Ltd 1992Sixth edition published by Blackwell Science Ltd 2003Reprinted 2004 (twice)R

Science Ltd 2003Reprinted 2004 (twice)Reissued in paperback 2005Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is availableISBN-10:1-4051-3412-7ISBN-13:978-140

eISBN-10:1-4051-3412-7ISBN-13:978-14051-3412-5A catalogue record for this title is available from the British LibrarySet in 10/12pt Timesby SNP

pt Timesby SNP

STEEL DESIGNERSMANUAL SIXTH EDITION The Steel Construction Institute Edited by Buick Davison Department of Civil & Structural Engineering,The University of Shefeld Graham W.Owens Director , The Steel Construction Institute Blackwell Science STEEL DESIGNERSMANUAL SIXTH EDITION The Steel Construction Institute Edited by Buick Davison Department of Civil & Structural Engineering,The University of Shefeld Graham W.Owens Director , The Steel Construction Institute Blackwell Science

The Steel Construction Institute,1992,1994,2003Blackwell Science Ltd,a Blackwell Publishing companyEditorial ofces:Blackwell Science Ltd,9600 Garsing + 44 (0) 1865 776868Blackwell Publishing Inc.,350 Main Street,Malden,MA 02148-5020,USATel: + 1 781 388 8250Blackwell Science Asia Pty Ltd,550 Swanston Street,Carlton,Victoria 3053,AustraliaTel: +

61 (0)3 8359 1011The right of the Author to be identied as the Author of this Work has been asserted inaccordance with the Copyright,Designs and Patents A

Contents Introduction to the sixth edition xi Contributors xv Notation xxvSECTION 1:DESIGN SYNTHESIS1 Single-storey buildings 1Range of building types;Anatomy of structure;Loading;Design of common structural forms2 Multi-storey buildings 42Introduction;Factors inuencing choice of form;Anatomy of structure;Worked example3 Industrial steelwork 94Range of structures and scale of construction;Anatomy of structure;Loading;Structure in its wider context4

Bridges

124Introduction;Selection of span;Selection of type;Codes of practice; Trafc loading;Other actions;Steel grades;Overall stability andarticulation;Initial design;W Other structural applications of steel 169Towers and masts;Space frames;Cable structures;Steel in residential construction;AtriaSECTION 2:STEEL TECHNOLOGY6 Applied metallurgy of steel

222Introduction;Chemical composition;Heat treatment;Manufacture and effect on properties;Engineering properties and mechanical tests;Fabrication effects a Fracture and fatigue 248Fracture;Linear elastic fracture mechanics;Elasticplastic fracturemechanics;Materials testing for fracture properties;Fracture-safedesign;Fatigue8 Sustainability and steel construction 275Introduction;Economic impacts;Social impacts;Environmental impacts;Embodied energy;Operational energy;Summaryiii

SECTION 3:DESIGN THEORY9 Introduction to manual and computer analysis 286Introduction;Element analysis;Line elements;Plates;Analysis of skeletal structures;Finite element method10 Beam analysis

325Simply-supported beams;Propped cantilevers;Fixed,built-in orencastr beams;Continuous beams;Plastic failure of single members;Plastic failure of proppe Plane frame analysis 342Formulae for rigid frames;Portal frame analysis12 Applicable dynamics Local buckling and cross-section classication

354Introduction;Fundamentals of dynamic behaviour;Distributedparameter systems;Damping;Finite element analysis;Dynamic testing SECTION 4:ELEMENT

373Introduction;Cross-sectional dimensions and momentrotation behaviour;Effect of momentrotation behaviour on approach to designand analysis;Classic Tension members

383Introduction;Types of tension member;Design for axial tension;Combined bending and tension;Eccentricity of end connections;Otherconsiderations;Cables Columns and struts

402Introduction;Common types of member;Design considerations;Cross-sectional considerations;Compressive resistance;Torsional andexural-torsional buck Beams 431Common types of beam;Cross-section classication and moment capacity, M c

;Basic design;Lateral bracing;Bracing action in bridges U-frame design;Design for restricted depth;Cold-formed sections asbeams;Beams with web opening Plate girders

470Introduction;Advantages and disadvantages;Initial choice of cross-section for plate girders in buildings;Design of plate girders used inbuildings to BS 5950 iv Contents

18 Members with compression and moments

511Occurrence of combined loading;Types of response interaction;Effect of moment gradient loading;Selection of type of cross-section;Basic design proced Trusses

541Common types of trusses;Guidance on overall concept;Effects of load reversal:Selection of elements and connections;Guidance onmethods of analysis;D Composite deck slabs

577Introduction;Deck types;Normal and lightweight concretes;Selectionof oor system;Basic design;Fire resistance;Diaphragm action;Other constructional fea Composite beams

601Application of composite beams;Economy;Guidance on span-to-depth ratios;Types of shear connection;Span conditions;Analysis of composite section;Ba Composite columns 651Introduction;Design of encased composite columns;Design of concrete-lled tubes;Worked exampleSECTION 5:CONNECTION DESIGN23

Bolts

671Types of bolt;Methods of tightening and their application;Geometricconsiderations;Methods of analysis of bolt groups;Design strengths;Tables of strengths Welds and design for welding

685Advantages of welding;Ensuring weld quality and properties by theuse of standards;Recommendations for cost reduction;Weldingprocesses;Geometric co Plate and stiffener elements in connections 711Dispersion of load through plates and anges;Stiffeners;Prying forces;Plates loaded in-plane26 Design of connections 721Introduction;Simple connections;Moment connections;Summary; Worked examples Contents v

27 Foundations and holding-down systems 816Foundations;Connection of the steelwork;Analysis;Holding-down systems;Worked examplesSECTION 6:OTHER ELEMENTS28 Bearings and joints 842Introduction;Bearings;Joints;Bearings and joints other considerations29 Steel piles 867Bearing piles;Sheet piles;Pile driving and installation;Durability30 Floors and orthotropic decks 906Steel plate oors;Open-grid ooring;Orthotropic decksSECTION 7:CONSTRUCTION31 Tolerances 917Introduction;Standards;Implications of tolerances;Fabrication tolerances;Erection tolerances32 Fabrication 948Introduction;Economy of fabrication;Welding;Bolting;Cutting;Handling and routeing of steel;Quality management33 Erection

971Introduction;The method statement;Planning;Site practices;Site fabrication and modications;Steel decking and shear connectors;Quality control;Cranes a Fire protection and re engineering

1013Introduction;Standards and building regulations;Structuralperformance in re;Developments in re-safe design;Methods of protection;Fire testing;Fire eng Corrosion and corrosion prevention

