';t^

II

V
f

Z<^1(,

GRAMMAR
OF THE

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
BY WILLIAM JONES,
ESQ.
FELLOW OF UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, OXFORD, AND OF THE ROYAL SOCIETIES OF LONDON AND COPENHAGEN.

EDITION, WITH ADDITIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS.

THE SIXTH

LONDON:
PRINTED BY W. BULMER AND CO. CLEVELAND-ROW, FROM THE TYPES OF W. MARTIN, ORIENTAL TYPE FOUNDER AND PRINTER TO THE HONOURABLE THE EAST INDIA COMPANY, FOR LACKINGTON, ALLEN, AND CO.; CUTHELL AND MARTIN; S. BAGSTEB J. walker; J. asperne; and black and paruy.

1804.

y^

THE

PREFACE.
1 HE Persian language
it

is rich,

melodious, and elegant;

has been spoken for

many

ages

by

the greatest princes

in the poHtest courts of

Asia; and a number of admirable

in
it

works have been written

by

historians, philosophers,

and

poets,

who found
the

it

capable of expressing with equal

advantage
sentiments.
It

most beautiful and the most elevated

must seem strange,

therefore, that the study of this

language should be so
taste for general
to prevail;

little

cultivated at a time

when

and

diffiisive

learning seems universally

and

that the fine productions of a celebrated

nation should remain in manuscript upon the shelves of

our public

libraries,

without a single admirer

who might

open

their treasures to his

;

countrymen, and display their

beauties to the light

but

if

we consider

the subject with a

r^r^r^ r

r-

ii

PREFACE.
we
shall discover
to obstruct

proper attention,

a variety of causes

which have concurred

literature.

the progress of Eastern

Some men never heard

will not

of the Asiatic writings, and others

is

be convinced that there

to

any thing valuable in

them

some pretend

be busy, and others are really idle;

some detest

the Persians, because they believe in

Mahomed,
do not

and others despise

understand
it
:

their language, because they

all

we

love to excuse, or to conceal, our

ignorance, and are seldom willing to allow any excellence

beyond

the limits of our

own

attainments: like the savages,

who

thought that the sun rose and set for them alone, and

could not imagine that the waves, which surrounded their

island, left coral

and pearls upon any other shore.

for the neglect of the Persian

Another obvious reason

language
to
is

the great scarcity of books,

it

which are necessary

be read before

can be perfectly learned, the greater

part of them are preserved in the different

libraries of

museums and

Europe, where they are shewn more as objects

of curiosity than as sources of information; and are admired, like the characters on a Chinese screen, more for
their

gay colours than

fur their

meaning.

PREFACE.
Thus, while the excellent writings of Greece and
are studied

iii

Rome
diffuse

by every man of a

liberal education,

and

a general refinement through our part of the world, the

works of the Persians, a nation equally distinguished in

ancient history, are either wholly

unknown

to us, or con-

sidered as entirely destitute of taste and invention.

But

if this

branch of literature has met with so

the

many
been

obstructions from

ignorant,

it

has, certainly,

checked

in its progress

by the learned themselves; most of

to the

whom

have confined their study

minute researches of

verbal criticism; like

men who

discover a precious mine,

but instead of searching for the rich ore, or for gems, amuse
themselves with collecting smooth pebbles and pieces of
crystal. Others mistook reading for learning,
to be carefully distinguished

which ought
of sense, and

by every man

were

satisfied

with running over a great number of manu-

scripts in a superficial

manner, without condescending to be

to

stopped by their difficulty, or

dwell upon their beauty

and elegance.

The

rest

have

left

nothing more behind

them than grammars and dictionaries; and though they

deserve the praises due to unwearied pains and industry,
yet they would, perhaps, have gained a

more shining

a^

iv

PREFACE.
if

reputation,

they had contributed to beautify and enlighten

the vast temple of learning, instead of spending their lives

in adorning only its porticos

and avenues.

There

is

nothing which has tended more to bring polite

than the total insensibility of commenof the authors
to

letters into discredit,

tators

and

critics to the beauties

:

whom

they

profess to illustrate

few of them seem

have received

the smallest pleasure from the most elegant compositions,

unless they found

rected, or

some mistake of a transcriber

to

to

be cor-

some established reading

be changed, some

obscure expression to be explained, or some clear passage

to be

made obscure by

their notes.

It is

a circumstance equally unfortunate that

taste

men

of the

most refined

and the brightest parts are apt

to look

upon

a close application to the study of languages as in-

consistent with their spirit

letters

and genius: so

that the state of

seems

to be

divided into two classes,

taste,

men

of learn-

ing

who have no

and men of

taste

who have no

learning.

M. de

Voltaire,

who

excels

all

writers of his age

and

country in the elegance of his style, and the wonderful

variety of his talents, acknowledges the beauty of the Persian

PREFACE.
images and sentiments, and has versified
from Sadi,
ordinary
a fine

passage
extra-

whom

he compares
a

to

Petrarch:

if that

man had added

knowledge of the Asiatic

languages to his other acquisitions,

we

should by
in

this

time

have seen the poems and histories of Persia

dress,

an European

and any other recommendation of them would have

been unnecessary.

But there

is

yet another cause which has operated

more

strongly than any before mentioned towards preventing the

rise

of Oriental literature

mean

the small encouragement

to

which the princes and nobles of Europe have given

of letters.
It is

men

an indisputable truth, that learning will

always flourish most where the amplest rewards are pro-

posed

to the industry of the learned

and that the most

shining periods in the annals of literature are the reigns of

wise and

liberal princes,

who know

that fine writers are the

oracles of the world, from

whose testimony every

king,

statesman, and hero must expect the censure or approbation

of posterity.

In the old states of Greece the highest

to poets, philosophers,

honours were given

and orators;

and a single

city (as

an eminent writer
*

observes) in the

Ascham.

vi

PREFACE.
splendid

memory of one man, produced more numerous and

monuments of human genius than most other nations have

afforded in a course of ages.

The

Hberality of the Ptolemies in

Egypt drew a number

of learned

men and

poets to their court,

whose works

re-

main

to the present age the

models of

taste

and elegance

and the

writers,

whom Augustus

protected, brought their

compositions to a degree of perfection, which the language

of mortals cannot surpass. Whilst
all

the nations of Europe

were covered with the deepest shade of ignorance, the

Califs in

Asia encouraged the Mahomedans

to

improve

their talents,

and cultivate the

fine

arts;

and even the

Turkish Sultan, who drove the Greeks from Constantinople,

was a patron of
poet.

literary merit,

and was himself an elegant

Medici invited
to

The

illustrious family of

Florence
their

the learned

men whom

the

Turks had driven from

country; and a general light succeeded to the gloom which

ignorance and superstition had spread through the western
world. But that hght has not continued to shine with equal

splendour
to restore

and though some

yet
it

slight efforts

have been made

it,

seems
:

to

have been gradually decaying

faint in Italy
;

for the last

century

it

grows very

it

seems

PREFACE.

vii

wholly extinguished in France, and whatever sparks of

it''

remain in other countries are confined to the closets of

humble and modest men, and are not general enough

have
their proper influence.

to

The

nobles of our days consider learning as a subor-

dinate acquisition, which

would not be

consistent with the

left to

dignity of their fortunes, and should be

toil in

those

who

a lower sphere of

life

but they do not reflect on

letters

the

many

advantages which the study of polite

to

would give peculiarly

employments
a series of
;

persons of eminent rank and high

their fatigues

who, instead of relieving

by

unmanly

pleasures, or useless diversions, might

spend their leisure in improving their knowledge, and in

conversing with the great statesmen, orators, and philosophers of antiquity.
If learning in general has

met with so
for that

little

encourageit,

ment,
lies

still less

can be expected
the

branch of
path, and

which

so far

removed from

common

which the

greater part of

mankind have

hitherto considered as inca:

pable of yielding either entertainment or instruction

pains and want be the lot of a scholar, the
talist
life

if

of an Orien-

must certainly be attended with peculiar hardships.

viii

PREFACE.
who
published a beautiful Persian work called
^

Gentius,
ihe

Bed of Roses with an

useful but inelegant translation,

lived obscurely in Holland,

and died

in misery.

Hyde,

who might have

contributed greatly towards the progress

of Eastern learning, formed a number of expensive projects

with that view, but had not the support and assistance

which they deserved and required. The labours of Meninski

immortalized and ruined him
:

his Dictionary of the Asiatic

languages

is,

perhaps, the most laborious compilation that

single

was ever undertaken by any

in his preface that his

man but he complains

;

patrimony was exhausted by the

great expense of employing and supporting a

writers

number of
for the

and

printers,

and of raising a new press

Oriental characters.

M.

d'Herbelot, indeed, received the

his industry
;

most splendid reward of

Italy

he was invited

to

by Ferdinand

II.

Duke

of Tuscany,

who

entertained
distin-

him with

that striking munificence

:

which always

guished the race of the Medici

after the

death of Ferdi-

nand, the illustrious Colbert recalled him to Paris, where

he enjoyed the
of his days
is

fruits

of his labour, and spent the remainder

this

m an

honourable and easy retirement. But

a rare

example: the other princes of Europe ha

/e not

PREFACE.
reserved to be the protector of the Eastern
present age.

ix

Imitated the duke of Tuscany; and Christian VII. wa?

Muses

in the

Since the hteraturc of Asia was so

much

neglected, and

the causes of that neglect were so various,

we could

not

have expected that any sHght power would rouze the nations
of Europe from their inattention to
it
;

and they would,

they had not been

perhaps, have persisted in despising

it, if

animated by the most powerful incentive that can influence

the

mind of man
all

interest

was

the
j

magic wand which

brought them

within one circle

interest

was

the

charm

which gave the languages of the East a

portance.

real

and

solid im-

By one

of those revolutions, which no

human

prudence could have foreseen^ the Persian language found

its

way

into India; that rich

and celebrated empire, which, commerce, has been the

merchants of Europe.
here,

by

the flourishing state of our

soui'ce of incredible

wealth

to the

variety of causes,
the

which need not be mentioned

that

gave

Enghsh nation a most extensive power in

kingdom:

our India

Company began

to take

under

their protection

the princes of the country,

their first settlement; a

by whose protection they gained

aftairs

number of important b

were

X
to

PREFACE.
be transacted
in

peace and war between nations equally

jealous of one another,

who had

not the
;

common

instru-

ment of conveying

their sentiments
letters

the servants of the

nofc.read,

company received

which they could

titles
it

and

were ambitious of gaining

of which they could not

comprehend
to

the

meaning;

was found highly dangerous

employ the natives

as interpreters,
;

upon whose

fidelity

they could not depend

and

it

was

at last

discovered, that

they must apply themselves to the study of the Persian

language, in which
all

the letters from the Indian princes

were written.
in Bengal,

few

men

of parts and

taste,

who

resided

have since amused themselves with the

literature

of the East, and have spent their leisure in reading the

poems and

histories of Persia

but they found a reason in

every page to regret their ignorance of the Arabic language,

without which their knowledge must be very circumscribed

and imperfect.
be studied with
useful,

The languages of Asia

will

now, perhaps,

uncommon ardour

they are

known

to

be

and

will

soon be found instructive and entertaining;

the valuable manuscripts that enrich our public libraries

will be in a

lew years elegantly printed

the

manners and

sentiments of the Eastern nations will be perfectly

known;

PREFACE.
and the
limits of

xi

our knowledge will be no

less

extended

than the bounds of our empire.

It

was with a view

to

facilitate

the progress

of this

branch of

literature, that I

reduced

to order the

following

instructions for the Persian lanc^uao^e

which

had collected

several years ago

to the public
it
:

but

would not present

my grammar
the clearest

till I

had considerably enlarged and improved

have, therefore, endeavoured to lay

rules,

down

and most accurate

which

have

illustrated
I

by

select

examples from the most elqgant writers;

have carefully
the

compared

my

work with every composition of

same

nature that has fallen into

general a subject
1

my

hands; and though on so

must have made several observations

to all, yet I flatter

which are common

myself that

my own

remarks, the disposition of the whole book, and the passages

quoted

in

it,

will sufficiently distinguish

it

as

an original

production.

Though

am

not conscious that there are

it,

any
that

essential mistakes or omissions in

it

yet I

am

sensible

falls

very short of perfection, which

seeiiis to

withto

draw
their

itself

from the pursuit of mortals, in proportion

endeavours of attaining it; like the talisman in the Arabian tales, which a bird carried from tree to tree as

b^

xil

PREFACE.
its

often as

pursuer approached
all

it.

But

it

has been

my

chief care to avoid

the harsh

and

affected terms of art

which render most didactic works so tedious and unpleasant, and

which only perplex the learner, without giving

knowledge
:

him any

real

have even refrained from

making any

inquiries into general

grammar, or from enter-

ing into those subjects which have already been so elegantly

discussed by the most judicious philosopher,* the most

learned divine,t and the most laborious scholar of the
present age4
It

was

my

first

design to prefix to the grammar a history

of the Persian language from the time of

Xenophon

to

our

days, and to have added a copious praxis of tales and

poems extracted from the

as those additions

classical writers of Persia

but

would have delayed the publication of

I

the

grammar, which was principally wanted,

thought

it

advisable to reserve them for a separate volume, which the

public

may

expect in the course of the ensuing winter.

have made a large collection of materials

for a general

history of Asia, and for an account of the geography, phiSee Hermes.

:|:

A short Introduction to English Grammar.

The graxmnur

prefixed to the Dictionary of the English Language.

PREFACE.
losophy, and literature of the Eastern nations,
all

xiii

which

propose

to

arrange in order,

if

my more

solid

and more im-

portant studies will allow

I

me any

intervals of leisure.*
this place the signal
1

cannot forbear acknowledging in

attention,

marks of kindness and

which
;

have received

from many learned and noble persons

has obliged

but General Carnac

me

the most sensibly of ihem,

by supplying

me

with a valuable collection of Persian manuscripts on

every branch of Eastern learning, from which

best examples in the following

many

of the

grammar

are extracted.

very learned Professor +

at

Oxford has promoted

my studies

with that candour and benevolence which so eminently

distinguish him;

and "many excellent men

that are the

the principal ornaments of that University have conferred

highest favours on me, of which

shall ever retain a grateful

I

sense

but

take a singular pleasure in confessing that

little

am

indebted to a foreign nobleman i for the

I

knowledge

which

have happened

to acquire

of the Persian language;

and
'

that

my zeal for

the poetry

and philology of the Asiatics

a Description of Asia^ and a

See the History of the Persian

Language

Short History of Persia^ published with my JJfe of Nader Shah in the year 1773.
+ Dr. Hunt.

X Baron Rxviski..

xiv

PREFACE.
to his conversation,
still

was owing

and

to the agreeable cor-

respondence with which he

Before
I

honours me.
it

conclude

this preface,

will be proper to

add a

few remarks upon the method of learning the Persian language, and upon the advantages which the learner expect from
it.

may

When

the student can read the characters

with fluency, and has learned the true pronunciation of

every
letter

from the mouth of a native,

attention,

let

him peruse

the

grammar with

and commit

to

memory

the regular
his

inflexions of the

nouns and verbs: he need not burden

that deviate from the

mind with those

common

form, as

they will be insensibly learned in a short course of reading.

By

this

time he will find a dictionary necessary, and

will believe
that,

hope he
rience,

me, when

assert

from a long expe-

whoever possesses

the admirable

work of

Meninski,* will have no occasion for any other dictionary

of the Persian tongue.

He may

proceed by the help of this

work
to

to

analyse the passages quoted in the grammar, and

in

examine

what manner they

illustrate the rules

in

the

mean time he must not

and

neglect to converse with his

living instructor,

to learn from

him the phrases of

This.was wriiten before Richardsons's Diaionary was published.

PREFACE.
common
discourse, and the

XV

names of visible

objects,

which
th,e

he will soon imprint on

his

memory,

if

he will take
:

trouble to look lor them in the dictionary

and here
as

must

caution

him against condemning a work

it

defective,

because he cannot find in

for

every word which he hears;

sounds

in.

general are caught imperfectl)^

spelt
I

by

the ear,

and many words are

and pronounced very

differently.

The

first

book

that

would recommend
a

to

him

is

the

Gulistan,or
in the East,

Bed of lloses^

work which is highly esteemed

and of which there are several translations in

the languages of

Europe

the manuscripts of this

book are

very

common

and by comparing them with the printed

edition of Gentius, he will soon learn the beautiful flowing

hand used
flourishes,

in Persia,

which consists of bold strokes and

types.
It

and cannot be imitated by our

will

then be a proper time for him to read some short and easy
chapter in this work, and to translate
it

into his native

language with the utmost exactness;, let him then lay aside
the original,

and

after a

proper interval

let

him turn the

same chapter back

into Persian
let

by

the assistance of the

grammar and

dictionary:

hinv afterwards compare his

its faults

second translation with the originalj and correct

xvi

RE

AC
is

E;
the exercise so often re-

according to that model.

This

commended by

the old rhetoricians,

by which a student

will gradually acquire the style

and manner of any author,

whom

he desires

to imitate,

and by which almost any

language
pleasure.

may

be learned in six months with ease and

When

he can express his sentiments in Persian

I

with tolerable

facility,

would advise him

to read

some

elegant history or
will explain to

poem with an
in

intelligent native,

who

him

common words the

refined expressions

that occur in reading,

and will point out the beauties of

learned allusions and local images.

The most

excellent

book
tales

in the

language

is,

in

my

opinion, the collection of

sur-

and

fables called

Anver Soheili by Hussein Vaes,

named
Pilpay

Cashefi,

who

took the celebrated

all

work of Bidpai or
the

for his text,

and has comprised

wisdom of the

Eastern nations, in fourteen beauiiful chapters.

leisure

At some
to trans-

hour he

may

desire his

Munshi or writer

cribe a section from the Gulistan, or a fable of Cashefi, in

the

common broken hand used in

India,

which he

will learn

perfectly in a few days

tractions with the

by comparing

all its

turns and con-

more regular hands of the Arabs and

Persians: he must not be discouraged

by

the difficulty of

PREFACE.
reading the Indian
tlie

xvii

letters, for the

characters are in reality

same with those

in

which our books are printed, and

by the hequent omission
of"

are only rendered difficult

diacritical points,

the

and the want of regularity

in the position

of the words: but

we

all

know

that
in

we

are often at a loss to

;

read
it

letters

which we receive

our native tongue

and

has been proved that a

man who

has a perfect knowledge

of any language,
letter

may with

a proper attention
it

decypher a

in

that idiom,

though

be written in characters

which he has never seen

alphabet.

before,

and of which he has no

In short,

am

persuaded that whoever will study the

Persian language according io

my

plan, will in less than a

year be able to translate and to answer any letter from an

Indian prince, and

to

converse with the natives of India,

if

not only with fluency, but with elegance. But

to distinguish himself as

he desires

an eminent translator, and to un-

derstand not only the general purport of a composition, but

even the graces and ornaments of

learn the Arabic tongue,
in so singular a

it,

he must necessarily

which

is

blended with the Persian

manner, that one period often contains

c

xviii

PREFACE,

both languages wholly distinct from each other in expression and idiom, but perfectly united in sense and construction.

This must appear strange

to

an European

reader; but he

may
is

form some idea of

this

uncommon

mixture,

when he

told that the

two Asiatic languages are

not always mixed like the words of Roman and Saxon origin " The true law is in this period, right reason, conformable

"
*'

to the

nature of things

which

calls

us to duty

by comas

manding, deters us from sin by forbidding;*" but

we

suppose the Latin and English to be connected in the " The true lex is recta ratio, conjorfollowing sentence

may

mable naturae, which by commanding vocet ad officium, by

forbidding
a

fraude deferreat."
will be attended

knowledge of these two languages

to those

with a variety of advantages

who

acquire

it

the are
to

Hebrew, Chaldaic, Syriac, and Ethiopian tongues,

dialects of the Arabic,
it

and bear

as near a

resemblance

as the Ionic to the Attic

Greek; the jargon of Indostan,

very improperly called the language of the Moors, contains

60 great a

number of Persian words,

->

that
III.

was
351.

able,

with

See Middleton's Life of Cicero, vol.

p.

PREFACE.
very
little difficulty, to

xix

read the fables oFPilpai which arc

translated into that idiom; the Turkish contains ten Arabic

or Persian words for one originally Scythian, by which

it

has been so refined that the modern kings of Persia were

fond of speaking

it

in their courts: in short, there is scarce

a country in Asia or Africa, from the source of the Nile to

the wall of China, in

which

man who understands Arabic,

Persian, and Turkish,

transact
security.

may

not travel with satisfaction, or

the most important aiFairs with advantage

and

As

to

the literature of Asia,

it

will not, perhaps, be

essentially useful to the greater part of

mankind, who have

neither leisure nor incfination to cultivate so extensive a

branch of learning

but the

civil

and natural history of

such mighty empires as India, Persia, Arabia, and Tartary,

cannot
fail

of delighting those who love

to

view the great

picture of the universe, or to learn by what degrees the

most obscure
rishing

states

have risen

to to

glory, and the most flou-

kingdoms have sunk

works

decay;

the philosopher

will consider those

as highly valuable,
in all
its

by which he

may

trace the

human mind

various appearances,
:

from the rudest to the most cultivated state

and the man

c2

XX

PREFACE.

of taste will undoubtedly be pleased to unlock the stores of native genius, and
to

gather the flowers of unrestrained

and luxuriant fancy.*

Note
to the

Third Edition.

My

professional

studies

having wholly engaged

my

attention

zpA induced

me

not only to abandon Oriental literature, but even to efface, as far as possible, the

very traces of
edition of

it

from

my memory,

committed the conduct and

to

re\'isal

of this
in

my

grammar, and the composition of the index

Mr. Richardson,

whose

skill I
I

have a perfect confidence, and from whose application

to the Eastern

languages,

have hopes that the learned world will reap no small advantage.

xxi

ADVERTISEMENT

IN presenting

this the sixth edition

of Sir William Jones' s

Public^ the Editor

inestimable Persian

Grammar

to the

thinks proper to apprize his readers of such improvements

and

alterations as he

has found

it

expedient to

make

therein.

The work has

been carefully revised,

and many

errors,
edition,

which had been accumulating with every former

have been attentively corrected.

Great improvement has been made in the printing and paper ; and
it

comes forth with an elegant new

type,

cut

after the best examples

of writing in the Niskhi character,

before been published.
.

and of which no specimen has

The Persian

Title, with

which the work was originally

published, has been given in an imitation of the Tadik,

instead of the old type*

xxii

ADVERTISEMENT.
in Prose, designed

Some examples

for

the exercise of

the student, have been added, printed in types

of two sizes ^

both entirely new.

The Editors of Richardson s Persian and Arabic

Dictionary, fas will more fully appear

from

the notice

subjoined to this work), having caused great alterations ^

with numerous additions
the

and improvements^
it is

to be

made in

new and more convenient form

that this

about to assume;

and being of opinion

Grammar, as a necessary
it,

companion, should be made to correspond with

the

same

mode of spelling

the Persian

words
is

in

Roman

characters

has herein been adopted^ as

that Dictionary ;

pursuing

in the revision

of

and which being upon a plan

at once

both regular and simple, cannot, we think, but be of great

use to beginners in particular, as an invariable guide to

the prominciation.
this

The plan

is

developed in the body of

work

in its

proper place, the part which treats on

the

power of the

letters.

At

the time the learned author

of this truly elegant and useful

does not seem
to

Grammar composed

it,

he

have formed that system of orthography

of Asiatic words in

Roman

letters

which he afterwards

ADVERTISEMENT.

xxlii

so ably explains in the opening of the Jirst Volume of ike

Asiatic

Researches^ else but

little

occasion would have

been found for the alterations

to

it

has been judged expedient

make.

THE EDITOR.

GRAMMAR
OF THE
y-\

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
%
.

OF LETTERS.
1 HE
learner
is

supposed

to

be acquainted

with the

common

terms of grammar, and to

know

that the Perto the

sians write their characters

left.

from the right hand

There are thirty-two Persian

letters.

GRAMMAR
III.
11.

OF THE
I.

IV.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

GRAMMAR
to L^Sj^ barg,

OF THE

which are never joined

appear from the words
dominion.

the following letter, as will

leaf,

S^b davari,

Though

the perfect pronunciation of these letters can be

learned only from the

it

mouth of a Persian or an Indian,

a few observations
;>

yet

will be proper to

add

upon

the

mpst

remarkable of them.

OF CONSONANTS.
It will

be needless

to

say

much
is

of the three

first

conso-

nants c_> t_j

b,
^
/?,

since their sound

exactly the same as our

and

t,

in the

words bar,

peer,

and

loo,

which would

be written in Persiail jUjo andjJ.

tl> s

This

letter,

which the Arabs pronounce somewhat

like

a thy has in Persian the

same sound with a

(j**

or s, as

i^^ jA Abu

Lays, a proper name.

It might, therefore,

have been rejected from the Persian alphabet without any

inconvenience; but
it

is

useful in

showing the origin of

words, as
Arabic.

it

is

seldom, or never, used in any that are not

of the following

The same may be observed

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
letters,

^ u^ i^ ^ ^ ^?(J

which rarely occur

in

words originally Persian.

^
The
first

and "^ ch
soft

of these letters answers to our

to

in

gem,

which a Persian would write j^ or

the second of

oury mjg.rj^:
in the

them

-. as

sounds exactly Hke our ch

Cir cassia. f^jSj^ Chirkas,

words chernjj cheek;

^
from

is

a very strong aspirate,

and may be
under
it

expresseji'in our

characters
if),

by h (with

a dot

to

distinguish

it.

as

JW

hal,

a condition.

t kh
^
is

formed in the throat (and produces that kind of

inarticulate vibration

which

is

made

in preparing to ex-

pectorate).

The Germans have

the sound,

and express
;

it

by

ch.

The sound does

for

not exist in English

it,

and having
as

no simple character
^jU^ khan, a lord.

we
is

use kh as

its

substitute;

This

the

word

so variously and so

erroneously written by the Europeans.

The

sovereign lord

A
is

GRAMMAR

OF THE

of Tartary

neither the cham, as our Iravellers call him,

it,

nor the han, as Voltaire will have

but the (^Vk khan,

with a guttural aspirate on the

first letter.

2>

3 answers exactly

to

our d in deerjj^

i z
This
c//f,

letter,

which the Arabs pronounce somewhat

z,

like

has in Persian the sound of j

and

is

often confounded

withSt; thus they write ^jl^o^ and ^^y-t^^ guzishtan,

to
it

pass:

It is

seldom used but in Arabick words; though

sometimes occurs in words purely Persian, as ^ls5?f,b\

Azarbljan, the province of Media, so called

homj2\

azar,

an old word for Jire, because the adorers of

believe
the Asiatick historians,
first

fire, if

we

built

their temples

in that province.

J
J
like

and the three liquids (J a

our
r, /,

(^ are

pronounced exactly
<0'i

m, n; as

m\j\

aram, resty

lalah,

tulip^

,Uc mar,

a serpent ,

nan, bread.

But

before a

CJ

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
has the sound of m,
as
4>-*l/

gumbad, a

tower,

jCs>

tambar, ambergris,

^
as^Vj*^*^ lalahzar,

has the sound of our

z,

a bed of

tulips.

J
This
letter

has the sound of our s in the word pleasure,

treasure ; and corresponds precisely with the soft

of the

French
in

in

gens, or their
j

in jour*

It

may
<jJ^*

be expressed
dew.

our characters by

with two dots, as

jalah,

(j*

and (J^ sh

(j*>

and

(Jii

are our s and sh, as i\ti sallm shah, ^Jl^

king Selim.
{jo
s

(^

\s

)o

z
in a

These four

letters are

pronounced by the Arabs

;

manner peculiar

to themselves
letters,

but in Persian they are

^jo differs
little

confounded with other

as^^jutf saddar, the

from
!b

(^
has

name of a Persian book ; and

nearly the same sound with

Cj

as

a ji^ui t^tr, essence;

word

often used in English, since our connexion with India, to

GRAMMAR
letters
little
?

OF THE
The word
(_^

denote the precious perfume called otter ofroses.

is

Arabic, as the
is

and

\o

sufficiently prove.

and

differ

very

fromj;

as

^^

NazamI, the
in

name of a poet ; j-A^ Khazar^

the Eastern romances,

the

name of a prophet

.#**;

^t
These two
letters are

and

^gh
of

extremely harsh in the pronun-

ciation of the Arabs.

The sound

says Meninski, est

vox

vituli

matrem vocantis

(It is

considered as a consoit is

nant, and occasions

to be

any vowel, with which

if

connected,

pronounced as

from the chest

but as no letters

can convey an idea of

its

force, in imitation of Mininski,

we have used

the

Arabic form

in

combination with the

Roman and
the

Italic characters),

as in the

word

c_^
it

iavab,
is

Arabians;

f^^

tayn, a fountain.
like

As
in the

to P

proas
is

nounced something

our hard

gh

word ghosi^
?

A^
that

ghulam, a boy, a servant

(The true sound of

which

is

produced

in gargling).

