Decratum Preseason

Decratum Debate Publications
RESOLVED That the United Nations should be significantly reformed or abolished
AUTHORS Bruce Ragas, Josh Webb, James Pearce, Palmer Lovett, Jonathan Jee, Daniel Dalto, James Russell, David Poythress, Braydon Byrd
CONTENTS Security Council Veto Reform Affirmative----------------------------------------------------------------5 Security Council Veto Reform Negative------------------------------------------------------------------21 Whistle Blower Protection Affirmative-------------------------------------------------------------------34 Whistle Blower Protection Negative----------------------------------------------------------------------44 IMF Bailouts Affirmative-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------49 IMF Bailouts Negative--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------62 UNMIK Affirmative-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------71 UNMIK Negative--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------84 Financial Disclosure Affirmative--------------------------------------------------------------------------92 Financial Disclosure Negative----------------------------------------------------------------------------102 UNICEF Affirmative---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------112 UNICEF Negative------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------120
Security Council Veto Reform

Observation 1; Facts Fact 1. Only five out of members wield veto power Observation 2: Harms Harm 1. Veto deadlocks security council Harm 2. Crises in Rwanda, Darfur, Syria Observation 3: Plan Mandates: The UN Charter will be amended to remove the need for concurrent voting in the security council, removing their veto power. Agency & Enforcement: Any and all necessary bodies of the United Nations. Funding: No funding is required. Observation 4: Advantages Advantage 1. Increased effectiveness
Security Council Veto Reform Affirmative Brief

SIGNIFICANCE---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7 1. Veto power subverts international peace & security 2. Syria A. Veto blocked action in Syria B. 8000 people dead in Syria C. China and Russia act on personal interests D. UN failed to act in Syria due to political interests-------------------------------------------8 E. Council deadlocked over Syria F. Veto prevented action in Syria 3. 800,000 dead in Rwanda 4. Bypassing Mechanisms------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9 A. General assembly's power to skirt veto is limited B. Council decision needed for legitimacy/action C. Resolution 377 has no legal force 5. Goal of the Council---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10 A. Security council has failed to live up to its goal B. Indecisiveness has damaged SC's credibility C. Veto power prevents action in Rwanda and Darfur D. Council not effective in face of genocide & atrocities E. Veto puts state interests in front of human life-----------------------------------------------11 F. Veto hinders civilian protection 6. Legitimacy A. Without reform, UNSC will become irrelevant B. Without reform, UNSC will lose legitimacy C. Veto power undermines the Council----------------------------------------------------------12 7. Crises not responded to A. Syria B. Rest of council favored Syria intervention C. Malaysia D. South Africa--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13 E. South Africa Human Rights violations ignored F. Yugoslavia G. Darfur H. Veto prevented action in Sudan---------------------------------------------------------------14 SOLVENCY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------15 1. Advocacy A. James Paul and Celine Nahory B. Bloomberg
C. Nassir Abdulaziz al-Nasser D. Dmitri Trenin E. Linda Heard--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 F. Most member states 2. Military action successful A. Military action could have saved lives in Rwanda B. Peacekeeping can still be effective------------------------------------------------------------17 C. Peacekeeping is important to reduce bloodshed DISADVANTAGES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------18 1. Efficiency A. Elimination veto would remove a bottleneck on decision B. Veto causes deadlock C. Veto creates an indecisive council FACTS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------19 1. Council composed of 15 members 2. Permanent members have veto power 3. 263 vetoes used 4. Veto Reform Stalled A. Veto reform going nowhere B. Veto reform gets vetod C. Current reform debates are deadlocked because of veto-----------------------------------20
SIGNIFICANCE