1030The corrosion process;Effect of the environment;Design andcorrosion;Surface preparation;Metallic coatings;Paint coatings; Application of paints;Weather The Eurocodes

1053The Eurocodes background and timescales;Conformity with EN1990 basis of design;EC3 Design of steel structures;EC4 Designof composite steel an vi Contents

AppendixSteel technology Elastic properties of steel1071European standards for structural steels1072 Design theory

Bending moment,shear and deection tables forcantilevers1077simply-supported beams1079built-in beams1087propped cantilevers1094Bending moment an Element design

Explanatory notes on section dimensions and properties,bolts and welds1General11482Dimensions of sections11493Section properties11514Bolts and welds

fces:Blackwell Science Ltd,9600 Garsington Road,Oxford OX4 2DQ,UKTel:

e with the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or

erall stability andarticulation;Initial design;Worked example5

and mechanical tests;Fabrication effects and service performance;Summary7

ties;Fracture-safedesign;Fatigue8

of single members;Plastic failure of propped cantilevers11

s;Dynamic testing SECTION 4:ELEMENT DESIGN13

n approach to designand analysis;Classication table;Economic factors14

d connections;Otherconsiderations;Cables;Worked examples15

stance;Torsional andexural-torsional buckling;Effective lengths;Special types of strut;Economic points;Worked examples16

ections asbeams;Beams with web openings;Worked examples17

plate girders used inbuildings to BS 5950:Part 1:2000;Initial choice of cross-section forplate girders used in bridges;Design of steel bridges to BS 5400:Part 3;Worked examp

type of cross-section;Basic design procedure;Cross-section classication under compression and bending;Special design methods for members in portal frames;Worked exa

ections;Guidance onmethods of analysis;Detailed design considerations for elements;Factors dictating the economy of trusses;Other applications of trusses;Rigid-jointed Vier

Diaphragm action;Other constructional features;Worked example21

onditions;Analysis of composite section;Basic design;Worked examples22

:CONNECTION DESIGN23

oups;Design strengths;Tables of strengths24

reduction;Weldingprocesses;Geometric considerations;Methods of analysis of weld groups;Design strengths25

R ELEMENTS28

shear connectors;Quality control;Cranes and craneage;Safety;Special structures 34

Methods of protection;Fire testing;Fire engineering35

int coatings; Application of paints;Weather-resistant steels;The protectivetreatment specication36

tructures;EC4 Designof composite steel and concrete structures;Implications of theEurocodes for practice in the UK;Conclusions

pped cantilevers1094Bending moment and reaction tables for continuous beams1102Inuence lines for continuous beams1105Second moments of area of two anges1116r

93Section properties11514Bolts and welds1160Tables of dimensions and gross section propertiesUniversal beams1166Universal columns1172Joists1175Universal bearing p

ieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording orotherwise,except as permitted by the UK Copyright,Designs and Pa

l bridges to BS 5400:Part 3;Worked examples

s for members in portal frames;Worked examples19

er applications of trusses;Rigid-jointed Vierendeel girders;Worked examples20

cond moments of area of two anges1116rectangular plates1118a pair of unit areas1122Geometrical properties of plane sections1124Plastic modulus of two anges1127rec

olumns1172Joists1175Universal bearing piles1178Hot-nished:circular hollow sections1181square hollow sections1183rectangular hollow sections1185Cold-formed:circular

itted by the UK Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988,without theprior permission of the publisherFirst edition published Crosby Lockwood & Sons Ltd 1955Second edition

124Plastic modulus of two anges1127rectangles1128Formulae for rigid frames1130

hollow sections1185Cold-formed:circular hollow sections1187square hollow sections1190rectangular ho

Lockwood & Sons Ltd 1955Second edition published 1960Third edition published 1966Fourth edition published by Granada Publishing Ltd in Crosby Lockwood Staples 1972

hing Ltd in Crosby Lockwood Staples 1972Fifth edition published by Blackwell Science Ltd 1992Sixth edition published by Blackwell Science Ltd 2003Reprinted 2004 (twice)R

Science Ltd 2003Reprinted 2004 (twice)Reissued in paperback 2005Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is availableISBN-10:1-4051-3412-7ISBN-13:978-140

eISBN-10:1-4051-3412-7ISBN-13:978-14051-3412-5A catalogue record for this title is available from the British LibrarySet in 10/12pt Timesby SNP

pt Timesby SNP

STEEL DESIGNERSMANUAL SIXTH EDITION The Steel Construction Institute Edited by Buick Davison Department of Civil & Structural Engineering,The University of Shefeld Graham W.Owens Director , The Steel Construction Institute Blackwell Science STEEL DESIGNERSMANUAL SIXTH EDITION The Steel Construction Institute Edited by Buick Davison Department of Civil & Structural Engineering,The University of Shefeld Graham W.Owens Director , The Steel Construction Institute Blackwell Science

The Steel Construction Institute,1992,1994,2003Blackwell Science Ltd,a Blackwell Publishing companyEditorial ofces:Blackwell Science Ltd,9600 Garsing + 44 (0) 1865 776868Blackwell Publishing Inc.,350 Main Street,Malden,MA 02148-5020,USATel: + 1 781 388 8250Blackwell Science Asia Pty Ltd,550 Swanston Street,Carlton,Victoria 3053,AustraliaTel: +

61 (0)3 8359 1011The right of the Author to be identied as the Author of this Work has been asserted inaccordance with the Copyright,Designs and Patents A

Contents Introduction to the sixth edition xi Contributors xv Notation xxvSECTION 1:DESIGN SYNTHESIS1 Single-storey buildings 1Range of building types;Anatomy of structure;Loading;Design of common structural forms2 Multi-storey buildings 42Introduction;Factors inuencing choice of form;Anatomy of structure;Worked example3 Industrial steelwork 94Range of structures and scale of construction;Anatomy of structure;Loading;Structure in its wider context4

Bridges

124Introduction;Selection of span;Selection of type;Codes of practice; Trafc loading;Other actions;Steel grades;Overall stability andarticulation;Initial design;W Other structural applications of steel 169Towers and masts;Space frames;Cable structures;Steel in residential construction;AtriaSECTION 2:STEEL TECHNOLOGY6 Applied metallurgy of steel

222Introduction;Chemical composition;Heat treatment;Manufacture and effect on properties;Engineering properties and mechanical tests;Fabrication effects a Fracture and fatigue 248Fracture;Linear elastic fracture mechanics;Elasticplastic fracturemechanics;Materials testing for fracture properties;Fracture-safedesign;Fatigue8 Sustainability and steel construction 275Introduction;Economic impacts;Social impacts;Environmental impacts;Embodied energy;Operational energy;Summaryiii