Ljf
cJ
has the sound off in fall, as (Jls
fal,

an omen.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

Jk
jj
is

ande5^k
letter,

another harsh Arabic

but

iri

Persian

it

id

often confounded with C-5,

as

which has the sound of our

//,

;^Uo^ K^Lxmrnt the

pro-Cfince

of Carmania ; 4*iU Kaf,

tales.

a fabulous mountain in the Oriental

ij When (^ has
word gay^

g
its

a small stroke over

it,

upper member, or
it

three points above

in the

the Persians give

the sound of ^

as (^ll**-ir gulistan,

a bed of roses; but

these marks are very seldom written in the Persian

scripts
;

manu-

so that the distinction between

:

i^

k and
often

(^ g
write

can be learned only by use

thus
it

they

cjjb rose water, and pronounce

without any mark,
is its

gulab

(The

letter gj

natural representative)*

J
See the remark on
/,

O
letters

These

are the

hquids

m,
^

n, r.

is

slight

aspiration,

asin^l^

bahar, the spring,

CL>\jib

Harat, a city in the province of Cor as an, which the

c

10

A
call

GRAMMAR
At
the

OF THE
it

Greeks

Aria.

end of a Persian word

it

gene-

rally serves only to

<JCi

shew
the
in

that

terminates in a vowel, as
as the Italian

keh,

which has
(It

same pronunciation

che^ what.

may

European characters be represented

it

by h with two dots

that

to distinguish

from

^
it

h.

Observe
i^

when

this character has

two dots over

thus

it is

pronounced

as

t).

OF VOWELS.
The vowels
khan, a lord,
are
all

are

a,

u,

t/

i,

as in the

words ^jU.

\jj\ ora,

to

him, jx) niz, also, where they

long; but the short vowels are expressed by small

letter,

marks, two of which are placed above the

and one

below

it,

as c-j ba, C-> be or bi, l^j bo or bu; thus,

Agar an
Bakhiili

turki ShirazI badast arad dili mara

hinduyash bakhsham Samarkand wa Bokharara.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
fJYoie.
\

11

alif,

at

the beginning of a word, not being

distinguished by the

mark mad over

it,

thus f,

is

not only

always short, but occasionally pronounced as the short

vowels

a,

i,

u.

In the middle or at the end of a word

it

it is

generally long by position, though

have no mark over

it.)

The mark

"

placed above a consonant shows that the

it,

syllable ends with

tive

as

LptMu^p^**? Sa-mar-kan-dl,
first

a nashort,

of Samarcand ; the

of which syllables

is

the second and third long by position,

and the

last

long

by nature

but this belongs to the prosody.

These short
;

vowels are very seldom written in the Persian books

the other orthographical

and

marks

are likewise usually sup*,

pressed, except

Medda ^, Hamza
\

and Tfeshdid

".

Medda above an
two
short
alifs),
1

gives

it

a broad

and long sound

(with the

(like

as

^j\

an,

that;

Hamza

mark of
of

expressed or understood, and placed

at the foot

the letter) supplies the place of C^ in

it

words

that

end

in 6\

therefore

sometimes represents

the article,

as *X.^U

namahi, a book, or denotes the former of two substantives,

as
it

C-Cm^

*3viU

nafahi

mushk, a bag of musk;

or, lastly,

occasionally marks the second person singular in the

c^

U
compound

GRAMMAR
of a
verb,

OF THE
as

preterite

^ib dadahi, which

would regularly be C^5l>b, thou hast given.

shews a consonant
hair.
to

Tashdid

be doubled, as a lock of iys turrah,

The omission
the student
;

of the short vowels will at

first

perplex

since

many words,

that are

compounded of

the sanje letters, have different senses, according to the

difference pf the vowels omitted
:

but until he has learned

the exact pronunciation of every

word from

a native, he

may give common

which
brd,
a

every short vowel a kind of obscure sound very

in English, as in the

words sun^

bird, mother,

Mahometan would

write without any vowel, sn,

430

mthr; thus the Persian word

like

bd may be pro-

nounced

our bud
is

(This short obscure sound in the

the exact

words sun,

bird, Sec.

power which those who

to

speak the Persian language in India give

the short

vowel called Fatah, and which

sent

it

is

convenient to repre-

by
for
'

a.
'
,

In this edition the short vowels are represented

i

by a
o for

and sometimes

f for ,

and u and occasionally

and the long vowels are distinguished from the

the prosodial

short
0, u.)

by

mark of a long

syllable, thus a,

i,

e,

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Wavv J and Ya iS

13

are often used as consonants, like our

w and

y ; thus,

f^\j

Wan, a town in Armenia ; ^j)^ jawan,

juvenis^ giovane, young;

^J^ Yaman,

that province of

Arabia which we
proper
\

call

the

happy ; j\^\(^ Khudayar, a

name,
its

signifying the friend of God,

j
(j,

before

often loses

sound, as <^\p* kh'an, a table,

when

considered a5 a consonant, has a sound somewhat between

TV

and
I

F.)

would not advise the learner

to

study the parts of

toleif

speech until he can read the Persian characters with

rable fluency
will
in
;

which he

will soon

be able to do,

he

spend a few hours in writing a page or two of Persian

letters

English

(following the system of orthography,

after a

used in the following example), and restoring them

short interval to their proper characters

by

the help of

the alphabet.

I shall close

this section

with a piece of

Persian poetry written both in the Asiatick and European

characters:
it

is

an ode

by

the

poet

Hafiz, the
;

first

couplet of which has been already quoted

and a

trans-

lation of it shall be inserted in its proper place.

14

GRAMMAR

OF THE

Badeh

saki

may-i baki keh dar jannat nakh'ahi

yaft,

Kanar-i ab-i ruknabad

wa

gulgasht-i musallara.

Faghan kin

luliyan-i shokh-i shiringar-i shahrasliub

Chunan burdand

sabr az dil keh turkan kh'an-i yaghmara.

Za

tishk-i

natamam-i ma jamal-i yar-i mustaghnlst

hajat royi zebara.

Ba ab wa rang, wa khal wa khatt cheh

Hadls az mutrib wa

may

go

wa

raz-i

dahar kamtar jo

Keh

kas nak'shud

wa nak'shayad ba hikmat inmutammaraa^ j^ c/^

^M-jb

cu^b lJu^ **^cl?>^1;jj cr-^

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Man
Keh
az an husn-i rozafzun keh

15

Yusuf dasht danistam

tishk az pardah-i iJsYmt berun arad zulikhara.

t>J^,b jlJU^^

lj^j\

^\J^ f^^J^CUSKfjA>

Nasihat goshi kun jana keh az jan dostitar darand

Jawanan-i satadatmand-i pand-i

pir-i danara.

Badani gufti

wa khursandam

t^^ak allah neko gufti

la^l-i

Jawab-i talkh-i mizebad lab-i

shakarkh'ara.

\j\^
Ghazal
gufti

tXfli:

C^53i c>J\jiJ\y

^j^ ^
hafiz

wa

durr
to

sufti

biya

wa khush bakh'an
j^ikdi

Keh bar

nazm-i

afshanad falak

suriyara.

In this specimen of Persian

writing the learner will

letters,

pbserve a few combinations of

which he must.by

no means
\

forget

as

"i

lamalif,

compounded of

and

a, in

the

word ^Lx/t musalla: but

the most difficult

16

GRAMMAR
*

OF THE

combinations are formed with

singular property of causing
rise
i^

^ ^^
tiie

which have the

letters to

all

preceding

above the
tashih.

line,

as

\j\ss^

bokhara,^^-3=^ nakhchir,

'^^

The

letters
It

that precede

kre also

sometimes raised
art

{J^'ote.

would greatly
if

facilitate the

of printing widi Arabic types

all

we were

to introduce

method of joining

the letters on the

same

line ;

and

which might be done without occasioning the

venience to the
readei'.

least incon-

According

to this idea

we might
tliis

print the three words, heiie given as

an example, in

manner \^\aJuai^

^j^*^,"}.

It

appears to have been the

ancient practice of the Arabs themselves).

The Arabic
are written in

characters, like

those of the Europeans,

a variety of
are the
^r.

different

hands

but the most

common of theitt

^^^>---J

Niskhi, the ^jJaJ Tatllk,

or hanging, and the

...Oo Shakastah, or broken.

all

Our

books are printed in the Niskhi hand, and

manuscripts, as well as
ries,

Arabic

many

Persian and Turkish histo-

are written in it; but the Persians write their poetical

in the
Italic

works
of our

Tajik, which answers

hands.

to the

most elegant
it

As

to
is

the Shakastah,

is

yery

irregular

and inelegant^ and

chiefly used as the ciu-sive

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
hand
for

17

business and correspondence;

difficult

but

this

hand,
all

however

and barbarous, must be learned by

men

of business in India, as the letters

from the princes

of the country are seldom written in any other manner.

specimen of these different forms of writing

at the

is

engraved,

and inserted

end of this Grammar.

OF NOUNS,

AND FIRST OF GENDERS.

The
reader will soon perceive with pleasure a great

resemblance between the Persian and English languages, in

the facility and simplicity of their form

and construction

the former, as
termination to
adjectives
:

well as

the latter, has

no difference of

mark

the gender, either in substantives or

all

inanimate things are neuter, and animals

of different sexes either have different names, as *j pi^ar,

a son, a boy,j<^ kaniz, a

the words
shiri nar,
i

girl^ or are distinguished

by

nar, male^

and 53Uc madah, yemo/e;

madah, a
lioness.

as

3^-t;

lion, s:;k/cj-JLi shiri

18

GRAMMAR
is

OF THE
made
feminine, after the
to
it,

Sometimes, indeed, a word

manner of
^_J^-Ut^

the Arabians,

by having 6 added

as

matshuk, a friend, amicus, i^j^Lx^o ma^shukah, a

tliis

mistress, arnica, as in

verse:

Flowers are in

my

bosom, wine in

my

hand; and

my

mistress yields to

my desire.
the Persians adopt an Arabic

But

in general,

when

noun

of the feminine gender, they

the final ^ into

make

it

neuter, and chano-e

benefit^ is written

O;

thus
all

^^ ni^mat, a

CU*3U

and almost

the Persian

nouns ending

in

O,

which are very numerous, are borrowed from the Arabs.

OF CASES.
The
Persian substantives, like ours, have but one varia-

tion of case,

which

is

formed by adding the syllable^

to

the nominative in both

numbers; and answers often

to

the dative, but generally to the accusative case in other

languages

as,

Nominative,
Dative and Ace.

r^
)jj^

pi??*!!"?

child.

pisarra, to

a child or the

child.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
When
the accusative
j^;

19

is

used indefinitely, the syllable ]^

to

is

omitted, as
that
is,

<x^ /)^ gul chldan,

gather a flower,
is

amj flower ; but when the noun

syllable
is

definite or

limited, that

added

to
is,

it,

as

tX^UiSgulra

chid, he gathered the flower, that

the particular flower.

There

is

no genitive case

in Persian, but

when two

sub-

stantives of different

meanings come together, a kasra or

short

(,)

is

added

in reading to the former of them,

and

the latter remains unaltered, as 4^^^^ ClO:.^ the

mask of

Tartary,
rule

vs^hich

must be read mushki Khotan.

a

The same
as

must be observed before

pisari

pronoun possessive;

(j-^_j--J

man, my child: and before an adjective;

a bright scymitar.
is

as C23 lljl5j^-l^ shamshiri tabnag,

If
it
;

the

first

words ends

in

or

the letter L$

affixed to

as lijlj pasha,

a basha, (J-o^

^^^^

pasha-i Musal,

the

basha of Mousel, U^a^ miwaha, fruits, (jf^J^

mlwaha-i
shirin, sweet fruits: if

^^j^
come
*

nouns ending

in 5

before other nouns or adjectives, the

mark Hamza

is

added

to

them, as cjIj^?^

^A,^..1^

chashmahi hay wan, the

fountain of life.

The

other cases are expressed for the most part, as in

20

GRAMMAR

OF THE

our language, by particles placed before the nominative,

as,

Vocative,
Ablative,

jJ

Lf\

ay

pisar,

child.

j-^j^

az ^kd.r, from a child.

The
\

poets, indeed, often form a vocative case

as

by adding
\jb\jt

to the nominative,

LiLj

sakiya,

cup-bearer^

shaha,

O king;

thus Sadi uses

\1>

bulbula as the vocative

of

^JJj bulbul, a nighlingale.

Bring,

nightingale, the

tidings of spring;

leave all

unpleasant news to the owl.

In some old compositions the particle j^ mar

to the accusative case;

is

prefixed

as

^i^^\jj\j^ mar

ora

didam,

/ saw him ; but

this is either obsolete or inelegant,

and

is

seldom used by the moderns.

The

reader,

who

has been used to the inflexions of

will, perhaps,

European languages,

be pleased to see an

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
example of Persian nouns, as they answer to the cases
Latin:

21

in

jj^gul.
Singular.

a rose rosa.
J

Plural.
rosa.
rosae.

Norn.

Gen.
Dat.

^ ^
*'

a rose,
of a rose,

\i^ roses,

rosae.

^^ of roses,

rosarum.
rosis.

Ace.

\^ to a rose, rosae. \J^ to roses, \^ the rose, rosam. \^^ the roses,

rosas.

'^^
Poet.

\Orosej
J

oros2i.

\^fS\ ^ " O

roses,

6 rosae.

Abl. \^'Jsfrom a rose^

rosa.

"^^'Jsfrom roses,

rosis.

jJ-Jj bulbul,

a nightingale.

Singular.

Nom. and Gen.

Dat. and Ace.

^J-l>

a
lo

nightingale,

j^^A?
(Poet.

nightingale.
nightingale.

Voc.
Abl.

JJo t/\

IUj)

L/^ j^
o^M^

y/'c?w

a nightingale.

Plural.

Nom. and Gen.

Dat. and Ace.

nightingales.

U^^L1> to nightingales.

Voc.
Abl.

a^y^* S^l
cJ^y^ j^

nightingales.
/r<?/w nightingales.

22

GRAMMAR

OF THE

Boy, bring the wine,

proaches
in the
;

for

the season

of the

rose ap-

let

us again break our vows of repentance

midst of the roses.

Hafiz, thou desirest, like

:

the nightingales, the presence of the rose

soul be a

let

thy very

ransom

for the earth

.'

where the keeper of the

rose-garden walks

I shall

in this

manner quote a few Persian

this

couplets, as

examples of the principal rules in

grammar; such

quotations will give some variety to a subject naturally

barren and unpleasant

Oriental style
;

will serve as

a specimen of the

and

will be

more

easily retained in

the

memory

than rules delivered in mere prose.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
OF THE ARTICLE.
Our
L^
as
to a article

2S

is

supplied in Persian
it

by adding

the letter

noun, which restrains

to the singular

number

jji^ gull,

a single rose ;

One morning

went

into the garden to gather

rose,

when

on a sudden the voice of a nightingale struck

my ear.

Without

this termination

^J^ gul would signify roses or

Jlowers collectively, as

'

Call for wine, and scatter flowers around.

When a noun
the

ends in ^ the idea of unity

as

is

expressed by

mark Hamza,

*<W-i^ chashmahi, a single fountain*

OF NUMBERS.
From
the

two examples

in a

preceding section

it

appears
or vA to

that the Persian plural

is

formed by adding

f^\

the singular: but these terminations are not, as in

many
are

the contrary, they languages, wholly arbitrary; on

24

GRAMMAR

OF THE
The names of animals

utmost precision. regulated with the form their plural in ^\, as

e5]/gurg,

a wolf,
tijger.

cJ^^g^^g^"'
a^^-V

wolves.

CiSlL palang, a

P^^^^^g^"' I'Jg^f^^life

but words which signify things without

plurals

make

their

by

the addition of the syllable

bal,
sahil,

JU
Aa^Lj

awing.
a shore.

U,

as

balha,

wings,

l^L;

sdailM,. shores.

Both these plurals occur

in the following elegant distich:

The

night

is

dark
is

the fear of the

waves oppress
should those,

us,

and

the whirlpool
light

dreadful

How

who bear

burdens on the shores, know the misery of our

situation?

There
the

are,

however, a few exceptions

to these rules

names of animals sometimes make

their plurals in
^

\jb

as well as in ^\,

-dsj^

shutur, a camel
;

\jtfJ:^

shuturha

and

(Jj^-tj

shuturan, camels

and on the other side the

plurals in (j\, as u-J lab,

names of things sometimes have

lip,

^jlJ laban, lips.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Names
jj\j,

25

of persons ending in
dana, a learned

or

forni their plurals in

as

Ub

man^ cJ^^^^ danayan, learned

men; and

those that end in 6 are

iks^ into\jlS^, as

made

plural

by changing

the last letter

bachah, an infant^ cJ^%^

bachagan, infants; and sometimes by adding

parate syllable; thus, 3Cmj^ farishtah,
j^lTfarishtah gan, angels^
If the

^J^

as a se"
^

an angel icJi^

name of

a thing ends in ^, the final letter

is

ab-

sorbed in the plural before the syllable U, as if3^ khanah,

a house, U3l^ khanaha, houses.

In

some modern Persian books,

as the Life of

Nader

Shah and
if the

others, the plural often ends in

^.

o\

or in

oW

singular has a final

Sing.

Piur.

(,^\y nuwazish, a favour.

Ije^j kaltat,

Cj\J^\^

nu\v'dzhhiity favours.
kaltajat,

castle.

oUjJJ>

castles.

But these must be considered

that the late dreadful

as barbarous,

and are a proof

commotions which have ruined the

to destroy

empire of the Persians, have begun

beautiful simplicity of their language.
It

even the

must not be omitted,

that the

Arabic substantives

frequently have two sorts of plurals, one formed according

26
to the

GRAMMAR
ei the

OF THE
after the

analogy of the Persian nouns, and another

irregular

manner

Arabians

as u-^-t tayb, a vice,

Lx-x- taybha and

<-^\^

jLawayb, vices ; sjJi kaltah, a castle,

L)i kaltnha and

piur.

^^

kilat, ensiles ;

L^^ nayib,

a viceroy,

<^\y nuwab, which our countrymen have mistaken

number, and say very improperly a nabobJ"

for the singular

This

is

one argument out of a great number to prove the

impossiblHty of learning the Persian language accurately

without a-moderate knowledge of the Arabic; and

learner will fallow
tion the

if

the

my

advice, he will peruse with atten-

Arabic grammar of Erpeniust before he attempts

manuscript.

to translate a Persian

OF ADJECTIVES.
The
Persian adjectives admit of no variation, but in

the degrees of comparison.

The

positive

is

made com-

* It

is

no mistake.

The

plural

is

used in India as a respectful distinction.

first

+ There are two

line editions

of this grammar, the

published by the very

learned Golius, and the second by the late Albert Schultens

both these Orientalists

in excel-

have added a number of Arabic odes and

lent notes

elegies,

which they have explained

but these editions are scarce ; and Meninski has inserted in his

grammar

the substance of ErpeniuS, with

many new

remarks.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
parative by adding to

57

it^, and

superlative

by adding

CJyk khub, fair, j^jL

\i\\uhi?ivin, fairest.

khubtar,/a/rer,

(^J^y^

Our than after

sition

a comparative

is

expressed by the prepo-

j\ az, as

The

brightness of thy face

;

is

more splendid than

is

the cheek

of day

the blackness of thy locks

darker than the

hue of night.

The moon
cypress

is is

bright, but thy face

is

brighter than
is

it

the

graceful,

but thy shape

more graceful than

the cypress.

An adjective
its

is

sometimes used substantively, and forms

it

plural like a noun, ^^^U-*^ haklman, the wise; if

adjective, the syllables

be

compounded

^ and^,

denoting

the plural

number and

the oblique case, are placed at the

E

28

A
it,

GRAMMAR
^\^^^

OF THE
face; oblique ^jjL^
;

end of

as^jL^^J

pari-ro, angel

paiirora; plural

pariroyan

oblique

]y^jj^ji

pariroyanra;

as

^y^ ^\j ^\j^

The damsels with
sight

^j-^**?

txoui/ Ja^
dejected at the
the

faces like angels are

;

of that cheek

the

nymphs with

fragrance

of jessamine are
curls.

filled

with envy

when

they view those

OF PRONOUNS.
The
personal pronouns are these which follow
;

^j^ man,
Sing.
Plur.

/.

1^

man,

/.,

Oblique,
(or

me. \yt mara,

Uo ma,

we

^Uo

mara, us (or

(j\jI/

mayan).
to, thou.

U^^^
j5

mayanra).

Sing,

to,

thou.

Obi.
ye,*

\y

tora,

thee.

Plur. U-ij shuma,

you or

)}^

shumara, you (or

(or (^\jU-^ sliumayan).

"

\Ji\^r^ shumayanra).
Eng^sh,
in the singular

Iki,

shuma

is

used, as

you

in

number,

for

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
he. j\ o,

29

Sing.

J\

0, he^

she^ or
//z^y.

it.

Obi.

\jj\ ora,

him^ her, or

tV.

Plur. ^jl-i^\ eshan,

^W^ eshanra, them.

for tjtlj\.

The

poets often use

^Uj

as

went,

and bruised

their

helmets;

disfigured

their

beautiful faces.

After a preposition j\
lSj\,

is

often

changed into Lfj or j or

as

When

the king of the world

showed

his face, the general

kissed the ground, and advanced before him.

Ferdusi.

Sometimes

after the preposition L-) in^

the letter 3

is

inserted to prevent the hiatus, as jt>o bado for jU ba-6, to

him

the

same may be observed of (j;W badan

for

ba-an, to that,
" In the

(^^^

badin for

^l>

to this.*

same manner, and from the same motives, the old Romans added zdto
followed by a vowel
;

many words

thus Horace, if

we

adopt the reading of Muretus,

uses tibid for tibi,

Omne

crede

diem tibid illuxisse supremum.

30

A
The

GRAMMAR
same

OF THE
and arc
*,

possessives are the

witli the personals,

distinguished
Sing.

by being added
(J^
dili

to their substantives

as

(^

man,
to,

my

hearts

y i^^ diU
{lSj

thy heart,
his or her heart.

way

oy)j\ ^J^

dili 6,

Plur.

Uo c/L)^ dilhai ma,

our hearts.

\^ (^^^ dilhai
'

shuma, your hearts.

Poet.

^jU

ij^\ ^A^^
Poet.

dilhai eshan, their hearts.

J^
number by
these

They

are often expressed in the singuFar

final letters

(with the short

pronounced before them),

after

A am,

O
the

at,

and

(jii

ash,

and

an

or ^ by
in
\

am,
or

ol
4^;

at,

and

(jt\ ash: but after

letter

nouns ending

alif

J waw
as

Lf ya

is

inserted before the finals

J^
cJ.i

dilam,
dilat,

my

heart,

thy heart.
his or her heart.

(^^
J^

dilash,

*<L^W jamahi am,

^<!;^U-

my

robe.

&

ol

jamahi

at,

thy robe.
his or her robe.

^jii\ *<iwioU.

jamahi ash,

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
i*j^ moyam,

31

my

hair,

C^ya
In poetry,

moyat,

thy hair.
his or ker hair.
in prosie, the oLrlique cases of the

I?;-!^ moyash,

and sometimes

personal pronouns

are also expressed

by

j%

O 4^,

as

Joy be

to Shiraz

and

its

charming borders

O.'heavenj
1^

preserve

from decay

These obhque cases are joined

to

any word in the sentence

thus in the couplet just
to

which

the poet finds convenient

quoted the pronoun

following distich,
the

(^

^7,

is

added

(J\^j;
is

so in the

the dative
/!

of^

thou,

placed after

conjunction^^ gar,

Tinge the sacred carpet with wine,

feap.t

if

the master of the

is

orders thee; for he that travels

not ignorant of

the

ways and manners of banquet-houses.

Our

reciprocal pronouns

own and selfdYQ expressed

in

3S

GRAMMAR ORJHE
ail
;

Persian by the following words, which are applicable to

persons and sexes

Norn.

as

p^or(^:>^
or or

Oblique,

]j^j^

C/^-S*^^

^yij^
Jj "J^

AjiJLLj^

thus

we may
^j^

use
myself,
thyself.

(^

^j^ Uj

ourselves,

^js^^

^^ U^ yourselves.
2ijL,

^j^j\ his or

herself,

i^^^\ theirselves.*
every person of

^j^

is

also joined like the Latin ipse to

a verb, as
Sing.
Plur.
(^^^^^^

AtVt^

^js^ ipse veni,

^j^

ip^i

venimus.

Lfi^^] ^jk. ipse venisti.

tV<^
^a ipse venit.

tXxx^l ^^^ ipsi venisiis.

tXJtX^l

2ij^ ipsi venerunt.

I here use his self

;

and their selves Instead of the corrupted words himself and

I ain justified
:

themselves

in

which usage

by the authority of Sidney, and of other

writers in the reign of Elizabeth

self seems to have been originally a noun, and was,

for soul^ accorduig-to Locke's definition of perhaps, a s)Tionymous word

'*

"
it
:

Self

is

that conscious thinking thing,

which

is

sensible or conscious of pleasure

and pain,

"

capable of happines and miser)-."

If this obserN'ation be just,

soul,

the Arabs have

to

exactly the same idiom, for their

^-su

answers precisely
.

our

self,

as

ja^ 4^

imJJ

^j

"
(_j^

a boy threw

Am

self inloz river."

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
The word

55

^^

seems

to

be redundant

in

the followinfir

beautiful hnes of Sadi,

Dost thou know what the early nightingale said

'*

to

me?

What

sort of

man

art thou, that canst

be ignorant of

" love?"

When
to the

is
2ijs^

used as a pronoun possessive,

signifies

it

answers

Greek o-cpsVs^^, and

my, thy^ our, your, his

or her J and their, according to the person and

the principal verb in the sentence
Hafiz, i
;

number of

as in this couplet of

I see

no man, either among the nobles or the populace,

I

to

whom

can trust the secret of

my

afflicted heart.

The demonstrative pronouns

are the following

^\
Sing.

in, this.

^\
\^\

this.

Oblique cases,

\fj\

Plur. ,^\lJ\ these.

]yW^
or

or

]J^\

34

A GRAMMAR OF THE
^^F an, that.
Sing.

f^T that.

Oblique cases,

\yX

piur.

^yur those,

\yur
or^l^r

or

^^r
is

When ^\ in
word,
it

prefixed to a noun, so as to form one

as L^^^i^\

IS

frequently changed into ^\ im,

imshab, to-night;

i^;^^^L^\

(*;bJ3

^;\^

4Vr i^
.'

Heaven
night

how

grcat

is

my

happiness this night

!

for this

is

my

beloved come unexpectedly

mdjjj^]

imroz, to-day;

\j

ei

Cii*-<U-o

4X;C>*

LmJyam CjA?^

"jjj

This day
spring;
fortune

is

day of
day

mirth,
heart

and

joy,

and the
its

feast

of

this
is

my

obtains

desires,

and

favourable.
prefixed to pronouns personal ^

The words ^^f and f^V j\

change them into possessives^ and are read with a short

vowel, jjf ani
to,

or jJ

o' j\ az

ani to,

i.

e. thine^

as

O my moon
thine!

of Canaan (O Joseph), the throne of Egypt

is

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
_.

%
35
:

The

relatives

and interrogatives are supplied by the

kjeii

invariable pronouns <^

and

cheh, of which the

former usuall)^ relates to pcrscuiii and the latter to things

in

the oblique cases

of these pronouns the

\j,

final

is

absorbed before the syllable

as

Nom.

<o

who.

Oblique,

Ui whom.

iX^ which.

\j^ which.
and are very

^
i"i.M
*

kr

and

^^^
to

chi are interrogatives,

as

often joined
'^

the verb CU-^l,

CU-**-:>

who

is it?
ll^ii/SJil

what

is it?

O heaven
jewel

whose precious
that royal maid,
like

pearl,

and whose inestimable

like the

is

with a cheek
?*

moon,

and a forehead

Venus

^S^ kadam
pronoun, as

(properly which ?)

is

also an interrogative

We

are fond of wine, wanton, dissolute,

and with

rolling

eyes; but

who

is

there in this city that has not the

same vices?
F

T^
36

A
Our
soever

GRAMMAR
is

OF THE
hyJb
bar or (j\j^

expressed in Persian

haran prefixed to the relatives, as

AS\ife

and

iiSj\Jb

whosoever.
whatsoever.

AA>yfc

and

<^\^

OF VERBS.
The
nations
Persians have active and neuter verbs like other
;

bufmany

of their verbs have both an active and

neuter sense, which can be determined only by the construction.

These verbs have properly but one conjugation,

;

and but three changes of tense

the imperative, the aorist,

and the
help

preterite

all

the other tenses being formed

by

the

of the particles

ml and ^^^ hami, or of the

auxiliary verbs 4:/u-jb hastan or

^^3^ budan,

to be^

and

ijr^\^
voice
tive
is

kh'astan, to want, will or be willing.