1. Veto power subverts international peace & security Salil Shetty (Secretary General of Amnesty International) 2012 http://www.amnesty.org/en/annual-report/2012/foreword There is nothing new about veto power being used to subvert international peace and security. 2. Syria A. Veto blocked action in Syria Marc Lynch (is associate professor of political science & international affairs at George Washington University) February 2012 http://lynch.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2012/02/05/the_un_fails_syria The veto cast by Russia and China on Saturday blocked action by the United Nations Security Council to back the Arab League's initiative to stop the killing and facilitate a political transition in Syria. The vetos came despite a concerted effort by the resolution's backers to meet the most significant objections, in particular their consistently repeated assurance that there would be no military intervention. B. 8000 people dead in Syria Sir Ronald Sanders (His diplomatic career spanned two periods between 1982 to 1987 & 1996 to 2004 He was twice High Commissioner to the United Kingdom for Antigua & Barbuda & Ambassador to the World Trade Organization (WTO) June 25, 2012 http://www.caribbean360.com/index.php/opinion/559857.html#ixzz1yqePoqWx Both the Chinese and Russian governments have vetoed global sanctions against Syria. Emboldened by this, the government of President Bashar alAssad steppedup violence against Syrians and forced thousands to flee the country. So far, official reports indicate that 11,000 and 10,000 Syrians have sought refuge in neighboring Turkey and Lebanon respectively. Jordan, with 80,000 Syrian refugees is carrying the biggest burden. The UN says over 8,000 have so far been killed including children shot in the head. C. China and Russia act on personal interests Sir Ronald Sanders (His diplomatic career spanned two periods between 1982 to 1987 & 1996 to 2004 He was twice High Commissioner to the United Kingdom for Antigua & Barbuda & Ambassador to the World Trade Organization (WTO) June 25, 2012 http://www.caribbean360.com/index.php/opinion/559857.html#ixzz1yqePoqWx The right to protect principle that justifies UN human intervention in a country where there is gross abuse of human rights and large scale killing of people should be applied urgently in Syria. But, so far naked selfinterest has motivated the governments of Russia and China which enjoy advantageous economic and military agreements with the Assad regime.
D. UN failed to act in Syria due to political interests Colm OGorman (Colm OGorman is executive director of Amnesty International Ireland) May 03, 2012 http://www.irishexaminer.com/features/un-must-be-reformed-to-fulfil-mandate-192575.html It is important to understand the UN did not fail to act in Syria because of indifference. It did not fail because of a lack of resources. It failed, and is in danger of failing completely, because powerful nations on the UN Security Council put their political interests ahead of human rights and, more particularly, ahead of the interests of the Syrian people. Russia and China used their vetoes on the UN Security Council to protect the Syrian government, giving President Bashar al Assad immunity at the international level. E. Council deadlocked over Syria Michelle Nichols (Reuters general news correspondent in New York) Chicago Tribune: "Deadlocked U.N. Security Council members lay blame over Syria", July 25 2012 http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-07-25/news/sns-rt-us-syria-crisisunbre86o1px-20120725_1_ambassador-mark-lyall-grant-syrian-government-syrian-opposition U.N. Security Council members blamed each other for rising violence in Syria on Wednesday, with Western states pledging to also seek an end to the 16month conflict outside the world body as Russia warned of likely catastrophic consequences with that approach. Russia, an ally of Syria, and China have repeatedly blocked Westernbacked Security Council attempts to increase pressure on Syrian President Bashar alAssad to end the violence sparked by a government crackdown on prodemocracy protesters. The Syrian people will pay the price for this failure (to act), Germany's U.N. Ambassador Peter Wittig told a U.N. Security Council debate on the Middle East on Wednesday. With Russia and China pitted against their permanent veto wielding counterparts the United States, Britain and France, the 15member council is deadlocked and Washington has said it will seek ways to tackle the crisis F. Veto prevented action in Syria Corrie Hulse (is a graduate of the University of Washington with her Master's in Interdisciplinary Arts & Sciences While at the UW Graduate School, Corrie focused her studies on international affairs & political theory)February 2012 http://mantlethought.org/content/civilians-ultimate-victims-veto This month, the veto was used to block intervention in Syria, where civilians are being viciously targeted by their government. There is an undeniable need for civilian protection, particularly in the city of Homs, yet the Arab League's Peace Plan was again blocked by China and the Russian Federation. 3. 800,000 dead in Rwanda Jan Wouters (Professor of International Law & the Law of International Organizations, Director of the Institute for International Law, Leuven University) Tom Ruys (Research assistant, Institute of International Law, Leuven University) 2005 http://aei.pitt.edu/8980/1/ep9.pdf
