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Adaptive Noise Cancellation Techniques in SigmaDelta Analog-to-Digital Converters

Bahar Jalali-Farahani, Member, IEEE, and Mohammed Ismail, Fellow, IEEE
AbstractAdaptive noise cancellation (ANC) techniques that extract a desired signal from background noise have many applications in different engineering disciplines. In ANC, the corrupted signal is passed through a lter that tends to suppress the noise while leaving the original signal unchanged. This paper demonstrates that the adaptive noise cancellation technique can be embedded in the digital signal postprocessing of a sigmadelta analog-to-digital converter and effectively reduces the quantization noise as well as the thermal noise at the output of the converter. The combination of ANC and the noise-shaping technique enable high-resolution analog-to-digital conversion in wideband applications where noise shaping alone cannot provide enough suppression of quantization noise due to the low oversampling ratio. Index TermsAdaptive, analog-to-digital converter, noise cancellation, sigmadelta modulator.

Fig. 1. Block diagram adaptive noise cancellation (ANC) technique.

I. INTRODUCTION

ONTINUOUS development in broadband wireless systems forces analog-to-digital converters to provide more resolution in larger signal bandwidths. Although Nyquist rate analog-to-digital converters can operate in high speeds, they are limited in resolution, and higher speed comes with a signicant increase in power consumption. Oversampling sigmadelta modulators are a better choice for high resolution in low to medium speeds. For broadband signals, a large oversampling ratio cannot be chosen; therefore, sigmadelta converters do not gain much benet from noise shaping. Besides a lower oversampling ratio, they also suffer from analog circuit nonidealities which become more prominent in deep submicron technology. Different techniques have been proposed to improve the performance of sigmadelta modulators for wideband applications. Distributing zeros of the noise-transfer function across the signal bandwidth is proposed in [1] to achieve 8-bit resolution in the 40-MHz bandwidth. A Chebyshev-based loop lter design is used in [2] to provide more effective noise shaping in a low oversampling ratio than a conventional modulator. Higher resolution in sigmadelta converters can be achieved by using higher order multistage noise shaping (MASH) stages without sacricing stability; however, nonidealities in the analog circuits cause the incomplete cancellation of the quantization noise at the output of a modulator and degrade its performance.

This paper explores a new approach to enhance the signal-tonoise ratio of a sigmadelta modulator for broadband applications by using an adaptive noise cancellation (ANC) technique. An ANC that extracts the desired signal from the corrupted noise has found many applications in different engineering disciplines, such as the suppression of periodic interference in telephone lines [3], acoustic noise cancellation [4], adaptive line enhancement [5][7], and automatic speech recognition [8] to mention a few. The idea is to use an adaptive lter that exploits the spectral difference between the desired signal and the noise to separate them from each other. In case of sigmadelta ADC, we used ANC to extract the narrowband signal from the wideband quantization noise. Since ANC is added to the output of a sigmadelta modulator, all of the required signal processing is performed in the digital domain and no complexity is added to the modulator itself. This paper is organized as follows. Section II describes the principles of the ANC technique. The application of ANC in sigmadelta modulators is proposed in Section III. The transfer function of the ANC lter in presence of the high-passed quantization noise is derived and the amount of improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio is formulated. Section IV presents the simulation results to apply this technique to different sigmadelta modulators. Practical considerations regarding the linearity of the adaptive lter and the digital complexity associated with the ANC block are presented in Section V. This paper concludes in Section VI. II. PRINCIPLES OF ANC TECHNIQUE

Manuscript received October 27, 2005; revised February 5, 2007. This work supported by the Semiconductor Research Corporation (SRC). B. Jalali-Farahani is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1203 USA (e-mail: Bahar.Jalali@asu.edu). M. Ismail is with the Analog Very Large Scale Integration Lab, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA (e-mail: ismail@ece.osu.edu). Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TCSI.2007.904655

Fig. 1 shows the block diagram of the ANC system. An input to the ANC block is the desired signal corrupted with wideband noise, dened as (1)