The

passive

formed by adding the tenses of the verb substanto the participle preterite
7

^jOwj shudan
S(^\jSk.

of the active

jwi

kh'andah shud,

was

read.

The

inflexions of

these auxiliaries

must be here exhibited, and must be

learned by heart, as they will be very useful in forming

the

compound

tenses of the active verbs.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
f^2ij}

37

budan,
this

to be.
is

The

present tense

of"

verb

irregular, but
it is

very

easy, and

must be carefully remembered, as

person in
all

the model

for the variations of

tenses.

Indicative

Mood, Present Te nse.

Plur.
>j\

Sing.
J\

am, lam.
1,

em,

we

are.

Lf\

thou art.

^^\ ed,

ye are.
thei/ are.

C^^\

ast,

he

is.

jo\ and,

This tense joined to nouns, pronouns, or adjectives, often

coalesces w^ith them,

and

loses the initial short

alif ;

as

with pronouns,
Sing.
Plur.

A^
(^y
CLu^j\

manam.
to

ego sum.
tu es.
ille est.

ma
r^^

im,

nos sumus.
vos
illi

yi,

4>jW^ shama-id,
tMjUL>\ eshan and,

est is.

ast,

sunt.

With

adjectives,

^^Us

shad am,
i,

lam glad.

j^^Uj shad em^ we are glad.

id,

LfyJ^i shad

thou art glad. i^^\jL> shad

you are glad.

C^wi^lij shad ast, he is glad.

OJ ^Ui shad and, they are glad-

3S

A
The

GRAMMAR
by
8cc.

OF THE
prefixing
is
Jsj

negatives are formed

nah or

^j na,

as

A,\

^ I am not^

but C*wi\ <U

commonly

written

i,>.;.i)

nest, there is not, as

The path of
in

love

is

path

to wt\ich there is

no end^
to give

which there
their souls.

is

no remedy

for

lovers, but

up

Hafiz.

Second Present from the defective (jru^ hastan,

Sing.
Plur.
A,.

to be.

jiL^ I am*
^_^U-J^

A w^ we are,
are.

Ikou art.
is.

i^JL^ ijou

C -..w^ he

;XL!xji theij are.

Preterite.

Sing.

Plur.

j,^^ I was.
Lf2iji
2ij^

^^ji

we were.

thou wast.
he was.

^V^ y^^ were,

^^j^
ihey were.

Preteriie Imperfect.

PERSIAN KANGUAGE.
Compound
Sing.
A^

39

Preterite.

Plur.
been.

^^^ I have

we have ^\ <^^
<Xj\

been.

<^\ i2>jj or

>^3y thou hast

been.

C-wi\

^^ he has been.

^^ i/ou have been. i>j\ ^^ they have been.

Preterpluperfect.

A<X^ ^3^ I had been.

Lf<^^ i^3^ thou had been.

^<>^
jjjwtj

^^
S2iyi

7t/6

had

been.

tSJtX^ s^jj you

they

had
had

been. been.

Ow

J^^ Ae

^ac?

Z'Ai.

Future.

:iji

Ji>\j^

I will

he. ''
^^.

^ ^\^
^^
i^Jb\jL^

^^^ '^^IH ^^

3^

^\^ ^^<?w w///

L>Ji>\^

you will

be.

he will

be.

be. <xJt>\j^ they will

Imperative.
>-i>ib tet

us

be.

(^Xi oYj^ be thou.

OwjIj or
:>l)

O^^ be ye.
4^-tiU
let

tet

him

be.

them

be.

40

GRAMMAR

OF THE

Subjunctive, or Aorist.
Sing.
Jti\j or

Plur.

*y / h.
thou beest.
he
be.

(^^ or (^
t^--^^ or

we

be.
be.

^\j or lSj^
oJL>[}

Jo^ ijou
OJj^
Iheij

or

2>ji

oc^U
Potential.

or

be.

^3^ I would be.

be, (^^j^ thou %vouldst Lf:ij>

ij^-^J^

^^ would

be. be.

c/jo^i^ you would

(^iX>^j^ they

he would

be.

would

be.

Future Subjunctive.

^U ^3^ / shall have been.

jwU 2f:>^ /ic ^/ifl// /mve been.

^-r^ ^^ we shall have been.

^^j^

^ki 6^j^ thou shall have been tX-^V

tXi^b

you shall have been

^^ they shall have been

be.

Infinitive.

Present,
Preterite,

o-^

^7 contractiyi 3y
have been.

/c?

^JL>JL :i^j} to

Participles.

\th

being.

a^j^

been.

j^tiwj shudan, to be^

used in forming the Passive voice.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Indicatiye Present.
Sing.
Plur.

41

j^
ijjti

^ ^

/ am.
thou art.
is.

^j^
i>^j^

^
(^

we

are,
are.

you

^^ ^he

4>J^
Preterite.

they are.

AtX^ I was.
Lfi\^ thou wast.

^^f^^ we were.
^x^tiw?

you were.

jwj he

%vas.

<X)<^^ they were.

Preterite Imperfect.

Compound

Preterite.
ii<^J^

aS iii>.^

Ihavebeen.
thou hast been.
been.

^\
4>o\

we have been.
have been.

lS\ <^Jwj or *^iXtj

^jw you
^4^.2^

C^w\ ^Jw he has

Jo\

they have been.

Preterpluperfect.
^:iji
Lf:ij^

so^ I had

been.

^3^
i>^:ij^

^tX^ we had been.

^^X^ you had been.
//i^y
/^a^^

^jw^ thou haclst been.

he had been.

3^ S<X^

4>J3^ 2^;X^

^^^-

42

A GRAMMAR OF THE
Future.
Sing.
Plur.
be.

0^ j^\j^
Owj
(J!^\y^

I will

(^JL

j^\^
JCjb]^

we

will be,
be.

Ihou will be
be.

Ow <X^)^
4\^

you will
they

t)^ tXA\^ he will

%xill be.

Imperative.

*^^

let

us

be.

^
[^>^

yti be thou,
let

<>j^

be ye.
let

him

be.

jj^

them

be.

Subjunctive, or Aorist.

^ ^^'
ciyti thou beest.

^y^ we
iiu^ you

be.

be.

he

be.

oJ^ they be.

Infinitive.

^ t>^

/o he.

j^3y

^ jji^ to

have

been.

Participles.
^<xi

\yti being.

having

been.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
(j<^\^

43

kh'astan or ^jtS-jb\^ kh'ahldan, to be willing.

Aorist,

used in forming the

Sing.
Ji>\jL.

Compound Future

of verbs.

Plur.

I will.
thou
wilt.

^\j^ we will,
(\Jb\^ you
will.

f^\j=^

t^\jL. he

will.

(^:Jb\j^ they will.

The

other tenses are formed like those of the regular verbs.

OFTENSES.
It will

here be useful to exhibit an analysis of

all

the

tenses of a Persian verb,

and

to

show

in

what manner they

is

are

deduced from the

infinitive,

which

properly consi-

dered by the Oriental grammarians as the spring and fountain of all the

moods and

tenses,

and which,

therefore, i

called in

Avdhicj^y^^c^ masdar

or, the source.

All regular infinitives end in ^^Oo, as (j;X*j; rasidan,

to arrive^

c;<^^

nalldan, to grieve, (^tX--iJ tarsidan, to

fear.

The

third person of the preterite

infinitive, tX---^

is

formed by rejecting

from the

he arrived, OyJU he grieved,

*

4X*jy

he feared.

44

GRAMMAR

OF THE

said,

is

the zephyr breathing from the garden ? or

is

caravan of

musk coming from Khoten?

The
as

letter l-> prefixed to this tense is often

redundant,

CUiyj
From

.3wJ^<)s^U-

he took the mantle, and departed.

the preterite

is

formed the imperfect tense by preor

^^^^J^,

fixing the particles

as 4X*-^;yo or Os--^ ^^5*^

he was arriving.
In the third persons the imperfect tense
is

sometimes

expressed by adding L^ to the preterite,

as

L^^U

he
is

was

grieving, c/t^JtxJlJ they were grieving; this form

in prose, as

common

J C^il^

ij^jj\

^\y

><W*^j

^r^^ (J^iJL/o isUJj <--^W

and
delight,

They were immersed

in pleasure

and were

constantly listening to the

the cymbal.

melody of

the lute,

and of

The same

letter

L^ xidded to the

first

and

third persons

of the past tense, forms the potential mood, as

^cxJU

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

45

might, could, should^ or would grieve^ ^^_j^j<xJU we might,

&c. grieve; so Ferdusi in a Jove song,

If I could sleep

one night on thy bosom,

should seem to

touch the sky with

my

exalted head.

And

Hafiz,

Those

locks, each curl of

which

is

worth a hundred muskif their

bags of China, would be sweet indeed

scent

proceeded from sweetness of temper.

The

participle preterite

is

formed from the

infinitive

by

changing

into 6, as ^iX**-^ arrived, ^^^s*^^ sprinkled^

from which participle and the auxiliary verbs ^^ji and

jj Jwj are

made

several

compound

tenses,

and the passive

-JfiXr^^

voice

as *\

<2^4X-i5^^

/ have

sprinkled, m

/ had

sprinkled, J!Jj ^tXr-'lj I shall have sprinkled, *

Jw yu\Jl?lj

I was

spiinkled.

46

GRAMMAR
up
all

OF THE

We have given

our souls to those two inchaating

narcissuses (eyes),

we have placed

all

our hearts on

those two black hyacinths (locks of hair).

The
and

Persians are very fond of the participle preterite

it is

very often used by their elegant writers to con-

nect the
till

members of

a sentence, and to suspend the sense

:

the close of a long period

like the
:

in poetry

it

sometimes

is

used

third person preterite of a verb, as in this

fine couplet

The

brightness of the cup and the goblet obscures the

light of the
steal the

moon;

the cheeks of the

young cup-bearers

splendour of the sun.

is

In the ode from which this couplet

taken every distich

ends with the word

:i^j

for

^j he struck.

In composition the infinitive

4j, as

is

contracted by rejecting

Jwj J!i\^ I will be; so Hafiz,

PERSIAN LANGUAGE,
The
breath of the western gale will soon
;

47

shed

musk

around

the old world will again be young.

infinitive
'^ is

This short
as

likewise used after impersonal verbs,

^^(j^y

is

possible to do;
the

3^ooU it

is

necessary to

do; thus Hafiz,

Anacreon of Persia,

It is

impossible to attain the jewel of thy wishes

;

by thy

own endeavours
it

it is

a vain imagination to think that

will

come

to thee

without assistance.

And

the poet quoted in the history of Cazvini,

The

life

of

man

is

a journal, in

which he must write only

good

actions.

The imperative
the termination

is

regularly formed

by throwing away
as
(j*>j
is

^J(^ from the

infinitive,

arrive

thouy from

(j^N-m-^

to arrive: the letter

cj

often pre-

fixed to the imperative, asjX3 say thou; (^j*j^fear thou;

so Ferdusi in his noble satire against a king

slighted him.

who had

48

GRAMMAR

OF THE

king
fearest

Mahmud,

thou conqueror of regions,

if

thou

not me, at least fear

God

why

hast thou in-

flamed

my

wrathful temper? dost thou not dread

my

blood-dropping sword?

It

must here be observed,

that the negatives <u

<3w

nah and
m ma,

^
as

na are changed
{j*^j^

in the imperative into

mah and

do not ask ;

have

felt

the pain of love

ask not of
;

whom

have

tasted the poison of absence

ask not from whom.

Before verbs beginning with

are

alif the letters

m and

^->

changed into

^J,

and

^,

as

before^! are used

jLj bring thou^

J^^

do not bring;

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Boy, bring a cup of wine; bring a few more cups
pure wine.

49
of

Say, ^n/2g

/zo

tapers into our assembly, for this night the

is at its full

moon

of my beloved's cheek

in our banquet;

sprinkle no perfume in our apartment, for to our

minds
is

the fragrance that constantly proceeds from thy locks

sufficiently pleasing.

The

contracted participle used in

compound

epithets

is

exactly the same with the imperative, asJJ^S\ excite thou,

j^\ CJjLS'

mirth- ex citings

jyy^

inflame thou^ 'jJ>J^

L^

world-inflaming^ Geti-afroz, the

name of

a fairy in the

Persian tales translated by Colonel

Dow.
formed by add(^L*^,

The
ij^g

participles of the present tense are

^

a^

or 6i^ to the imperative,

as
is

L^

and

which last participle Hf^fL^ arriving;

often used for a

noun of action,

as

^<^\->

a player,
,

50

A
From

GRAMMAR
is

OF THE

the imperative also

formed the conjunctive tense

or aorist

by adding

to

it

the usual personal termination, as

from

(>S\

come thou^ ^\ I may or will come.

When

the sun of the

wine

shall rise

from the east of the

cup, a thousand tuhps will spring from the garden of

the cup-bearer's cheek.

By

this affected,

yet lively allegory, the poet only means

that

" the cup-bearer will blush

to the guests."

when he

shall present the

" wine

For the most part

the

this forai

of the Persian verb, which

the
aorist,

grammarians properly
answers

call

or indefinite

tense^

to the potential

mood

of other languages,

and

is

governed by conjunctions as

in Latin

and English

this will be seen

more

clearly in the following

example

taken from the

life

of Nader Shah;

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
c/LSi^ c5^

51

u^l^ c^wj^

<uWj

^\jCj\ l^-^LLo

i6\L.J^ f^\

It

is

evident to the discerning and

that,

intelligent

part

of

mankind,

whenever

the affairs of the world are

foi'tune favours the desires

thrown into confusion, and

of the unjust, the great Disposer of events, in the

effusion

of his endless mercy, selects some fortunate

hero,

whom
he

he supports with his eternal favour; and

to heal

whom

commands
wounds of

with the balm of benevo-

lence the
bitter

the afflicted,

and

to

sweeten the

draught of their misfortunes with the honey of

justice.

In which period the Words

3^^3w)

^3^
sazad,

gardad,
are

(X^

kunad,
of

pardazad,
gardidan,

and

^Lj

the

aorists

t^i^y^

i^^J^

kardan,

(jr^S^yi pardakhtan,
Ai

and 4:/iLl^ sakhtan,

that,

governed by the conjunction

H ^

52

A
The

GRAMMAR
is

OF THE

present tense
aorist,

formed by prefixing

or

^_^

to the

as

j^J^tX-^

/ know^ cjlow^ thou knowest,

jj\fcX-^ he

knowelh:

gentle gale, pass

by

the place

which thou knowest^ and

disclose the secrets of

my

heart which thou knowest.

With

that sweet

hue which thou bearest on the rose of

thy cheek, thou drawest a line over the face of the

garden-rose.

The

particles

and ^^^ are sometimes joined

it,

to the

verb, and sometimes separated from

according to the

pleasure of the writer, as

Pursue thy pleasures eagerly,

thine eye, the

for

while thou canst close

autumn

is

approaching, and the fresh

season

is

passing away.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
The
future
his
letter

53

lj

prefixed to the aorist restrains

it

to the in

tense, as

>-^ /

will arrive; thus

Nakshebi

work

called

L^U ^J^jL or Ihe Tales of a Parrot^

Night 35,

O Nakshebi, a man who desires

be active and diligent
:

to

enjoy his beloved must

diligently in

whoever labours

his affairs, will at last attain the object of his wishes.

After having given this analysis of the Persian verb,

will be necessary to

it

add

a table of the

moods and

tenses as

they answer to those of European languages.

Verb Active,
Indicative
Sing.

^^4X--*j^

parsidan, to ask.

Mood, Present Tense.

Plur.
(^^^^^

(*-^

Task.
thou askest.
he asks.

L^ (^

^*'^

^^^'

ij^(^
<X-j^

^^s^-^

you ask.
they ask.

tX*--^

i^

54

GRAMMAR

OF THE

Simple Preterite.
Sing.
Mi^^rf^,

Plur.

I asked.
Ifiou askedst.

^i>^:f.^

we asked.

i/iX---^
4^--J^

asked. c>^iXf^^ you

asked. t^iXf,^ they

he asked.

Compound
J\

Preterite.

^tX:--^

Ihdtveasked.

*j\

^<X--^
Jf4X--*j ^J ..

w^ have asked.

or

(thou hast asked. (^\ ^<?^t\.-i^

J

^v uou have
-^

asked'

'
I

OrC^w;)4>

JvjJ

theu (he has asked. oo\^<Xumjj * ^ have asked

^^

Preterite Imperfect.

^;wi^

(^ ^ "^^-^

asking.

j^4X--.j^
4^jo<-
4>j

c/tX--^^
<X--j^

thcuwast asking.
/i

^ ^^
(^

Tvc

were asking,

you were asking

^^^y were asking

7va5 asking*

Jsc--^

Preterpluperfect.

^:>y3iX--*^
Lf^j^ ^0^5--^

I had asked.
'/^ow /iarfi/ ^/:e^.
^i^

j^:>ji Si^^:*^^

we had asked

^^<^ fl^Aeci t>o3^ ^<^r-^ y^w

:y

JJiX---^

^^

a.$/:ef.

had asked txi:^ ^t^--^ they

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
First Future.

'

55

Sing.
^(M-j^

Plur.

I shall ask.
thou shall ask.
he shall ask.

^jt^ '^^ -^^^^^

^^-^^

^^

je-^
(X-jj-J

you shall ask.

theij

tXLw^

shall ask.*

Second Future.
Jw^jjj
tX-M-?^

Jb]^ I will ask.

ij>\^ Ihou
wilt ask.

tX*-^i

^\)^

f^^

"ivill

ask.

<X--^ <^^^j^ you

will ask.

<Xf^jj

^\j^

he will ask.

will ask. ^N--*^ Js:jb\^ Ihey

Imperative.

(^^^^
U^jri
0^'

l^l

us ask.

U^j^
4Xj^

^^^ thou.
let

tN--^ ask you.

t^^*--^
let

him

ask.

them ask.

Conjunctive or Aorist.
A-jy

I may

ask. ask.

c^ji

'^^

^^y may

^^^'

c^yt thou mayst

o^^j^

'Nr--^ -jou

ask.
^^^'

he

may

ask.
Potential.

^^^-^

I'^^y f^^^y

^;X-^

I might, &c. ask.

^^^tS-c**j^

we might, &c.
fjou

ask.

thou mights t ask. t/tXJcX*--^^

>j

might ask.

he might ask.
is

ask. iSi^iX^^jJ they might

for the imperative, as j,^ .-j let

This forai

also

commonly used

me

ask, &c.

56

GRAMMAR
Compound

OF THE

Future.

Sing.

JL\j

^j^---j^

/ shall have asked.

thou shall have asked.

^\j
(XL\j Plur.

2f4X*-j^

^Jo--j^

he shall have asked.

M>rr^^ ^<^s--^

we shall have asked.

you shall have asked.
have asked.

fXJiXi

2(tX;M-j^

tX-S^U

shall 2(4X---^ Ihey

Infinitive.

Present,
Preterite,

(^tX-^-j^

to ask, contracted 4N--jj

to

(^^

HiXf.*^

have asked.

Participles.

Present,

cr"^ and

^tXl-^^ asking,

who

asks.

Preterite, ^4X--|%j

asked or having asked.

Passive Voice.
Indicative Present.
Sing.

A^ /^ iJ<x-jj
L^^
^yLi

I am asked.
thou art asked. he
is

Plur.

j^yii
i^oyJ^

t>jjj^

^ ii^^ ^ ^ ^ ^
^0<--^

asked.

^<XM-i^
2f4>--jj

we are asked.
yoM are asked.

^Joju they are asked.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Preterite.

57

Sing.

aJwj

^tX--*>^

I was asked,

Lf(X^ ii(^.^-^ thou wast asked.

4X^ j^jo-j^ he was asked.

Plur.
[^t^-^ ^'N---^

w^

>vre asked.

c)otX^ ^4>- i^i^J^

^ yo^ were asked.

,7vere a^^et/.

^4\-mw^ /Aey

Preterpluperfect.
Sing.

A 3^ ^Owj ^t^-M-J^ / Aarf

^ee/z a^^erf.

(J"^
Jjj

^t^wj ^iX-
^iX-is

^ ^^^w ^arf^^ ^em a5^6</

Ae
/fflc/

^t^--^;J

^em ^em

asked.

Plur.

^3^
i\^^j^
4X>3*^

^4\-ii J^iX--iJ Tve /^a^/

asked.
asked.
asked.

i^iXti

^tX^-jJ yott

/iac? ^eA^ /?(/ ^6/1

^jw3 ^4X--jj /Aey

Aorist.

Sing.

Mj^

i^Js--j*J

I may

be asked. be asked.

iSyti ^^lV-^j* ^Aom

:iyti

mayst

^<X-^ ^^ '^^y

^^ asked,

Plur.

/J*-i>> ^tX-M-j

we may

^e asked. ^e asked. ^e a^^ecf .

i^jyti

^x

^ yoM m^y
//ley

tijj^ ^tX,..^

may

58

GRAMMAR

OF THE

Second Future.
Sing.

Jwj
tXt?
tiwj

Ji>\jk,

^4X-^ / shall ke asked,

^<X--^ thou shall
be asked.

f^\^

4^^^^ ^iX--^ he shall

MJi)\j^ ^^^^^f^

be asked.

Plur. iXij

^^

^-Aa// ^e asked.

tX^ 4X-i>^^ &^Xf0^ you skull be asked.

Infinitive.

Present,
Preterite,

^^o^

^^i^*-^

^<?

be asked..

^3y

^j,^

^^V^

i;(?

Aav^

^^e/i 5/^ec?.

Negative verb> are formed by prefixing <U er

affirmative in all the tenses, as

^^^

to the

Sing.

Jb ^'
eib

/ do not know,
</<?j-/5

nescio.
nescis.
nescit.
Jt

Plur.

A2o^ know^ ^' /^of^ tXjb ^^ he does n^ot know, j^\^ ^' we do not know,, t>^b f^ ijou do not knowy tX^b f^ they do not know,

nescimus.
nescitis.

nesciunt.

CU^ tiU^r efi, L-.W- ^j\ Jy\i^

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
I know not why
eyes, bright
love.

59

the damsels,
as

tall

as cypresses, with black

the

moon,

have not the colour of

Hafiz,

OF IRREGULAR VERBS.
In the ancient language of Persia there were very few
or no irregularities
gular in the
the
:

the imperative,
Persian,

which

is

often irre-

modern
by
all

was anciently formed from

the

infinitive

rejecting
infinitives

termination {^(^ idan;

in

for originally

ended

^^

dan,

till

the

Arabs introduced
lable,

their harsh consonants before that syl-

which obliged the Persians, who always

affected a

sweetness of pronunciation, to change the old termination

of some verbs into
infinitives

^'

tan,

and by degrees the original

;

grew quite obsolete

yet they

still

retain the

ancient imperatives and the aorists which are formed from

them.

This

little

irregularity

is

the only anomalous part

of the Persian language, which, nevertheless, far surpasses

in simplicity all other languages,

ancient or modern, of
for-

which

have any knowledge.

This remark on the

mation of the Persian imperatives from an obsolete verb,

i5

60

GRAMMAR
who
them

OF THE

may
as
it

be useful to those
will enable

are curious in ancient dialects;

to trace ^out a considerable part

of

the old Persian language or Pehlevian ^^^L->

which has

the

same

relation to the

modern lj^ or

Persic, as the

Icelandic has to the Danish, or the Saxon to the English;

and which was, perhaps, spoken

This
is

in

the age of

Xenophon.

the language in which the works of

Zeratusht or Zoroaster are preserved, and into which the

fables of Bidpai or Pilpai

were

first

translated from the

to

Indian
the

but as
;

we

rejected the

Saxon alphabet

admit

Roman

so the

Persians,

when

they embraced the

religion of

Mahomet, adopted

the characters in

which the
language

Alcoran was written, and incorporated

into their

a multitude of Arabic words and phrases.

The

Persian verbs that form their imperatives, and

consequently their aorists, from obsolete infinitives,

may

be distributed into the following classes

the old infinitives

may be found by adding

and the
nations.
aorists

^jtXJ idan
to

to the imperatives,

by adding

them the personal termi-

a;

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
I.

61

Irregulars

that

form

their

imperatives

by

rejecting

a^or^_^
Infin.

Imper.

Aorist.

^jSawV to
f^yj\
to

draw a sabre
sow together

^f
j\
J\j\

^kf
jA\
^J\j\
A-tjji-l
.

^3,V,\ to rebuke

fj^^ji\ to embrace
(

^j^\
cAf-^\

'

'

..

r]

to cut

*
^

r]

(^>,Ul3\ to speak idly

j<^\
^jl.l3\

*jlli\
^SLlil

^4>jui\

to sprinkle to press

^^j^\
^

yL^\

^j^\
^^:Si\

\to

throw down

^^\

^o:S\

to Jill

^\
jjf andjl
weave
<5U
(tJJ^

^X
^^^

a^y
ij^
U^jjy,

to

bring

(jA3u to tinge, to
to

p^ ^U
^j

bear

io feed, cherish

^ j^

^j^

^j4>j5^

to

read

o]y^

(^W

62

A
Infin.

GRAMMAR

OF THE
Imper.
Aorist.

(jj(^\j
(

to drive

^\j

J)]j

J*

u to buz
to resign^ give in

U**^
charge

f^j
tV^*^

j^>^
^:>y^

jX^
and
jjL^

and^L-j
to

fj^
(^r^
j^\jL
j^a^Sj^

shave

^^ jolij to

comb

^J^
lJ\S^

f^s^li
jM^^;^

to cleave
to to

hunt

Jw

fV^
(t)^
{V-^
, .'.r.

^>^
^j^j^
j^ 3^li.

number
hear
slumber

J^^
jiw
jli,

to

/o

^3^
for

to freeze

^^
^f

^^^
^-^

to press

oir^'-*

and^lli

^Il3

for

^JcXfU

^-^

r^
^J\^

a ^\f to perform
^"^y^ to
stro-w , spread
kill

Jc^
Jy*^

frf^
^jlT

^J^ to
'

^^
(*J-lS^

^\'i. t. ^ to scatter

f^J^

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Infin.

6S
Aorist.

Imper.
to nicf^e
/(?

^jjj3
(j;

jj3 ^^Uo

^S
^\^

jsSUo

remain

/a fay cfo7v/2

and

c^A*A
**

^ ,\

^^^yjuLAJ

rr.

Irregulars that

change^

into cil.

i^^i^]

to rest

.,

L^t^t

^jU^r

Wo increase
or
cJ'^Jr^-'

or
defile

^?b^
L5^r
in

or^V)i

ij^pr

/>

^^r
compound

The

participle of this verb, used

,

adjectives is,op^

as

^^\

l^\^ sleepy^ drowned

^^^^^
'

in sleep.
f^:^jiX>\

to

hesmear

/^^^^

u^^^
U^J^'i {^^j^j
^j^iy:^^

lo strain

^^
to

measure
polish

^\ ^^
^^^
S^^^^

Ji^

(^W
(^\y)
(^J^^"^

to praise

64

A
Infin.

GRAMMAR

OF THE
Imper.
Aorist.

(J 2ij^ to stroke

Lf\^
^A^oji

A^
/^^j^

^^yrcj3
^j^j^

to to

command
show
to

^^*

j^
P
Aji^

and ^J^IlTJ

,Jf

open ^

ciUr "
III,

Irregulars that change

cJ

into

lj

or

j.

4
(^^^^

Wo

disturb

S^^^'
t-jU

(^U /o injlame
^^
/o

^U
(^^j^

understand

v>^^
^..i^
is

^^yi-j /o bore

^,:^

This imperative
^jl?c-l> /o hasten

very anomalous.

t-jb^
l--^-5w

*^
.^>\".

^^y^ax^ to blossom
^^^jlsy^

/o deceive

^-^
L^^
turV
this

(^^

{^y^
^^yiy
I

to smite
to lie

^S

hid

have never met with

strange imperative.

^^\j

to find

Lj\j

Ay

PERSIAN LANGUAGE:
Infin.
.

65
Aorist.

Imper.

^\3^^ to dig

Ji

^j^

(J^^ to say
and
m
*

y
lS/

^y
f'y^

^laiw^

to

hear
IV.

j^
^
into

Irregulars that change

j, (j^ Into

{^

gjjlLUi^ io exalt

j\J\

^J^^y^
^jIa-^\
^Jicsyf^\

to injlame

to learn to

mix

i^y^\(^\ to throw
f^yk^j(^\
to

gain

^jjcv^i
{J^,^\
'
<

to excite to to

hang
plaij

^^yi>^v

^^y^\^
i^ysirt^jj
^jlrs^

to finish

to

beware

to holt to
sift

f^ys:?^

*-

f^y^rf^
:

to take

captive

^^yh^ to twist

66

A
Infin.

GRAMMAR

OF THE

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
VI.
Irregulars that reject (jm
Infin.

67

Imper.
plant

Aorist.