The most obvious example relates to the 1994 Rwandan genocide, which lasted for four months and left 800,000 people dead. When the Security Council considered the possibility of intervening to halt the massacres, two permanent members, France and the United States (the latter partially motivated by the loss of 18 soldiers in Somalia in 1993) blocked the establishment of a robust intervention force. 4. Bypassing Mechanisms A. General assembly's power to skirt veto is limited Thomas G. Weiss (is a presidential professor & director of the Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies at The CUNY Graduate Center in New York) Autumn 2003 https://csis.org/files/publication/twq03autumnweiss.pdf Acting through the General Assembly can be useful to circumvent a vetowielding member of the Security Council in the clear international minority, but such a route has its limits. Once a security matter has been brought before the General Assembly, the main hurdle it faces is the requirement to have a twothirds majority of members present and voting. B. Council decision needed for legitimacy/action Thomas G. Weiss (is a presidential professor & director of the Ralph Bunche Institute for International Studies at The CUNY Graduate Center in New York) Autumn 2003 https://csis.org/files/publication/twq03autumnweiss.pdf Many countries, particularly some European and developing countries, are reluctant or even unwilling to acknowledge the legitimacy of military force that is not specifically sanctioned by the council, even for humanitarian purposes. For these countries, the international political process in the Security Council, however flawed and even without reform, is at least regulated. Indeed, for a growing number of legislators in the West, a bona fide Security Council authorization is essential to secure their consent to deploy national military forces C. Resolution 377 has no legal force Christian Tomuschat (Christian Tomuschat is professor emeritus of Humboldt University Berlin Before taking the chair of international law in Berlin, he worked for 22 years at the Law Faculty of the University of Bonn as the director of the Institute of international law) Copyright 2008 http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/ha/ufp/ufp.html The most important part of resolution 377 A (V) is section A which states that where the Security Council, because of lack of unanimity of the permanent members, fails to exercise its primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace and security, the General Assembly shall seize itself of the matter As also the language of the resolution clearly reveals, the General Assembly can never be a full substitute for the Security Council in this area. Accordingly, only recommendations are mentioned, i.e., pronouncements devoid of any binding legal force.
5. Goal of the Council A. Security council has failed to live up to its goal Ernesto Zedillo (Director, Yale Center for the Study of Globalization) March 2005 http://www.ycsg.yale.edu/core/forms/Reforming_un.pdf The Security Council was conceived to be the key UN organ for peace and security, by virtue of being, in principle, empowered to impose sanctions and approve the use of force. But more often than not, the Council has in practice failed to play its role effectively. B. Indecisiveness has damaged SC's credibility High-level Panel on Threats, Challenges & Change, in their report: "A More Secure World: Our Shared Responsibility", 2004 http://www.un.org/secureworld/report.pd f Since the end of the cold war, the effectiveness of the Council has improved, as has its willingness to act; but it has not always been equitable in its actions, nor has it acted consistently or effectively in the face of genocide or other atrocities. This has gravely damaged its credibility. C. Veto power prevents action in Rwanda and Darfur Vijay Mehta (Vijay Mehta is president of VM Centre for Peace. He is an author & global activist for peace, development, human rights & the environment) October, 2010 http://unitingforpeace.com/resources/speeches/Reforming%20the%20UN%20for%20the%2021st %20Century-2.pdf The veto is considered fundamentally unjust by a majority of States and is thought to be the main reason why the Council failed to respond adequately to humanitarian crises such as in Rwanda (1994) and Darfur (2004). It is thus not surprising that most States wish to abolish or restrain the veto. D. Council not effective in face of genocide & atrocities Bloomberg (With over 15,000 employees in 192 locations, we deliver business & financial information, news & insight around the world) April 16, 2012 http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-04-16/scrapping-un-veto-would-help-u-s-take-onrussia- china.html More recently, however, a troubling trend has emerged: China and Russia, acting alone or together, using the veto to protect autocratic regimes such as Myanmar (2007), Zimbabwe (2008) and Syria (2012). That doesnt include the many times P5 members have used the threat of a veto to scupper planned resolutions before they hit the table. In particular, as a high level UN panel put it in 2004, the council has not acted consistently or effectively in the face of genocide or other atrocities.