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ANC separates the two components of this signal by using an adaptive lter. A delayed version of the input signal is passed through the adaptive lter to generate the error signal given by (2) Using (1) and (2), the error signal can be written as (3) The least mean-squared algorithm (LMS) is used to tune the coefcient of adaptive lter so that the error signal in (3) is minimized in the mean-squared sense. The mean-squared value of the error is calculated by taking expectation from both sides of (3) input signal. Fig. 2 shows how ANC can be a part of digital postprocessing of a sigmadelta modulator. In this section, the transfer function of the system shown in Fig. 1 is derived at steady state with the assumption that the coefcients of the adaptive lter have been already converged to their optimum values given by the Wiener solution. All of the signals are as indicated in Fig. 1. Under this assumption, the ANC block is a linear discrete-time system with the transfer function dened as (7) and are the -transforms of the lter output where and desired signal, respectively. An input to the ANC block is composed of a desired sinusoidal signal corrupted by the highpass lter quantization noise (8) The lter output can be expressed in terms of an input signal and lter coefcients as (9) Since the input to the lter desired signal, (9) results in is the delayed version of the
Fig. 2. Block diagram of a sigmadelta ADC including ANC.

(4) If the adaptive lter is implemented by a nite-impulse-response (FIR) lter of order , the output of the lter can be written as (5) It can be expressed in terms of signal and noise components by (6) If noise is a wideband random signal and the delay line is long enough, different delayed samples of noise are completely uncorrelated. Therefore, the current sample of the lter output , expressed by (6), is also uncorrelated with the current sample of noise signal which makes the third term in (4) equal to zero. The second term in (4) is constant and is equal to the noise variance . Therefore, minimizing the mean-squared to be a close estimate error in (4) forces the output sample of the desired signal . Therefore, lter output in the ANC system provides the best estimate of the desired narrowband signal in the mean-squared sense, provided that noise is wideband compared to the signal and has uncorrelated samples. In the next section, this problem is the output of a is formulated for the case where th-order sigmadelta modulator and is composed of the desired signal and the highpass-ltered quantization noise. III. APPLICATION OF ANC TO SIGMADELTA ADCS The adaptive noise cancellation technique shown in Fig. 1 can be used to improve the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the output of a sigmadelta modulator without any modication to the analog circuit [9]. ANC relaxes the requirements on the following lowpass lter, which usually needs to be implemented by a long FIR lter and is based on the application; it may even remove the need for such ltering completely. The biggest advantage of ANC is its adaptability. Contrary to the xed coefcient lowpass lters, ANC adapts its coefcients based on its

(10) Using (7) and (10), the transfer function of the ANC system is given by (11) where is the th coefcient of the lter and is the delay line shown in Fig. 1. It is shown in the Appendix that the transfer function in (11) modulator parameters: lter order can be written in terms of ( ), input signal parameters amplitude ( ), and frequency ( ), ANC block delay ( ), and adaptive lter order ( ). Equation (A.25) is repeated here (12) are dened in (A.26), (A.27), (A.12), where , , , and and (A.20), respectively.

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As explained in the Appendix, for large lter orders, ANC almost has a unity transfer function for the sinusoidal input (13) However, wideband noise is attenuated by the factor given by (A.34) (14) which results in an improvement in SNR given by (A.37)

