A SUMMER TRAINING REPORT ON UTTAR PRADESH POWER TRANSMISSION CORPORATION LIMITED 220KV SUBSTATION MURADNAGAR, GHAZIABAD A Summer training

Report Submitted In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements fo r the award of Degree of Bachelor of Technology In Electrical & Electronics Engi neering Submitted to: Prof. Rahat U. Khan EN. Dept. Submitted by: Pankaj Kumar EN-FINAL YEAR 0902921056

TRAINING CERTIFICATE This is to certify that PANKAJ KUMAR, student of KRISHNA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERIN G & TECHNOLOGY,GHAZIABAD ,B.Tech 4th Year Electrical & Electronics Engineering h as undergone industrial training in 220KV SUB-DIVISION STATION, UTTAR PRADESH PO WER TRANSFER COORPORATION LIMITED, Muradnagar, Ghaziabad,from 12/06/12 to 10/07/ 12.During training period his work and behavior remained good. (Yogesh Kumar) Executive Engineer

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Industrial training has an important role in exposing the real life situation in an industry. It was a great experience for me to work on training at UTTAR PRAD ESH POWER TRANSMISSION COORPORATION LTD, through which I could learn how to work in a professional environment. Now I would like to thank the people who guided me and have been a constant source of inspiration throughout the tenure of my in dustrial training. This training report has been made in accordance with the aca demic syllabus prescribed by the GAUTAM BUDDHA TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY (GBTU). It c ontains all the relevant topics, data & information important to describe the POW ER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. I am sincerely grateful to Mr. Raj Kumar (SDO) who render ed me his valuable assistance, constant encouragement and able guidance which ma de this training actually possible. I am also thankful to Mr. Mahendra Singh (Ju nior Engineer) for helping me in making this report & giving his precious time b y sharing his knowledge & experience. Pankaj Kumar 3

Table of contents

1. Introduction................................................................. .......................................1-2 1.1 About 220/132 KV substation Murad nagar, Ghaziabad1 2. Transformers..3-5 2.1 Types of Trans ad ..6-7 4. Substation..7-13 5. Chronological training diary

6. Bus bars...18-19 7. Insulators.20-25 8

1. INTRODUCTION The creation of Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd. (UPPCL) on January 14, 2000 is the result of power sector reforms and restructuring in UP ( India) which is the focal point of the Power Sector, responsible for planning an d managing the sector through its transmission, distribution and supply of elect ricity. UPPCL will be professionally managed utility supplying reliable and cost efficient electricity to every citizen of the state through highly motivated em ployees and state of art technologies, providing an economic return to our owner s and maintaining leadership in the country. We shall achieve this being a dynam ic, forward looking, reliable, safe and trustworthy organization, sensitive to o ur customers interests, profitable and sustainable in the long run, providing un interrupted supply of quality power, with transparency and integrity in operatio n 5

1.1 ABOUT 220/132KV SUBSTATION MURADNAGAR,GHAZIABAD Figure 1.1 220/132KV Substation The 220KV power substation has the capacity-(2*160 MVA+1*100MVA). It receives th ree 220kv lines from Sikandrabad, Loni and Dadri and two 400kv lines from Modipu ram (circuit 1) and a newly installed circuit 2. It steps down this supply to 13 2kv, 66kv, 33kv and 11kv. 132kv line gives supply to Lalkuan, Morta, Newari, Mod isteel, Hapur and Dasna, 66kv line to PPM circuit, 33kv line to Rawli, Noorpur, Goelispat, and 11kv to New substation. For protection purposes against the fault s & abnormal conditions, various circuit breakers (CB), bus isolators (BI), curr ent transformers (CT), capacitor voltage transformers (CVT) are installed. Vario us bus couplers are also installed to transfer the power from one bus to other.

2. TRANSFORMERS Figure: 2.1 Transformer Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the po tential of alternating current at same frequency. It means the transformer trans forms the low voltage into high voltage & high voltage to low voltage at same fr equency. It works on the principle of static induction principle. When the energ y is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called step up transf ormer but in case of other is known as step down transformer. 2.1 TYPES OF TRANS FORMER 2.1.1 Power transformer 2.1.2 Instrument transformer 2.1.3 Auto transform er 2.1.4 On the basis of working 2.1.5 On the basis of structure 2.1.1 POWER TRANSFORMER: 7