SECTION 3:DESIGN THEORY9 Introduction to manual and computer analysis 286Introduction;Element analysis;Line elements;Plates;Analysis of skeletal structures;Finite element method10 Beam analysis

325Simply-supported beams;Propped cantilevers;Fixed,built-in orencastr beams;Continuous beams;Plastic failure of single members;Plastic failure of proppe Plane frame analysis 342Formulae for rigid frames;Portal frame analysis12 Applicable dynamics Local buckling and cross-section classication

354Introduction;Fundamentals of dynamic behaviour;Distributedparameter systems;Damping;Finite element analysis;Dynamic testing SECTION 4:ELEMENT

373Introduction;Cross-sectional dimensions and momentrotation behaviour;Effect of momentrotation behaviour on approach to designand analysis;Classic Tension members

383Introduction;Types of tension member;Design for axial tension;Combined bending and tension;Eccentricity of end connections;Otherconsiderations;Cables Columns and struts

402Introduction;Common types of member;Design considerations;Cross-sectional considerations;Compressive resistance;Torsional andexural-torsional buck Beams 431Common types of beam;Cross-section classication and moment capacity, M c

;Basic design;Lateral bracing;Bracing action in bridges U-frame design;Design for restricted depth;Cold-formed sections asbeams;Beams with web opening Plate girders

470Introduction;Advantages and disadvantages;Initial choice of cross-section for plate girders in buildings;Design of plate girders used inbuildings to BS 5950 iv Contents

18 Members with compression and moments

511Occurrence of combined loading;Types of response interaction;Effect of moment gradient loading;Selection of type of cross-section;Basic design proced Trusses

541Common types of trusses;Guidance on overall concept;Effects of load reversal:Selection of elements and connections;Guidance onmethods of analysis;D Composite deck slabs

577Introduction;Deck types;Normal and lightweight concretes;Selectionof oor system;Basic design;Fire resistance;Diaphragm action;Other constructional fea Composite beams

601Application of composite beams;Economy;Guidance on span-to-depth ratios;Types of shear connection;Span conditions;Analysis of composite section;Ba Composite columns 651Introduction;Design of encased composite columns;Design of concrete-lled tubes;Worked exampleSECTION 5:CONNECTION DESIGN23

Bolts

671Types of bolt;Methods of tightening and their application;Geometricconsiderations;Methods of analysis of bolt groups;Design strengths;Tables of strengths Welds and design for welding

685Advantages of welding;Ensuring weld quality and properties by theuse of standards;Recommendations for cost reduction;Weldingprocesses;Geometric co Plate and stiffener elements in connections 711Dispersion of load through plates and anges;Stiffeners;Prying forces;Plates loaded in-plane26 Design of connections 721Introduction;Simple connections;Moment connections;Summary; Worked examples Contents v

27 Foundations and holding-down systems 816Foundations;Connection of the steelwork;Analysis;Holding-down systems;Worked examplesSECTION 6:OTHER ELEMENTS28 Bearings and joints 842Introduction;Bearings;Joints;Bearings and joints other considerations29 Steel piles 867Bearing piles;Sheet piles;Pile driving and installation;Durability30 Floors and orthotropic decks 906Steel plate oors;Open-grid ooring;Orthotropic decksSECTION 7:CONSTRUCTION31 Tolerances 917Introduction;Standards;Implications of tolerances;Fabrication tolerances;Erection tolerances32 Fabrication 948Introduction;Economy of fabrication;Welding;Bolting;Cutting;Handling and routeing of steel;Quality management33 Erection

971Introduction;The method statement;Planning;Site practices;Site fabrication and modications;Steel decking and shear connectors;Quality control;Cranes a Fire protection and re engineering

1013Introduction;Standards and building regulations;Structuralperformance in re;Developments in re-safe design;Methods of protection;Fire testing;Fire eng Corrosion and corrosion prevention

1030The corrosion process;Effect of the environment;Design andcorrosion;Surface preparation;Metallic coatings;Paint coatings; Application of paints;Weather The Eurocodes

1053The Eurocodes background and timescales;Conformity with EN1990 basis of design;EC3 Design of steel structures;EC4 Designof composite steel an vi Contents

AppendixSteel technology Elastic properties of steel1071European standards for structural steels1072 Design theory

Bending moment,shear and deection tables forcantilevers1077simply-supported beams1079built-in beams1087propped cantilevers1094Bending moment an Element design

Explanatory notes on section dimensions and properties,bolts and welds1General11482Dimensions of sections11493Section properties11514Bolts and welds

fces:Blackwell Science Ltd,9600 Garsington Road,Oxford OX4 2DQ,UKTel:

e with the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or

erall stability andarticulation;Initial design;Worked example5

and mechanical tests;Fabrication effects and service performance;Summary7

ties;Fracture-safedesign;Fatigue8

of single members;Plastic failure of propped cantilevers11

s;Dynamic testing SECTION 4:ELEMENT DESIGN13

n approach to designand analysis;Classication table;Economic factors14

d connections;Otherconsiderations;Cables;Worked examples15

stance;Torsional andexural-torsional buckling;Effective lengths;Special types of strut;Economic points;Worked examples16

ections asbeams;Beams with web openings;Worked examples17

plate girders used inbuildings to BS 5950:Part 1:2000;Initial choice of cross-section forplate girders used in bridges;Design of steel bridges to BS 5400:Part 3;Worked examp

type of cross-section;Basic design procedure;Cross-section classication under compression and bending;Special design methods for members in portal frames;Worked exa

ections;Guidance onmethods of analysis;Detailed design considerations for elements;Factors dictating the economy of trusses;Other applications of trusses;Rigid-jointed Vier

Diaphragm action;Other constructional features;Worked example21

onditions;Analysis of composite section;Basic design;Worked examples22

:CONNECTION DESIGN23

oups;Design strengths;Tables of strengths24

reduction;Weldingprocesses;Geometric considerations;Methods of analysis of weld groups;Design strengths25

R ELEMENTS28

shear connectors;Quality control;Cranes and craneage;Safety;Special structures 34

Methods of protection;Fire testing;Fire engineering35

int coatings; Application of paints;Weather-resistant steels;The protectivetreatment specication36

tructures;EC4 Designof composite steel and concrete structures;Implications of theEurocodes for practice in the UK;Conclusions

pped cantilevers1094Bending moment and reaction tables for continuous beams1102Inuence lines for continuous beams1105Second moments of area of two anges1116r