(15) From (15), it can be seen that SNR improvement caused by the ANC block is a function of three design parameters: sigmadelta modulator order , signal bandwidth , and ANC adaptive lter order . The effects of these parameters on SNR are depicted in Fig. 3 and the following observations are made. SNR improvement depends on the adaptive lter order. In fact, (12) suggests that the ANC block is a bandpass lter with a center frequency equal to the input frequency . The quality factor of this lter is increased as the lter order is increased which results in a better separation of signal and noise and, therefore, more improvement in the SNR. SNR improvement obtained by the ANC block is almost independent of the order of the sigmadelta modulator. The ANC block is more effective when the oversampling ratio is low. In this case, there is a signicant amount of inband quantization noise that can be effectively removed by the ANC block. IV. SIMULATION RESULTS This section provides simulation results to support the conclusions drawn in Section III and the Appendix. It also shows different aspects of using an adaptive noise cancellation technique. A fourth-order sigmadelta modulator is considered in this section which is digitizing GSM as well as WLAN signals in a multistandard transceiver. Fig. 4 shows a block diagram of the sigmadelta ADC designed for this multistandard receiver. All of the blocks are used for the GSM system. In the WLAN mode, only the blocks with solid-line borders are used. Therefore, the fourth-order modulator with 6-bit quantizer, ve stages of comb lter, a 10th-order halfband lter, and a 25th-order FIR lter are used for GSM mode. Only the rst stage of the modulator, three stages of the comb lter and the 25th-order FIR lter are used for the WLAN mode. Specications for decimation and lowpass lters are decided based on the system requirement for a direct homodyne receiver as explained in [10].

Fig. 3. SNR improvement as predicted by (15). Results are plotted for a fullscale sinusoidal input signal, second-order sigmadelta modulator with OSR = 8 and adaptive lter order = 40. The plots show the SNR improvement as a function of (a) adaptive lter order with constant N and ! , (b) sigmadelta modulator order with constant L and ! , and (c) oversampling ratio with constant N and L.

Fig. 4. Block diagram of the two-mode sigmadelta ADC used for GSM/WLAN standards.

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Fig. 5. Same as Fig. 4, but with an ANC block instead of a xed-coefcient FIR lter.

Fig. 7. Iteration of the adaptive lter coefcients in the ANC block.

Fig. 6. Output spectrum of the sigmadelta ADC designed for the GSM standard with and without using the ANC block.

Fig. 4 is modied by using an adaptive lter in an ANC conguration as shown in Fig. 5. Simulation results provided in this section are based on these two block diagrams. The normalized least mean square (NLMS) algorithm is used in ANC for updating the coefcients. A. Adaptive FIR Filter for GSM The spectrum of an output signal in GSM mode is depicted in Fig. 6 for the sigmadelta ADC with a conventional FIR lter (i.e., Fig. 4) as well as ANC (i.e., Fig. 5). As seen in this gure, ANC provides more attenuation of quantization noise inside the signal bandwidth; however, its performance degrades in higher frequencies. Overall SNR improvement is around 5 dB as also predicted by (15). More signicant improvements are achieved by ANC when the oversampling ratio is low which is the case for the WLAN modulator and is considered next. Filter coefcients are converged after 10 000 iterations. Fig. 7 illustrates the convergence of the rst six coefcients of the 25th-order FIR lter. B. Adaptive FIR Filter for WLAN As predicted by (15) and Fig. 3, ANC results in signicant SNR improvement when the oversampling ratio is low. The amount of inband quantization noise is signicant for low oversampling ratios and can be effectively reduced by the ANC block. Fig. 8 shows the results for the WLAN system where an oversampling ratio is only 8. The SNR is improved from 69 dB to 78 dB using the ANC block. The amount of SNR improvement predicted by (15) for and is 13 dB.
Fig. 8. Output spectrum of the sigmadelta ADC designed for the WLAN standard with and without using an ANC block.

C. Reducing Effect of Thermal Noise The adaptive noise cancellation technique has been originally used to extract a narrowband signal from white random noise [5]. This implies a double benet of using the ANC at the output of a sigmadelta modulator: ANC not only attenuates the highpass quantization noise but also removes the white random noise caused by the thermal noise of analog devices. In a conventional design of a sigmadelta modulator, the analog circuit is designed so that thermal noise of the circuit is less than the quantization noise of the converter. This results in large capacitors in switched-capacitor implementation as well as higher power consumption and area. The fact that ANC reduces the thermal noise can be exploited to relax the requirements on analog circuits and to decrease the power consumption. The reduction of thermal noise is shown in Fig. 9 for the modulator designed for the WLAN system. An input-referred thermal noise nV Hz is chosen. The SNR of the sigmadelta of modulator becomes 63 dB due to the additional thermal noise. A 45th-order adaptive FIR lter is used in the ANC block to extract the signal from the thermal and the quantization noise. A

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Fig. 9. Output spectrum of the sigmadelta ADC designed for the WLAN standard in the presence of thermal noise with and without using an ANC block.