Figure 2.2 Power Transformers Types of power transformer: 2.1.1.1 Single phase t ransformer 2.1.1.2 Three phase transformer 2.1.2 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER: Fig: 2.3 Instrument Transformers a) Current transformer b) Potential transformer 2.1.3 AUTO TRANSFORMER:

Fig 2.4 Auto Transformer a)Single phase transformer b)Three phase transformer 2. 1.4 ON THE BASIS OF WORKING 2.1.4.1 Step down: Converts high voltage into low voltage. 2.1.4.2 Step up: Conv erts low voltage into high voltage. 2.1.5 ON THE BASIS OF STRUCTURE Figure 2.5 core type Figure 2.6 Shell type 9

3. SPECIFICATION OF C.T. USED IN 220/132 KV SUB STATION, MURADNAGAR,GHAZIABAD 4. Figure 3.1 Current transformer 3.1 Standard: IS-2785 3.2 Highest System Volta ge: 145 KV 3.3 Frequency: 50Hz 3.4 C.T. Current: 25 KA/1Sec. 3.5 Rated primary c urrent: 800 Ampere 4. SUBSTATIONS

Figure 4.1View of substation The present day electrical power system is A.C.i.e. electrical power is generated, transmitted & distributed in the form of the alt ernating current. The electric power is produced at power plant stations which a re located at favorable places generally quite away from the consumers. It is de livered to the consumers through a large network of transmission 7 distribution. At many places in the power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some characteristics e.g. voltage, ac to dc, frequency, power factor etc. of el ectric supply. This accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation. For ex ample; generation voltage (11 KV or 33 KV) at the power station is set up to hig h voltage (say 220 KV or 132 KV) for transmission of electric power. The assembl y of apparatus (e.g. transformer etc.) used for this purpose in the substation. Similarly near the consumers localities, the voltage may have to be step down to utilization level. This job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called s ubstation. The assembly of apparatus to change some characteristic of electric p ower supply is called substation. 11

4.1 TYPES OF SUBSTATION 4.1.1 According to the service requirement: 4.1.1.1 Transformer substation 4.1.1 .2 Switch substation 4.1.1.3 Power factor correction substation 4.1.1.4 Frequenc y change substation 4.1.1.5 Converting substation 4.1.1.6 Industrial substation 4.1.2 According to the constructional features: 4.1.2.1 Indoor substation 4.1.2. 3 Outdoor substation 4.1.2.4 Underground substation 4.1.2.5 Pole mounted substat ion 4.1.1.1 TRANSFORMER SUBSTATION Figure 4.2 Transformer substation They are known as transformer substations as b ecause transformer is the main component employed to change the voltage level, d epending upon the purposed served

transformer substations may be classified into: 4.1.1.1.1 STEP UP SUBSTATION The generation voltage is steeped up to high voltage to affect economy in transm ission of electric power. These are generally located in the power houses and ar e of outdoor type. 4.1.1.1.2 PRIMARY GRID SUBSTATION Here, electric power is received by primary substation which reduces the voltage level to 66KV for secondary transmission. The primary grid substation is genera lly of outdoor type. 4.1.1.1.3 SECONDARY SUBSTATIONS At a secondary substation, the voltage is further steeped down to 11KV. The 11KV lines runs along the important road of the city. The secondary substations are also of outdoor type. 4.1.1.1.4 DISTRIBUTION SUBSTATION These substations are located near the consumers localities and step down to 400V , 3-phase, 4-wire for supplying to the consumers. The voltage between any two ph ases is 400V & between any phase and neutral it is 230V. 13

4.2 SUBSTATION CHARACTERISTICS: 4.2.1 Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant outage does not necessarily result in loss of supply. 4.2.2 A fault on the feeder or transformer circuit breaker causes loss of the transfor mer and feeder circuit, one of which may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker. 4.2.3 A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of the subst ation. All circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker. 4.2.4 4.2.5 Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of the circ uit. Introduction of bypass isolators between bus bar and circuit isolator allow s circuit breaker maintenance facilities without loss of that circuit. 4.3 STEPS IN DESIGNING SUBSTATION: The First Step in designing a Substation is t o design an Earthing and Bonding System. 4.3.1 Earthing and Bonding: The functio n of an earthing and bonding system is to provide an earthing system connection to which transformer neutrals or earthing impedances may be connected in order t o pass the maximum fault current. The earthing system also ensures that no therm al or mechanical damage occurs on the equipment within the substation, thereby r esulting in safety to operation and maintenance personnel. The earthing system a lso guarantees equipotent bonding such that there are no dangerous potential gra dients developed in the substation. In designing the substation, three voltage h ave to be considered these are:

4.3.3 Earthing Materials 4.3.3.4 Conductors: Bare copper conductor is usually us ed for the substation earthing grid. The copper bars themselves usually have a c ross-sectional area of 95 square millimeters, and they are laid at a shallow dep th of 0.25-0.5m, in 3-7m squares. In addition to the buried potential earth grid , a separate above ground earthing ring is usually provided, to which all metall ic substation plant is bonded. 4.3.3.4 Connections: Connections to the grid and other earthing joints should not be soldered because the heat generated during f ault conditions could cause a soldered joint to fail. Joints are usually bolted, and in this case, the face of the joints should be tinned. 4.3.3.5 Earthing Rod s: The earthing grid must be supplemented by earthing rods to assist in the diss ipation of earth fault currents and further reduce the overall substation earthi ng resistance. These rods are usually made of solid copper, or copper clad steel . 4.3.4 Switchyard Fence Earthing: The switchyard fence earthing practices are p ossible and are used by different utilities. These are: 4.3.4.1 Extend the subst ation earth grid 0.5m-1.5m beyond the fence perimeter. The fence is then bonded to the grid at regular intervals. 4.3.4.2 Place the fence beyond the perimeter o f the switchyard earthing grid and bond the fence to its own earthing rod system . This earthing rod system is not coupled to the main substation earthing grid. 15

4.4 CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN: An ideal conductor should fulfills the following requirements: 4.4.1 4.4.2 Should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and short time currents. Should be able to withstand forces on it due to its situation. These forces comprise self weight, and weight of other co nductors and equipment, short circuit forces and atmospheric forces such as wind and ice loading. 4.4.3 4.4.4 4.4.5 4.4.6 Should be corona free at rated voltage . Should have the minimum number of joints. Should need the minimum number of su pporting insulators. Should be economical. The most suitable material for the co nductor system is copper or aluminums. Steel may be used but has limitations of poor conductivity and high susceptibility to corrosion. In an effort to make the conductor ideal, three different types have been utilized, and these include: F lat surfaced Conductors, Stranded Conductors, and Tubular Conductors 4.5 Overhead Line Terminations Two methods are used to terminate overhead lines at a substation. 4.5.1 4.5.2 Tensioning conductors to substation structures or b uildings Tensioning conductors to ground winches. The choice is influenced by the height of towers and the proximity to the substa tion. The following clearances should be observed:

VOLTAGE LEVEL less than 66kV 66kV - 110kV 110kV - 165kV greater than 165kV 6.1m 6.4m 6.7m 7.0m MINIMUM GROUND CLEARANCE Table 1 Clearance in accordance with voltage value 5. CHRONOLOGICAL TRAINING DIARY ( based on study & observation at different Depa rtments and sections) 5.1 POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION Introduction: 0100090000032a0200000200a20100000000a201000026060f003a03574d464301 000000 00000100b6f40000000001000000180300000000000018030000010000006c00000000000 00000 000000350000006f0000000000000000000000ac1400004c0f000020454d46000001001803 0000 120000000200000000000000000000000000000070120000781a0000c80000001f010000000 000 000000000000000000850c030082600400160000000c000000180000000a0000001000000000 00 0000000000000900000010000000e20400009f030000250000000c0000000e000080250000000 c 0000000e000080120000000c00000001000000520000007001000001000000a4ffffff00000000 00 00000000000000900100000000000004400022430061006c00690062007200690000000000000 0 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 0000000000000001100b0b311001000000014b7110094b411005251603214b711000cb4110010 00 00007cb51100f8b611002451603214b711000cb411002000000049642f310cb4110014b71100 200 00000ffffffff8c2ed100d0642f31ffffffffffff0180ffff0180efff0180ffffffff00000000000 8000000 0800004300000001000000000000005802000025000000372e90010000020f0502020204 030204 ef0200a07b20004000000000000000009f00000000000000430061006c006900620072000 00000 0000000000d4b41100dee32e31e88d083234b8110040b411009c3827310400000001000000 7cb 17