93Section properties11514Bolts and welds1160Tables of dimensions and gross section propertiesUniversal beams1166Universal columns1172Joists1175Universal bearing p

ieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording orotherwise,except as permitted by the UK Copyright,Designs and Pa

l bridges to BS 5400:Part 3;Worked examples

s for members in portal frames;Worked examples19

er applications of trusses;Rigid-jointed Vierendeel girders;Worked examples20

cond moments of area of two anges1116rectangular plates1118a pair of unit areas1122Geometrical properties of plane sections1124Plastic modulus of two anges1127rec

olumns1172Joists1175Universal bearing piles1178Hot-nished:circular hollow sections1181square hollow sections1183rectangular hollow sections1185Cold-formed:circular

itted by the UK Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988,without theprior permission of the publisherFirst edition published Crosby Lockwood & Sons Ltd 1955Second edition

124Plastic modulus of two anges1127rectangles1128Formulae for rigid frames1130

hollow sections1185Cold-formed:circular hollow sections1187square hollow sections1190rectangular ho

Lockwood & Sons Ltd 1955Second edition published 1960Third edition published 1966Fourth edition published by Granada Publishing Ltd in Crosby Lockwood Staples 1972

hing Ltd in Crosby Lockwood Staples 1972Fifth edition published by Blackwell Science Ltd 1992Sixth edition published by Blackwell Science Ltd 2003Reprinted 2004 (twice)R

Science Ltd 2003Reprinted 2004 (twice)Reissued in paperback 2005Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is availableISBN-10:1-4051-3412-7ISBN-13:978-140

eISBN-10:1-4051-3412-7ISBN-13:978-14051-3412-5A catalogue record for this title is available from the British LibrarySet in 10/12pt Timesby SNP

pt Timesby SNP

STEEL DESIGNERSMANUAL SIXTH EDITION The Steel Construction Institute Edited by Buick Davison Department of Civil & Structural Engineering,The University of Shefeld Graham W.Owens Director , The Steel Construction Institute Blackwell Science STEEL DESIGNERSMANUAL SIXTH EDITION The Steel Construction Institute Edited by Buick Davison Department of Civil & Structural Engineering,The University of Shefeld Graham W.Owens Director , The Steel Construction Institute Blackwell Science

The Steel Construction Institute,1992,1994,2003Blackwell Science Ltd,a Blackwell Publishing companyEditorial ofces:Blackwell Science Ltd,9600 Garsing + 44 (0) 1865 776868Blackwell Publishing Inc.,350 Main Street,Malden,MA 02148-5020,USATel: + 1 781 388 8250Blackwell Science Asia Pty Ltd,550 Swanston Street,Carlton,Victoria 3053,AustraliaTel: +

61 (0)3 8359 1011The right of the Author to be identied as the Author of this Work has been asserted inaccordance with the Copyright,Designs and Patents A

Contents Introduction to the sixth edition xi Contributors xv Notation xxvSECTION 1:DESIGN SYNTHESIS1 Single-storey buildings 1Range of building types;Anatomy of structure;Loading;Design of common structural forms2 Multi-storey buildings 42Introduction;Factors inuencing choice of form;Anatomy of structure;Worked example3 Industrial steelwork 94Range of structures and scale of construction;Anatomy of structure;Loading;Structure in its wider context4

Bridges

124Introduction;Selection of span;Selection of type;Codes of practice; Trafc loading;Other actions;Steel grades;Overall stability andarticulation;Initial design;W Other structural applications of steel 169Towers and masts;Space frames;Cable structures;Steel in residential construction;AtriaSECTION 2:STEEL TECHNOLOGY6 Applied metallurgy of steel

222Introduction;Chemical composition;Heat treatment;Manufacture and effect on properties;Engineering properties and mechanical tests;Fabrication effects a Fracture and fatigue 248Fracture;Linear elastic fracture mechanics;Elasticplastic fracturemechanics;Materials testing for fracture properties;Fracture-safedesign;Fatigue8 Sustainability and steel construction 275Introduction;Economic impacts;Social impacts;Environmental impacts;Embodied energy;Operational energy;Summaryiii

SECTION 3:DESIGN THEORY9 Introduction to manual and computer analysis 286Introduction;Element analysis;Line elements;Plates;Analysis of skeletal structures;Finite element method10 Beam analysis

325Simply-supported beams;Propped cantilevers;Fixed,built-in orencastr beams;Continuous beams;Plastic failure of single members;Plastic failure of proppe Plane frame analysis 342Formulae for rigid frames;Portal frame analysis12 Applicable dynamics Local buckling and cross-section classication

354Introduction;Fundamentals of dynamic behaviour;Distributedparameter systems;Damping;Finite element analysis;Dynamic testing SECTION 4:ELEMENT

373Introduction;Cross-sectional dimensions and momentrotation behaviour;Effect of momentrotation behaviour on approach to designand analysis;Classic Tension members

383Introduction;Types of tension member;Design for axial tension;Combined bending and tension;Eccentricity of end connections;Otherconsiderations;Cables Columns and struts

402Introduction;Common types of member;Design considerations;Cross-sectional considerations;Compressive resistance;Torsional andexural-torsional buck Beams 431Common types of beam;Cross-section classication and moment capacity, M c

;Basic design;Lateral bracing;Bracing action in bridges U-frame design;Design for restricted depth;Cold-formed sections asbeams;Beams with web opening Plate girders

470Introduction;Advantages and disadvantages;Initial choice of cross-section for plate girders in buildings;Design of plate girders used inbuildings to BS 5950 iv Contents

18 Members with compression and moments

511Occurrence of combined loading;Types of response interaction;Effect of moment gradient loading;Selection of type of cross-section;Basic design proced Trusses

541Common types of trusses;Guidance on overall concept;Effects of load reversal:Selection of elements and connections;Guidance onmethods of analysis;D Composite deck slabs

577Introduction;Deck types;Normal and lightweight concretes;Selectionof oor system;Basic design;Fire resistance;Diaphragm action;Other constructional fea Composite beams

601Application of composite beams;Economy;Guidance on span-to-depth ratios;Types of shear connection;Span conditions;Analysis of composite section;Ba Composite columns 651Introduction;Design of encased composite columns;Design of concrete-lled tubes;Worked exampleSECTION 5:CONNECTION DESIGN23

Bolts

671Types of bolt;Methods of tightening and their application;Geometricconsiderations;Methods of analysis of bolt groups;Design strengths;Tables of strengths Welds and design for welding

685Advantages of welding;Ensuring weld quality and properties by theuse of standards;Recommendations for cost reduction;Weldingprocesses;Geometric co Plate and stiffener elements in connections 711Dispersion of load through plates and anges;Stiffeners;Prying forces;Plates loaded in-plane26 Design of connections 721Introduction;Simple connections;Moment connections;Summary; Worked examples Contents v