^A

-^

adorn, arrange
be necessary accept
- V

deck
seek

know

grow
live
\i*b
>')

y4j

wash
weep
resemble

^J
j^U

JU

^jJU*5

JO

view

VII.
Irregulars in
(jt^jyiV to create

^
cj^^
c^-^

^j(X^

to

gather

^(^^ to

choose

CD^r

6S

GRAMMAR

OF THE

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
XI.
Irregulars
Infin.

69

that

add

c/.

Imper.
to be

Aorist.

^:i\j

horn

^:>^

to caress
to

^
XII.

^\j

(^5)

^
(^\-^

^^

open

(^f^

Irregulars that reject f^^\

^^\::i^
to fall
to

C^\
^-^^-^-^^

f^^
^*^*^'

^^:h^
^j^y

stand

^^liiwjji to

send

CU->^
<u

f^^^t^

to place

^
|^^
j^'

XIII.
reducible to Irregulars not

any

class.

^:krcX

to
to

prepare

j^\
^^^

^ti^r

come

^j:>jitobe

U^^
jrt^
'

^'^
(V^^
'

^JLJ^

to rise

^:i\^togive
^^y^
to strike

:>

^^
^j

ch

^
and

\to take

o^

^j^

f'^

'70
Infin.

GRAMMAR
miXf compose

OF THE
Imper.
Aorist.
*
.

(Jf>Jiij^

to

(>2^;->

s .^

^yf to
and
,

do
break

^
\

^
Xt-^ "

^iV..*..S

^V^ J

Sn^ ^
4XLi

^(^ to rot
^j2>j>^
/ X^MI.
I.)

Mf^
^jyo

to die

j^

and

^jl^
Example of an
irregular verb.

4:/ii\j

yaftan, tojind. Contracted infinitive

CUiL

Present Tense.
Sing.
Plur.

^ ^\j ^ ^
^Ij
jo\j

/^/zJ.
'

^j\j
4\-jIj

thoajindesi.

he finds.

jCj\j

^ ^ ^

wejind,

you find.
they find.

Preterite.

j^U

Ifound.

^^\} we found.
<>t-^^ you found.

(J^\j thoufoundest.

CUiU he found.

^^^^

they found.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Future, or Aorist.
Sing.
jj\j

71

Plur.

/ shall or mayfind.
Ihou shall or
he shall ov

^\j we shall or mayfind,

<X^lj you shall ox
^NLjIj

^\j
j^\j

may stfind.

mayfind.

mayfind.

they shall ormayfind.

Imperative.
Lj\j or LJ>\jfind thou.

ixAjfind you.

Participles.

Present,
Preterite,

V\?,

c-->l>,

or

&0^\^ finding.

<^^

having found.

It is better for

me

not to turn
I

my

face from patience;

it

may happen
The

that

may

find

what

my

heart desires.

contracted participles,

as

it

has been before ob-

served, are of great use in the composition of words, as

_j^\ CJj^Lp
signifies

mirth-exciting, from CJj^LS'

which

in

Arabic

mirth, and the participle of

I

(J^aSA
speak

to excite:
at large in

but of these elegant compounds

the next section.

shall

72

GRAMMAR

OF THE

OF THE COMPOSITION
AND

DERIVATION OF WORDS.
0^'E
of the chief beauties of the Persian language
is

the

frequent use of

compound
it

adjectives; in the variety and

elegance of which

surpasses not only the

German and

English, but even the Greek.

These compounds
to the pleasure

may

be

multipHed without end according

of the writer
;

and

taste

they are formed either by a noun and the

as

contracted participle,

or u^^j^^ t--'^ (J^

heart-

alluring; or by prefixing
lSj. ty-s

an adjective

to

noun, as
sub-

sweet-smelling; or lastly,

by placing one

stantive before another, as Jsb^^ rose-cheeked.

Since one of the nouns in a

compound word
to

is

often

borrowed from the Arabic, a man who wishes

read Ihe

Persian books with satisfaction, ought to have a competent

knowledge of both languages.

the

I
I

shall subjoin a

list

of
I

most elegant compounds

that

can recollect

but

must express most of them

for

in English

by circumlocutions;

though we have some compound epithets which give a

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

73

grace to our poetry, yet in general the genius of our lan-

guage seems averse

to

them.
eye,

a fawn, and z*-^ an

swers
if

^ yb\ from^^ Persian epithet, which an..

I'hus

>. t

to the

Greek
it

eXiKUTrig,

seems very harsh

;

in English,

we

translate

fawn-eyed
is

Lady Wortley Mountague's

translation stag-eyed'^
different idea

not

much

better,

and conveys a
to express

from what the Eastern poets mean

by

this epithet.

Adjectives
(^\jiJ\

compounded of nouns and

afshan,

participles.

;J^gul

shedding flowers,
sprinkling pearls-

^LiiV^Ji durr afshan,

^jLii\
(^Lli\
^^Lli^

j^^ gohar

afshan,

shedding gems,
brandishing a scymitar.
dropping blood,
afflicting the heart,

^*
(J

tegh afshan,

c^ khun afshan.
3 dil azar,

J\j\

J\j\ (j;W jan azar,

wounding

the

souL

f^^\ cjU tab afgan,

darting flames,
tearing up roots,

f^\ :^ ^^\ CiiwJ

i^^\

bekh afgan,
sang afgan,
afgan,

casting stones,

^^koh

throwing down mountains-

See her Letters from Constantinople.

74

GRAMMAR
agin,

OF THE

^^^\ ^j^ mard afgan,

overthrowing heroes,
full of ambergris, full of pleasures,
fulfilling

ij^SjCS' tambar
iji^S
fjj-*j

surur agin,

jj\ S\yQ
jijf

murad a war,
a war,

our

desires.

J^ dil

stealing hearts,

and

^r JU
)y (J^

fcalam ara,

\adorning the world.

^r ^_^^J^

majlis ara,
dil ara,
dil

gracing the banquet,

rejoicing the heart,

A^
L>r
\J\

(J

aram,

giving rest to the heart,

experienced in battle,

Wjf y^
^jjj

nabard azma,
ruh
asa, asa,

appeasing the

spirit,

^jW jan

giving rest to the soul,

sprinkled with blood,

3^\ ^^^^ khun alud,

^fjUi. ^\ Wok
\\i\

ghubar alud,
khata alud,

covered with dust,

stained with crimes,
refreshing the spirit,

-^j ruh afza, CUar^ bahjat afza, \^\ L^ H^ shahr ashub, .5'**'' y/^
^

increasing cheerfulness.

disturbing the city

to beauty^ to which likewise the elegantly applied

poets give the following epithet,

^^y^^jjj

roz afzun,

increasing daily.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
j\j^\r^
j\j3\
sar afraz,
afraz,

75

raising his head,

(^^^gardan
J\ji
\
. ,

exalting his neck.

j

jj*3\
.

.i

or jjj3]

^jW^

tSlam afroz, c-. janan atroz,

\ )

enlizhleninz o o the world,

jjji^ ^^^L*^giti afroz,

JjjjJ\ <!^Syi^

en/laming the universe.

afroz,

mayikah

kindling thejight.

jjy>\ cJ^-"-^

bos tan afroz,

inflaming the garden

a beautiful epithet for the

anemone.

\yo\

(^jt>\^

danish amoz,
kar amoz,

skilled in science.

jy^yj^

expert in affairs.

K>r

jyc\

2i^yo

mujdah amez,
is

mixed with joyful

tidings.

This participlej^r

used in a great variety of

compounds.
\yo\
C^%a.]^

rahat amez,

gl'^i'^g f^^l'

jyo\ aI-^ sitam amez,

full of threats.

_jytX 4>Y^ shahd amez,

mixed with honey.

jy^X

C^5o^ rang amez,

mixed with colours^

deceitful.

that

is,

j\<>j\
'J\(^\

Jy

parto andaz,

darting rays.
striking with fear.

C H^..(S3

dahshat andaz,
atish andaz,
tir

\\(^\ (j-i3\

casting out hre.

j\i>j\j^

andaz,

shooting arrows.

76

GRAMMAR

OF THE
'

j^jJl CuJJs zulmat andoz,

gathering darkness^

an epithet of the night.

jj^^\

'^^f^ tibrat andoz,

iltifat

attracting wonder.
exciting respect.

jSJ\ ySJ\

olft:J\

angez,

{^J^
C
^i.

khulus angez,
angez, angez,

promoting

sincerity.

ySJ\
jSj\
jSS\

<C:X3 fitnah

raising a tumult.

;^^ khajiat

causing blushes to

rise.

(^Iasa. khafakan angez,

making

the heart beat.

jSJ\ ^l^\

irshad angez,

producing safety.
devouring men.
that created the soul.
'

jUj\ (*5/^ mardam obar,

jjj^\

(^W

jan afrin,
bar,

j^ (^^ dW
jjyi
<u\-*>

a ravisher of hearts,
bred in the shade,

sayah parwar,

an epithet for an ignorant young

seen the world.

man who

has not

jjjj IJk^ Lulama parwar,

cherishing learned men.

j.y
\\j

ti^

^'^

parwar,

nourishing the body.

sporting with love.
accepting an excuse.^

/J-i-c

tishk baz,

^oo

c^W

pozish pazir,
pardaz,

jbjj ij\y turanah

composing tunes^
a musician.

j\:^

(^jsi^

sakhun pardaz,

composing sentences,
an orator.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
tMJ (J^ nakl band,
compiling narratives,

77

an historian.
Oslu>j<Xt fcadu band,

/^a/ enslaves his enemies,

JfO
JfO

<icci fitnah bez,

jisu:
fcatar

spreading sedition,

bez,
pira,

shedding perfume.
collecting

j;o 5,^U nadarah

tiJj-j ijU-**^^

memorable events,

asman paywand, reaching the sky.

inflaming the world.

t-jb-^]lt Lalam tab,

an epithet of the sun.

Liy2:Jj3

dawJat

joyi,

-wishing prosperity,

ij^ \^ yy\.
i:J\^
i!3)yJL>

chin,

gathering roses,
croppingflowers,
collecting

shagufah chin,

i:j^ ^jsi^ sakhun chin,

wordsy

an informer.
Jf^L vsr* sahar khez,
^j\jLtijL.

rising in the morning.

khush kh'an,

sweetly singing.

J\(yj[^ jahandar,
fj\^

possessing the world.

skilful in subtleties.

^cio noktah dan,

ij^ 3^j^ khurdah bin,

J\j ^^ys^ sakhun ran,
fj\y<i^ kamran,

seeing minute objects.

lengthening his discourse.

gaining his desires,

yj

^^ khun

rez,

shedding blood.

7S

GRAMMAR
rez,

OF THE

ji)^f^ shakar

dropping sugar,
scattering jewels,

ji^

Ci^\

ashk rez,

shedding tears,
dispersing care,
dispelling darkness,
infesting the way^ a robber.

\^j^ ghamzada,
\^j
,

C^vjio zulmat zada,

[Jj^j rahzan,
sihr saz,

'^^jss!^

preparing inchantments,
ravishing hearts,
inflaming the htart

j^l:i*J^ dilsitan,

jy^'^
jSjLi

dilsoz,

j^W

jan shikar,
shikaf,

a hunter of souls,
destroying
life,

^J^iJiij^ Luinr
f^^Jii

L-ft-o saf shikan,

breaking the ranks,

equal to the stars in number,
skilful in business,

^1 anjum shumar, kar shiniis, (^j^kJ:^ X

^It-^

(^y^Sj:^ shakar

farosh,

selling sugar,

Uhj^

"iP"

khud

farosh,

boasting of himself

<--^>^_^U nazar

fareb,

deceiving the beholder,

j\i^S^ ]\^Av gudaz,

j\ji^l-i-o

melting the heart,

dispelling

summa

gudaz,

a calamity,

jL^\f^
jy^\^

zaya gustar,
talam
gir,

spreading light,

subduing the world,

rejoicing the heart.

Lii3^ dilkusha,

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
uLij^JLTkishwar kusha,
conquering provinces.
silling

79

U^ CtSj^\ awrang
j\y
u-^J^i-

nashin,

on a Ihrone,

Lf):^ <uUjj wayranah nashin, inhabiling a desert,

VJ^j rahnama,

showing

Ihe way.

gharib nawaz,

kind to strangers,
tuning a
lute.

j\y )ojj barbut nawaz,

cjU^I^ kamyab,

who Jinds what he desires.

II.

Words compounded
(Sjj

of adjectives and nouns.

C-^^ khub

royi,

with a beaulifuljace.

Lfj^ ^}p V pakizah khoyi,

having pure intentions.

Lfj^jL.
(jj^\(^\j

khusli khoyi,

of a sweet disposition.
with unblemished virtue. with a good voice.

pakdaman,

j\j\ LJij^

khub awaz, khub rayhah,

alhan,

if^\j

<^^

with a pleasing scent.

with sweet
notes.,

^jX^ifJ^^ khush

an epithet of the nightingale, as in

this elegant distich.

80

GRAMMAR

OF THE
to

The

brightness of youth again returns

the bowers

The

rose sends joyful tidings to the nightingale with

sweet notes.

J<^j (^y^ khush

raftar,

walking gracefully.
with gentle manners.

^Isijjiuij shirlnkar,

U^^ ij^p^

shlrin dahan,

with a sweet mouth.

black-eyed.

j^L^ ^Lmj siyah chashm,

The compounds

of this form are very numerous, and

at pleasure.

may

be invented

III.

Adjectives

compounded of two nouns.

is

Each of

these epithets

a short simile.

pari royi, ' Lfjj LfjJ

]
I

^y^
^,L*^
^ib

Lfjj pari paykar, Lfjj pari rokhsar,

with the face of an angel,

with the cheeks of an angel.

tX....::.

>

Jamshid kulah,

with the diadem ofGems hid. with the troops of Darius.

with legs
like silver.

C^^. M^ j^b Dara hashmat,

fj^ C/!-*--^

simin sak,

uJ^yw
^\:Lfii^^jL

shakar lab,
tuti

with lips ofsugat.

talking like a parrot-

guftar,

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
uJ
lS^
ji
<!(aL.

81

gunchah

lab,

with lips like rose-buds*

^j-^-*3

saman

boyi,

with the scent ofjessamine,

(j-i-j

saman

bar,

with a bosom

like jessamine,

^^^gulrokh,
iJ^^gulroyi,
(^yJi^yt

with cheeks like roses,

with a rosy face,

boyij

muskh

with the scent of musU. with

lips like rubies.,
r

L^ Oylj

yakut Jab,
sher
dil,

^^j^
When we

with the heart of a lion.

consider the vast

after

number of epithets
and

that

may

be compounded

these three forms,

that

those

a epithets are often used for substantives without

noun

being expressed,
is

we must

allow that the Persian language

the richest in the world.

These compounds

are thought
fill

so beautiful

by

the Persian poets, that they sometimes

a distich with them, as

damsel with a face

like the

moon, scented

like

musk,

a ravisher of hearts, the delighting the soul, seducing

senses, beautiful as the full

moon,

-^^a^

8i?

GRAMMAR

OF THE

The paVtide J^'h?m^

together, prefixed, to nouns^ forms

another elegant class of compounds implying society and

intimacy J as

.;

,.

jjLiil^ hamashiyan,
C^v.lA hamahang,
(tjf*^ hambazni,

oj the

same
same

nest.
incliiialion.

oJ the

of the same banquet\j

lyi'i^g

^, >./

i>>

hambistar,

on the same piltow,

'...^

ij\ys^ hamkh abah,

^tXtJ^

sleeping together,

hamdam,

breathing together, that

is,

very intimately connected.

The

particles

not,

^
U

little,

and

without,

^are

placed before nouns to denote privation, as <Xm^\

na

amed, hopeless,

4_^\:*-Sj

na shanas, ignorant, <iciax^

na shagfiftah, a rose not yet blown; l^,->^kambaha, of little

value, (Ji.t

kam

takl,

with

little

sense;

c^b
this

fearless,

^J^\
to

bl bak,
is

bi

aman, merciless:
as
j^J^lj

particle
bl

often joined

Arabic vert>sf

tammul,

inconsiderate,

<--v^ <^^'

fartib, irregular.

Example.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Henceforth,

S3

wherever

write

thy name,

will write

Jalse^ unkindy

^nd faithless.

Names
as

of agents are generally participles active in ^jJ,

jjJ^Lj sazandah, a composer; or they are formed by

*^ gar, ^IS^ gar, or j^U ban to a substantive, as
y

adding

J^j

goldsmith

jS^ a writer^
are often the

(jW^

^ gardener.

Nouns of action

same with the third person

preterite of a verb, as

iZ^j^Sj

Oo^

buying and sellings

iXijj OwioV coming

and going.

Adjectives implying possession or plenty are formed by

adding

to

nouns the

terminations

^L;

sar,

(j-^ gin,
bashT^ewo-

JC^ mand,
ful,

oU nag,^\^ war, or_^ war, as^^L.*^*^

<,
'.i..

U'jf^ sorrowful^ V

l>

learned^
life.

oU^
and

mous^ j\j(^^ri^\ hopeful^ JJ^^ having

The Arabic words jbzu, t-^U?

sahib

(Jj^\

ahl

prefixed to nouns form likewise adjectives of possession,

as

J^ ji

majestic^ dignitate praeditus,

(JU^ u^o^lo

beautiful^ venustate praeditus, C-viXk- jjjb\ wise^ sapientia

praeditus.

We

may

here observe, that the Indians use a

great variety of phrases purely Arabic,

some

as

proper

names and

titles

of chiefs and princes,

and others as

2,

84

GRAMMAR

OF THE
;

epithets

or constant adjuncts to substantives

such are the

names

<0j4i)\

^^

ShujaLud'dawlah, <Ojjo\

Najmud'-

dawlah,

<Oj(i)\

(^j**^ Shamsud'davvlah,

5jjjJ\

"Af^

^'^'

rajud'dawlah, which signify in Arabic theforce^ the star,

the sun,

and

the

lamp of the

state; such also

Ct$l*)\ it^j

is

the

title

which they gave Lord Clive,

Zubdatu'lmulk,

thejloweroj the kingdom ; in the same manner they seldom

mention the province of

<)JlxLJ

Bangalah without adding,

by way of epithet,
of
regions,,

3'AJ\

CUla^ jannatulbalad, the paradise

title

an Arabic

given to that

province by

u^ '^^^j^^
Some

Awrangzeb.
nouns by adding

adjectives are formed from

in,

us c:^-l->\ Jierij,

i^j golden,
XJ\

The

termination

(^^j^j made of emeralds. anah added to substantives forms

adverbs that imply a kind of similitude, as ^\j\j\^ prudently, like

a prudent man, ^\^j^ courageously

like

man of
L;

courage.
asa,

Adjectives of similitude are formed by adding L-f

sa,

or

(^j wash,

to substantives,

as Li\

^y>^ tambar

asa, like

ambergris, Lj\
like

C^C^^c

like

musk, \^X

^Ijw

like

paradise; \^ jse^
hud^

magic; {^^
like the

<4^

like

rose-

(^^j^ or (^y^

moon.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Some
adjectives

85

and adverbs
\

are formed

by nouns
lo

doubled with the

the

letter

alif

between them, as(-J \J up

bvim^j^j^ from

the beginning to the

md^yX^jSjj

or

^^\iy

manij-coloured.

Example.

A garden,
in

in

which were the

clearest rivulets,

an orchard
;

which the notes of the birds were melodious

full

the

one was
fruits

of many-coloured tulips, the other

full

of

with various hues

The two The

first lines

of this tetrastich are in pure Arabic.

termination

Jj

fam, as well as

^j^

gun, denotes

colour, as

As^for f^^^^ rose-coloured, f^^^j^j emerald-

coloured.

From

the

compounds above-mentioned, or any other

simple,

adjectives,

compounded or

may

be formed abstract

substantives by adding t/, as

86

GRAMMAR

OF THE

J^,^*>iijL bashful,

i^L-.'*^ bashfulness,
L^(.v...,.l'?l^

cVi ^t. 'b learned,

learning.

^L-j ^/c^,

(J^W
is

blackness.

If the adjectiveend in ^ the abstract

made by changing

^ into

as <u\x-j w7V,

^^^^ novelty.
to the

Other abstracts are made either by adding^\ ar

third person of the past tense, as^\cX>^ sight,JzJi^ speech,

^l::i,

motion; or b^
rest,
\

adding^

to the cpntracted participle,

;_^Li\

^^^b^) praise^

U^^j)

temptation.

The

letter

alif ^iddjsd ^o Sfiqijg ^^(Jj^tiyes

makes them

abstract nouns, as Mj^warpi^ K^c^wc^rmth.

;,

Nouns denoting

ti]e

place of apy thing are formed

by

the terminations ^b-^l istan,

j^b dan,^V)

^^^^

^^g^!? or

,^J<:*.^^^SJ

nagaristan,* a gallenj
names are the
titles

ofpictures.
many
excellent books
:

The

five

first

of these

of as

the

Baharislan and Gulislan are

ristan
is

poetical compositions

by

Jam
;

and Sddi; the Naga-

a very entertaining miscellany in prose and verse

:

and the Shakarddn

as to the

is

a miscellaneous work in Arabic upon the history of Egypt

I have seen
it

Sambulislan,
of
its

quoted, but recollect neither the subject, nor the

name
;

author.

The Greeks sometimes gave

these flowery titles to their books

thus Pamphilus

published a treatise on different subjects, which he called

AuftMVjSy,.^

a meadow;

and Apostolius compiled an 'Iwwa .U

proverbs and sentences.

^tj^--*

a garden of

violets, or a collection of

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
(^b-*jjL^ baliaristan,
j^l::.wiS^gulist5bv

87

the

mansion of the spring.

a bower of roses.
;^
j
,

^^biw
or
^v:i-*>^5ilti

shakardan, -VCi
.^

a chest of sugar.
a garden of hyacinths.
the country of lions.

shakarrstan,

^^^.^JlJuj sambulistan,
fjc^^^iyj^ sheristan,

(^\^*y

ginistan,

fairy-land.

jKiTgulzar,

a bed of roses. a border of tulips. a place of worship.

the place

jK^]^

lalahzar,

^^iD^Lt tibadatgah,

U- t-j^pw khab

ja,

of sleep
these

2i

bed.

The learner must remember,

that

when

compounds-

are used as distinct substantives, the termination

^^ of

the

of the oblique case, plural, ancK\

must be added
'

to the
^J"'->

end

of them, as
Sing.

Nom.
Obi.

^ ^i^3^^^j;p-|
\jJb:i^jJ:^]

^-^ \a girl with sweet lips.

Plur.

Nom.
Obi.

^J^^^ i^y^^]
>

'

"-

--

girls with sweet

lips.

\jkjb:i^r^j
compounded
eitlier

The
and

Persian verbs are

with nouns
particles.

adjectives, or with prepositions

and other

88

GRAMMAR
'

OF THE
sort of
to

The

verbs chiefly used in the

do,

first

composition are
have, ^^^:i^Lj to

^^^ to
^j3y

vJ^

'^ bring,

^j:-ti\^

make, ^^'^yt^
to hear,
to

to order,

[J^jy^

to devour, to strike, ^'^j

i^^j^

to

show,
see,

^^^:i-li^or

^(^^j^
take,

to become,
to

jjiVof
Jind.
in all

come, ^i>^^ to

ij^^ to
is

and ij^^
is

The most common

its

of these

^j3i

which

joined

inflexions to a multitude of

Arabic gerunds or

verbal nouns, as well as to Persian adjectives and participles,

as
'

"

^^AjI/^

ikrar kardan,

to

confess^

^jli^WicJ^ intizarkardan,
j'

to expect.
to return.

1^^ ?y^ rujut kardan,

j^>^a\v tamum
^J^ji

kardan, /o com/?/e/e.
to Jill,

y pur kardan, ^y ^3 tark kardan,

j^ri^pjWs tulut kardan,

to leave. to rise (oriri).

.,
.

Thus

Hafiz,

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
It is

89

morning; hoy

Jill the
;

cup with wine: the

rolling

heaven makes no delay

therefore haslen.

The sun

of

the wine rises from the east of the cup: if thou seekest
the delights of mirth, leave thy sleep.

(J^S *y^ hujum

i^y^j\

awardan,

lo assault,
lo

^^ yad awardan,
Lajab dashtan,

remember.

(jK^\^

<-r^

to lo

wonder.
excuse

{jrltA^jji^x^ matiur dashtan,

(j^
^j^

(X-wy.^

hasad burdan,
burdan,

to envy. lo believe.
lo grieve.

^liii;\ ittikad

^j3^ ^ ghamm khurdan, jj^^^ 4M^^ sogand khurdan,

ij^\^

to

swear.

^^j

roshan sakhtan,
tar saktan,
iltifat

to enlighten.

(^fk\^3

to moisten,
to esteem to be

^^j^ oU:J\

namudan,

^.*.f ^^An^ madhosh gashtan,

^jiXj^J^^^llwii-ghamnaggardidan,
^jOwtsf tXJtV

astonished

>

to be affiicted

padid amadan,
ihsan didan,
yaftan,

to appear.
to be benefited. to he educated. to be confirmed.

^OS^ ^jL^\

d^ U^JX)i parwarish
d^^J^y

karar griftan,

90

GRAMMAR
^^2>yoJ3

OF THE
are very frequently used
to call aloudy

The verbs ^j^ and

in composition, as

^^^ ^jXJ uatrah zadan

to

^'^iycy

^i

fikr farmiidan

consider; thus Jalaluddin

Rozbahar,

While
I

the nightingale sings thy praises with a loud voice,

all ear, like

am

the rose-tree.

And

Hafiz,

Consider attentively; where

is

a rose without a thorn?

Some of the
are significant,

particles,

with which verbs are compounded,

and others redundant and ornamental, as

dar amadan,
dar avvardan, dar kh'astan,
to enter. to

^jtV\

j^

i^^yj^
U^\js^j^

bring

in,

to require*.

(jr^^J^ dar yaftan,

^iy^\ ji bar amadan,
ijrJL^j^ bar gashtan,

to

understand.

to ascend.

to return.
to rest.

U"^*^^

j^

^'^^

asudan,

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
(jiL\^j^ baz dashtan,
^4Vo\
2ijj3

91

to with-hold. to descend. to detain.

to

farod

amadan,

crui^b^^l^ wapasdashtan,
j^3b j-^
sar dadan,

banish^ to confine to a place.

the particle
it is

In the present tense of a

compound verb

is

inserted between the

two words of which

com-

posed, as c)^/\j^ to Jill,

Sing.
Plur.

i^ i<^ j^ thou
(X.^

fittest.

<^-i-i

iS^ji you Jill.

they Jill.
is

i^j^

heJills,

OJ^ ^jj

Sometimes the two words of which

a verb

compounded

are placed at a great distance from each other, as

\j\^ *2(^bjJ

c;^Wj

^^^ ^

western

breeze, say thus to

yon tender fawn, thou

deserts,

hast confined us to the hills

and

where ^^b
guer,
is

wmj

the preterite of ,^:>\^j^to confine^ rele-

separated by three words.

different

The noun j^
therefore

has a

number of

senses,

and

is

the

most

92

A
word

GRAMMAR

OF THE
it

difficult

in the Persian language;

signifies /A^^garf,

the top, the point, the principal thing, the air\ desire^ love,
will, intention,

&c. and sometimes

its

meaning

is

so vague

that

it

seems a mere expletive, though the Persians unfeel its force.

doubtedly

There are derivative verbs

Arabic, which

in Persian, as in
;

Hebrew and

may

be called causals

they are formed

from the transitive verbs by changing

^jcXj intO(^txJ\,

and

sometimes into j^tX-^y as

,

jjJojU

to shine,

a'^V^
and jjiis-^vv^
(j^tX-JU^

^
-'

/o

cause to shine.

j^j^-^-i^

to arrive,

to cause to arrive, to

conduct, bring.

heaven! bring that musky fawn back to Khoten; bring back that tall waving cypress to its native
garden.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

93

OF PERSIAN NUMBERS.
The numerals and invariable
parts of speech belong

more

properly to a vocabularly than to a grammar; but for the

use of such as will-take the trouble

I will

to learn

them by
:

heart,

here subjoin the most

t

common

of them

Ci$S yak

one,

V
3
a

j3
<5w3

do,
seh,

Iwo,
three.
^

r
f^

_J^f^ chahar,
^nIj panj,

four.
Jive.

1
V
A

J J
\s

{j^^ shash,
CLjJb
haft,

six.

seven.
eight.

C .M..6

hasht,

'\

u nuh,
ii^

nine.
ten.

lS
U,

dah,

W
\

i^^Uyazdah,
^^J\y^

eleven.

u^

dowazdah, twelve.
sezdah,
thirteen.

^
00
<Xj

&yj^

\f'

^^W-

chahardah,/(?MW<?grt.
fifteen-

^3ylj panzdah,

4
11

GRAMMAR

OF THE
sixteen.

syy\jL> shanzdah,
^txiib hafdah,

seventeen.
eighteen,

^iXJLA hashdah,

n
r.

^^jy nuzdah,

nineteen.

C
^ CiSoJ r

t......,>;

bist,

twenty.

n
r,

^,M,u.;

bist

wa yak,

twenty-one.
thirty,

jj^
Cm 1
1

chehal,

forty.