Figure 5.1: PLCC (POWER LINE CARRIER COMMUNICATION) Reliable & fast communicatio n is necessary for safe efficient & economical power supply. To reduce the power failure in extent & time, to maintain the interconnected grid system in optimum working condition; to coordinate the operation of various generating unit commu nication network is indispensable for state electricity board. In state electric ity boards, the generating & distribution stations are generally located at a fa r distance from cities. Where P & T communication provided through long overhead lines in neither reliable nor quick. As we have available very reliable physica l paths viz. the power lines, which interconnected, hence power line carrier com munication is found to be most economical and reliable for electricity boards. 5 .1.1 APPLICATIONS: The PLCC can be used for the following facilities: 5.1.1.1 Te lephony 5.1.1.2 Teleprotection

5.1.1.3 Remote control or indication 5.1.1.4 Telemetry 5.1.1.5 Teleprinting 5.2 PRINCIPLE OF PLCC: The principle of PLCC is the simple one: All type of information is modulated on carried wave at frequency 50Hz to 500KHz. The modulated HF carrier fed into the power line conductor at the sending end and filtered out again at the respectiv e stations. Long earlier system double side band amplitude modulation was more c ommon but the present amplitude modulated system. 5.2.1 Wave trap or line trap: Wave trap is connected in series with power line between the point of connection of coupling capacitor and S/S. Wave trap offers negligible impedance to HF carr ier. Wave trap stands electromechanically and thermally for short circuit curren t in the event of fault on the line. On the basis of blocking frequency bank, th e wave trap can be following type: 5.2.1.1 ALL WAVE 5.2.1.2 SINGAL FREQUENCY 5.2 .1.3 DOUBLE FREQUENCY 5.2.1.4 BROAD BAND 5.2.2 Coupling capacitor: The modulated carrier is let into power line through coupling capacitor speciall y designed to with stand line voltage under all weather condition. The upper end of the coupling capacitor is connected directly to the line and the lower end i s connected to the ground through a carrier frequency chock coil or drain coil. Thus coupling capacitor forms the link between the PLCC equipment and power line . The coupling capacitor used in UPSEB is 2200pf capacitance. 19

5.2.3 Protective Device of Coarse Voltage Arrester: This is connected across the primary of the coupling filter i.e. one end is connected to the bottom of the c oupling capacitor and other end is earthed. This is provided to protect the coup ling filter against line surges. An air gap is provided, where voltage of the or der of 1.8 to 2KV as observed across due to lighting etc. on line. 5.2.4 Couplin g of Filter: The coupling filter is inserted between the low voltage terminal of the coupling capacitor and the carrier frequency connection of the carrier term inal. Some time an earth switch is also provided with this unit. This unit mainl y performs two functions; firstly it isolates the connection of equipment from t he power line. Secondly it serves to match characteristic impedance of the power line to that of the H.F. cable to connection equipments. 5.2.5 H.F. Cable: H.F. cable normally used to connect the coupling filter to another coupling terminal . The cable is insulated to withstand the test voltage of 4KV. The impedance of this H.F. cable is so as to match with the output of the PLCC terminal and secon dary impedance of coupling filter. 6. BUSBARS

Figure 6.1 Typical representation of bus bars When numbers of generators or feed ers operating at the same voltage have to be directly connected electrically, bu s bar is used as the common electrical component. Bus bars are made up of copper rods operate at constant voltage. The following are the important bus bars arra ngements used at substations: 6.1 Single bus bar system 6.2 Single bus bar syste m with section alisation. 6.3 Duplicate bus bar system While opening a circuit, the circuit breaker is opened first then isolator while closing a circuit the is olator is closed first, then circuit breakers. Isolators are necessary on supply side of circuit breakers, in order to ensure isolation of the circuit breaker f rom live parts for the purpose of maintenance. 7. INSULATORS 21

The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductors (bus bar) and con fine the current to the conductors. The most common used material for the manufa cture of insulator is porcelain. There are several types of insulators (e.g. pin type, suspension type, post insulator etc.) and their use in substation will de pend upon the service requirement. For example, post insulator is used for bus b ars. A post insulator consists of a porcelain body, cast iron cap and flanged ca st iron base. The hole in the cap is threaded so that bus bars can be directly b olted to the cap. Figure 7.1 Insulators used in substations With the advantage of power system, th e lines and other equipment operate at very high voltage and carry high current. A circuit breaker essentially consists of fixed and moving contacts. These cont acts can be opened manually or by remote control whenever desired. When a fault occurs on any part of the system, the trip coils of breaker get energized and th e moving contacts are pulled apart by some mechanism, thus opening the circuit. When contacts of a circuit breaker are separated, an arc is struck; the current is thus able to continue. The production of arcs are not only delays the current interruption, but is also generates the heat. Therefore, the main problem is to distinguish the arc within the shortest possible time so that it may not reach a dangerous value. The general way of classification is on the basis of the medi um used for arc extinction.