27 Foundations and holding-down systems 816Foundations;Connection of the steelwork;Analysis;Holding-down systems;Worked examplesSECTION 6:OTHER ELEMENTS28 Bearings and joints 842Introduction;Bearings;Joints;Bearings and joints other considerations29 Steel piles 867Bearing piles;Sheet piles;Pile driving and installation;Durability30 Floors and orthotropic decks 906Steel plate oors;Open-grid ooring;Orthotropic decksSECTION 7:CONSTRUCTION31 Tolerances 917Introduction;Standards;Implications of tolerances;Fabrication tolerances;Erection tolerances32 Fabrication 948Introduction;Economy of fabrication;Welding;Bolting;Cutting;Handling and routeing of steel;Quality management33 Erection

971Introduction;The method statement;Planning;Site practices;Site fabrication and modications;Steel decking and shear connectors;Quality control;Cranes a Fire protection and re engineering

1013Introduction;Standards and building regulations;Structuralperformance in re;Developments in re-safe design;Methods of protection;Fire testing;Fire eng Corrosion and corrosion prevention

1030The corrosion process;Effect of the environment;Design andcorrosion;Surface preparation;Metallic coatings;Paint coatings; Application of paints;Weather The Eurocodes

1053The Eurocodes background and timescales;Conformity with EN1990 basis of design;EC3 Design of steel structures;EC4 Designof composite steel an vi Contents

AppendixSteel technology Elastic properties of steel1071European standards for structural steels1072 Design theory

Bending moment,shear and deection tables forcantilevers1077simply-supported beams1079built-in beams1087propped cantilevers1094Bending moment an Element design

Explanatory notes on section dimensions and properties,bolts and welds1General11482Dimensions of sections11493Section properties11514Bolts and welds

fces:Blackwell Science Ltd,9600 Garsington Road,Oxford OX4 2DQ,UKTel:

e with the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or

erall stability andarticulation;Initial design;Worked example5

and mechanical tests;Fabrication effects and service performance;Summary7

ties;Fracture-safedesign;Fatigue8

of single members;Plastic failure of propped cantilevers11

s;Dynamic testing SECTION 4:ELEMENT DESIGN13

n approach to designand analysis;Classication table;Economic factors14

d connections;Otherconsiderations;Cables;Worked examples15

stance;Torsional andexural-torsional buckling;Effective lengths;Special types of strut;Economic points;Worked examples16

ections asbeams;Beams with web openings;Worked examples17

plate girders used inbuildings to BS 5950:Part 1:2000;Initial choice of cross-section forplate girders used in bridges;Design of steel bridges to BS 5400:Part 3;Worked examp

type of cross-section;Basic design procedure;Cross-section classication under compression and bending;Special design methods for members in portal frames;Worked exa

ections;Guidance onmethods of analysis;Detailed design considerations for elements;Factors dictating the economy of trusses;Other applications of trusses;Rigid-jointed Vier

Diaphragm action;Other constructional features;Worked example21

onditions;Analysis of composite section;Basic design;Worked examples22

:CONNECTION DESIGN23

oups;Design strengths;Tables of strengths24

reduction;Weldingprocesses;Geometric considerations;Methods of analysis of weld groups;Design strengths25

R ELEMENTS28

shear connectors;Quality control;Cranes and craneage;Safety;Special structures 34

Methods of protection;Fire testing;Fire engineering35

int coatings; Application of paints;Weather-resistant steels;The protectivetreatment specication36

tructures;EC4 Designof composite steel and concrete structures;Implications of theEurocodes for practice in the UK;Conclusions

pped cantilevers1094Bending moment and reaction tables for continuous beams1102Inuence lines for continuous beams1105Second moments of area of two anges1116r

93Section properties11514Bolts and welds1160Tables of dimensions and gross section propertiesUniversal beams1166Universal columns1172Joists1175Universal bearing p

ieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording orotherwise,except as permitted by the UK Copyright,Designs and Pa

l bridges to BS 5400:Part 3;Worked examples

s for members in portal frames;Worked examples19

er applications of trusses;Rigid-jointed Vierendeel girders;Worked examples20

cond moments of area of two anges1116rectangular plates1118a pair of unit areas1122Geometrical properties of plane sections1124Plastic modulus of two anges1127rec

olumns1172Joists1175Universal bearing piles1178Hot-nished:circular hollow sections1181square hollow sections1183rectangular hollow sections1185Cold-formed:circular

itted by the UK Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988,without theprior permission of the publisherFirst edition published Crosby Lockwood & Sons Ltd 1955Second edition

124Plastic modulus of two anges1127rectangles1128Formulae for rigid frames1130

hollow sections1185Cold-formed:circular hollow sections1187square hollow sections1190rectangular ho

Lockwood & Sons Ltd 1955Second edition published 1960Third edition published 1966Fourth edition published by Granada Publishing Ltd in Crosby Lockwood Staples 1972

hing Ltd in Crosby Lockwood Staples 1972Fifth edition published by Blackwell Science Ltd 1992Sixth edition published by Blackwell Science Ltd 2003Reprinted 2004 (twice)R

Science Ltd 2003Reprinted 2004 (twice)Reissued in paperback 2005Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is availableISBN-10:1-4051-3412-7ISBN-13:978-140

eISBN-10:1-4051-3412-7ISBN-13:978-14051-3412-5A catalogue record for this title is available from the British LibrarySet in 10/12pt Timesby SNP

pt Timesby SNP

STEEL DESIGNERSMANUAL SIXTH EDITION The Steel Construction Institute Edited by Buick Davison Department of Civil & Structural Engineering,The University of Shefeld Graham W.Owens Director , The Steel Construction Institute Blackwell Science STEEL DESIGNERSMANUAL SIXTH EDITION The Steel Construction Institute Edited by Buick Davison Department of Civil & Structural Engineering,The University of Shefeld Graham W.Owens Director , The Steel Construction Institute Blackwell Science

The Steel Construction Institute,1992,1994,2003Blackwell Science Ltd,a Blackwell Publishing companyEditorial ofces:Blackwell Science Ltd,9600 Garsing + 44 (0) 1865 776868Blackwell Publishing Inc.,350 Main Street,Malden,MA 02148-5020,USATel: + 1 781 388 8250Blackwell Science Asia Pty Ltd,550 Swanston Street,Carlton,Victoria 3053,AustraliaTel: +

61 (0)3 8359 1011The right of the Author to be identied as the Author of this Work has been asserted inaccordance with the Copyright,Designs and Patents A