Fig. 10. Two-tone test on the sigmadelta ADC with an ANC used for the GSM system.

comparison of the output spectrum for the ADC, equipped with an ANC block and the one without ANC, is shown in Fig. 9 and the results show that the SNR improves from 63 to 71.4 dB. V. PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS A. Nonlinearity of the Adaptive Filter The derivation of the ANC transfer function presented in Section III and in the Appendix was accomplished based on the assumption that the adaptive lter coefcients have already converged to their optimum Wiener solution. Under this assumption, the ANC block with transfer function (7) is a discrete linear system and should not cause any distortion or intermodulation product. In fact, the LMS lter weights are the sum of the time-invariant Wiener coefcients and a time-varying misadjustment component [11] (16) Therefore, the output lter expression in (9) should be revised as (17) where is the Wiener solution as given in (9) and is the misadjustment term. can be reduced by choosing a smaller step size for the LMS algorithm that updates the lter weights. A smaller step size, however, results in a slower convergence rate. The effect of the misadjustment term in causing nonlinearity is depicted in Fig. 10 which shows the result of the two-tone test. As shown in this gure, when data are taken before the complete convergence of the lter taps, large spurs caused by intermodulation products and harmonic terms are seen in the output spectrum. The output spectrum is also plotted for the data taken after coefcients convergence,1 where the intermodulation products are not visible anymore.
1Filter coefcients converge after approximately 10 000 samples as depicted in Fig. 7.

Fig. 11. CSD accumulative multiplication unit [12].

B. Implementation and Digital Complexity The ANC block shown in Fig. 1 involves three major calculations. 1) Calculating lter output (18)

2) Calculating error signal (19) 3) Updating lter coefcients (20) multipliers, adders, and 1 The three steps need subtractor. However, the multiplierless implementation is also possible [12] and is preferable since it results in lower power consumption. In multiplierless implementation, all numbers are represented by the canonical signed digit (CSD) representations. In CSD, numbers are sums or differences of powers of two which enable replacing the multiplier with a shifter and adder. Fig. 11 shows a CSD multiplication unit which is composed of a shifter and an adder. Moreover, step size in (20) is chosen

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Fig. 12. ANC block using the multiplierless implementation of an adaptive FIR lter as proposed in [12].

as a power of two (i.e., ) to replace the multiplication needed in step 3 with a shifter. The multiplierless FIR adaptive lter can be implemented as adders, 1 subtractor, shifters, depicted in Fig. 12 using and CSD multiplier unit. VI. CONCLUSION In this paper, a simple adaptive noise cancellation technique has been presented that can be used to boost the SNR of sigmadelta modulators. Mathematical derivation of the system shows that ANC uses the statistical difference between the signal and noise and the fact that noise samples are uncorrelated from each other whereas signal samples have a much stronger correlation. Simulation results show that ANC can effectively remove the inband as well as remaining out-of-band quantization noise and reduces the thermal noise of the sigmadelta modulator signicantly. The proposed technique is all implemented digitally and, hence, does not bring any complexity to the analog circuitry. Although this paper has demonstrated the application of ANC in a switched-capacitor sigmadelta ADC, it is as well applicable to other oversampling data converters (e.g., continuous-time sigmadelta modulators). APPENDIX It was shown in Section III that the ANC block, including the adaptive FIR lter, can be approximated with a linear timeinvariant (LTI) system with a transfer function given in (11). The LTI assumption is true at steady state where the lter coefcients have been already converged to their optimum values given by the Wiener solution as (A.1)