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E. Veto puts state interests in front of human life Joseph A. Kechichian (Joseph A Kechichian is the CEO of Kechichian & Associates, LLC, & a Fellow at the Gustav E von Grunebaum Center for Near East Studies, University of California, Los Angeles) "UN Security Council shackled by vetoes", July 25 2012 http://gulfnews.com/opinions/columnists/un-security-council-shackled-by-vetoes-1.1053521 At the beginning of an increasingly multipolar 21st century, world powers are anxiously putting several nails in the Security Councils coffin, with dire consequences for all. Can the world settle on a new arrangement without engaging in a third World War? This question is not theoretical and must be raised seriously for it seems that discarded Cold War rhetoric is re emerging with Russia and China determined to withstand the western juggernaut that has swept the second half of the last century. The fact that Russia and China cast three recent vetoes to prevent a putative intervention in Syria under Chapter Seven reminded the entire world what was truly wrong with the premier security institution; a mechanism that favoured state interests rather than human lives. F. Veto hinders civilian protection Corrie Hulse (is a graduate of the University of Washington with her Master's in Interdisciplinary Arts & Sciences While at the UW Graduate School, Corrie focused her studies on international affairs & political theory)February 2012 http://mantlethought.org/content/civilians-ultimate-victims-veto The most obvious hindrance to civilian protection, which has been garnering quite a bit of debate, is the use of the veto among the Permanent Five (P5) members of the United Nations Security Council. This is of utmost concern in cases of genocide and crimes against humanity. 6. Legitimacy A. Without reform, UNSC will become irrelevant Lionel Beehner (is a fellow at the Truman National Security Project, former senior writer at the Council on Foreign Relations, & PhD student in political science at Yale University) June 2012 http://www.worldpolicy.org/blog/2012/06/06/uns-fossilized-security-council Unless the UN Security Council is reformed, its failure in Syria could mark the end of the bodys relevance as a tool for preventing mass atrocities. B. Without reform, UNSC will lose legitimacy Lionel Beehner (is a fellow at the Truman National Security Project, former senior writer at the Council on Foreign Relations, & PhD student in political science at Yale University) June 2012 http://www.worldpolicy.org/blog/2012/06/06/uns-fossilized-security-council Indeed, without meaningful reform, the body will be seen as neither legitimate nor effective in enforcing international law. Legitimacy is a subjective thing, of course, requiring actors to perceive of the councils actions as holding legal and moral authority
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C. Veto power undermines the Council Michael Moran (is foreign affairs columnist for GlobalPost & director & editor-in-chief of Renaissance Insights, a thought leadership initiative of the investment bank Renaissance Capital) May 17, 2012 http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/commentary/united-nations-veto-theveto This veto power far more than the theater of the absurd that is the General Assembly does more to undermine the institution [Security Council] than any other single factor. 7. Crises not responded to A. Syria Nassir Abdulaziz al-Nasser (UN General Assembly President) reported by United Press International (Over 100 years of journalistic excellence) 2012 http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2012/03/05/Assembly-chief-End-Security-Councilveto/ UPI-63761330934400/#ixzz20biT7bwf He pointed to Russian and Chinese vetoes Feb. 4 of a Security Council resolution backing an Arab League peace plan for Syria as the latest example of why the veto is no longer defensible. "Because of disagreement from one or two members who have the right to veto, a resolution seeking to protect Syrian civilians from security forces crushing the antiAssad regime uprising was blocked, he told the newspaper. B. Rest of council favored Syria intervention Stephen Zunes (a Foreign Policy In Focus columnist & senior analyst, is a professor of Politics & chair of Middle Eastern Studies at the University of San Francisco) 2012 http://www.fpif.org/articles/syrian_repression_the_chineserussian_veto_and_us_hypocrisy On Saturday, Russia and China vetoed an otherwise unanimous UN Security Council resolution condemning the ongoing repression in Syria and calling for a halt to violence on all sides, unfettered access for Arab League monitors, and a Syrianled political transition to a democratic, plural political system, in which citizens are equal regardless of their affiliations or ethnicities or beliefs. C. Malaysia Jan Wouters (Professor of International Law & the Law of International Organizations, Director of the Institute for International Law, Leuven University) Tom Ruys (Research assistant, Institute of International Law, Leuven University) 2005 http://aei.pitt.edu/8980/1/ep9.pdf In 1964 for example, Malaysia complained to the Council of aggression by Indonesia, as the latter country had dropped armed paratroopers on its territory. The Soviet Union however vetoed a draft resolution that deplored the incident and called upon the parties to refrain from the threat or use of force.
