Where f = Number of cycles per second is called frequency. Measured in Hertz. Abbreviated as Hz. One Hertz is equivalent to One cycle per second l = Distance covered in one cycle is wavelength V= Velocity of Ultrasonic wave inside the medium in mm/s 2. Acoustic Impedance (Z) = V x r Where: Z= r= V= Acoustic Impedance Density Velocity
3. Reflection Coefficient
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4. Transmission coefficient T = 4 Z1Z2/ (Z1+Z2)2 Where: R = Reflection Coefficient Z1 = Acoustic Impedance of Medium 1 Z2 = Acoustic Impedance of Medium 2 5. Longitudinal Wave Velocity
Where: Vs = E = r = m = G= Shear Wave Velocity Modulus of Elasticity Density Poisson's Ratio Shear Modulus
7. Refraction - Snell's Law: That is the ratio of sine of the angle to the respective wave velocities are proportional.
Where: qI = qR = V1 = V2 = Angle of the Incident Wave Angle of the Reflected Wave Velocity of Incident Wave Velocity of Reflected Wave
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8. Near Field
Where: dB = Decibel P1 = Pressure Amplitude 1 P2 = Pressure Amplitude 2 11. Angle Beam testing of Pipe t= d(1- Sin ) 2 2t d
d = O.D. of Pipe = Probe angle
Sin = 1-
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12. Formulae for Angle Beam Calculations = Sound beam refracted angle in the test material T = Thickness of the test material
V-Path =
Leg =
Depth in First Leg Depth (1st Leg) = cos x Sound path Length
Depth in Second Leg Depth (2nd Leg) = 2T (cos x Sound path Length)
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