Contents Introduction to the sixth edition xi Contributors xv Notation xxvSECTION 1:DESIGN SYNTHESIS1 Single-storey buildings 1Range of building types;Anatomy of structure;Loading;Design of common structural forms2 Multi-storey buildings 42Introduction;Factors inuencing choice of form;Anatomy of structure;Worked example3 Industrial steelwork 94Range of structures and scale of construction;Anatomy of structure;Loading;Structure in its wider context4

Bridges

124Introduction;Selection of span;Selection of type;Codes of practice; Trafc loading;Other actions;Steel grades;Overall stability andarticulation;Initial design;W Other structural applications of steel 169Towers and masts;Space frames;Cable structures;Steel in residential construction;AtriaSECTION 2:STEEL TECHNOLOGY6 Applied metallurgy of steel

222Introduction;Chemical composition;Heat treatment;Manufacture and effect on properties;Engineering properties and mechanical tests;Fabrication effects a Fracture and fatigue 248Fracture;Linear elastic fracture mechanics;Elasticplastic fracturemechanics;Materials testing for fracture properties;Fracture-safedesign;Fatigue8 Sustainability and steel construction 275Introduction;Economic impacts;Social impacts;Environmental impacts;Embodied energy;Operational energy;Summaryiii

SECTION 3:DESIGN THEORY9 Introduction to manual and computer analysis 286Introduction;Element analysis;Line elements;Plates;Analysis of skeletal structures;Finite element method10 Beam analysis

325Simply-supported beams;Propped cantilevers;Fixed,built-in orencastr beams;Continuous beams;Plastic failure of single members;Plastic failure of proppe Plane frame analysis 342Formulae for rigid frames;Portal frame analysis12 Applicable dynamics Local buckling and cross-section classication

354Introduction;Fundamentals of dynamic behaviour;Distributedparameter systems;Damping;Finite element analysis;Dynamic testing SECTION 4:ELEMENT

373Introduction;Cross-sectional dimensions and momentrotation behaviour;Effect of momentrotation behaviour on approach to designand analysis;Classic Tension members

383Introduction;Types of tension member;Design for axial tension;Combined bending and tension;Eccentricity of end connections;Otherconsiderations;Cables Columns and struts

402Introduction;Common types of member;Design considerations;Cross-sectional considerations;Compressive resistance;Torsional andexural-torsional buck Beams 431Common types of beam;Cross-section classication and moment capacity, M c

;Basic design;Lateral bracing;Bracing action in bridges U-frame design;Design for restricted depth;Cold-formed sections asbeams;Beams with web opening Plate girders

470Introduction;Advantages and disadvantages;Initial choice of cross-section for plate girders in buildings;Design of plate girders used inbuildings to BS 5950 iv Contents

18 Members with compression and moments

511Occurrence of combined loading;Types of response interaction;Effect of moment gradient loading;Selection of type of cross-section;Basic design proced Trusses

541Common types of trusses;Guidance on overall concept;Effects of load reversal:Selection of elements and connections;Guidance onmethods of analysis;D Composite deck slabs

577Introduction;Deck types;Normal and lightweight concretes;Selectionof oor system;Basic design;Fire resistance;Diaphragm action;Other constructional fea Composite beams

601Application of composite beams;Economy;Guidance on span-to-depth ratios;Types of shear connection;Span conditions;Analysis of composite section;Ba Composite columns 651Introduction;Design of encased composite columns;Design of concrete-lled tubes;Worked exampleSECTION 5:CONNECTION DESIGN23

Bolts

671Types of bolt;Methods of tightening and their application;Geometricconsiderations;Methods of analysis of bolt groups;Design strengths;Tables of strengths Welds and design for welding

685Advantages of welding;Ensuring weld quality and properties by theuse of standards;Recommendations for cost reduction;Weldingprocesses;Geometric co Plate and stiffener elements in connections 711Dispersion of load through plates and anges;Stiffeners;Prying forces;Plates loaded in-plane26 Design of connections 721Introduction;Simple connections;Moment connections;Summary; Worked examples Contents v

27 Foundations and holding-down systems 816Foundations;Connection of the steelwork;Analysis;Holding-down systems;Worked examplesSECTION 6:OTHER ELEMENTS28 Bearings and joints 842Introduction;Bearings;Joints;Bearings and joints other considerations29 Steel piles 867Bearing piles;Sheet piles;Pile driving and installation;Durability30 Floors and orthotropic decks 906Steel plate oors;Open-grid ooring;Orthotropic decksSECTION 7:CONSTRUCTION31 Tolerances 917Introduction;Standards;Implications of tolerances;Fabrication tolerances;Erection tolerances32 Fabrication 948Introduction;Economy of fabrication;Welding;Bolting;Cutting;Handling and routeing of steel;Quality management33 Erection

971Introduction;The method statement;Planning;Site practices;Site fabrication and modications;Steel decking and shear connectors;Quality control;Cranes a Fire protection and re engineering

1013Introduction;Standards and building regulations;Structuralperformance in re;Developments in re-safe design;Methods of protection;Fire testing;Fire eng Corrosion and corrosion prevention

1030The corrosion process;Effect of the environment;Design andcorrosion;Surface preparation;Metallic coatings;Paint coatings; Application of paints;Weather The Eurocodes

1053The Eurocodes background and timescales;Conformity with EN1990 basis of design;EC3 Design of steel structures;EC4 Designof composite steel an vi Contents

AppendixSteel technology Elastic properties of steel1071European standards for structural steels1072 Design theory

Bending moment,shear and deection tables forcantilevers1077simply-supported beams1079built-in beams1087propped cantilevers1094Bending moment an Element design

Explanatory notes on section dimensions and properties,bolts and welds1General11482Dimensions of sections11493Section properties11514Bolts and welds

fces:Blackwell Science Ltd,9600 Garsington Road,Oxford OX4 2DQ,UKTel:

e with the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or

erall stability andarticulation;Initial design;Worked example5

and mechanical tests;Fabrication effects and service performance;Summary7

ties;Fracture-safedesign;Fatigue8

of single members;Plastic failure of propped cantilevers11

s;Dynamic testing SECTION 4:ELEMENT DESIGN13

n approach to designand analysis;Classication table;Economic factors14

d connections;Otherconsiderations;Cables;Worked examples15

stance;Torsional andexural-torsional buckling;Effective lengths;Special types of strut;Economic points;Worked examples16

ections asbeams;Beams with web openings;Worked examples17

plate girders used inbuildings to BS 5950:Part 1:2000;Initial choice of cross-section forplate girders used in bridges;Design of steel bridges to BS 5400:Part 3;Worked examp

type of cross-section;Basic design procedure;Cross-section classication under compression and bending;Special design methods for members in portal frames;Worked exa

ections;Guidance onmethods of analysis;Detailed design considerations for elements;Factors dictating the economy of trusses;Other applications of trusses;Rigid-jointed Vier