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D. South Africa Jan Wouters (Professor of International Law & the Law of International Organizations, Director of the Institute for International Law, Leuven University) Tom Ruys (Research assistant, Institute of International Law, Leuven University) 2005 http://aei.pitt.edu/8980/1/ep9.pdf More wellknown cases are the Councils deliberations regarding the apartheid regime in South Africa (and Southern Rhodesia), and human rights violations by Israel. With regard to South Africa, no less than 56 vetoes were cast (26 by the United Kingdom, 20 by the United States and 10 by France). E. South Africa Human Rights violations ignored Jan Wouters (Professor of International Law & the Law of International Organizations, Director of the Institute for International Law, Leuven University) Tom Ruys (Research assistant, Institute of International Law, Leuven University) 2005 http://aei.pitt.edu/8980/1/ep9.pdf In 1986 for example the UK and the US blocked draft resolutions that condemned South African attacks against Angola, Zambia, Botswana and Zimbabwe. In 1987 and 1988, the same permanent members moreover vetoed the imposition of economic sanctions against the apartheid regime, despite persistent human rights violations. F. Yugoslavia Jan Wouters (Professor of International Law & the Law of International Organizations, Director of the Institute for International Law, Leuven University) Tom Ruys (Research assistant, Institute of International Law, Leuven University) 2005 http://aei.pitt.edu/8980/1/ep9.pdf A somewhat similar situation was present in 1998 and 1999, when largescale fighting between Serbs and ethnic Albanese Kosovars in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) turned into ethnic cleansing of the latter population group, causing hundreds of thousands of people to flee their homes. Despite the situation on the ground, China and Russia made it clear that they would veto any authorisation to use armed force by the United Nations. G. Darfur Jan Wouters (Professor of International Law & the Law of International Organizations, Director of the Institute for International Law, Leuven University) Tom Ruys (Research assistant, Institute of International Law, Leuven University) 2005 http://aei.pitt.edu/8980/1/ep9.pdf Most recently, in the course of 2004, Russia and China threatened to use their veto with regard to the Sudanese region of Darfur, where Arab militias committed largescale killing and raping of civilians, aided and abetted by government officials. The motives for the two countries position were apparently purely commercial: China and Russia were both involved in a lucrative arms trade with Sudan; China moreover owned some 40 percent share of Sudans main oil field.
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As a result, direct UN intervention was blocked, despite death toll estimates of up to 400,000 people. H. Veto prevented action in Sudan Corrie Hulse (is a graduate of the University of Washington with her Master's in Interdisciplinary Arts & Sciences While at the UW Graduate School, Corrie focused her studies on international affairs & political theory)February 2012 http://mantlethought.org/content/civilians-ultimate-victims-veto The P5 veto power has stood as one of the major barriers to a full intervention in Sudan. In this case, both China and the Russian Federation have exerted their veto power, while the United States has chosen abstention rather than casting a vote. Between China's oil connections, Russia's arms deals, and the U.S.'s political maneuvering, political game play has won out over the lives of civilians. This is precisely what happens when states that favor nonintervention are given the ultimate power to veto resolutions on intervention.
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SOLVENCY
1. Advocacy A. James Paul and Celine Nahory James Paul (James Paul has been Executive Director of Global Policy Forum since its foundation in late 1993)and Cline Nahory (she has had close to seven years of intensive experience with the UN Security Council & the NGO-Council dialogue process) July 13, 2005 http://www.globalpolicy.org/security-council/security-council-reform/41131.html?itemid=916 Reform of the Council must seek to restrict (and eventually eliminate) the veto, but this obviously cannot be done in the near future through Charter revision, which itself is subject to the veto process. B. Bloomberg Bloomberg (Bloomberg connects influential decision makers to a dynamic network of information, people & ideas Our strength - quickly & accurately delivering data, news & analytics through innovative technology - is at the core of everything we do With over 15,000 employees in 192 locations, we deliver business & financial information, news & insight around the world) April 16, 2012 http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-04-16/scrapping-un-veto-would-help-u-s-take-onrussia- china.html This illustrates why the veto for the five permanent members of the Security Council has become an increasingly dangerous anachronism that, as part of larger reforms, should be given up. C. Nassir Abdulaziz al-Nasser Nassir Abdulaziz al-Nasser (UN General Assembly President) reported by United Press International (Over 100 years of journalistic excellence) 2012 http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2012/03/05/Assembly-chief-End-Security-Councilveto/ UPI-63761330934400/#ixzz20biT7bwf The U.N. Security Council veto should be abolished, the General Assembly president says, blaming recent Russian and Chinese vetoes for fueling Syrian bloodshed. The ability of Britain, China, France, Russia and the United States to veto council resolutions is outdated, no longer credible, and a danger to world peace and security, Nassir Abdulaziz alNasser told the British newspaper The Independent as he called for broadbased reform of the United Nations council. D. Dmitri Trenin Dmitri Trenin (is the deputy director of the Carnegie Moscow Center & a former officer in the Soviet & Russian armed forces) Published in the New York Times, 2003 http://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2012/03/05/Assembly-chief-End-Security-Council-veto/ UPI-63761330934400/#ixzz20biT7bwf