is the auto-correlation matrix of the input In this equation, signal and is the cross-correlation vector between the lter input and the desired signal of the lter. The following steps show the derivations of these two matrices. : is input to the Calculate Autocorrelation Matrix adaptive lter and is composed of the sinusoidal signal and the quantization noise shaped by the sigmadelta modulator. Since signal and noise are uncorrelated, the autocorrelation of the input data would be sum of autocorrelation of the signal and autocorrelation of the quantization noise (A.2) First, we calculate the autocorrelation of the signal. Considering a sinusoidal signal (A.3) is a random phase uniformly distributed on The autocorrelation is calculated as .

(A.4) The autocorrelation matrix is a symmetric matrix with each component calculated as in (A.4)

(A.5)

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where

is a

matrix dened as

or in matrix form

(A.6)

(A.15)

In order to calculate autocorrelation of noise, it should be noted that noise here is the shaped quantization noise. Assuming a white uniformly distributed quantization noise, the power spectral density of the quantization noise is given by (A.7) After being shaped by the noise transfer function of the th-order sigmadelta modulator, the power spectral density would be (A.8) Substituting in (A.7) results in (A.9) The autocorrelation function and power spectral density of a stationary stochastic process form a Fourier transform pair. Therefore, knowing the power spectral density of noise, the autocorrelation of noise is found as (A.10) However, different samples of noise are uncorrelated and, therefore, (A.10) is zero for all nonzero values of and the autocorrelation matrix of noise will be (A.11) (A.12) Finally, the autocorrelation matrix of lter input data be written using (A.2), (A.5), and (A.11) can

where

is dened as in (A.6) and

is equal to (A.16)

In order to nd the lter coefcients using (A.1), to be calculated. Using inverse lemma and (A.13), written as

needs can be

(A.17) Therefore, lter coefcients are given by (A.18) where the term in parenthesis is

(A.19) where and are (A.20) (A.21) Finally, the transfer function of the ANC system dened in (11) can be written as (A.22)

(A.13) Calculate Cross-Correlation Vector: The cross-correlation vector is calculated as the correlation between the desired signal and the input signal, which is the delayed version of the desired signal by samples. Since noise components are uncorrelated from each other, only signal components will appear in the cross-correlation vector with

(A.23)

Substituting

using (A.18)

(A.14)

(A.24)

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Using (A.6), (A.11), (A.16), and (A.23) to substitute for , , and , respectively, (A.24) results in

From (A.34), it is seen that SNR improvement depends on . This integral has a simple the value of closed-form expression for where (A.35)

(A.25) where and

(A.26) (A.27) Calculate SNR Improvement: This section calculates SNR improvement caused by the ANC block. Since the desired input signal is sinusoidal with amplitude , the input signal power is (A.28) The signal power at the output of ANC block is given by (A.29) For large values of , hence . The noise component of the input signal is the highpass quantization noise of the sigmadelta modulator with noise power given by ACKNOWLEDGMENT which allows the SNR improvement to be equal to

(A.36)

(A.37)