^la^o parijah,
1

ii

snast)

sixty.

:k^
1

haftad,

seventy.
eighty. ninety.

^li-lA hashtad,
2>y

nawad,

4>wo sad,

a hundred.
two hundred.
three hundred.

r.

tXoj3 dosad,
i^^^tc^ !;e$ad^

tXcjjlp- chaharsad,

Jour hundred,
7?^^ hundred.

tX^lj pansad,
1
.

c^.^cJL^ shashsad,

six hundred.
seven hundred
eight

0^zJji> haftsad,
cX..f."..,l

hashtsad,

hundred

Om^^

nuhsad,

nine hundred.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
1
.

95

?
.

J\ji^ hazar,

a thousand.

^
J3

J\yb ^3 dah
Jcjib

hazar, ten thousand.

4X0 sad hazar, a hundred thousand,

or

(^ iak

ORDINALS.
(^,**<^ nukhustin,
firsts

Myi dowum,
^^t^

second,
third.

sewum,

l%^L^ chaharum,
jA-j

fourth.
fifth
-

panjum,

All the other ordinals are formed in the same manner by

adding a to the cardinal numbers.

ADVERBS.
jLJ
bisyar,

much,
here.

<^Jo\ andak,

little.

\alJ\ Inja,

U^t

anja,

there.

If

could send

my
it

very soul
!

to that place ^

how

trifling a

present

would

be

96

A
UijIj\ az

GRAMMAR
hence,

OF THE
\^\ ^
^lz

Inja,

anja, thence.

J:^\
*j

insQ, hither.

j^\

an^u,

thither.

lad kuja,

where or whither.

\^ j\ az

kuj5, whence,

l^

j5 har kuj.t keh, wheresoever.

without. (^jjii berun,

or

ujj^ darfm,
,.

^
}^

within.

(^^4X>i andarun,

^j^jj^ ^^j^j^V djJjS^

The

nightingales were warbling in the garden,

hills.

and

the

fawns were sporting on the

jj3
-^^

faro,

or

\below.
farod, J

jJb bala, fl/^oi/c.

^5^

That

evil

which comes from above

is

not evil.

ii\o^^U

b'amdad,

-\

i!^jsc^ sahargah, >in the morning,

or

jsr*^ sahar,

ilColtj shamgah, in the evening.

L$^

dl,

yesterday*

(^^Lj pesh, before.

\^ farda, to-morrow* (^ pas, after.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
^jL^\ aknun,
^ijj^ chun,

91

now.
when,
ever.
yet.
c)'

ii^\ angah,

ihen.
directly.

^(>j\^ hamandam,

j^j^

t?argiz,

^j^yb
j^ *^^
<is..l,>,<S

hargiznah,
^^^''^ '^^

never.

jjUb hanuz,

^^^

afterward.

ta,

until.

hamlshah,
digarbar,
niz,

always.
again.
ev/i.

iSjj ban,

once.

j^Sj^
Jfo

Jb ham,

also.

The

following six adverbs are nearly synonymous, and

signify, as, like^ in the

same manner as ;

y^ hamchu,
U<^ chunin,
^\l^ chunancheh,
^ku^ where. tX^ chand, how many?
^

uy^ hamchun,
(j-Cjs:^

hamchunin,
chunankeh.
ch?iYdi,

^La^
\j^

wherefore ?

^Y^j\

az bahr cheh, on

what account?

f^^^ chun,
i^S^\ Inak,
X/o magar,

how?
behold!

^y^ chegunah, how or what.

ij^^ kash,

would f
lest

perhaps.
1

bU^ mabada,
1

by chance.

j^ ham,

rtogether.
J

and j^ baham,

\^
o

tanha, alone.

98

GRAMMAR

OF THE

CONJUNCTIONS.
J
\j

6,

va, or wa, and.

Jb ham, orj6

niz, also,

ya, or.

^\ agar, o\
^^O

gar,

if.

*5^

^^\
UjI

agarcheh, <3^ai^^'garcheh, though.

amma,

lekan, jJj bal, <is^ balkeh, ^m/.

t\.\;x

^^j^ harchand, i^i^L^Jb harchandkeh, although.

^j*J pas, then, moreover.
\jS^ zera,

{^j^jk^ banabarin, therefore.

^JsTkeh, since.

because.
except.

Ji^ magar, unless,

y^ juz,

PREPOSITIONS.
j\ az orj 'Zffrom, bij,
l^jt^

of.

^\

abar, or

j bar,

m/;o/j

pas,

a/i[er.

^^^^^ pesh, before,

to.

io bah, or L-> ba, joined to the noun,

ba, with.

f^
near.

bl,

without.

^j^ pahlawl,
fS^
CU^jl
^j\-M^

j^

dar, in.

baray,

CU^ bajehat,/<?r.
of.

on account azjehat,j^j\ az bahr,

miyan, between.
fa rod,

^y^
Jj

-juwi,
zir,

toward.

ymj3

beneath.

under,
/zer.

j^j zabar, above.

^y

nazd,

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

99

INTERJECTIONS.
\J\

aya, Lj\ ayha,

oh!

aX

ah,

ah!

xjj^

or

li^^ daregha, alas !

tale

Thus

in the

of the merchant and the parrot by

Jalaluddin Rumi,

^
Alas
!

jj)

f^

(jLS

^U

^;l:*:^^

alas

that so bright a

moon should be hidden by

the clouds!

(jlii fighan

and

(^y^\

afsos

are likewise interjections

that express grief:

thus in a tetrastich

by the sultan Togrul

Ben

Erslan,

Yesterday the presence of

my
fills

beloved delighted

my soul
;

and to-day her absence

that

me

with bitterness

alas

the

hand of fortune should write joy and

book of

grief

alternately in the

my

life

100

GRAMMAR

OF THE
last

This great hero and poet was the

king of the Sel-

jukian race: he was extremely fond of Fardo^ii's poetry,

and

in the battle in

which he

lost his life,

he was heard
:

to repeat aloTid the following verses

from the Shahnamah

When

the dust arose

from the approaching army, the

;

cheeks of our heroes turned pale

ax,

but

raised

my

battle-

and with a
:

single stroke

opened a passage

for

my

troops

my

steed raged like a furious elephant,

and the

plain was agitated like the waves of the Nile.

* These lines are quoted by d'Herbelot, p. 1029, but they are WTitten differently
in

my

manuscript of Farddsi^ which

have here followed.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

lOl

OF THE PERSIAN SYNTAX.

X HE
construction of the Persian tongue
to a
is

very easy,
it

and may be reduced

few rules, most of which

has in

common

with other languages.

The nominative
it

is

usually

placed before the verb, with which

agrees in

number and

person, as in this pious sentence of a Persian philosopher,

\jj\

^i>iii>^V^\

J jJb ^II ^i^

^^\ c^w*J

\jj b\j

^\

Wherefore art thou come ?

science of ancient

if

thou art come

to learn the

and modern times, thou hast not

the Creator knoweth
to
all

taken

the right path:

this;

and
thou

if

thou art come

seek him,

know

that

where

first

wastjixed^ there he was present.

See the Bibliotheque Orientale, p' 950.

'I-

102

A
it is

GRAMMAR

OF THE
plurals are con-

yet

remarkable, that

many Arabic

sidered in Persian as nouns of the singular number, and

verbs and adjectives, as agree as such with

By

the approach of spring,

life

and the return of December,

the leaves of our

are continually folded.

leaj\

where ^\^^ the plural of ^J^j a

singular.

governs ^^i^n^ in the

There
syntax
;

is

another strange irregularity in the Persian

the cardinal

numbers are usually joined

asjjjj

to

nouns

and verbs

in the singular,

^-^ jj\j^

o.

thousand

and one days.

If the gale shall waft the fragrance of thy locks

over the

tomb of Hafiz, a hundred thousand Jlo^vers

from the earth that hides his corse.

will spring

These idioms, however, are by no means natural

the Persian, but

to

seem borrowed from the Arabs, who say,

a thousand and one nights.
In Arabic

aU j ^5

L-k)\

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
too a

103

noun of
life,

the plural

number,

if

it

signify a thing

without

requires a verb in the singular, and that of

the feminine gender, for the Arabic verbs have distinct

genders like nouns, as

The

rivers

murmured, and

the branches were bent to adore

their

Maker.

Their cups overflowed with wine, and

my

eyes with tears.

after

Most
them, as

active verbs require the oblique case in

\j

If that fair

damsel of Shiraz would accept

for the

my

heart, I
cities

would give

black mole on her cheek the

of

Samarcand and Bokhara,

It

has before been observed (see page 19) that

if

the^

is

omitted

the

noun be
it is

indefinite or general,

i^j^^ fV

Jill a cup\

but that

inserted, if the thing be particular

and
this

limited,

^^

)jf*^ he filled the cup; examples of

occur in almost every page.

104

GRAMMAR

OF THE
is

All nouns or verbs by which any profit or acquisition

implied govern the oblique case, as

Yes! whenever the sun appears,

what advantage can

there be to Soha,* but his being hidden ?

The
to the

following remark relates to the position rather than

:

syntax

in a period of

two or more members, each

first

of which might end with an auxiliary verb, the

of

them commonly contains the verb, which

the rest, as

is

understood in

The disadvantages of

haste are

many, and the advantages

of patience and deliberation (are) innumerable.

The

adjective

is

placed after

its

substantive, and the

it

governing noun

is

prefixed to that which

^

governs, as

c-)^
but
as
^

lSjj

a beautiful face

lS^

the scent

of a rose;
is

if this

order be inverted a compound adjective

formed,

f^jj Ljijs^ fair faced,

Soha
is

LfjA^ rose-scented.
very small and obscure
star in the constellation

the Arabic

name

for a

of

the Great Bear.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Conjunctions which express conjecture, condition,
motive,
8cc.

105

will,

require the conjunctive or potential mood, as

If

had known (hat thy absence would have been so

I

sorrowful and afflicting,

thee a single day
;

would not have departed from

left

would not have

thee a single

moment.

in the Prepositions and interjections are fixed to nouns

nominative case, as

have heard

that

two doves lived together

their secrets in

in

one nest,
;

and whispered

one chamber

the dust

of jealousy had never sullied their minds, and the anguish

of misfortune had never pierced their hearts,
p

106

GRAMMAR

OF THE

The

spicier

holds the veil in the palace of Caesar; the owl

stands sentiael on the watcU-^iPWC^Ql Afrasiab.

These are the principal rules

that

have collected

for

the Persian language; but rules alone will avail but

little,

unless the learner will exemplify them in his

searches
:

own

re-

the only office of a

grammarian

is

to

open the

mjne of

literature,

but they

who wish
their

to possess the

gems

must endeavour

to find

them by

own

labours.

is

an Arabic word signifying a

Persian, and

tttrn,

a change^ a

zcalch,

excubise^

hence
^^^J!j

v,^>J.J in

^_^l>-

c^^^jj-

'^ Turkish, signify to relieve the

guards by the sounds of drums and trumpets.

the awl, as
tliat

This

office is

given by the poet to

of

,\

J 4 Jj

or chamberlain

is

elegantly assigned to the spider.

Some
sense,

copies have i,.:>o-y

instead of

vc^y

which reading would make very good

but destroys

tl^e

beauty, of th^ allusion.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

107

A PERSIAN FABLE.

The Gardener and

the

Nightingale.

-iJ

^^J\

^jCik^L)

ijt^

^W" ^^ uA^l/^ rju u^^

*<Js^li.^

los

GRAMMAR

OF THE

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

109

iS\

cuifj ^Llio oV;j\j ltL?^ J'-V (Jr^ cuLLj

(.^^^^-^.s:^

3^
Uj^

.^3^ ^j^

C^w^aeJ ^^:j^

^^^^

O^^ jf^

.^tX^

iJjU

\yQ .^tXJ^o^

(JW^^r^^ c/^^^ j CU-*J

(^\::M-if

Ow^lj^ c^^ b__/\ JJj

JL>

i^Ty ^\^^ZJ:^ f^j^y:^

^b^f ^^}jLl^\j^ ^ .^^j:^J\C>6i^

110

GRAMMAR

OF THE

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.

in

y^ literal

Translation of the foregoing Fable

The

gardener

and the NIGHTINGALE.

a sweet and pleasant

It is related that a

husbandman had

orchard, and a garden more fresh than the bower of I rem.

The

air

of

ii

gave mildness
its

to the gales of the spring,

and

the scent of

herbs that refreshed the spirits, conveyed

perfume

to the

very soul.

VERSES.
A bower
hke the garden of youth,
the notes of
a

bed of roses bathed in

nightingales raising

the waters of hfe;

delight;
its

its

fragrant gale shedding perfume.

And

in

one corner of his garden there was a rose-bush

fresher than the shrub of desire, and

more

lofty than the

branch of the tree of mirth.

Every morning on the top

like the

of the rose-bush the roses blossomed, coloured

cheek of heart-alluring damsels with gentle minds, and the

face of lily-bosomed

maids scented

like jessamine.

The

112

GRAMMAR
said,

OF THE

for these exgardener began to show an extreme fondness

cellent roses,

and

A DISTICH.
I

know

not wliat the rose says under his

helpless

lips, that

he brings

back the
notes.

nightingales

with

their

mournful

One day
went
to

the gardener according to his established custom

view the roses; he saw a plaintive nightingale,

his

who was rubbing

was

head on the leaves of the

roses,

and

tearing asunder with his sharp bill that

volume adorned

with gold.

A DISTICH.
The
he
nightingale,
lets
if

he see the rose, becomes intoxicated;

go from his hand the reins of prudence.

the scattered condition of the rosecollar of pa-

The gardener viewing

leaves, tore with the
tience,

hand of confusion the

his heart

and rent the mantle of

with the piercing

thorn of uneasiness.

The

next day he found the same

action repeated, and the flames of wrath occasioned

loss of his roses.

by the

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
me
this service,

115

according to the sentence (in the Alcoran)

for benefits,
it.

Is there

any recompense

but benefits?
that

it

is

necessary to reward thee for

tree
it,

Know,

under the
;

where thou standest there

it

is

a coffer full of gold

take

and spend

to

supply thy wants.

the place, and found the
;

The gardener searched

words
!

of the nightingale to be true

he then said,

O nightingale

what

wonder

it

is,

that thou couldst see the coffer of

gold beneath the earth, and not discover the springe upon
the ground
!

The

nightingale said.

Dost thou not know that (an

descends, caution
is

Arabic sentence) when

fate

vain?

AN HEMISTICH.
It is

impossible to contend with

fate.

When
mains

the decrees of heaven are fulfilled, no light re-

to the

eye of understanding, and neither prudence

nor wisdom bring any advantage.

Q^

116

GRAMMAR

OF THE

OF VERSIFICATION:
1 H E modern
from the Arabs
Persians borrowed their poetical measures
:

they are too various and complicated to

be

fully explained in this

Grammar

but

when

the learner

can read the Persian poetry with tolerable ease, he

may

receive further information from a treatise written professedly

upon

versification

by

(Si>Ui)j

Wahldl, who was

himself no contemptible poet.*

There are nineteen

sorts of metre

which are used by the

Persians, but the most

common

of them are \s^ y^^ or

^^ ^^^ trochaic measure,

the iambic measure, (3^^

J^

and ^jib y^^

metre that consists chiefly of those com'ETr/T^/ra?^

pounded
which
nately,

feet

which the ancients called

feet

and
alter-

are
as

composed of iambic
(imator'es

and spondees

pUellurum.

In lyric

poetry these

verses are generally of twelve or sixteen syllables, as

* See

abo Dissertations

ci

the Rhetoric, Prosody,- and

Rhyme

of the Persians, by

Franci* Gladwin.

Calcutta, 1798.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Babo
i

117

na
|

fahi k'akhar
|

sabu zan tur

rah bak'shayad

Zajafcdi zul

fi
|

mushkinash
|

cheh tab uftad

|

a dar dilha

When

the zephyr disperses the fragrance of those

musky

locks,

what ardent desire inflames

'

the hearts of thy

admirers

They sometimes
as

consist of fourteen syllables in this form,

Ta ghuncha

hi
|

khandanat
|

dawlat ba
|

keh kh'ahad dad

Ay

shakhi
|

guli ratna

az bahri
|
|

keh miroyi

Ah

to

whom

will the smiling rose-bud of thy lips give

delight?

sweet branch of a tender plant

?

for

whose

use dost thou grow

or in this,

-"1
as

\--,

118

GRAMMAR
bar kuli
|

OF THE

Gosham ha

mah

nay 6 nagma
to o
|

ti
|

changast

Chashmam ha

mah bar
|

ladi

garda

shi jamast

My ear is
and
fixed

continually intent

upon the melody of the

:

pipe,

the soft notes of the lute

my

eye

is

continually

upon thy rubied

is

lip,

and the

circling cup.

This kind of measure

in those elegant lines
TXvKBiex,

not unlike that which Sappho uses

quoted by Hephestion,
Swotfjiou

yMTto Utoi

xpsKHV Tov Igov

*A(ppo$iTO(.v,

Ho^u

doi[j,ii(rcx,

Ttrocidog f^puotvoiv St

which he scans thus,

TXuTceTot fia,
[

re^,
(ra

iiTOi

06
|

votfjcoti

xpiicnv
Ji'

tov Igov
I

Tli^ta

oujxiT

"zs-ocidcg (3poc

dtvuv
j

*A

(ppollruv.

Other lyric verses contain thirteen syllables

as

in this form,

<>-^i

U^y ^j^ J cAf^j ^T^ ^j^

|

Saba bah tah

niati pi

ri
|

mayfarosh

amad
amad

Keh^mawsimi

tarbo tlsh
j

wa

naz

wa nosh

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
common
letters written in the Persian

121

language, which are

;

not interspersed with fragments of poetry

the Persian verses

and because
to the

all

must be read according

pauses of

scansion

thus the following elegant couplet quoted

by

Meninski,

L^y Ul:^ ^^ J:^^ ^JJ^ JO ^J^ ^

must be pronounced,

Tabadar chl

na har
|

tarl
|

buwad

zulfi
|

tara

sad chin

Keh

sazi

bar

guli surl

zasumbul pu

dah chin bar chin

|

with a strong accent upon every fourth syllable

and

it

may

here be observed, that the Persians, like the French,

usually accent the last syllables of their words.

As
simple

to their prosody,
;

nothing can be more easy and

their

vowels

alif,

waw, and lS ya

are long

by

nature

the points, or signs for these short vowels

which

they

commonly

suppress, are naturally short

is

and every

short syllable that ends with a consonant

^Sj^yJLi Shiraz,

long by position;
^j^..^^

J-I-j sumbul, ,^1^^ dahan,

saman

but the Persians, like other poets, have

R

many

licences;

122

GRAMMAR
first

OF THE

they often add a vowel which does not properly belong to

the word, as in the

ode of Hafiz,

lACl^
and Uc

2)Cj\

^Jj

wall uftada mushkilha,

jJW

4>iU\^

W kuja danandi
some long
\

hali

ma.

They
omitting

also shorten
tire

syllables at pleasure
;

by

vowels
is

alif,j

waw, and iS ya

thus
foot
is

berun, which
it is

a spondee,

becomes an iambic

^jj^ when
used

written

^jjji

berun
for

in the

same manner j^^

of \

for *xj3

and ^^t^
:

(j^.

The omission

alif is

more

common

so

is

put for ^U, and ^^Lli for (^Ul5^, as in

this beautiful couplet,

*'

Call for wine, and scatter flowers around; what favour

" canst thou expect from fortune ?" so spake the rose
this

morning;

nightingale

what sayst thou

to her

maxim?
In which lines ^LtilTis used

hr fj^)^ sheddingflowers,

and

^Sjss^

for

iWjsrr'

the morning.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
1

123

shall close this section

with some examples of Persian

verses from the

'^^^^^^^

or hemistich, to the or ode, ^Jji.

which

differs

from the ^aX*-^ or elegy

m nothing

but the

number of
fewer than
I shall

the distichs, of whicji the ode seldom contains

fiye^

and the elegy seldom fewer than twenty.

the^e examples at random, but shall
for

not set

down

select

such as are remarkable

beauty of sentiment or

delicacy of expression.

p\j-^a.^

AN HEMISTICH.

He who

plants thorns will not gather roses.

A DISTICH.

The caravan
lies

is

departed, and thou sleepest; the desert

;

before thee

whither wilt thou go

wilt thou

of

whom

wilt

thou ask the

exist ?

way? what

do? how wilt thou

R^

124

GRAMMAR

OF THE

i^^j A TETRASTICH.

lS^ i^y o:^ ^j^jj

^j ^]b

At

the time that the

dawn

appears, dost thou

know

for

what reason the bird of the morning complains?

says, that
it

He

is

shown

in the mirror of the day, that a

is

whole night of thy Hfe

indolence.

passed, while thou art lost in

Another.

Dost thou desire

a

to

be free from sorrow and pain? hear

maxim more

valuable than a precious

gem

Despise

not thine enemy, though he be distressed; and trust

not thy friend,
if

he be proud and malevolent.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
In
stichs
all

125

the Persian elegies and odes

is

tlie

two

first

hemi-

have the same rhyme, which

continued through

the whole

poem at

the end of every distich.

first

short piece

of poetry, in which the two

together,
is

lines

do not rhyme

called <Xxbi

a fragment;

as this elegant fable

of Sadi on the advantages of good company,

j^\

1>

(J^ V

ij^^^^ i:^^j

One

day, as

was

in the bath, a friend of mine put into

I

my
to

hand

a piece of scented clay.*

took
I

it,

and said

it,

" Art thou

musk

or ambergris? for
It

am charmed
I

" with thy delightful scent."

*'

answered,

was

a dein

spicable piece of clay

but

was some time

the

*
<^J-wiJ;^-

Ji

gili

khushbo-1, a kind of unctuous

claj/,

which the Persians per-

fume with

essence of roses, and use in the baths instead of soap.

126

A
company of

GRAMMAR
the rose
;

OF THE
com-

"
*'

the sweet quality of ray

I

panion was communicated to me; otherwise

I

should

" have been only a piece of earth, as

appear to be."

When
a

both lines of each couplet rhyme together through

it is

whole composition,
:

called

^jJL^^

as in the following

examples

Such

is

the nature

of inconstant

fortune,

neither

her

mildness nor her violence are of long duration: she

exalts

no one

whom

she does not at last oppress

for

she

is

light in

her affection, but most harsh in her

hatred.

The happy Feridun* was

*

not an angel; he was not formed

for his

An

ancient king of Persia, highly celebrated

eminent

virtues.

The

learned and excellent d'Herbelot has

made

a mistake in his translation of these lines

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
of

127

musk

or ambergris.
liberality:

He

gained his reputation by

justice

and

be thou just and liberal,

and

thou wilt be a Feridun.

^J^U^J^ CUj3 jj\ jwO

\yo

There was an

affectionate

and amiable youth, who was

girl.
I

betrothed to a beautiful

have read, that as they

fell

were

sailing in the

great sea, they

together into

(see the article

Farrakh ia his Bibliotheque Orientale)

for not recollecting the sense

of

he Lj3 HAPPY,

made

a proper

name

of

it,

and

tell5~

us that Farrakh was a

maa

whom

the Persians consider as a perfect

model of justice and magnanimity.

128

A
he

GRAMMAR
When
a mariner

OF THE
went
to the

a whirlpool.
that

young man

might

catch his hand, and save

him from

perishing in that

unhappy juncture; he

called aloud,

and pointed

to his mistress

from the midst of the waves;

" Leave me, and take the hand of

my

beloved."

The

whole world admired him

for that speech;

and when

he was expiring he was heard to say, " Learn not the " tale of love from that wretch who forgets his beloved
'*

in the

hour of danger."

These examples
those

will, I

hope, be sufficient to undeceive

who

think that the Asiatic poetry consists merely

in lofty figures

and flowery descriptions.

There

is

scarce

a lesson of morality or a tender sentiment in any European

language, to which a parallel

the poets of Asia.

may

not be brought from

The

verses of eleven syllables, which

are used in the great Persian poems, always

rhyme

toge-

ther in couplets.

It is

unnecessary

in this

section to give
it

an example of the Persian 2^4X--^ or elegy, as

only in
its

differs

length from the f^y> or ode, except that the

Kassldah often turns upon lolty subjects, and the Ghnzal

comprises for the most part the praises of

bve and mcr-

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
riment, like the lighter odes of Horace

129

and Anacreon.

The most

elegant composers of these odes are

^W Jam!

and laiW Hafiz, each of

tion of his lyric

whom
I

has

left

an ample collec-

poems.

may

confidently affirm that

few odes of the Greeks or Romans upon similar subjects

are

more
:

the songs of these Persian finely polished than

poets

they want only a reader that can see them in their

original dress,

and

feel their
I

beauties without the disad-

vantage of a translation.
Hafiz that offers
itself,
:

shall transcribe the first

ode of
I

out of near three hundred that

the learner
is

have paraphrased
the images

when

able to understand

and allusions

in the Persian

poems, he

will see
lite-

a reason in every line

rally into

why

they cannot be translated

any European language.

l?o

GRAMMAR

OF THE

^iXlJ

(Ja^

C^w>3

&^(y:A)y^

Tlie rose

is

not sweet without the cheek of

is

my

beloved;

the spring

not sweet without wine.

I'he borders of the bower,

and the walks of the garden are

not pleasant without the notes of the nightingale.

The motion
flowers
is

of the dancing cypress and of the waving

not agreeable without a mistress

whose cheeks

are like tulips.

The

presence of a damsel with sweet

is

lips

and a rosy com-

plexion

not delightful without kisses and dalliance.

the

The rose-garden and

really

wine are sweet, but they are not

charming without the company of

my

beloved.

All the pictures that the hand of art can devise are not
agreeable without the brighter hues of a beautiful
girl.

PKRSIAN LANGUAGE.
Thy
life,

131

O Hafiz,

is

a trifling piece of

money,
our

it

is

not

valuable enough to be thrown

away

at

feast.

The
ing

last distich alludes to the

Asiatic custom of throw-

money among

the guests at a bridal feast, or

:

upon any

other extraordinary occasion

j\tiJ nisSr,

the Persians call this

it

money

and him who

collects

cj\^^\Lj nisar chFn.

shall

conclude this grammar with a translation of the

letters;

ode quoted in the section upon the Persian

p. 13,

see

If that
I

lovely

maid of Shiraz would accept

for the

my

heart,

would give

mole on her cheek the

cities

of

Samarcand and Bokhara

Boy, bring me the wine

in paradise the sweet

that remains, for thou wilt not find

banks of our Rocnabad,or the rosy

bowers of our Mosella.

Alas

these

wanton nymphs, these

fair deceivers,

whdse

beauty raises a tumult in our city, rob

my

heart of rest
seizing
their

and patience,
plunder.

like

the

Turks

that are

132

GRAMMAR
;

OF THE
ini*

Yet the charms of our darlings have no need of our

perfect love

what occasion has a

and
artificial

face naturally lovely

for perfumes, paint,

ornaments?

Talk

to

me

of the singers, and of wine, and seek not to dis;

close the secrets of futurity

for

no one, however wise,

ever has discovered, or ever will discover them.

I

can easily conceive

how

the inchanting beauties of Joseph

affected Zoleikha 50 deeply, that her love tore the veil of

her chastity.

Attend,

O my
Own

soul

to

prudent counsels

for

youths of a

good disposition love

their

the advice of the aged better than

souls.

Thou

hast spoken

ill

of
!

me

yet

am

not offended
:

may
do

heaven forgive thee

bittei'

thou hast spoken well

lip

but

words become a

like a

ruby, which ought to

shed nothing but sweetness?

Hafiz

when thou composest

come

verses, thou seemest to

make

a string of pearls:
to

sing

them sweetly:

for

heaven seems

have shed on thy poetry the clearness

and beauty of the Pleiads.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
The wildness and simplicity of this

133

Persian song pleased

it

me

so

much,

that I

have attempted

to translate

in verse:

the reader will excuse the singularity of the measure

I

which

have used,

if

he considers the difficulty of bringing so

many
I

Eastern proper names into our stanzas.

far I

have endeavoured, as

was

able, to give
;

my trans-

lation the easy turn of the original

as possible, imitated the cadence

and

have, as nearly

and accent of the Persian

measure;

from which every reader, who understands

music, will perceive that the Asiatic numbers are capable

of as regular a melody as any air in Metastasio.

PERSIAN SONG.
if

Sweet maid,

thou wouldst charm

;

my

sights

And

bid these arms thy neck infold

that lily

That rosy cheeky

hand

Would
Than
Than

give thy poet

more delight

all
all

Bocara's vaunted gold,

the

gems of Samarcand,

134

A
Boy,
let

GRAMMAR
yon*
liquid

OF THE
flow,,.

ruby

And

bid thy pensive heart be glad,

:

Whate'er the frowning zealots say

Tell them their

Eden cannot show

A A

stream so clear as Rocnabad,

bow'r so sweet

as Mosellay.