Figure 7.2 Circuit breaker arrangements 7.1. Circuit breakers They can be classi fied into: 7.1.1 Oil circuit breaker 7.1.2 Air-blast circuit breaker 7.1.3 Sulph ar hexafluoride circuit breaker (SF6) 7.1.4 Vacuum circuit breakers Note: SF6 an d Vacuum circuit breaker are being used in 132KV distribution substation. 7.2 Oil Circuit Breaker 23

Figure 7.3 Oil circuit breaker A high-voltage circuit breaker in which the arc i s drawn in oil to dissipate the heat and extinguish the arc; the intense heat of the arc decomposes the oil, generating a gas whose high pressure produces a flo w of fresh fluid through the arc that furnishes the necessary insulation to prev ent a restrike of the arc. The arc is then extinguished, both because of its elo ngation upon parting of contacts and because of intensive cooling by the gases a nd oil vapor. 7.3 Air blast circuit breaker Fast operations, suitability for rep eated operation, auto reclosure, unit type multi break constructions, simple ass embly, modest maintenance are some of the main features of air blast circuit bre akers. A compressors plant necessary to maintain high air pressure in the air re ceiver. The air blast circuit breakers are especially suitable for railways and arc furnaces, where the breaker operates repeatedly. Air blast circuit breakers is used for interconnected lines and important lines where rapid operation is de sired.

Figure 7.4 Air blast circuit breaker 7.4SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER: Figure 7.5 SF6 Circuit breaker In such circuit breaker, sulphar hexafluoride (SF 6) gas is used as the arc quenching medium. The SF6 is an electronegative gas an d has a strong tendency to absorb free electrons. The SF6 circuit breaker have b een found to a very effective for high power and high voltage service. SF6 circu it breakers have been developed for voltage 115 KV to 230 KV, power rating 10 MV A. 7.5 Vacuum Circuit Breaker 25

Figure 7.6 Vacuum circuit breaker Vacuum circuit breakers are circuit breakers w hich are used to protect medium and high voltage circuits from dangerous electri cal situations. Like other types of circuit breakers, vacuum circuit breakers li terally break the circuit so that energy cannot continue flowing through it, the reby preventing fires, power surges, and other problems which may emerge. 8. METERING AND INDICATION EQUIPMENT 8.1 RELAY: Figure 8.1 Relay

In a power system it is inevitable that immediately or later some failure does o ccur somewhere in the system. When a failure occurs on any part of the system, i t must be quickly detected and disconnected from the system. Rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits the amount of damage to it and prevents the effects of fault from spreading into the system. For high voltage circuits relays are e mployed to serve the desired function of automatic protective gear. The relays d etect the fault and supply the information to the circuit breaker. 8.1.1 8.1.2 E lectromagnetic attraction relay Electromagnetic induction relay 8.2 Relays used in control panel of the substation; 8.2.1 DIFFERENTIAL RELAY: Figure 8.2 Differential Relay A differential relay is one that operates when vec tor difference of the two or more electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value. If this differential quantity is equal or greater than the pickup value, the relay will operate and open the circuit breaker to isolate the faulty sectio n. 27

8.2.2 OVER CURRENT RELAY: Figure 8.3 Overcurrent Relay This type of relay works when current in the circui t exceeds the predetermined value. The actuating source is the current in the ci rcuit supplied to the relay from a current transformer. These relay are used on A.C. circuit only and can operate for fault flow in the either direction. This r elay operates when phase to phase fault occurs. 8.2.3 DIRECTIONAL RELAY: Figure8.4 Directional Relay This relay operates during earth faults. If one phas e touch the earth due to any fault. A directional power relay is so designed tha t it obtains its operating torque by the

interaction of magnetic field derived from both voltage and current source of th e circuit it protects. The direction of torque depends upon the current relative to voltage. 8.2.4 TRIPPING RELAY: Figure 8.5 Tripping Relay This type of relay is in the conjunction with main rel ay. When main relay sense any fault in the system, it immediately operates the t rip relay to disconnect the faulty section from the section. 8.2.5 AUXILIARY RELAY: Figure 8.6 Auxiliary Relay An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by g lowing bulb alert the employee. 29