The authors would like to thank the reviewers for their valuable comments and suggestions that have been incorporated into this paper. REFERENCES
[1] A. Tabatabaei, K. Onodera, M. Zargari, H. Samavati, and D. Su, A dual channel with 40 MHz aggregate signal bandwidth, in Proc. IEEE Int. Solid State Conf., 2003, pp. 6667. [2] A. Rusu and H. Tenhunen, A multi-bit sigma delta modulator for wideband applications, in Proc. 9th Int. Conf. Electron. Circuits Syst., Sep. 2002, vol. 1, pp. 335338. [3] G. Keratiotis et al., A novel method for periodic interference suppression on local telephone loops, IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I: Fundam. Theory Appl., vol. 47, no. 7, pp. 10961100, Jul. 2000. [4] M. M. Sondhi, An adaptive echo canceller, Bell Syst. Tech. J., vol. 46, pp. 497511, Mar. 1967. [5] J. R. Treicher, The spectral line enhancerThe concept, an implementation, and an application, Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Eng., Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA, 1977. [6] P. Handel, Predictive digital ltering of sinusoidal signals, IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 46, no. 2, pp. 364374, Feb. 1998. [7] M. Ghogho, M. Ibnkahla, and N. J. Bershad, Analytic behavior of the LMS adaptive line enhancer for sinusoids corrupted by multiplicative and additive noise, IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 46, no. 9, pp. 23862393, Sep. 1998. [8] L. J. Grifths, An adaptive noise canceling procedure for multidimensional systems, presented at the IEEE Circuits Syst. Conf., Asilomer, CA, Nov. 1976. [9] B. J. Farahani, Adaptive digital calibration techniques for high speed high resolution sigma delta ADCs for broadband wireless applications, Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. Elect. Comp. Eng., The Ohio State Univ., Columbus, OH, 2005. [10] A. Ghazel, L. Naviner, and K. Grati, On design and implementation of a decimation lter for multistandard wireless transceivers, IEEE Trans. Wireless Commun., vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 558562, Oct. 2002. [11] M. Reuter and J. R. Zeidler, Nonlinear effects in LMS adaptive equalizers, IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 47, no. 6, pp. 15701579, Jun. 1999. [12] L. S. DeBrunner, Y. Wang, V. DeBrunner, and M. Tull, Multiplierless implementation of adaptive FIR lters, in Proc. 37th Asilomar Conf. Signals, Syst. Comput., Nov. 2003, vol. 2, pp. 22322236.

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(A.30) The total noise power at the output of ANC is equal to

(A.31) which can be also expressed as

(A.32) where (A.33) Therefore, noise is reduced by a factor of (A.34)

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Bahar Jalali-Farahani (M02) received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, in 1996 and 1999, respectively, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from The Ohio State University, Columbus, in 2005. She was with the Advanced Technology, Data Converter Research Group, Freescale, Tempe, AZ, in 2005, where she was working on the calibration techniques for high-performance analog-to-digital converters. She became an Assistant Professor with Arizona State University, Tempe, in 2006. Her research interests are in signalprocessing techniques for high-performance analog circuits, low-power lowvoltage analog design, and analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters.

Mohammed Ismail (F97) received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electronics and communications from Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, and the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. He has more than 25 years of experience in R&D in the elds of analog, RF, and mixed-signal integrated circuits (ICs). He has held several positions in both industry and academia and has served as a corporate consultant to nearly 30 companies in the U.S., Europe, and the Far East. He is Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the Founding Director of the Analog Very Large Scale Integration Lab, The Ohio State University, Columbus. His current interest lies in research involving digitally programmable/congurable fully integrated radios with a focus on low-voltage/low-power rstpass solutions for third-generation (3G) and fourth-generation (4G) wireless handhelds. He publishes intensively in this area and has been awarded 11 patents. He has coedited and coauthored several books including a text on Analog VLSI Signal and Information Processing (McGraw-Hill, 1994). He authored Radio Design in Nanometer Technologies (Springer, 2007). He advised the thesis work of 43 Ph.D. students and of more than 85 M.Sc. students. He cofounded ANACAD-Egypt (now part of Mentor Graphics Inc.) and Firstpass Technologies Inc., a developer of CMOS radio and mixed-signal Internet protocols for handheld wireless applications. He is the Founder of the International Journal of Analog Integrated Circuits and Signal Processing (Springer) and serves as the Editor-In-Chief. Dr. Ismail has been the recipient of several awards including the U.S. National Science Foundation Presidential Young Investigator Award, the U.S. Semiconductor Research Corp Inventor Recognition Awards in 1992 and 1993, The College of Engineering Lumley Research Award in 1992, 1997, 2002, and 2007 and a Fulbright/Nokia fellowship Award in 1995.He has served as Associate Editor for many IEEE TRANSACTIONS, is on the International Advisory Boards of several journals, and was on the Board of Governors of the IEEE Circuits and Systems Society.