Oh

when

these

fair,

perfidious maids,

Whose

eyes our secret haunts infest,

Their dear destructive charms display,

Each glance

my

tender breast invades,

soul of rest,

And
As

robs

my wounded

Tartars seize their destin'd prey.

In vain with love our bosoms glow

Can

all

our

tears,

can

all

our sighs
?

New
Can

lustre to those

charms impart

cheeks where living roses blow,

nature spreads her richest dies,
art ?

Where

Require the borrow'd gloss of

common

'^

i^\X< JaJ

vi

melted ruby

is

periphrasis for

wine

in the Persian

poetr)-.

See Hafiz, ode 22.

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Speak not of
fate

135

ah

change the theme,

And

talk of odours, talk of wine,

Talk of the

flow'rs that
'tis all

round us bloom
a

Tis

all

a cloud,

dream

To

love and joy thy thoughts confine,

to pierce the sacred

Nor hope

gloom.

Beauty has such

resistless

pow'r,
*

That ev'n the chaste Egyptian dame

Sigh'd for the blooming

Hebrew boy

For her how

fatal

was

the hour,

When
f

to the

banks of Nilus came

!

youth so lovely and so coy

But ah

sweet maid,

my

counsel hear

(Youth should attend when those advise

Whom

long experience renders sage)

the ravish'd ear,

While music charms

While sparkling cups Be gay

"
;

delight our eyes,

and scorn the frowns of age.

Zoleikha, Potiphar's wife.

+ Joseph.

130

A GRAMMAR,
What
cruel answer have
1

Xcc.

heard
still

And

yet,

by heavn,

love thee

Can aught be Yet say, how

From
lips

cruel from thy lip ?

fell

that bitter

word
fill,

which streams of sweetness

Which nought

but drops of honey sip ?

Go

boldly forth,

my

simple lay,

Whose

accents flow with artless ease.

at

Like orient pearls

random strung

Thy

notes are sweet, the damsels say,

far sweeter, if

But oh,

they please
these notes are sung
!

The nymph

for

whom

END OF THE GRAMMAR.

CATALOGUE
OF THE

MOST VALUABLE BOOKS

IN

THE

PERSIAN LANGUAGE.
Oxf.

The

Public Libraries at Oxford.

Par.

The Royal Library at Paris. Lond, The British Museum at London.

The
Collections of private

Priv.

Men.

HISTORY.
^Lt>4>j\^_jvo\
^

t Q-.:.^.> U-ycJ^ '^^jj

lJc^

The garden of purity by Mirkhond.

of Persia in several large volumes.

general history

Oxf. Priv.

The

history of the

life

of Sultan Acber,

by

the learned

and

elegant

Abu

Fazl.

Oxf

138

A CATALOGUE OF

^j^\

c^i^r

lj^
by
the order

description of the Indian empire, written

of Sultan Acber by a society of skilful men.

lation of this

transto

book would be extremely useful

that trade in India, as
it

the

European companies
full

contains a

account of every province and city in the dominions

of the Mogul, of his revenues and expences, both in

peace and war, and of all the customs and ceremonies in

his palace;

together with a description of the natural

productions of his empire.

OxJ,*

The actions of Sultan Baber; written

under his inspection.

either

This book

by

himself, or

contains a minute ac-

count of that prince's wars, and a natural history of his

dominions.

Oxf.

The history of Chashmir^hy

country.

a native of that extraordinary

A very curious and

entertaining work.

Oxf

* It has since been translated into English

by Francis Qadwin, Esq.

originally

published at Calcutta, in 3 vols. 4to.

PERSIAN BOOKS.

139

The

history of the Hves of the Persian kings, from the

Sefi family to the

head of the

death of Abbas the Cruel,

improperly called the Great.

OxJ\

The

select chronicle.

This work

is

an excellent history of
Arabic and Turkish.

Persia,

and has been translated

into

Oxf.

A short

history of Persia, in one volume,

by Khandemir, a

learned and agreeable writer.

Oxf.

The heart of histories.

A copious

history of the Persian

empire, written in the middle of the sixteenth century by

Abdallatif, a native of Cazvin.

The book of victory.

monly

history of the hfe of Timur, com-

called Tamerlane, written in a

most beautiful and

elegant style.

2,

140

A CATALOGUE OF

An account of the lives of the Persian poets, by Dawhitshah

ofSamarcand.
Far,

The

history of the

life

of Nader Shah, king of Persia,

translated into French

written

by Mirza Mahadi, and

grammar.

by

the author of this

POETRY.

Shah nameh.
histories

collection of heroic

poems on the ancient

See the treatise on
II.

of Persia, by Ferdusi.
life

Oriental poetry added to the

p. 248.

of Nader Shah, sect.

Oxf. Priv,

The works
Priv.

of Khakani, a sublime and spirited poet.

Oxf,

PERSIAN BOOKS.

Ml

The odes

of Hafiz:

see

the

treatise

above-mentioned.

Lond. Oxf, Par. Priv.

The words

of Sadi

containing ;^\:x-Ji^or the bed of roses ^

^Jc^j^ or the garden, and olst^Lo or the rays of light.

The two
but
I

first

of these excellent books are very

last
:

common;

have not seen the

they are
all

all

upon moral

subjects,

and are written with

Oxf.

the elegance of the

Persian language.

The works

of Ahli

containing,

fj^js^
^\VvJ
OoUftj

lawful magic, a poem.

t^ ^^^ taper and the moth, a poem.

LJc^a
book of elegies. book of odes.

oLKi. Ljh^a

The works
L^<jJ\

of J ami

containing,

among

others,

<d*J,Mj the

chain ofgold, a

poem

in three books.

142

A CATALOGUE OF
(^wLj <Uci Selman and Absal^ a
<Jmu^4mC-j the
life

jJL-j\ J

tale.

of Alexander,
of Joseph and Zuleikha, a

UJj J

t Q.M

//^e /(?vc5

very beautiful poem.

{j_^^j

(^

he loves of Leila and Megenun.

f/*^

CJ^-^ ^ collection of odes.

j^vii^Lj

Me mansion of the

spring.

j\y'S\

'k^

the

manners of the just.

Oxf

book of elegant odes, by Mir Khosru.

Oxf.

(<*jj

c^^' l3^^

^Qj\r\

>

poetical

work

called Mesnavi,

upon several
politics;

subjects, of

religion, history, morality,

and

Gelaleddin, surnamed Riimi.

This poem

composed by
is

greatly ad-

mired
Priv.

in Persia,

and

it

really deserves admiration.

Oxf.

^j\y\ ^\^^

The poems of Anvari, which

Gulistan, and are

are quoted

by Sadi

in his

much esteemed

in the East.

PERSIAN BOOKS.
t-

143

The works

of Nezami

containing six poems:

the secrets

(j^SLti\3d\j\j^\

of lovers,

^^Lj

CUaA

the s even faces-

r Shir in. ^j\li J jy^Ji^ the loves of Cos a and

<L^l) .tMiC-j the life

of Alexander.
a tale.

^j.-f^ J

\^

Leila

and Magenum,

secrets. Lond. Priv. J\yJi\ (^V=^ Ihe treasure of

Pendnama,

book of moral sentences, not unlike those of

Theogenis in Greek, by J!Ls.

Attar.

^JJ^jo^

Ferideddin

Lond.

Oxf

The works
^jj^s^\

of Catebi

containing five poems

J-*^

the junction

of two seas.

l-jU ^3 the ten chapters,

(jA^j

Cir**^ beuutij

and

love,

jy^J^ jyj(i
A^\^^^J aX^^

the conqueror the loves

and triumpher,

of Baharam and Gulendam.

144

A CATALOGUE OF
histories

'

There are many more

Persian
in
;

and poems written

in

but those above-mentioned are the most celebrated

Asia.

The

poets of the

second class were

;

f^^jj
L^tXj^i^

Roudeki, who
Reshidi,

translated Pilpai's fables into verse

who wrote an
;

art of poetry called j^-Jl (Ji^ltXa*.

the inchanted gardens

c/tX^a^l

Ahmedi, who composed

:

an heroic poem on the actions of Tamerhine

mention a great number of elegiac and
very
Httle

not to

lyric poets,

who

are

known

in

Europe.

PHILOSOPHY.

The

light of Soleil or

canopus.

very elegant para-

phrase of Pilpai's tales and fables, by Cashefi.

Oxf.

The

touchstone of learning

more simple

translation of

Pilpai,

by

Abu

Fazl.

Oxf.

PERSIAN BOOKS.

145

The

Persian tales of a thousand and one days, translated

into

French by

Petit

de

ia

Croix.

Negaristan, llu gallery ofpictures^ by Jouini.

miscel-

laneous work upon moral subjects, in prose and verse.

There

is

a beautiful

copy of

this

book in the Bodleian

library at Oxford.

Marsh

397.

A system of natural

philosophy, by Isfahani

Oxf.

The

natural history of precious stones.

Oxf.

There

are

many books

in

Persian upon Geometry,

Algebra, Astronomy,

Mechanics, Logic, Rhetoric, and

to

Physic

all

which deserve

be read and studied by

the Europeans.

The

Persians are very fond of elegant

favourite

manuscripts

all their

works are generally written

upon

fine silky paper, the

ground of which is often powdered u

146

A CATALOGUE OF
:

with gold or silver dust

the

two

first

leaves are comis

monly

illuminated,

and the whole book

sometimes per-

fumed with essence of roses or sandal wood. The poem of

Joseph and Zuleikha in the public library
at

Oxford

is,

perhaps, the most beautiful manuscript in the world: the

margins of every page are

of flowers
;

gilt

and adorned with garlands

is

and the hand-writing

elegant to the highest

degree

it is

in the collection of the learned Greaves,

No.

I.

The
is

Asiatics have

many advantages

in writing

their ink

extremely black, and never loses

its

colour; the

Egypthe

tian reeds with

finest strokes

which they
flourishes
;

write, are formed to

make

and

and

their letters

run so easily

into

one another, that they can write

It is

faster than

any other

nation.

not strange, therefore, that they prefer their

to

manuscripts

our best printed books

and

if

they should

ever adopt the art of printing, in order to promote the

general circulation of learning, they will
still

do right

to

preserve their classical works in manuscript.

shall

conclude with a Persian ode in three Asiatic

hands, and shall add a few remarks upon each of them.

147

I.

NISKHI.
This
is

the

onl/

form of writing that

:*
it is

we can

imitate

exactly by our

typ

the
it

hand of the Arabians, who

must, therefore, be learned
:

invented the chaitcters

before

and

we

attempj

:o

read the other hands

it is

frequently

used by the
written in
it.

Persiais,

and the history of Nader Shah was

II.

T ALIK.
This beautful hand
if

may
them

easily be read
;

by Europeans,
and
if

they undeistand the Persian language

they do

not,

what wll

it

avail

to read

it

In this form of

writing thestrokes are extremely fine, and the initial letters

i S J are

sometimes scarcely perceptible.

The

characters

are the ssme with (or rather only a variety of) those used in

"

Types kave
it

since been

made

in India to imitate the Talik with tolerable success

though

must be confessed, the Niskhi being the plainest, and

easiest character to

read, should be preferred for printing.

See Forms of Herkern, Calcutta, 1781.

[ 148 ]
that ^j^ printing, except

and

<^

a r often

expressed by a

long stroke of the reed.

lines of

As

the Persiiis always write their

to place

an equal length, they are oliged

the

words

in a

very irregular manner: if ke line be too short,

it

they lengthen

by a

fine stroke

of thireed;

if

too long,

they write the words one above anotht-.

In the Persian

poems
the

the transcribers place both membirs of a couplet

line,

on

same

and not the first above thesecond,

as

we

do:

a Persian

would write

the following verses in this order,

fVith ravished ears

The momrch hears

Affects ionod^

Assumes
It

the god^
that
this

must be confessed,

irregulariy in writing,

joined to the confusion of the diacritical poiits, which are

often placed at

random, and sometimes omiled, makes

read the Persian manuscrots,
to
till

it

very

difficult

to

the

language becomes familiar

all

us

but this dificulty, like

others in the world, will be insensibly surmounted

by

the habit of industry

great design

and perseverance, withoutwhich no

was ever accomplished.

149

III.

SHEKEST EH.
In
this inelegant

hand

all

order and analogy are neglect-

ed
'^,

the points
C->

which distinguish cJ from J,

from

^and

and

from

O,

Cj and

c->, Sec.
\

are for the most part

<ire

omitted, and these seven letters,

^*^jjjj

connected

with those that follow them in a most irregular manner.

This

is,

certainly, a considerable difficulty,

which must be
letter:
it

surmounted before the learner can translate a Persian

but
I

am

persuaded, that those

difficulty
still

who

chiefly complain of
is

have another

greater,

which

their imperfect

knowledge of the language.

-V

s-^V

'% f
0-

^i'^

I'

N^^rV-

A
.%
>..'(

ADVERTISEMENT.

yif following Index

will

be

founds
to

it

is

hoped^ oj

considerable use to learners^

and

those in particular
It is

who

'tire

unprovided with dictionaries.

not only in-

tended as a literal alphabetical explanation and analysis

of the extracts and authorities from

interspersed through the
it

the various writers

Grammar^

but,

as a vocabulary,

may

be employed to advantage^ by imprinting on the

iiChnory a

number of useful words.

not be improper however to inform those
little

M*may
^'^^

who

havefnade but

progress in this language, that, in con-

suiting any dictionary, there is a variety of inseparable

particles prefixed

and annexed

to

words, which must be

:

analysed or separated before the meaning can be found

for

^
.ii

example^

,^

\ C^w*^^

which

literally signifies
letter

to desire

is,

must not

belooked for under the

L^ but undent, the L^ prefixed

152

ADVERTISEMENT.
for^ to, in,

being the inseparable preposition

desire, kc.
i^^ji
to be.

jX implying

and CU-^

[forC^^mJ\) the third

person present of

it is

unnecessary

to

multiply examples^ but

it

will save

the learner
cipal
jj\

much

trouble if he keep in mind, that the prinare,

of those prefixed particles

the Arabic particle the.

CJ
istic

(or

before

words beginning with

\)

the character-

of thefirst future, and sometimes of the imperative.

to, for,

&j or i~j the preposition

kc.
to

L^ prefxed sometimes by way of pleonasm^

translation can give any precise meaning,

which no

with.

^
J
M

without.
8cc.

(/^O^) from, with, by,

ixT)

C^(for

which, what.

^^

or ^e*^ characteristics of the present tense.

These characteristics of the present are frequently omitted

by the Persian authors.

A [or

before

words beginning with

\)

the negative

prefixed to imperatives.

ADVERTISEMENT.
*i or (J
(<?r

153
the general

(J before words beginning with

*^

\)

negative prefixed to all other tenses.

The particles which are commonly annexed

as follow:

to

words are

The possessive pronouns

M

or j^ my, mine.
thy, thine.
his, her, its.

Uo our.

Cj Cj\ or CUj

U-^ your.

J
^j\

^
nouns
.

or

^^ their.
to

the plural

of nouns having reference

living

creatures.

\^ the plural of inanimate

\

or

the poetic vocative.

\j

the termination of the oblique cases.

to be.

C^wj the third person present of^^^j^

Lf
is

sometimes equivalent

to

our a or one
\

and

at other

times after nouns ending with

or ^
;

it

marks
it is

that the fol-

lowing noun

is in the

genitive case

and

then equal to

our
-"

of.

Notwithstanding the above observations, which will save the learner some

perplexity in consulting dictionaries,

oblique tenses as differ most

many of the compounded words, and such

their infinitives, are

from

for

his greater ease

and

satisfaction inserted in this Index.

154

ADVERTISEMENT.
when
the learner therefore

The Persian writers make frequent use of the contracted

infinitive;

cannot find such

words as 4>s--^ or 0^---^

f^i^^f^^jj 4j<X--*J^
ice.

in the Index\ let

him look for

%* The A put

after

some words

in the

Index shows

that they are of Arabic original.

151*

Jn Extract from

the

Memoirs of the Emperor

hij

Jahanglr,

written

Himself.

<^jjS

jIjI-'

c:,^^ j

0--?^

^'

1^(^^,

(*'^J^

u*r^

ci^-^iiaLo

ci*->^

<S.s^^^ j1_)^'

i^^j^

Jjj^--^

Lsr-l

(^:;,,wc^

J-cU-

^^

ili^JJ

ij>^j)j f-r'j^

At^i

t^y-^ /W jLj ijjy j\ ijLj

(j:^^-j^

Sjo Jys^j

^^**^.

c)^.^ **tx^

JjJ^Jj^
^^!

^^

J^\/^

J^

^^W
^1

cJ^

'^

C>J^
Ji
<u

C^-^i^Ls

^_5^.jj;t)

*-L
(l5

(<-^j '^j'^^j^

c:,.^-''

j_*isi^

i^S^^

T'*^y^ (Jms::^ lJ^tJ'^

,1x1 xOls^,
aIJ

'^'-v;^*

'^.'^

J>- f->^j /*lxJi j^*i^J01j

JoJ

cJ_^

(****'-' *5j*" /w

*-Li ^jllaL 5;^ jiy J^

Jjy"

^Ij

U:^^

^J

(JLiSi^

b
.V."..y;,<,

t::^'UL'j

d^l^Uc f|y^^^ Jjc-L<

Jw.

.^-^ |*Uj
u-^^

'^^ ^^^J,

^f a^

J^
J

j^-3^

*^^
J^j Job

^J '^IrF
jjjtj

-^J^

^
jcj^i^

L^y- ^^^V J t^
z**^ illi^b

Jj^

^\

<s^

jj>-

^b a^

j^^'

(.:>,ir

(^y^^

\Z

-'-^^

'

j^^

ixLii^

^U

^jJUy

allob

-i^\

X>.s:*

i\,':l'^^

c)^

(J^) J

155*

A Description

of the City of Agra^Jrom the same,

j:*JL^ ^^\i\j

CjJ^ ^ <U^j

'r^r^

^^V

^'^^

^1?J>^^

154*

Lr^J^J lM l)^

"^J^

^^^-*r-i^

J J>*

ij^

^ L^%-^

j:j

j^ ^yy-

^y^

^J^c^

3^*-*^

M^y\

3^<uL/<j\ tXlljs-^_^ ^^^^UcA.

:ijL.

^3^

t/U. ^tv^r

^\j

c^w;\ cMjb

4:^^ CL^ (J\j

^j:>

to

txJ:^^.^^ lL>^4X^\

l^Vj^'^ ^-^ C'ty^

^^-^V^ tc^.?w

O^U jjjti^ t^jj^ ^So ^;_j-*^ cj^ Oo)L-j ^Jlc

INDEX.
c^r Water,
fountain: lustre.
tX-f^\ A.

Ahmad

(most worthy

J\ upon: a cloud.

of praise) a proper name.

jKJi A. pi. ofji the just.

i^y^\ A.pL of^^^

affairs,

con-

C^SjjI colour, paint, comp. of ditions; secrets.

t-jT water wc/ C^>Jj colour.

iJ^\ todrdwasword^knifei&c,
^L:iL\
A.

JLj\

A. Absal,/7r(?/?r A.

name.

choice, liberty

pru-

(J-a3^1

Abufazal (father of dence.

virtue) proper name.

^^\
(father

A. end, finally; another.

cLn-J^^ a. Abulays

of

^jj^\
A.
j*^\

A.

moderns
a

posterity.

the lion)y;r(9/7er name.

Adam;

man:

a mes-

cJ\ [annexed to words) thy.

senger.
\^\ A.

;^r fire. U^\

4:^w-\ to plant.
jj\jn^\

fiery.

when.
9th Persian month;

S\ A. a mark, impression.

_j\'2\

the

vernal,

a. pi. of^i>>A. the eyes.

^bl

fire.

J\y^\

A.

pi'

ofj^ the
^jsJ\

noble, free
care, grief.

^Jssrt^j!^]

the province of Media.

i^j^\
(^L-^^
benefit.

A. or.
A.

j\

bringing, bring ihou^ from

present, favour,
,

(S\jX or\j\ adorning,/irom V 9

156
to adorn.

^
j^L^\ from amidst.
^y.j(^^j\

(jfl>J\j]

a\j\

rest.
is

from one another.

yjj\

y/orih, from i^jf^jj^

^y^\
L;\
ing.

to

sew

together.

^\

may
A.

brings from

o^^

like,

resembling:

appeas-

^l^i^l

safety, rectitude.

Aj\ Iram,

name of a fabulous

(^LjV
c^w;\ or

rest,

both from
a horse.

^J2y^X

garden

in the East.

c^wl V

j\ from.

^
j\j\

^|U^^^^

A.

hearing, sound.

^\j\

he

set. at liberty.

^Mji
j\^\

^Ki;:^\ they listened.

rf^^\jX

liberty.

k.pl.

ofj^

secrets.

Micting, from
rebuke,
that.
afflict,

(^U->( heaven.

^j3,V)\ to

wound.

^^yJ\

to rest.

^\j\[rom

{^
_JCl\

[annexed to words) his

a tear.
clear, evident.

Wr j\ thence.
^>j\j^
l=lj\

i^jM

from

this.

j\

hence.
of.

L^u-ijf love, friendship, familiarity

;

^^ jl

on account

knowledge.

? <j^j,jj\ wherefore

why ?

'

c-->^r disturbing, yrc?w.

(j^ijli\
<uL.l>\

C^^j\

on account of

to disturb.

^^S

afiHcted,/row (j^j^

a nest.
A. confusion, pain.
/?/.

^j\ whence.
Wj\ cxperienced,yromjjJ>^-^\

L^\ya^\

4-JUib\ A.
tracts.

o/^

ui^

parts,

^j^Wj^ temptation, experience,

O-^^^^
to try, tempt.

J\tX:xt\ A. equality, temperance.

157
:>U:xc\ A.
J-a^-^ A.

J
(^Ulil sprinkling, shedding.

belief, faith.

great; greater.
"

(jtXiuJl to sprinkle, shed.

jVc-l

a beginning.
o/^^^-Afr branches.

^^^J^\

to press.

f^Las] A. pi.

{;^\ throwing, /row

(^4MXs1 to throw.

(j^ji\

to

embrace.
oJj\' rivals, jea-

_j\^\ A. pi.
lousy.

^\jJ\

A. pi.
A.

of^(^

cups.

^^\tXiJ\
to cut.

their cups.

iJlL^\

j)j^\
^j-o
\

A. affirmation, confirmation, A.

lJz^X
i^\Li\
coffer.

the sun.

Akbar

(greater)

proper
.-r-r

or ^uliijf a bottle;

name.
'J^^ t)r ii\S]

intelligent, vigilant

^j:kLi\

to fall.

knowledge.

j^\
name.

exalting, yro/w 4:/ik\^\

^
jj\
1S\

if.

<!^a^\ though.
(j4^i:>l

C-jlwUil Afrasiyab, proper

^r
(^^y-S'^\

filling.

to

fill,

now.
full.

(jr\^j)S\

to inflame.

cnff
A.

the above. jjy^\ inflaming,/A"(7TO

/Ae article the,

^jt>o^\ to create.
^jjji\ creating,yrom
\j5\
//^^

A. but, except. A.

above.

oU:J\

esteem, respect.

or '^\^\ increasing, /rem

to increase.

A^\
(j;Ui-\

A. A.
A.

gentleness, lenity

(jj3j3\
(^^<j^\

musical notes.
the mind.

increasing.
alas
to
!

^jy^^\
L-fl3\ A.

(^y^\
^j^\-li\

a thousand.

speak

idly.

^^

sprinkled, stained j/rc)w

158
to stain, sprinkle. A.

^\
(^r that: time: now.

(j^^\

^^Jl

O God, heaven;

divine.

^Ul

those.
fill.

4xJ\ A. the

Arab, article prehand,

C>i.L)^ to
j^aCLj]

fixed
fcc.

to

oo

aid, strength,

A. desire, expectation.

Ur\
[annexed
to

there, in that place.

m\

to

words) my.
;

^\ A.
j\tx31

or A:f\ stars.

j^^Ucf

prepare

to be ready.

C/i^l4X^\ to throw, dart.

jUr

preparing.

throwing,yrc>m the above,

within.
little.

j^U)l A. security,
cerity.

mercy;

sin-

i^jji^\

t^5jo\
;

tX^r he came
(^4X^\
to

coming.

C:/i^t>o\

to gain,

gather

come, approach: the

^j^jJ\

to

besmear.

coming, approach.

j^tX>\ gathering, gaining.

(_,hi->t>j\

and going. (Xi^jtVof coming

thought, consideration.

JD^

to-d ay.
to-night.
to learn, teach.

^^Ji
iSiiof

thither.

L->^JL^\

that

which; he who.
at that time.

^iwj^l
jyc\

iSjX or ^ISI then,

C/i^lSo^ to think.

skilled, teaching.

ijrcsyr^\

to mix.

(jr^^Sj\ to excite, raise

4X-^^ hope. J\^(^s^\ hopeful.

ySS\ raismg,
j\y\
A.

exciting.

j'^\ a prince, noble.

&\ti
iyj\js>.^jyc\

Anwar

(splendour)

Amirkh'and shah, proper name.

l^\
those.
A. pi.

proper name.

jyoX

mixing, /rom (jr^s^f^S

J^^\

oj.j^

rivers.

(J\

159
his,

U
i/\

lSj\

orj\

or

he, she, it:

coming; come thou, from

her,

its.

^ijA.

herself. jl himself,

lS\ or

\j\

sign of the voc.

j\j\
f^\j\

a voice,
A.

sound

fame.

case,

pL of ^\

times.

aW

A.

times, days,/?/, of
to stand.
:

j^^j

j^J\ devouring, swallowing,

(^^l:i-*j\

Jrom
(jritXiJ\

(^Ulj\ they
to devour.

their.

3^ o^^
:

themselves.

\yLljl

them

to

them

jjX hnngm^Jrom
V)J\

^y^^\
him,
Xcc.

yy.
^j^\
iy\
lalj\

lS\
A.
this.

Sir

him, her,
A. pi.

it

to

the right hand.

(jU^

of (Jjj leaves.

ij^\

these.

^jy^j{

to bring.

here.
so, thus

Csij^\

throne:

a manufac-

C^<*j\
j--lj\

turing village.

hither.

^j\
actions.
f^j\ A.

A.

pi.

of

^j

affairs,

eilj\ behold.
<Ckjr a mirror.

first

the beginning.
the

L^j\ these.

(j^j\
cients.

A.

forefathers,

an-

C^\

nature.

L^
(j^^j\
jJjk\A.
to

hang.

skilful:

endowed with,

C-J

with;
with,

to, for.

possessed of: people.

possessed
a gate;

of:

since.

CL^t^
j^]

(Jjb\

wise.

LJ>\j A.

a chapter,

a fawn.

jb

Babar, a proper name.

b V
UKkXi
2)[i

160

to play.
;

jL^U
let
it

affectionate.

the wind, air

be.
;

^^\j more
^j-^\

pure.

u-o ^U zephyr;
the east or
i{2)\j

a gentle gale

J^\j innocent, unblemished.

morning wind.

^Ij beautiful, amiable.

wine.

^}^lj gentle, pure, lovely.

_J^ a load, baggage.

JV

a wing

an arm.

j^^U
Lfj\}

Persian.

"iU above,

upwards.

once.

(j^lj

to strain.

jV
jU

playing, play thou,

from

^^4Vl> in the

morning.

2(>^U
again, anew.
tX-oJlj

fifteen.

five

hundred.

UiJL>\y^\j with-hold,
i^jo^\j

keep back.

j*jiU

together.
it

player; playing.

4^J\J

is

necessary, /ro/?i

(^U
l.tjb

being, be thou, from ^j2>^

a basha, governor.
it

j^tNjlj

permanent,

yrom tJu

(>JL\j

may be

it

may

happen,

foot,

and

^b
to

//le

participle

of

from

^:>ji
to sprinkle, diffuse.

(jriti\^ to

have.

jjjt>s--^\j

iji^\>

be necessary.

?^

a garden. (j;Ui.^o a gardener.

C/u^U

to accept.

ijrs^ to

weave

to tinge.
;

^
7/ie

he took or bore up.

fear thou,yr<9m ^i^^j*^^

^b A.
nent.

the remainder

perma-

(jl^

t,V>*^>
fear, care.

he kissed,/r(?m ^j4Xj^
L_)

ob
C^U

^rj/

appears to be

rC'

pure, chaste, clean.

dundant.

^
^,
^

161
infant.

(/;/.

u^^^) an

full.

the

bosom: upon.
carry-

C^r^

for.

Oy upon thy bosom. ^

ing, ravishing, /rom
f^2ijj\j^

y^

A.

metre: the sea.

A.

^^X)

J;->2r^^

the Iambic measure. the Trochaic

to rest.
I

ij-^ot^^
sure.

A.

mea-

^2>jJ\j^
^j;4X^\^

should
ascend.

rest.

to

^y^jj^^

A. a

kind of verse, con-

^\j^
i>^\^

for,

because.

sisting of Iambics
i^j^j^,

and Spondees.

arises,

comes,

from

A.

dual ofy^^ the two

o
i^Vy
a harp, lute.
a ray, splendour.
to rise, arise.
to finish,

seas.