9. MISCELLANOUS EQUIPMENT: 9.1CAPACITOR BANK: Figure 9.1 Capacitor bank The load on the power system is varying being high dur ing morning and evening which increases the magnetization current. This result i n the decreased power factor. The low power factor is mainly due to the fact mos t of the power loads are inductive and therefore take lagging currents. Capacito r bank accomplishes following operations: 9.1.1 9.1.2 9.1.3 Supply reactive powe r Increases terminal voltage Improve power factor 9.2 FUSE: 0100090000032a0200000200a20100000000a201000026060f003a03574d464301000000000001 0 0b6f40000000001000000180300000000000018030000010000006c0000000000000000000000 35 0000006f0000000000000000000000ac1400004c0f000020454d460000010018030000120000 000 200000000000000000000000000000070120000781a0000c80000001f010000000000000000 0000 00000000850c030082600400160000000c000000180000000a000000100000000000000000

Figure 9.2 Substation Fuse A fuse is a short piece of wire or thin strip which m elts when excessive current through it for sufficient time. It is inserted in se ries with the circuit under normal operating conditions; the fuse element is at a nature below its melting point. Therefore it carries the normal load current o verheating. It is worthwhile to note that a fuse performs both detection and int erruption functions. 31

9.3 BUS COUPLER: Figure 9.3 bus coupler The bus coupler consists of circuit breaker and isolator. Each generator and feeder may be connected to either main bus bar or spar bus b ar with the help of bus coupler. Repairing, maintenance and testing of feeder ci rcuit or other section can be done by putting them on spar bus bar, thus keeping the main bus bar undisturbed. Bus coupler is a device which is used switch from one bus to the other without any interruption in power supply and without creat ing hazardous arcs. It is achieved with the help of circuit breaker and isolator s. 10. PROTECTION OF SUBSTATION: 10.1 Transformer protection: Transformers are tota lly enclosed static devices and generally oil immersed. Therefore chances of fau lt occurring on them are very easy rare, however the consequences of even a rare fault may be very serious unless the transformer is quickly disconnected from t he system. This provides adequate automatic protection for transformers against possible faults. 10.2 Conservator and Breather: When the oil expands or contacts by the change in the temperature, the oil level goes either up or down in main tank. A conservator is used to maintain the oil level up to

predetermined value in the transformer main tank by placing it above the level o f the top of the tank. 10.3 Marshalling box: It has two meter which indicate the temperature of the oil and winding of main tank. If temperature of oil or windi ng exceeds than specified value, relay operates to sound an alarm. If there is f urther increase in temperature then relay completes the trip circuit to open the circuit breaker controlling the transformer. 10.4 Transformer cooling: When the transformer is in operation heat is generated due to iron losses the removal of heat is called cooling. There are several types of cooling methods, they are as follows: 10.4.1 Air natural cooling: In a dry type of self cooled transformers, the natural circulation of surrounding air is used for its cooling. This type o f cooling is satisfactory for low voltage small transformers. 10.4.2 Air blast c ooling: It is similar to that of dry type self cooled transformers with to addit ion that continuous blast of filtered cool air is forced through the core and wi nding for better cooling. A fan produces the blast. 10.4.3 Oil natural cooling: Medium and large rating have their winding and core immersed in oil, which act b oth as a cooling medium and an insulating medium. The heat produce in the cores and winding is passed to the oil becomes lighter and rises to the top and place is taken by cool oil from the bottom of the cooling tank. 33

10.4.4 Oil blast cooling: In this type of cooling, forced air is directed over c ooling elements of transformers immersed in oil. 10.4.5 Forced oil and forced ai r flow (OFB) cooling: Oil is circulated from the top of the transformers tank to a cooling tank to a cooling plant. Oil is then returned to the bottom of the ta nk. 10.4.6 Forced oil and water (OWF) cooling: In this type of cooling oil flow with water cooling of the oil in external water heat exchanger takes place. The water is circulated in cooling tubes in the heat exchanger. 11. CONCLUSION Now from this report we can conclude that electricity plays an im portant role in our life. We are made aware of how the transmission of electrici ty is done. We too came to know about the various parts of the Substation system . The Uttar Pradesh Power Transmission Cooperation Limited has got radio communi cation in microwave range in order to transmit and receive data with various Sub stations in Uttar Pradesh to get reliable transmission and distribution of elect ricity.

References 1. www.wikipedia.com 2. www.yahooanswers.com 3. www.britannica.com 4. www.webope dia.com 5. www.encyclopedia.com 6. www.worldbook.com 7. www.encyclopediadramatic a.com/ 35