Diaphragm action;Other constructional features;Worked example21

onditions;Analysis of composite section;Basic design;Worked examples22

:CONNECTION DESIGN23

oups;Design strengths;Tables of strengths24

reduction;Weldingprocesses;Geometric considerations;Methods of analysis of weld groups;Design strengths25

R ELEMENTS28

shear connectors;Quality control;Cranes and craneage;Safety;Special structures 34

Methods of protection;Fire testing;Fire engineering35

int coatings; Application of paints;Weather-resistant steels;The protectivetreatment specication36

tructures;EC4 Designof composite steel and concrete structures;Implications of theEurocodes for practice in the UK;Conclusions

pped cantilevers1094Bending moment and reaction tables for continuous beams1102Inuence lines for continuous beams1105Second moments of area of two anges1116r

93Section properties11514Bolts and welds1160Tables of dimensions and gross section propertiesUniversal beams1166Universal columns1172Joists1175Universal bearing p

ieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording orotherwise,except as permitted by the UK Copyright,Designs and Pa

l bridges to BS 5400:Part 3;Worked examples

s for members in portal frames;Worked examples19

er applications of trusses;Rigid-jointed Vierendeel girders;Worked examples20

cond moments of area of two anges1116rectangular plates1118a pair of unit areas1122Geometrical properties of plane sections1124Plastic modulus of two anges1127rec

olumns1172Joists1175Universal bearing piles1178Hot-nished:circular hollow sections1181square hollow sections1183rectangular hollow sections1185Cold-formed:circular

itted by the UK Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988,without theprior permission of the publisherFirst edition published Crosby Lockwood & Sons Ltd 1955Second edition

124Plastic modulus of two anges1127rectangles1128Formulae for rigid frames1130

hollow sections1185Cold-formed:circular hollow sections1187square hollow sections1190rectangular ho

Lockwood & Sons Ltd 1955Second edition published 1960Third edition published 1966Fourth edition published by Granada Publishing Ltd in Crosby Lockwood Staples 1972

hing Ltd in Crosby Lockwood Staples 1972Fifth edition published by Blackwell Science Ltd 1992Sixth edition published by Blackwell Science Ltd 2003Reprinted 2004 (twice)R

Science Ltd 2003Reprinted 2004 (twice)Reissued in paperback 2005Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is availableISBN-10:1-4051-3412-7ISBN-13:978-140

eISBN-10:1-4051-3412-7ISBN-13:978-14051-3412-5A catalogue record for this title is available from the British LibrarySet in 10/12pt Timesby SNP

pt Timesby SNP

STEEL DESIGNERSMANUAL SIXTH EDITION The Steel Construction Institute Edited by Buick Davison Department of Civil & Structural Engineering,The University of Shefeld Graham W.Owens Director , The Steel Construction Institute Blackwell Science STEEL DESIGNERSMANUAL SIXTH EDITION The Steel Construction Institute Edited by Buick Davison Department of Civil & Structural Engineering,The University of Shefeld Graham W.Owens Director , The Steel Construction Institute Blackwell Science

The Steel Construction Institute,1992,1994,2003Blackwell Science Ltd,a Blackwell Publishing companyEditorial ofces:Blackwell Science Ltd,9600 Garsing + 44 (0) 1865 776868Blackwell Publishing Inc.,350 Main Street,Malden,MA 02148-5020,USATel: + 1 781 388 8250Blackwell Science Asia Pty Ltd,550 Swanston Street,Carlton,Victoria 3053,AustraliaTel: +

61 (0)3 8359 1011The right of the Author to be identied as the Author of this Work has been asserted inaccordance with the Copyright,Designs and Patents A

Contents Introduction to the sixth edition xi Contributors xv Notation xxvSECTION 1:DESIGN SYNTHESIS1 Single-storey buildings 1Range of building types;Anatomy of structure;Loading;Design of common structural forms2 Multi-storey buildings 42Introduction;Factors inuencing choice of form;Anatomy of structure;Worked example3 Industrial steelwork 94Range of structures and scale of construction;Anatomy of structure;Loading;Structure in its wider context4

Bridges

124Introduction;Selection of span;Selection of type;Codes of practice; Trafc loading;Other actions;Steel grades;Overall stability andarticulation;Initial design;W Other structural applications of steel 169Towers and masts;Space frames;Cable structures;Steel in residential construction;AtriaSECTION 2:STEEL TECHNOLOGY6 Applied metallurgy of steel

222Introduction;Chemical composition;Heat treatment;Manufacture and effect on properties;Engineering properties and mechanical tests;Fabrication effects a Fracture and fatigue 248Fracture;Linear elastic fracture mechanics;Elasticplastic fracturemechanics;Materials testing for fracture properties;Fracture-safedesign;Fatigue8 Sustainability and steel construction 275Introduction;Economic impacts;Social impacts;Environmental impacts;Embodied energy;Operational energy;Summaryiii

SECTION 3:DESIGN THEORY9 Introduction to manual and computer analysis 286Introduction;Element analysis;Line elements;Plates;Analysis of skeletal structures;Finite element method10 Beam analysis

325Simply-supported beams;Propped cantilevers;Fixed,built-in orencastr beams;Continuous beams;Plastic failure of single members;Plastic failure of proppe Plane frame analysis 342Formulae for rigid frames;Portal frame analysis12 Applicable dynamics Local buckling and cross-section classication

354Introduction;Fundamentals of dynamic behaviour;Distributedparameter systems;Damping;Finite element analysis;Dynamic testing SECTION 4:ELEMENT

373Introduction;Cross-sectional dimensions and momentrotation behaviour;Effect of momentrotation behaviour on approach to designand analysis;Classic Tension members

383Introduction;Types of tension member;Design for axial tension;Combined bending and tension;Eccentricity of end connections;Otherconsiderations;Cables Columns and struts

402Introduction;Common types of member;Design considerations;Cross-sectional considerations;Compressive resistance;Torsional andexural-torsional buck Beams 431Common types of beam;Cross-section classication and moment capacity, M c

;Basic design;Lateral bracing;Bracing action in bridges U-frame design;Design for restricted depth;Cold-formed sections asbeams;Beams with web opening Plate girders

470Introduction;Advantages and disadvantages;Initial choice of cross-section for plate girders in buildings;Design of plate girders used inbuildings to BS 5950 iv Contents

18 Members with compression and moments

511Occurrence of combined loading;Types of response interaction;Effect of moment gradient loading;Selection of type of cross-section;Basic design proced Trusses