\y^^ Bokhara, name of a place.

j5^

CA^
>-i^

to boil.
I

CiriJ[s^

would giYQjfrom

(j^\:^
3^\Xj he
(jriJti\^
v

compose.

(jjo-Ls;:^ to give.

j\Xj composing, completing.

finishes, performs.

oo bad.
^j^
4>->

j*t>o
6>r

bad of me.

to

for these.

to raise, exalt

^j\i^

know

thou.

::.>..^.

\tX) I

ij^
jJ^y

to bear, carry, lead.

might have known, yro/7i

c/w>b

they carry

off.

^jo give thou, /row ^j^b

tiojo conspicuously, publicly.
j^tVo^ i^i^^ to

^^
(j*^j:>

a veil, tapestry.
a chamberlain, porter.

iSj\^^^jj

become conspi-

ask thou, asking.

it

cuous.

Jw^y

arrives.
i?r

jjou accepting, yrom

(:/i^L\j to accept.

j-^

above, on the top

to ask.

bead.

j^<X>-wj

162

J^
jj^liu**^

^\

Si^,^f^jj

we have

asked.

garden

(jtw-J a

CU3y
L^jj

he went away.
a leaf;

breast.

power; arms;

C^w)

to bind, shut.

ornament; a musical instrument.

^3^
ijrlL^

to

fill.

_j^ a boy, child. ^LJ much, many.

(^JJoiLi
^;..\Ct^>
it

to return, recede. to

blossomed.

iifu*^.L')jJ

ascend, mount.

let

us break.
sight: prudence.
;

AjU^

a butterfly, moth.

OfeM^
(JliaJ

A.

jjjj a protector,

nourishcr;

A. A.

lazy

a miscreant.

educating; educate thou.

(Jkj

vain, fruitless.

ij^jj^

to educate, nourish.

iXsu after, ^jl j\ 4^*J afterwards.

U^jj^
ment.

education.

Nourish-

Ucvij
tive^

second person imperaf^2>y0j3

to

from
8cc.

com-

(^ J

without, out

of.

mand,

Jbjj together.

0>-y-^\^

is

to

my

desire.

Cj^rf^j^

to

beware, abstain.

Oo^US he

shall dig, from

u^^

j^:^
Lfjj

abstinence, chastity.

J\oSj leave thou.

an angel,

fairy.

^
Jj

say thou, yrom

it

(j^
from

j^Ulj^ ruinous,
scattered.

disordered,

^oSj

shall

pass,

below. jjj^ under,

but.
A. A.

j^X<Jj

to wither,

decay.

misfortune; without,
a country, region.

jjjLw-> they will give up,yrom

i^

(JJj a nightingale.

y
ii^
but.
a tiger. yes.
it

163

(J.

(jt>s--ij^

to hide, cover, conceal.

Ctxij

an owl.

^^

to the

owl

(^

A.

f^ji fragrance, smell.

^j^^

shall

perishj/r^m ij^j^

Ji^Liy
the rose. <U good
:

rose-scented. Scent of

ij^J^

therefore.

Jll^ mourn thou, from ^;tOU

,tf^ five.
^jslj

in, into.

To.

^fUlJ
fifth.

fifty.

j^
;

the spring.

the

j^\::s--j^Lj

the mansion of the

JCj binding, compiling

thou.
iM*j

bind

spring.

CUsSt^ cheerfulness.

advice, counsel.

j^
all,

because,

for,

on account of:

(j/UiltMj to suppose, think.

every one: fortune; pre-ex-

^tMJ can hind, from (jri^

jSJik
,tsi:*)

cellence.

a garden of violets.
:

m\j^

Baharam

(the planet

Mars)

J>j-^1J

showed, /rom ^j3^*

the

proper name.
ci^uj the breast, side:
near:

c_j

prefixed seems to be redun-

dant.

the ancient Persian language.

to be.

(^3^

L^jJ^^ they were, from

2^3^ a
(^^>^2?:^

^jJ>^

together, one with another.

without.

little

branch.

Lj come ihou, from ^(X^\

^J^\iJ a desart
:

an excuse.
a kiss.

uncultivated.

(jio^

^Ijj

shall find.

^j\:l*^
Jo-**5y

a garden.

Jlj
from
i^f^^rt^j^

bring thou, from (^^j\

he kissed,

j_^Lj A. white; brightnessY 2

LT^

164
I

<0L) a cup.
II

4_>2lj

before;

the front.

oL-j

fearless.

^l :'._..) innumerable.

jj^woLj faithless, merciless.

j^y^
<ulx-J
*5Cj

inconstant

afflicted.

(^jyc\^ thou shalt learn, jfrom

new.

(^%f^

novelty.

the face, form.

C-^A.
jj-^\i-j

house; a distich.

^J-o
j-J

an elephant.
fear,

inconsiderate.

danger.

u^^-JjV:J irregular.
ijJLas?:^

iJ\L^-J unequalled.

without assistance,

^J^J^
J
^>

to measure.

ir^
J'

a root, origin.

4J1J seeing.
1

Xsyt^ without a thorn.

may

see,

^o//i

/ro/n

Ignorant.

(jyGs^
ijPcsyfi

to sift.

L::,.-^

or

Lu\ ^^

endless.

to take captive.
false, faithless.
:

^^^

helpless, unfortunate.
to join, touch.

c:^fl,,.g.s?^

ij^^j^

^tX-j

openly

a discovery.

<ij^
ing.

touching, joining, reach-

jJtXJ heartless, disconsolate.

r^ old; an old man.

O
o\
thy.

L-j adorning, collecting.

Cru-Uij
^jtij

or

O (annexed
flame
; ;

to

words)

to deck.

without, out of doors.

sifting, /row

until, that, in

order

to.

y^

shedding,

lJ6

heat,
;

splendour
;

strength
<' ^,^^^

desire

a fever

con-

twenty.

torsion.

y
j^tX-jljU to

165
thee

0>
\y
;

cause to shine.
turn, ^c. from

to thee.

^U

may

iUUJ harmony, modulation.

jjtXjU

to turn, twist; to shine,

;

C^^P

A.

a tomb.

make warm

to

be able.

u-^-jy A. order, regularity.

ol:-^U bright, shining.

4:^ii.\j to twist
;

(^y
wager.
a wire;

thou fearest,yrom.
to fear.
fear.

hasten

(^<X---jJ

J^

obscurity; a hair;
;

c/tX-w^ thou mayst

a thread

the summit.

j-iy^
anguish.

A.

pointing;

shame,
'

_^15

spoil, prey, ruin.

l^u obscurity, darkness.

op*
woman;

A.

a beautiful

man

or

f^J^

A.

a history, chronicle.

Turk;

leaving; relin-

C^^U

dark.

_y^J^

darker.

quishing.
,^^-o-oJ correcting
;

^ju fresh, new, young.

arranging.
in-

J^jU more
CJ-CsV!)

fresh, 8cc.

L Q ./,** A ) A.

composition,

to inflame, burn.

vention.

I^J^U A. consideration, speculation.

^^30 A. or nipotent God.

<0!\

^^

'Oil

om-

LJ

let

alone, leave, relinquish.

jj-^ajo

A.

haste.

^^
gant.

A.

a present

rare,

ele-

^jJxJ

A.

hanging, dependent^

the most elegant kind of Persian

A.

J^jJ

prudence,

advice

hand-writing.

government*,
.

regulation.

iJilijA. negligence: contempt.

^<jJ

A.

a record, obligation.

j^yo

A.

relaxation,

walking;

Ji

moist, fresh^

contemplation.

J
^^U
bitter
;

166

y.

severely.

U*^

k. precious:

the eighth.

A^^oJJ bitter in the

mouth.
a

Li^Uj diversion
seeing.

spectacle,

W
full,

a place.

aI*J a.
tion,

perfect;

comple-

j3U- aninchanter;

inchanting.

end: completely.
a wish; supplication.

^W
^J^j

remedy.
fissure, a

llL*i A.

(^U.. a

breach

the body, person.

solitary.

L^U.

to tear.

LlJ alone, only;

aU- a cup,

glass

mirror.

jJ thou

thy.
[pi.

^y^y

thyself

<UoW

a mantle, robe;
a collection.

bed.

^\yk.
f^y
Xiy
it is

of^Jo)

histories.

^l>^Uwoman.

possible,/rom4:>U-3\y
;

the

soul;

beautiful

A.

repentance conversion.
to collect
;

ij'c^y

to

pay

debts.

(^UW
c/V^

souls, friends: lovers

CU-lui A. congratulation.

uV

delighting the soul.

life,

^3
poor.

wretched, empty, naked,

j^W
tXs. A.

having

an animal.

(j^n-^ A.
*.

the forehead.

j'3 an arrow

the river Tigris.

study, endeavour.

JO

sharp; violent, passionate.

a sword.

\y^ wherefore, why?

CUa..L^
[pi.

^
^y
J> U "if

oU.U^) a wound.

^y^
A.

fortune; the world, globe.

i^j^y^ Circassia.
moisture.

<iL^j^ A. a crime.

A. the constellation Plei'des.

V^

unless. ory>- except,

167
i;Ju*^ to leap;
amine.
to

4)^

seek, ex-

^vl*^ in

like

manner.

iSL^ll^ in the same way.

A^L^ an eye.
<^4..1^
ivjtX^

5^u^
CC*A.
cV .
A.

in this

manner, thus.

a fountain.
to taste, try.

or <iC^ paradise.

^ how many?

^Ujs

..m>^

have

tasted.

J^ 4X^ how often ?

(^
V'.,.
,'
,,

tXx^

A.

a curling lock.

'^

fairy land.

<ulxA. a kind of musical instru-

C>1> ;^

>

a harp, lute.
[or

ment, a lyre, a
^^^x-

lute.

^^
liver-

when

LK^)

like, as.

the

liver,

j^^^^^

_^

seek ihou^ from cru-.^-

piercing.

^-i]^ an answer.
thou do?
c^
//ze

(^y^^ what dost

comp. of-,
(for

uly?" young ; a young man.

i^) what,

<^\y^ youth.

second person pres. of ^'^y

^\js>^

A.

[pi

of ^yi*-) jewels,

^y^

how? what?

i:^^ how? when.

^t>j\ J^U- Jalaluddin (theglory

of religion) proper name.

<5^j^ when

that.

(jij^ Jawini, name of an

author.

t>W

A.

volume:

a skin.

Jl^^

A.

beauty, elegance.
Jamshed,/?rc/?^/' ame.

^^y^
<3ci..

thou mayst seek, from

tX,.,n-i,^

j-^
troops.

A. collection,

assembly,

what, which.
leaping, /r<?m
four.

^ijs.-

c^w&-

{^y^

garden, meadow.

ju-^

^J}1^ a verdant plain, meadow.

^^L^

fourteen.

168

(Xo^,L^ iour hundred.

A.

miprisonment.
(/;/.

^iW

the fourth. the world.

^^Jci.
dens.

A.

of

i!Ju<^.js^)

gar-

^l^

Ll5oL&. corrtjuerorofthe world.

the World, j\ jJLs*. possessing

Oojca^

A.

news; an accident.

jb^^

A.

Caution.
A.

tX,^

A.

dihgence, solicitude.

C-o^
^;^

motion: a vowel.
envy, malevolence.

iS{^
,

forty.
c">i
's

A.

-^ what?

what

is

it?

>^ A. beauty, elegance.

4X*^ he gathered,/rom ^j^X*^

C-^-^-law A. followers, troops.

i^jss^
seek?

what dost thou

^Ja. A. true; truth, reason.

C-^^-JL^ A. sincerity: truly.

^y-ri^ <i^ wha(dost thou say?

j*^

A.

a decree;
A.

wisdom.

Cn^
^:...>x

China: a
I

ringlet.

CU.^^
j;-5^

science; a miracle.

may gather,yrc/m (j<X^

A.

wise: a doctor, learned

man, philosopher, physician.

i^^
O.&^l^A. necessity: poverty.

A.
A.

lawful.
a bath.

^X^^

jJjoW

a. arriving; completion;
:

cX.^ A. praise.

harvest, produce

profit.

C^:>\j^

A.

(pi.

of Ll^^W)

acci-

iaiW

A. Hfifiz (a

man

of great

dents, news.
iiS\js^

memory) nanu of a poet.

f^.s>^
thin,c;
;

A. assistance,

support: a

A.

condition, state*,

fortress;

eminence, mountain.
A.
(/?/.

time present.

0ff\j^

of

CL-^^)

neces-

^.^-v^A. motion, action; state.

saries, necessities: things.

1^
oLa.
bule.
{3n^i-

a. life;

a portico, vesti-

\j^ God.
OOj^tXL a prince, lord, patron.

A. {pi.
A.

(?/21^) frauds.
an animal.

jOj\

j^ O God O
!

heaven

(J\j^f^

Jiving, life;

<ul^ 4^Jj\4XL

the

only

Lord

God.

j^i^
j\^
a thorn.

friend of

God, proper

name.
^^UoLa^ stately, pompous.

j^XL.

anguish, resentment.
to rise.

cA^^
j^lk
_Jo\^
A.

O^
3*^

A.

murmured: kWfrom

A. pure, excellent; noble.

mind, heart, disposition.

intellect:

small.

(j}j\L.

Khakani, name of a poet.

earth, dust.

^.5^ minute,
4^1-^^

subtile; minutiae.
AtSC*-^^*^^
I

C^Uw

contented.

JIL

a.

mole on the face.

am

contented. (/jCwjp^ content.

Jj3U^ A. the Creator.

A^
;

charming, "pleasant.
a cock or hen.
:

^\L. a lord, grandee

an

inn.

U^.^
tack.

IjLL

{pi.

^'<uIL) houses.

(_^jd- rage, emotion

an

at-

j^A- A. history; news; fame.

^yy^

relate thou, from

to inform, relate.

4^j^ buying; he
fj\j^
the autumn.

bought.

^:i\^j^

ij\^ Khotan, Tartary.

i\jvk A.

jj^-*^ Khosru, Cyrus.

w*aa^ A.

ashamed,

blushing;

Kh'vhr, proper name.

envy.

kuk

A. a
A.

mustacho

a line, rule.

C-aLs^ A. a blush, shame.

Ik^

a crime, error.

J^
^laAk

70
(Ji^j^ sweet;
\jLjL,

b
happy.
to

palpitation of the heart.

A.

CU^^
j^^p^lk

the best part of any

joy be

thing, the substance, cream.

A.

LfjjJtijL,

sweet-scented.

sincerity, purity.

Lfj^jk. sweet-tempered.
^^js>^

^j^iMk smiling, pleasant.

blood,

j^j^

blood'

t_>\^ sleep; a dream.

:>^\

dropping.

LJ>\^ drowned
the place

in sleep.

4jyL

disposition, temper.
to

Wl-)\^
bed.

of rest; a

(^t>o^

chew

the cud.

Jul
a spectre
to

imagination, phantasy;
:

\J\j^ eating, devouring.

vain, fruitless.

(jLJ\j^
ij\j^

be willing; to want.

JjjL rising,/rcw cj^^\s^ or

a reader, singer, singing:

^JJJ^L

to rise, spring up.

viands, victuals; a table.

^j4io^A>

LfoJj\^ thou hast

risen.

to read, sing-

i\jk.

ask, call,

wish

for.

cj^\^ you will,yrow

L_j>^
pleasant,
fair,

C-^)^
gentle,

-b
2>\^

darkness, night.

equity;

gift;

lamenta-

good.

tion.

J^j^ more
^jfSfjjL,

beautiful,

See.

(j^b

to give.

most beautiful.

j\^ having, /row

t^\^
house
;

fair-faced. iSjj L^j^

jb
self;
his.

A.

a family

town.

^^

or (J^^ji^ one's
to eat,

\j\^

Dara, Darius.
I

^..^^
iX-^j^i^

devour.

Ajb

have, enjoy, possess.

the sun.

4>o,b they have or hold.

71

ib he had.

0-bj)j^ to carry

in.

CA^b
p\3 a

to

have, hold.
scar,

U^^)j^
provoke.

to

suspend

contend

wound,

mark.

J3

a net, snare, trap.

CUk,^
lierii^

a tree, a plant.

^^b
skirt,

a fold, lappet, or

iJ^^\JLJ^ to require, demand.

border of a garment.
a vessel; sheath.

^^
dregs.

wound,

pain, torment;

j^b knowing:

Ub

a wise or learned

man.

C^^^
3jj

right, complete.

<!^jljUb

prudently^ wisely.
I

hard. CU.j^3 harsh,

knew.

5^.i was betrothed.

(j^u^\^ to know.

r-']'

C.^5o,3 delay.

^_yjb learning.
<M.i,.:LSb

^S^J^ he beholds, /rom

;

learned

a doctor.

(jrL*)SJj:^

to view, behold.

Lf<X>

^J:..!)\:i

learning, literature.

;^j^
trails.

within:

the

heart;

in-

tNLJb they know, from c/u**jb

^b
cannon

snare, allurement
ball.

a grain

l,^
\j^^

the Persian language.

the sea.
to

;jb thou knowest,

dost thou

4:^\j^.5

understand.
alas
!

know?
administrac/,jbA. dominion,
tion of justice.

Iijj3

(?r

^^

C-wj3 the hand.

^^^^:>
j^5.^

an enemy.
;

j^

in,

above; around: agate.

A. pearls.

a register, journal
A.

index.
subtile,

J^

{pi. ofij:^)

CuLii
small
;

minute
;

^j(^^\j^

to enter.

a subtilty

a minute.

z2,

j^j^

depart from, leave.

it

ju*.^.> a hriend

harmony, comp,

C^t-<*\5^3

passes away.

of m:> breath,
to do,

'dudj^from

c^Lj

^^

again: another,

make.
two.
A.

jj^ the heart.

j^
dehghtful,

ji^^

ravishing,

^^^-^^j^

species

of large
for

comp. of 1^^ and

Lifj^^^
to exalt,

'^J\ participle

of

trees;

an orchard:

rattles

suspend.

children.

j^^
of 1^^

agreeable, salutary, camp,

j^^

A.

a circle, orbit, revolu-

andj^

[for '^j^) part, of tion:

rolling.

^j3

p.

far

ofF,

iif.^-^^ to desire, ask, seek.

distant.

J\(^^ as mistress
ing,

heart-ravish-

'^jj^ distance, absence.

comp. of jj3 andj\^particip.

to

j3 sewing,

piercing.

of uPJl\^
j*-J.>

have, hold.

^^^ for
CU*^^
Jc^yi
(Xw?^^
to

^^\j3 twelve.

heart-wounding, comp.

a friend, mistress.
dearer,

of f^^ and jy^ part, of (jr^j^

burn.

more

friendly.

two hundred.

u-^*i33 heart-deceiving, comp. of

C-Jj^6>r<0j3A. felicity; riches;

a

jj3

and t--^ part of urJu^

to

kingdom,

state.

deceive.

^.5 the second.

a^ a village; a giver: ten.

^jl503 heart-conquering, comp.

of J^ and

f^JiS

from

^j^tX-Jii^

to

j^\ fortune, fate, time,

i^j^^
ii

world.

open, conquer,

8cc.

gift, liberality.

time: breath: pleasure.

CUJLA3
^j\ijfe.i

fear,

astonishment.

9U)^ the brain, the palate.

a villager.

'70

^
C^i\j A. compassion, favour.

j\y^ ^i

icn thousand.
first

iS^ winter,

winter month,

^(^\j

to drive, banish.

December; yesterday.
J^:i
[pi.

Aj

way, path.
to rob, steal, infest the

ofj\^) friends, famihes,

:

^yj Aj
highway.
^^^\j
A. A.

habitations

a country.

Oo3 he

s?iWi

from

fragrant; fragrance.
a verse of four lines, a
letters.

j^tNj^ to see.
j\i>^^ sight.

^V;

word of four

j^o

yesterday.

Pj^
again.

A.

returning.
;

S^^ another.

\^S^^

'^j

a cheek, face

a groan

the

collection of an author*s i^j^^ a

sound of a musical instrument.

yu^^A^ a cheek.
<5jLj^

works, chiefly .poetical

a royal

court, tribunal of justice.

officer

A great

A.

an embassy; a man-

of government so called.

date.

^txJLj^
(jrLij

to cause to arrive.

to

grow;

to

be delivered.

jb
with.

A.

possessed

of,

endowed

wj

A.

manner, law, regulation.

(X^
A. majestic.

arrives, /row
to arrive.

J\Wj'3

^jtN-^
<x::-^

L^b
C^^^U
j\j

gold.

a line, thread.
A.

<X^
A. tranquillity.

Rashid

(a

conductor)

proper name.

a secret, mystery.
a declivity, foot of a
hill.

t^
^\:ii^

A.

tender, delicate, lovely.

9^

motion.

174

^j
ijr^^

went, /row

J^j^j
motion.

fortune, world, time,

air,

an

logo: departure,
to

age; wind,

vanity.

j^<X-^
J>j
A.
:

dance

<ii-^vj^lSjjjj

a journal.

colouring, painting, emwriting; a letter, cha-

CJ^jij
(j-Sjjjj

one day; fortune.

splendid, evident.

broidery

racter; arithmetic.
^Ul:-^,

J^^^j more
name oj a

splendid.

Rokncibad,

(S^JJ

^igJit*

splendour.

place,

C^^jj
A. A.
[pi.

a garden.

jytj

ofyoj) enigmas.
;

^j.^j

A.

beauty, elegance.

f^^

he threw

throwing.

^jj
fSjj

or

jj

face, top, surface.

^j
person.

sorrow, pain.

thou dost go^ from (jnij

tVj a wanton, dissolute, drunken

f^^j thou dost grow from (Juij

ij

a road,

way.

CiGj colour
C^iojlS,
rious.

paint.

4jl:^
va-

A. herbs [in general) pro-

many-coloured,

perly sweet basil.

C/Ls^

to pour.

i:J^j coloured.
\^A. right, competent, worthy.

jjj pouring, dropping.

(jru^

to buzz.

^jj
\j3\

A.

the soul, Hfe, spirit.

,

^j

spirit-raising,

from

L5"1?J Riidaki, jprc>/7r

name.

j^^Vj to

be born
*.

to bring forth.

j\j
c)jj^)jjj increasing daily.

complaint

a bed, a place.

U^\)

^^ complain.

175
rJ

U
^j
striking,

^\j dew;
hail.

frost,

hoar

frost,

disturbing,

Jrom

f^y^ to strike.
(:J\(^j

A woman.

(jVj the tongue; hmguage.

^tX^
A.

prison.
life.

the most excellent of

flour,

(JlioJ)

any thing, the

cream.

Jl^j

A.

decay, misery.

^j
aJ^

above, high, superiour.

a

^j poison, venom.
i^^ybj poisonous.

wound, blow,

stroke.

\y^ dispelling.

y^ Venus;
^jlj)

courage;

gall.

^y^

to strike, hurt, impel.

to polish.

loss,

damage.

i^^jy^

L-^j)
\>jj

an ornament; beauty.
beautiful.

jj
^j

gold.
pale, yellow.

j^\^j more beautiful.

OyJ) agrees, from
(jjtS-^
*j)

S^j

a goldsmith.

j^jj

ornamented with gold.

golden.
to live.

to

quadrate, agree with.

^j
ijrUij

under, below.
because,
for.

\jSj

^j
\^j

from

whom ?

lJl))

a lock of hair.

Zulaykha, Potiphars wife.

A. the

Lj

like,

resembling.
a shore, coast, bank.

^Wj

world;

fortune;

A^Lj

a.

time, season.

(:/ikLj to prepare, make.

j^^yoj emerald-coloured. made of emeralds. (jj^^ycj

JU

full

of

jL; preparing.

uyaj ground,

earth.

yj^ he makes, both Jrom (^/ikL;

176

j^

a^J^

a composer, performer.

iiSL

177
the

J^
JL*Li
A.

-^^
sun.

A. a

lamp, lantern;

pure water: a chain.

<U.-*iw A. a chain, series, lineage. to end.

jJ\j^ from beginning

jUiL-j
^^^\yJ^
confine.
lofty, tall;

^WLj

A.

Salmiin,/7r^/?er

name.

glorious.

jJl^ a. Sallm (perfect, unble-

to

banish to a place, to mished) proper name.

iS(yi3j.^^
a native of Samar-

C/uts^

to mix,

compose.

kand.
^j-^-j

C^oi^
dent
:

an occurrence, accisong, warbling.

astonished,

jessamine.

tal&,

_jC^^^ jessamine-bosomed.
jj-*i^
a hyacinth.

<JCJLij-j

wanton;

confused; a vagabond.
jj**i

^u-yJulM*j a garden of hyacinths

a horn.

a cypress-tree
A.

C^v m.

a stone.

jfjj^

joy: a prince, chief.

mixing.) from

CJiXbW stony.
:>\^ A. blackness
;

(^jii-^j^

(jiti^

melancholy.

\j^ convenient, proper.

Lf\j^
it is

C:,ruL^ to burn, inflame.

proper.

f^^j^
from
^J2iJ^
l,j--j

would touch, rub,

OCm#j^\xw of a good disposition:

happy, august.
L^jjt-j

to stroke, rub, touch.

S^tdl^nameofapoet.
an endeavour, diligence
thou piercest./row

a beautiful kind of red

^jt^
4

A.

rose.

^_plfi-j

jy^

in^'dming, from

(j^j^

ij^Jui to pierce, bore.

4X^jj-j

an oath.
a place, part>

Alexander, j4XiC-j Sakandar,

i^^Ld A. quiet, resignation.

ti^-j towards;
side.

A a

178
A-j three.

^
(jU
(for

J^\)
comb.

they; their.

l^

Soha,
tall,

name of a
erect.

star,

^;0Jl2 to

i^^
^J^^

j(>pij sixteen.

the star Ccinopus;

name
'

ilij

a king, emperor.

of a Persian author,

(^^jJi^Ui royal, princely,

f^'

thirty.
<L<j

u^w
black.

night.
a.

^Uj or

cjLw?
(Jlj

youth.

^L-j

blackness.
full of"

one night.
haste.

f-r^y^ bathed,
^^Vu-j thirteen.
t.

water.

lJcJ^

^j^li^
crii>\::JL

or

^i,\l-i;

make

haste.

\ ^g>,..M-> three hundred.

silver,

to

make

haste.

j-wj

_Jiti (pi.

^\f^

or\ibjiti) a

camel.

l^-wj the face, colour.

C,n.#->-;

y^
5?cH

A. a tree.
A. strength, force, agility.

silvered.

<!C--j

the bosom, breast. the third.

Owj he was: goings from

^j(^Jii

to be, 8cc.

>

L->L.t>

wine.
bashful.

-i

lA
^L^iOj-ij

4^\ or
his,

(^

{annexed

to ivords)

l,L^io^ bashfulness.
C^w-ij to wash.
(^^L^ six.

her: to him, to her.

a branch, twig, horn.

^lij

C
[pi.

^>wiM>

sixty.

^]U:iliJ
*\-i-

mirth.

^lyt^

A.

of js\Li)

poets,

the evening.
in the evening.

learned men, doctors.

dx-l> A. light,

^f^X^lij

flame, splendour.

r
JCti
a hunter.

179

L5^

^"^j,^

to

number, enumerate.
;

L^Cti breaking, from

eriJ'i^ to cleave, tear, break.

{^j**^ A. the sun

n-l-^ij

gold.

a scymitar.

C-o^

A.

a complaint,

^yiwj sugar.
j^,|^^^5Cij eating sugar.

^4^ <W^

A.
A.

a candle,

wax

taper.

odour: nature, custom;

an atom.
(j/iklluij
(j.u\lwj

(^3^5w

to hunt, take, seize.

to

understand.

^ --^^ U

chest of sugar.

knowing,/rcm the above,

(J^kJ:^ or (j3jl-j to hear.

t--J^;X^ sugar-lipped.
a1
a'^yjLi
I

have heard.

C/uXij
^JC-^Xt?

to break, defeat.

oJcX-l^ they heard,

jrom

Shakastah (broken) the

current Persian
(j^JiSiti

hand-w riling;

.4-^ jovial, gay, wanton, bold^

insolent.

to

blossom

to admire-

t\lX^ they blossom,

above.
i^yJ:^
a flower.
patient.

from

the

4>^

A. A.

honey, honey-comb.
a city;
the

^^
patience, toleration.

moon;

a knave.

U-X^

\tXw insane; enamoured.

jJ:^ a lion
^JsyJ^
;

^LjCtj

also a tiger.

U^
selves,
jli-ts

you, your. I>p- U-^ your

the top
S\\iY2iZ^

band of a book.

^j\y^
number; numerous.
you;
to you.

name oj a place.

^J^L^^ijxLi

the habitation of lions.

j^lvij ye,

^^Uo;^.^ a lioness.

^^U^

A.

odour, fragrance.

JjUj
A

a lion.

