Hour 1:
Traveling & Standing Waves
Hour 2:
Electromagnetic (EM) Waves
P30- 1
Last Time:
Traveling Waves
P30- 2
Traveling Sine Wave
Now consider f(x) = y = y0sin(kx):
2π
Amplitude (y0)
Wavelength (λ ) =
wavenumber (k )
1
Period (T ) =
frequency (f )
Amplitude (y0) 2π
=
angular frequency (ω )
P30- 4
Traveling Sine Wave
i Wavelength: λ y = y0 sin(kx − ω t )
i Frequency : f
2π
i Wave Number: k =
λ
i Angular Frequency: ω = 2π f
1 2π
i Period: T = =
f ω
ω
i Speed of Propagation: v = =λf
k
i Direction of Propagation: + x
P30- 5
This Time:
Standing Waves
P30- 6
Standing Waves
What happens if two waves headed in opposite
directions are allowed to interfere?
E1 = E0 sin(kx − ω t ) E2 = E0 sin(kx + ω t )
Superposition: E = E1 + E2 = 2 E0 sin( kx) cos(ω t )
P30- 7
Standing Waves: Who Cares?
Most commonly seen in resonating systems:
Musical Instruments, Microwave Ovens
E = 2 E0 sin(kx) cos(ω t )
P30- 8
Standing Waves: Bridge
P30- 9
Group Work: Standing Waves
Do Problem 2
E1 = E0 sin(kx − ω t ) E2 = E0 sin(kx + ω t )
Superposition: E = E1 + E2 = 2 E0 sin( kx) cos(ω t )
P30- 10
Last Time:
Maxwell’s Equations
P30- 11
Maxwell’s Equations
Qin
∫∫ E ⋅ dA = ε
S 0
(Gauss's Law)
dΦB
∫C E ⋅ d s = − dt (Faraday's Law)
∫∫ B ⋅ dA = 0
S
(Magnetic Gauss's Law)
dΦE
∫C B ⋅ d s = µ0 I enc + µ0ε 0 dt (Ampere-Maxwell Law)
P30- 13
Electromagnetic Radiation:
Plane Waves
http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/light/07-EBlight/07-EB_Light_320.html
P30- 14
Traveling E & B Waves
i Wavelength: λ ˆ E sin( kx − ω t )
i Frequency : f
E=E 0
2π
i Wave Number: k =
λ
i Angular Frequency: ω = 2π f
1 2π
i Period: T = =
f ω
ω
i Speed of Propagation: v = =λf
k
i Direction of Propagation: + x
P30- 15
Properties of EM Waves
Travel (through vacuum) with
speed of light
1 m
v=c= = 3 × 10
8
µ 0ε 0 s
At every point in the wave and any instant of time,
E and B are in phase with one another, with
E E0
= =c
B B0
E and B fields perpendicular to one another, and to
the direction of propagation (they are transverse):
Direction of propagation = Direction of E × B P30- 16
PRS Questions:
Direction of Propagation
P30- 17
How Do Maxwell’s Equations
Lead to EM Waves?
Derive Wave Equation
P30- 18
Wave Equation
d
Start with Ampere-Maxwell Eq: ∫ B ⋅ d s = µ0ε 0 ∫ E ⋅ dA
C
dt
P30- 19
Wave Equation
d
Start with Ampere-Maxwell Eq: ∫ B ⋅ d s = µ0ε 0 ∫ E ⋅ dA
C
dt
Apply it to red rectangle:
∫ B ⋅ d s = B ( x, t )l − B ( x + dx, t )l
C
z z
d ⎛ ∂E y ⎞
µ0ε 0 ∫ E ⋅ dA = µ0ε 0 ⎜ l dx ⎟
dt ⎝ ∂t ⎠
Bz ( x + dx, t ) − Bz ( x, t ) ∂E y
− = µ 0ε 0
dx ∂t ∂E y
∂Bz
− = µ 0ε 0
So in the limit that dx is very small: ∂x ∂t
P30- 20
Wave Equation
d
Now go to Faraday’s Law
∫C E ⋅ d s = − dt ∫ B ⋅ dA
P30- 21
Wave Equation
d
Faraday’s Law: ∫C E ⋅ d s = − dt ∫ B ⋅ dA
Apply it to red rectangle:
∫ E ⋅ d s = E ( x + dx, t )l − E ( x, t )l
C
y y
d ∂Bz
− ∫ B ⋅ dA = −ldx
dt ∂t
E y ( x + dx, t ) − E y ( x, t ) ∂Bz
=−
dx ∂t ∂E y ∂Bz
=−
So in the limit that dx is very small: ∂x ∂t
P30- 22
1D Wave Equation for E
∂E y ∂Bz ∂Bz ∂E y
=− − = µ 0ε 0
∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t
Take x-derivative of 1st and use the 2nd equation
∂ ⎛ ∂E y ⎞ ∂2 Ey ∂ ⎛ ∂Bz ⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂Bz ⎞ ∂2 Ey
⎜ ⎟= = ⎜− ⎟=− ⎜ ⎟ = µ 0ε 0
∂x ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ∂x
2
∂x ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂t ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ∂t 2
∂ Ey
2
∂ Ey
2
= µ 0ε 0
∂x 2
∂t 2
P30- 23
1D Wave Equation for E
∂ Ey
2
∂ Ey
2
= µ 0ε 0
∂x 2
∂t 2
= f '' ( x − vt )
∂x 2
1
∂2 Ey
v =
2
= v f '' ( x − vt )
2 µ 0ε 0
∂t 2
P30- 24
1D Wave Equation for B
∂Bz ∂E y ∂Bz ∂E y
=− = − µ 0ε 0
∂t ∂x ∂x ∂t
Take x-derivative of 1st and use the 2nd equation
∂ ⎛ ∂Bz ⎞ ∂ Bz ∂ ⎛ ∂E y
2
⎞ ∂ ⎛ ∂E y ⎞ 1 ∂ Bz
2
⎜ ⎟ = 2 = ⎜− ⎟=− ⎜ ⎟=
∂t ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂t ∂t ⎝ ∂x ⎠ ∂x ⎝ ∂t ⎠ µ ε
0 0 ∂ x 2
∂ Bz2
∂ Bz 2
= µ ε
∂x ∂t
2 0 0 2
P30- 25
Electromagnetic Radiation
Both E & B travel like waves:
∂ Ey
2
∂ Ey
2
∂ Bz2
∂ Bz2
= µ 0ε 0 = µ ε
∂x ∂t ∂x ∂t
2 2 2 0 0 2
Let E y = E0 f ( x − vt ) ; Bz = B0 f ( x − vt )
∂Bz ∂E y
=− ⇒ −vB0 f ' ( x − vt ) = − E0 f ' ( x − vt )
∂t ∂x
⇒ vB0 = E0
http://ocw.mit.edu/ans7870/8/8.02T/f04/visualizations/light/09-planewaveapp/09-
planewaveapp320.html
P30- 29