541Common types of trusses;Guidance on overall concept;Effects of load reversal:Selection of elements and connections;Guidance onmethods of analysis;D Composite deck slabs

577Introduction;Deck types;Normal and lightweight concretes;Selectionof oor system;Basic design;Fire resistance;Diaphragm action;Other constructional fea Composite beams

601Application of composite beams;Economy;Guidance on span-to-depth ratios;Types of shear connection;Span conditions;Analysis of composite section;Ba Composite columns 651Introduction;Design of encased composite columns;Design of concrete-lled tubes;Worked exampleSECTION 5:CONNECTION DESIGN23

Bolts

671Types of bolt;Methods of tightening and their application;Geometricconsiderations;Methods of analysis of bolt groups;Design strengths;Tables of strengths Welds and design for welding

685Advantages of welding;Ensuring weld quality and properties by theuse of standards;Recommendations for cost reduction;Weldingprocesses;Geometric co Plate and stiffener elements in connections 711Dispersion of load through plates and anges;Stiffeners;Prying forces;Plates loaded in-plane26 Design of connections 721Introduction;Simple connections;Moment connections;Summary; Worked examples Contents v

27 Foundations and holding-down systems 816Foundations;Connection of the steelwork;Analysis;Holding-down systems;Worked examplesSECTION 6:OTHER ELEMENTS28 Bearings and joints 842Introduction;Bearings;Joints;Bearings and joints other considerations29 Steel piles 867Bearing piles;Sheet piles;Pile driving and installation;Durability30 Floors and orthotropic decks 906Steel plate oors;Open-grid ooring;Orthotropic decksSECTION 7:CONSTRUCTION31 Tolerances 917Introduction;Standards;Implications of tolerances;Fabrication tolerances;Erection tolerances32 Fabrication 948Introduction;Economy of fabrication;Welding;Bolting;Cutting;Handling and routeing of steel;Quality management33 Erection

971Introduction;The method statement;Planning;Site practices;Site fabrication and modications;Steel decking and shear connectors;Quality control;Cranes a Fire protection and re engineering

1013Introduction;Standards and building regulations;Structuralperformance in re;Developments in re-safe design;Methods of protection;Fire testing;Fire eng Corrosion and corrosion prevention

1030The corrosion process;Effect of the environment;Design andcorrosion;Surface preparation;Metallic coatings;Paint coatings; Application of paints;Weather The Eurocodes

1053The Eurocodes background and timescales;Conformity with EN1990 basis of design;EC3 Design of steel structures;EC4 Designof composite steel an vi Contents

AppendixSteel technology Elastic properties of steel1071European standards for structural steels1072 Design theory

Bending moment,shear and deection tables forcantilevers1077simply-supported beams1079built-in beams1087propped cantilevers1094Bending moment an Element design

Explanatory notes on section dimensions and properties,bolts and welds1General11482Dimensions of sections11493Section properties11514Bolts and welds

fces:Blackwell Science Ltd,9600 Garsington Road,Oxford OX4 2DQ,UKTel:

e with the Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988.All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system,or transmitted,in any form or

erall stability andarticulation;Initial design;Worked example5

and mechanical tests;Fabrication effects and service performance;Summary7

ties;Fracture-safedesign;Fatigue8

of single members;Plastic failure of propped cantilevers11

s;Dynamic testing SECTION 4:ELEMENT DESIGN13

n approach to designand analysis;Classication table;Economic factors14

d connections;Otherconsiderations;Cables;Worked examples15

stance;Torsional andexural-torsional buckling;Effective lengths;Special types of strut;Economic points;Worked examples16

ections asbeams;Beams with web openings;Worked examples17

plate girders used inbuildings to BS 5950:Part 1:2000;Initial choice of cross-section forplate girders used in bridges;Design of steel bridges to BS 5400:Part 3;Worked examp

type of cross-section;Basic design procedure;Cross-section classication under compression and bending;Special design methods for members in portal frames;Worked exa

ections;Guidance onmethods of analysis;Detailed design considerations for elements;Factors dictating the economy of trusses;Other applications of trusses;Rigid-jointed Vier

Diaphragm action;Other constructional features;Worked example21

onditions;Analysis of composite section;Basic design;Worked examples22

:CONNECTION DESIGN23

oups;Design strengths;Tables of strengths24

reduction;Weldingprocesses;Geometric considerations;Methods of analysis of weld groups;Design strengths25

R ELEMENTS28

shear connectors;Quality control;Cranes and craneage;Safety;Special structures 34

Methods of protection;Fire testing;Fire engineering35

int coatings; Application of paints;Weather-resistant steels;The protectivetreatment specication36

tructures;EC4 Designof composite steel and concrete structures;Implications of theEurocodes for practice in the UK;Conclusions

pped cantilevers1094Bending moment and reaction tables for continuous beams1102Inuence lines for continuous beams1105Second moments of area of two anges1116r

93Section properties11514Bolts and welds1160Tables of dimensions and gross section propertiesUniversal beams1166Universal columns1172Joists1175Universal bearing p

ieval system,or transmitted,in any form or by any means,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,recording orotherwise,except as permitted by the UK Copyright,Designs and Pa

l bridges to BS 5400:Part 3;Worked examples

s for members in portal frames;Worked examples19

er applications of trusses;Rigid-jointed Vierendeel girders;Worked examples20

cond moments of area of two anges1116rectangular plates1118a pair of unit areas1122Geometrical properties of plane sections1124Plastic modulus of two anges1127rec

olumns1172Joists1175Universal bearing piles1178Hot-nished:circular hollow sections1181square hollow sections1183rectangular hollow sections1185Cold-formed:circular

itted by the UK Copyright,Designs and Patents Act 1988,without theprior permission of the publisherFirst edition published Crosby Lockwood & Sons Ltd 1955Second edition

124Plastic modulus of two anges1127rectangles1128Formulae for rigid frames1130

hollow sections1185Cold-formed:circular hollow sections1187square hollow sections1190rectangular ho

Lockwood & Sons Ltd 1955Second edition published 1960Third edition published 1966Fourth edition published by Granada Publishing Ltd in Crosby Lockwood Staples 1972

hing Ltd in Crosby Lockwood Staples 1972Fifth edition published by Blackwell Science Ltd 1992Sixth edition published by Blackwell Science Ltd 2003Reprinted 2004 (twice)R

Science Ltd 2003Reprinted 2004 (twice)Reissued in paperback 2005Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is availableISBN-10:1-4051-3412-7ISBN-13:978-140

eISBN-10:1-4051-3412-7ISBN-13:978-14051-3412-5A catalogue record for this title is available from the British LibrarySet in 10/12pt Timesby SNP

pt Timesby SNP