^
^^^l}^

180
L-ft-o

>
a rank, file; order. \suc A. purity, pleasure.
\>^*o A.

Shiieen (sweet, gentle)

proper name.
JtuivJii
of gentle manners.

a calamity.

C^yc

A.

voice, sound, noise.

^^jy^
.Ld a. a lord, master, possessor, friend;

A. fancy,

image, form

a spectre.

endowed

with.

^2>^ Cjijya

to feign.
;

JL^ u-'A^l-o
J3
U-o
A. the

beautiful.

\^
fasting

A.

fasting

the season of

Lj^^awL? honest-hearted.

among

the

Mahomedans;

zephyr; youth.
A.

metaphorically the spring.

tX-yw A.

.^TT*^

or

^Vwo

morning,

hunting; prey,
to take prisoner,

aurora.
A^^r?*"^
in the
*

^J^^ i^.^
morning.
^ one morning.

^(Xv/

j^

A. patience.
A.

J^f^
L*o
society.

A.

mind, conscience

^_j-u^

a boy.

A. light, splendour.

CU^^
^u-2^
tXo

company,
A.

leaf,

book, pa^e.
LJtJo
A. joy, mirth, festivity.

a hundred.

jitX-tf

Sad-dar

(a

hundred

gates)

b^^jk^Ja

the house of mirth.

name of a
J\jib

Persian book,

ui^
part.

A.

a border, margin,

tx-o a

hundred thousand.
to

^^xTlJ-o
LJu?
A.

expend, employ.

A. A.

a lock of hair.

difficult, severe.

^Jj^

custom, way, manner.

181
A.

{jLs.

^_^-i!b
^|jil?

thouaskest,/rom (jtX-Ji^
A. rising,

f^

universal;

plebeian,

as the sun,

public.

j-l?

A. A.

desire, avarice.
a circuit, walk.

i^y^^

A.

tabbasi,

name of a

4-j^jL

dynasty of Arabian khallfs.

^lxj^U. a place of worship.

^jL>

a parrot.

(^Uji? the deluge.

A storm.
folding.

Ofu:
ample.
(--^af"

A.

wonder, mystery, ex-

^
j^

A.

a fold, ply:

A. a bird.

A.

wonder, admira-

tion.

cJW
^jsiio

A. justice.

A. victory.

jOo: A. an enemy.

C'l.Jds A. darkness.

J[b^

A.

a cheek, face temples.

cjj^
Sl
^^>j^

A. a wild
A.

Arab.

an Arabian inhabiting

Oils
^j^lc
accident
;

A.
A.

custom, usage.
a cheek; a tooth; an

a city.

<5yo^ A. a

field, court,
:

area; an

heavy cloud.

empty space
U^jfj^
jSjS.
rable. A.

a dice-table.

lover. ^3^Vii A. a

A. poetry,

prosody.

CAft-^^i A.

two

lovers.

magnificent, incompa-

4)u5U A. the end, issue, event,

success; finally.

Oj-i^

A. mirth,

conversation

Jlc

A. the

world, time; learned.

enlightener or in-

the pleasures of the table.

^jy^

/*5^

^3-^

A.

love.

flamer of the world.

L^b

^j-t-&

fondness.

182

^.^*^S

'

A.

chastity, integrity;

(jA-^ A. mirth, delight;

CAcA.

life.

defence, safeguard.

a fountain

an eye,

yos-

A.

perfume, ottar of roses.

look;

goU; essence:

paradise.

\^ysj:'
<05\

perfumed, fragrant.
A.

^lic

God

preserve.

t
L^licealed.
A.

oJl^ a.

a string of pearls: a

absent, invisible, con-

knot

treaty.

(Ja^^

a. prudence,
;

memory,

art,

j^J-

A.

dust; a thick vapour.

knowledge

a narrative.

Cj-J^i A. a stranger, foreigner;

extraordinary.

C^o^ A.
Ulx- A.

punishment, torment.

poor man.

Jlc a. knowledge, science, art.

JVji' A. a fawn.
fjfj^

(pl.o/j^) learned men.

life,

A.

an ode.

^^

A.
A.

j^j^

my

life.

oUj^ A. {pi. ofthe above) odes.

<iucti'

J-^i

action,

operation.

A.

vexation.

Anger.

^t-i^ A. amber, ambergris.

A^ A.
j^
A.

a boy, servant, slave.

L--^4M^
Oj-N^l^

A. A.

a ni^htins^ale.
a spider.

care, grief, terror.

i^j'S^ sorrowful.

L^\j^
<X-c A.

A.

(///.

o/u-^-x) vices.
time;

L^L^
iiA^
i^^j^

afflicted.

age,

compact,

a rose-bud.

bud.

promise.

to sleep, slumber.

j\^

A. a touchstone, proof.

L--^-x A.
^^-.t A.

a vice, crime, stain.

a
festival,

solemnity;

C^-iols A.

overffowedj/rcm ^^^^^-j

Jls

A.

an omen, presage.

183
fcli

coloured.
a tumult, faction, dis-

^J^y
from
lPj)^
orna-

(/^/'

'4jjj^^) inflamed,

<U:X3 A.

cn^-jjil
lie

cord, mischief, scandal.

sells,

both

from

^pJ
ment.
ItXi

A.

glorious;

glory,

^jj3

A.

splendour.
to

A ransom, redemption.
A.

i^i>j[ytjj3

be dejected.

^j^

absence, separation.

(^ji

or L--^^ deceit,

from

^jtyo\j3 ohliwion, from

f^(XJtiyo\j3
^ji
A. to

forget.

j^oo^ Farldun, name of a king

ijnJUj^
f^':>j^5

happy.

to deceive.
to freeze, congeal.

\^ to-morrow. (^j^ Fardosi

paradise)

(belonging to

^jLli scattering,// (>m ^^j^^U^

j^3^-.li

name of a poet*
to send.

to press, squeeze.
A. eloquence,

^^y^^^
^c^-ii^
fairy.

CU^uof
messenger;

melody.
:

an

angel,

^Ui
iS
A.

sorrow, complaint

alas

consideration, care.

CU3^
sect.

A.

absence; a troop; a

Uo^aj

ii

consider;

\^Jo

is

the imperative
to

of ^i^yt^
thou,

^
from

C-^^^

command.

f^^
from
sold,

throwing, throw

below: dejected.
selling;

C^-^j^

he

^jdcSi to throw, throw away,

lay aside.

(J^^

to sell;
to

c53i

A.

heaven;

the

world;

(j4>wio\ 2)jj3

descend.

fourtune.

184

e^
SjtLi A.

fj

A. in, into.

a fragment

segment,

f^jo^ A.
fused.

abundance.*

he

dif-

part.
(^jJi^

a cage.
[pi,

^J-i

an

elepliant.

2jl5 A.

oUx)i)

a castle.

J3

A.

a pen.

jS^ a writer, an engraver*

<Jl5 Kaf, the name ofafabulous
Lj>Jij [pi.

ofL^)
moon.

hearts.

mountain,

y^
a form, figure, shape,

A.

the

jJ

A.

U^jr^
(Jy
A.

like the

moon.

stature.
--(>i A.

a word, speech, elo-

a cup, goblet.
fate,

quence.

j(^

A.

predestination;

y^
sion;

A. violence,

force, oppres-

quantity; value; dignity, power.

power;

chastisement;

^y

A. constancy, consistency,

anger.
(j.wLi A.

confirmation; quiet.
^jjyj
to.

measure;

reasoning,

A.

contiguous, related

thought,
syllogism.

advice,

argument;

OoLoJJ
elegies.
%-tf3 A.

(pi.

of

^Js--^)

poems,

j^Li

A. station, standing; resur;

rection

confusion, tumult.
A.

a palace.

j*oJs

Cesar, an emperor.

^usJ A. a tale; an action.

bi^^^f^ A. an elegy, poem.

Uji

A.

fate,

death, judgment;

(^

A.

as, like,

in the

same

jurisdiction.

manner.

^
(^jr^^

185

^
^\yo^
desire;
the obtaining

A. Katlbi (a writer, secre-

tdxy) proper name.

one's wish.

^ItioJ^ A

like

my eyes,

comp.

^\f a place.

H^

a ^traw

les.

ofLD like, (j\o^A.\ eyes, and Lf the sening.

inseparable

-r];^

pronoun my.

j<^ A. pride, magnificence.

(j^l^ to caress.

^jS
;

a.

dove.
book,
letter, writing.

X
.

business, object

maker.

^-^\::o

A. a

ula^i^
;

a work-shop, place of
the world.

If^

where? whither? how?

business
J)[)J^

C/t^^4^^ to melt, dispel.

a battle, contest.

j\cs^ melting, from the above.

labours,

j^^
to bear.

expert

one

who

\(^ who ?

C^vio\jo

who

is

adjusts, penetrates, brings a thing

Effective.

there?
(jflti\b^ to leave, neglect.
(^txJ>\^<*xS^

Workmen.

^J(X^\SJK to penetrate, labour^

Sec.

to pass through.
:

iJi^cS
a caravan.
to lessen.

to pass

to leave.

ii^JJ^

j^
\p
rent.

if:

a performer, maker.
;

(j^^^

whom

to

whom ?

hire,

(jt^ would!

i6[tX a house,
chamber.

hall,

gallery,

^4\yjUr
strutting.

sporting,

skipping,

(j^^
^Ji
1^

to dig.

<!us.^

though.

a curling lock.

^
cipice.
-

business, labour: he

made.

<xJ^

the

body

a form, model.

f^y^S

a whirlpool, gulf, pre-

J^

desire, wish.

Bb

J
j^>^action, labour, profession
life.

186

^Jf
(jS
a person,

any one.

j^^ spreading, strewing, yr(?/^

the circling of the

aW {J^^S
glass.

jj^jwS'
ijr{

to spread, strew,scatter. to break, tear.

^^^

M^
^j3^

rmde, from
to do,

(J-i^ breaking,yrom the above.

l-lT conquering, opening,
Sec.

make.

4j3^

the neck.
battle-axe, mace.
to take.
''

from
^j^Uj
to

yS a
iJ\iS

open, discover, con-

quer; to rejoice.
4X>l-ti

ci^

a wolf.

he discovers,

from

the

A^
place.

warm.

Uc^ warmth.

above.
(J\JiS to
cri*....:s

(^Uo^ Carmania, name of a

become

c^^

to kill.

to break, rend.

y^ marriage, nuptials, betrothing, a pledge.

.
.

iJisLL^ to scatter, dissolve.

^jvv^Kashmir, name of a place.

^^or ^^^lamentation,weeping.
iins^S
to flee, escape. to

2>y^ he
from
^j^yi^

has discovered,

Sec.

{j\^S
ji
that,

weep.

to discover,

open, con-

which.
to

quer, delight.

<^^V^
(jrJ:jj^

perform.
pass.
to bite.

to

jyJ^ A
drawn.

?L

region, climate, country.

,\
I

iJiSj,

have suffered or

(j>xy^

to choose;

^^^

select,

most excellent,
bitten.

lJo

the hand, the palm.

noble, glorious:

cuaT

he said.

^l::>i^ speech.

Jf
f;:Jif I said.

187

y
jjl-lil^ strewing flowers.

(j^
(jCkj

to speak,

say

speaking.
;

CU-iLxL

rose-walk

bower,

tiiou hast said

he said.

delightful place.

(gul) a rose.

i^y^

rose-coloured.
(pi.

Jf(gil)clay.

oUTa.
universal.

of^)

the whole

lS^
^ib

rose-water.

The whole works.

defective; absent.
to
insert, place,

hair, Jocks.

j^
mit

little;

a'^ a word, writing, oration.

U^jXS
:

com-

aIjJ^ Gulandam
bnng,yro/7z

(rose-resem-

to loose, liberate.

J/ a
8cc.)

rose,

and A(^\

J\^A.
of

perfection, accomplish-

form, figure,

a proper name.

ment, finishing.
\-^-w*r
little

d^

a diadem, cap.
a rose-bush.

value.

Cnl/

jp^

less.
little

C^^Jl^ rose-scented.

jji*^ with
;

sense.

^lJ^ a

closet, cottage, hut.

j\^

bed of roses.

f^ do thou doing,/r<?A7i a^/ Jc^ a boundary, margin, side,

part, shore
;

^j\::-J^Gulistan (a rose-garden,

an embrace.

bower of roses)
book.

title

ofa celebrated

tV^
pola.

a vault, arch, tower, cu.

:-

L$jyJ^
red rose.
^^jJl!^

a beautiful species of

(^1^ YGiting^ from

f^(^ixS or (^iM^to
a rose-garden.

rot.

_yc^
slave.

a servant maid,

female

J \b3^
\iii^

rose-cheeked.

rose-coloured.

ji where ?
R

h2

188
.y

J
J
<0'i

thou

from cjrjif

U^y

an

ear.
listen thou, /row
listen.

{:fU^y

a tulip.
a border or
to

a^O^^ to
A^j^
Lni^
I

^Vj'^J*

bed of tulips.

<^-^^ a corner.
smote, from

^jtXJ^

move.
(^\J) a lip;

u^
JJ

(/?/.

margiih

to smite.

A. the heart, pith,

to the brim.

marrow.

4_^U^various,many-colourecl.

L-^L) up

^
^
(^
^-^

a mountain.
a jewel, pearl
;

jCl) an army.
lustre, es-

^;J^

(^^SLl^
L-flisJ A.

conquering army.

sence; self-existing.

benignity, gentleness,

who, which
who.

since.

grace,
rosity.

favour,

humanity, gene-

(jLi^ the universe.

taking.
take,

^JjO

a ruby, ruby

lip.

(^5o a lack, a

hundred thousand.
worship (of

3^ might
C^-i who

^o/A

from

^^..A^

A.

for the

God) comp. of
is it?

1^ for,
*i

and

^ for

comp. of

the

Arabic

article

and

y^

who,C^wi\ third person present of adoration.

U^>

(^Uji A. the most precious sort

or
cj'p

^^
rancour.
LJ-p

hatred,
of.

revenge,

of pearls; beautiful

women.

(^^nTfuU

(^^
ofi^ and

A.

a lion.

that these,

comp.

c/^
^JJ

but.
A.

Layl or

jJJ night.

89

is^
^^^*:*^ A.

^JJ Layla, a woman s name.

extended, dilated,

spread.

Cr^j^ do not ask, /rom ^^tV-j^

A {annexed to words) my.
*Uo A. water, liquor, juice.

(Jwio
blance.

A.

similitude,

resem-

Uo

A.

that,

which.

^yJt*^

A.

rhyme.

Uo we; our. 3yL l^ ourselves.

2^iUo female:

^j-ia^A. an assembly, banquet.

(^^y-^ A.

woman.

Majnun

(distracted

jUo

a serpent.
;

with love) proper name.

UUc us
CU)l^

to us.

^-^
j^J-.^

A.

a place

where people

A.

bent, from

assemble; a collection, junction.

^jiXJUo to rub, grind, polish.

(jfc>ol^

C*.fS^ A. love, friendship, benevolence

;

to

remain.

affection;
A.

company.

C/uJU)

to resemble.

L^y*s^

a friend, mistress;

Osljl^ theyremain^yrom^jtiJUo

amiable, dear, beloved.

(^j^^^s^
A.

A^
moon.

the

moon
.

month.

confined,

impri-

^j^Uj

with cheeks like the

soned.

*vj^
a face like the

A.

a friend, counsellor;

LfjjA^ with
moon.

spouse, husband, wife; any one

who from
lunar,
A.

their station in a family

^L<
jJjUo

monthly; a

fish.

is

admitted into the

haram or

inclining,

having a

women's apartments.
jAsr
A.
vile,

propensity.

contemptible^

\iU/

lest,

by chance.

trifling.

r*
j^fl^
tunity.
A.

190
to die
A.

^^
f^^jy^
;

place,

time,

oppor-

to

be extinguished.

C-^jj^

courtesy, generosity.

uV^*^

Muhammad

(praise-

b^yxi joyful tidings.

worthy) proper name.

CU^

enamoured, intoxicated,
A.

C 'l,ri^
j*cz3s^
tome.

A. affliction, disgrace.
A.

^jvis-M-^

disdainful;

rich;

contracted; an epi-

content.
j%\jL/

A.

perfumed; the palate.

C-fti::ii* A.

discordant, confused.

^jsjbLl^ A. the sight.

to view. ^:>ji ^t>j^UL^

{^y^

a magazine, treasury.

%jjs^ A. governing; a governor,

the east. (jyL/t A.

^J^i-L/
A. attentive; attention. J^;,

magistrate.

OJw<

A. a space of time.

C^Ct.^ musk.
dis-

^yJ^JL^

smell-

4_^K^tV A.
turbed.
^^<*vo A.
palate.
to

astonished,

ing of musk.
?-

i:j'SjLyc

musky.

or

?^^^-fi^

A.

an hemistich;

taste;

the

taste,

one half of a folding door.

^tX*.c^
A.

a source: infinitive.

to me. \yt me;

^-^
of

Musalla,;?amg oj a place,
A.

^V^
^\j/c

A.

[pi.

CU^a^)

0-^
tage.

damage, disadvan-

iavours, graces.
A. desire, will, affection.
A.
(/;/.

c->W

A.

a singer, musician.

j!i\yc
plasters.

of J^yt) remedies,

jy^juc

A.

an excuse.

field of battle. <!^r^*^ A. a battle,

.3^(r A:>^aman,hcro; brave.

^l^yLJt^

A.

a friend, beloved.

<ulX^ courageously, manfully.

a mistress. ii^ylLs^ A.

(J^
^JbAro
A. A.

191

J^
oUl^A.
;3-^ wine.

scented, perfumed.
reasonable, rational,

a recompense, reward

(jjAx^

^yix> perhaps,

by chance

unkss.

probable, pertinent.

W*-^

A.

an enigma, mystery.

^iLo

a.

a sailor. a

4jU^
cation.

A. sense, idea, signiii-

Ltfl^ A.

kingdom, power,
;

possession, inheritance
A. established,

an angel.

3^^x^

known.

CU3tJu A. rays of

light,

A. a priest of the Parsees,

^J^

I:

my.

^ja.

^^^ myself..^

Guebres or worshippers of fire.

^jlxA-jt^ cup-bearers.

Uiil^ A. finished, concluded.

Owi8

full of,

endowed

with.

jsuo the brain, head, marrow,

substance,
thing.

of entertain* (J}v A. a house

or best part of any

ment, an inn; any place where

travellers rest
at night;

days

Ci3j\Juo A. separation,
tion.

ahena- journey, a stage.

^ycl*^
A.

conqueror,

tri-

a\a^

a.

condition,
:

station;
:

umpher.

dignity; office
tone.

residence

musical

CL^xk^

A.

advantages.
bill.

^Ul^
space,

A.*

a bird's

j\<^^
number.

A.

quantity,

j\fL^ do not bring, theimperat.

of i^^j\
with the negative pre-

3j.A^ A. intention, will, de- fixed.

sire.

(J^jJi*^
a.

listen not, the negative

uAa^
disposer.

a conductor, mover,

imperative of ^i^^j^
,^yo
A.

a wave.

<^
^.-^^>^
A. a

192
i^yszrf^ a

,U

cause; an acceptor.

wine drinker

an

i^jr^

^'

nielodious; adjusted,

earthen drinking vessel.

(^\iX-^ thou knowest.

arranged, weighed.

A^j^

A. time, season. A.

^jyo dyiugyfrom

^^yt

jj-o^
place.

Musul, name of a

cr \jjyo the son of a prince

great

man, a knight. <^4W* 5i-^

^j<o

hair.

Mirza Mahadi, proper name,

4)0^

A. firm.

(^jjyo

dost thou

grow? from

jj?^ A.
abandoned.

separated, repudiated,
(jjjyc thou strikest.
;

j^
1/.

the sun
a

moon

love

a
i>':'>^jy<i

is it

becoming?

seal-ring;
165.

gold coin

about

^-^

a cloud, a fog.
^ seller of wine, comp.

Ohy^^f^
like the

^A^vo

moon.

of

wine,

and part of u^^jj^

^< wine.

f^iSi^

thou drawest, bearest.

I

^
tense,

characteristic of Ihe present

J\l-^
\j^^^

complain,/row o^xJU

fruits.

j\^

do not bring, the negative

imperative of ^j^ij]
^jU/ between,

among middle.
:

not.

4N-M/c\

hopeless.
;

jyx\^ do

not mix or sprinkle.

LJ)\j

pure, sincere

like.

the negative imperative

of(j^x^\

a\-^JU imperfect.
J;\a^\j
&j2>\j

(jLj

f^

thou sawest, second

woriiiless, despicable.

person present oj i^j^^

A.

memorable events

rare.

193 Ats

y
^jfj
Is

j::i\j

Nadir ShSh, proper

not.

^3^

would

name.
JjU

not have been.

blandishments ; wantonness.
gentle, tender, delicate.

(jy

A.
I

a prophet.
will not turn.
fear.

C^U
LTJ:>J^

^UJ
ijy^

elegant,

delicate,

(^^^^ do you not

it is

amiable.
<3cixSjU unblown, unblemished.
(^\LJiXi ignorant.

impossible.

ytj
JLi

A. scattering, dispersing.
A. prose
I
;

to diffuse, strew.

^j*o^

A.

a conqueror, defender. a spectator,

^jiix*-^

would not have

^^0
tendant.
<3iiu

A.

superin-

sought, or leaped.
M^sf A,

a star, planet

fortune.

a bag (of
full of.

musk)

the navel.

j^
prey.

A.

grammar, syntax.
hunting;
the

L^\j
<u

^jjflcsf

chase;

suddenly.

jjV^U unexpectedly.
jj^l> plaintive,

C'uwms^
(jvJUs^

first.

complaining.

Nakhshabi, proper

jj4>JU to complain.

name.
j} male.

Jj

name.

\jvU thy name.

a hero,

v^
light
:

-*

y\(X^\J
<!^\j a

illustrious',

fj**^

a narcissus.
;

book, history.

tame j%P gentle,

soft.

^jU bread.

>P

near.
hospitaliiy.

c-^U

A.

a viceroy, deputy.

^Jy A. descending;

a battle, war.

fj^jy A, descent; happeniii^.

c c

194
^j-nJ
a,

Niskhi

(a transcript) ihe

4>A) A,

ready money.
painting, embroidery.

character in which Arabic

ma-

(_>iA> A.
(Ji->

nuscripls are generally wrillen.

A.
j--M-j

A. a narration, report, copy,

a gale.
to

translation.
sit

(j^\^

cause to

down.

y^

picture,

ornament;

i^LlJ A. alacrity, pleasure.

(^t>oLlJ to
(in>..,.^.,

beautiful

woman.
(a gallery

fix.

f^^z^\^ Nagaristan
of pictures)
book.
title

to sit

down.

of a celebrated

L^y^
cn-U

you do not hear.

sitting,

/row

C:,ru-lS

^z>j

subtilties, mysteries.

C^^SKfj^ A. counsel, exhortation.

(jjuoyj
cjyl> or
ifS^

to

view.

f^%j
poet.

Nazami, name

of a

yJ

good.

.J
A.

or ^Ixj custody, care, ob-

^yk)

the sight, the eye.

rolling the eyes, ogling.
;

servation.
^b<S;X>

jb^
Jiu

preserve thou, imperat,

A. verse

a string of pearls.

ofii^i^]^^

f^y^Xyu

to call or sing aloud.

showing.
to

^>J^J they

show.

C v.fj
yu

A.

a beneht

victuals.
svyift.

f^2)j^

show.
:

beautiful,

good

\y melody, voice
,

wealth.

Ck,|JO a. music, harmony.

mIP
Sec.

ip^'

^f <-r^^) viceroys,

^^^^
sire-

A. soul, self ; breath;

de-

(j^^\ji
a. gain, utility.

to soothe.

j\y sooihmgj from

the above.

^
(J^j^y
[pi-

195

oli/j\y) a favour.

JL^
1^^

a tree, shrub.

^'^j\y

soothing, warbling,

hidden,

/r(?mc^^
flowing.

from

(Jr{^\yi

yj
watch,

A.

a river;

^\y
C-o^

a benefit.
A. a turn, change,

U^^
to

to hide, lie hid.

flute.

(^ a pipe,

centinel.

^j^C-oy

relieve

JfO even, also: again.

C'*^,...^!^

guard.

there

is

not.

J^y
spring
;

the spring,

the early

Cn-1-^ to write.
cSl.) good, excellent.

new

year.

^y

A. the prophet

Noah.

jSCj bright, beautiful^ elegant.

^-jjSCJ reputation, goodness,

C^^j^y A. a complaint.
2>y ninety.

jj^

the river Nile.

jy

A.

light, brightness.

jjjy

the

first

day of spring.

^^jy nineteen.

and

he, she,
after,

it.

(^y

drinking, a drinker; any

(^\j

behind, again.
to detain.

thing drinkable,yrow ^jtX^i^jJ

CA^b (^\^
^^^-oU

C-wy or
(jriy
above.
<U nine.

(jrity

to write.

A. evident.

write thou,

/rom

/^e

ClAxjSj

a. actions, occurrences,

events: battles: misfortunes.

^j\j

Van, or Wan, name of a

^
*j\

placing,yro/7t
to place.

town.
^y^-j
A. essence, substance, ex-

^j^l/^

^^l^

we have

placed.

istence, nature,

body, person.

cc^

^
(j^^^y>.j
to
2;ive a beinsj to.

196
'

commit, perform,

^^\^Jb whenever.

i^Jb
possessing.

or

^\j^
or

whatsoever.
altliough.

^l?

or

ij

like,

^(X^^s^yJb

C^^A^

fjjj
ji^

A. a leaf c>/a tree

or paper,

\i^Jb wherever.
a:^

and from.
it

\^Jb

wheresoever.

jo\j

blows, yrom ^i^j^

it is.

j^r^

ever.

CU-j^ he, she,

^j^\jb

never.

(^j

like,

resembling.

i^\Jb whosoever. iSj^ or

arrival;

Jloj

A.

enjoyment;

j\j^ a thousand;

a nightingale.

meeting; conjunction.

(jrl>^ to be, exist.

action;

r^j
gesture.
vjj

A.

situation:

C^JJb
iii^Jjii

eight.

^IhJlA eighty.

eighteen,
3\:ii^ seventy.

A. A.

good

faith;

a promise.

cuii^ seven.
!i^^JlJb

jjj

but: a prince: a slave.

his, her, its.

seventeen.

L^

he, she, it;

^Jb
Jii

A.

whether, but.
together: both.
to

iJUjj a desert;

depopulated.

andalso;
A.

Jb
their.

[annexed

words)

j^Vi

A.

dreadful, terrible.
A.

^L.t;\^ of

the

same

nest.

J^ or ^^^^
sence.
-js^

separation, ab-

(^\^

only.
directly.

M^\^
A.

an assault; impetuosity.
every
:

/;^v.cS^. ^(S

of the same incli-

vA or

^j^

soever.

nation.

O^

Harat, flme oj

cily.

^y^

of the same banquet.

197

i^j

jS-yy-^
piJiow.

lyii^g

o^ the same

^^ or f^\Aj
M^\j 1

finding.
find,

may

both

from

i:j\Ls^ in the same way.

^^^ orj^

like, as.

^\j

remember;

memory,

re-

<*^]^s>^ sleeping together.

cord.

AtXfA breathing together.

j\j a friend, mistress; defender;

j\^^

an intimate friend.
sitting

power, advantage.
a

C^. *;.,

together;

L^\j
comp. of

O
\j

heaven!

Lord!
lord,

companion.

01 and

cj, a

<W^

all,

universal.
it

master.

tX-jK4>
j;ij;;t^
I

arrives,

comes.
ij-isj

ay^^j

eleven.

wQnt^Jrom

CA>-j\j jessamine.
C--ilj
find.

^M....^

always.

he found,

from

c/iiU to

jtMjb black; an Indian.

jISlj^

time, season.
yet.
air:

Oy>\j a ruby.

jj^
1^

C^
wind: sound.

[annexed

to

words)

thy.

A.

tXJ A.

the hand;

aid^ power,

,^

no, never.

Li^iX-^

strength.

dost thou not

know?

(^^ [annexed
^jUj
that
is

to

words)

their.

from c:/uJb

^
down.

to say, viz.

ijr^.~^ to lay

W*j
c5o

prey, spoil, buoty.

one.
in-

^^Cj a hero, conqueror;

U O!

or.

comparable

unequalled.

CiC

198

l51:iSo precious, valuable, rare.

j^
^

one day,
to

U^j^
j*4>io

inestimable, rare.

[annexed

words) my.
the happy,

one moment,

^j^ Yemen, Arabia

LJuijj Joseph.

y>^

one or two, a few.

X>Jn5o one another.

THE END.

Printed by

W. Bulmer and Co.

Oriental

Cleveland-row;
to the

from

the Types of

W. Martin,

Type Founder and Printer

Honourable the East India Company.

ERRATA.
The
following errors, which, (perhaps with a few others), have chiefly arisen from
the breaking of the dots in the press, are pointed out for correction.

Page

.<6

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