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The veto right should be abolished. In the current and likely future absence of a major conflict among the leading powers, the veto is no longer needed to protect their supreme national interests. The most important Security Council decisions regarding the use of force would require a qualified majority of votes, but no nation would be able to block it. E. Linda Heard Linda Heard (is an award-winning British political columnist & guest television commentator with a focus on the Middle East) 2010 http://www.theprogressivemind.info/?p=51952 Why should five United Nations Security Council member countries be empowered to veto decisions taken by the others? Why should the US, UK, France, China and Russia be permitted to hold the entire world hostage to suit their own narrow selfinterest? As long as the veto system remains in place, the United Nations cannot be a fair and impartial international body that acts for the benefit of all its members. F. Most member states Jan Wouters (Professor of International Law & the Law of International Organizations, Director of the Institute for International Law, Leuven University) Tom Ruys (Research assistant, Institute of International Law, Leuven University) 2005 http://aei.pitt.edu/8980/1/ep9.pdf As regards the existing veto power of the P5 it is crystal clear that a majority of UN Member States support the abolition of this prerogative. Such a reform is being promoted by the African Union, the Arab League, the Group of NonAligned Nations, but also by numerous western countries. 2. Military action successful A. Military action could have saved lives in Rwanda D.R.L. Ludlow, "The Journal of Conflict Studies (JCS reaches most of the major university & public libraries in Canada, the US & the UK. Canada & the US together account for about 75 percent of the readership, the remainder coming from more than 20 countries world-wide. Ludlow's article in particular was peer-reviewed)1999 http://journals.hil.unb.ca/index.php/jcs/article/view/4378/5055 This assertion seems to be vindicated by the recognized success of OPERATION TURQUOISE, a force of some 2,800 troops, in saving thousands of lives. As the Synthesis Report of the JEEAR concluded, while there are arguments on both sides, a case can be made that with a modest expansion of peacekeeping forces with a clear mandate to protect civilians, the international community could have halted or at least substantially checked the killings, especially during the first weeks." Thus, in the case of Rwanda, military action could have been effective in saving many lives.
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B. Peacekeeping can still be effective Professors Paul Collier & Bjrn Lomborg (Paul Collier is Professor of Economics, Oxford University. Bjrn Lomborg is an adjunct professor at the Copenhagen Business School, where he founded & directs its Copenhagen Consensus Center) 2008 http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/does-military-intervention-workControversy should not rule out the use of military force in situations where it will make a difference. Used as one part of a package, peacekeeping initiatives remain a reliable and effective way to provide stability to fragile nations and reduce the suffering of the worlds most vulnerable people. C. Peacekeeping is important to reduce bloodshed Professors Paul Collier & Bjrn Lomborg (Paul Collier is Professor of Economics, Oxford University. Bjrn Lomborg is an adjunct professor at the Copenhagen Business School, where he founded & directs its Copenhagen Consensus Center) The Copenhagen Consensus Center (The Copenhagen Consensus Center is a think-tank that publicizes the best ways for governments & philanthropists to spend aid & development money) 2008 http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/does-military-intervention-workA new study for the Copenhagen Consensus project that includes the first ever costbenefit analysis of United Nations peacekeeping initiatives concludes that military might is an important tool for reducing bloodshed around the world.
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DISADVANTAGES
1. Efficiency A. Elimination veto would remove a bottleneck on decision Richard Weitz (is a senior fellow at the Hudson Institute & a World Politics Review senior editor) January 2011 http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/7449/global-insights-no-u-n-securitycouncil- reform-no-problem One proposal to avert this last problem, and a constant reform item in its own right, is to curtail the use and extent of the veto, or even eliminate it altogether. Abrogating the veto has been defended on the grounds of efficiency, since it could accelerate decisionmaking by removing a common bottleneck on rapid decisions. B. Veto causes deadlock Robert O. Keohane (is Professor of International Affairs, Princeton University) 2006 http://www.garnet-eu.org/fileadmin/documents/working_papers/0906.pdf The result of the veto, combined with the diverse political systems and interests of the permanent members, has often been deadlock. Inaction with respect to military interventions by superpowers during the Cold War, ethnic cleansing in the Balkans during the 1990s and genocide in Africa in the 1990s in Rwanda and in 2004 in Sudan has been more typical than precipitous collective action. C. Veto creates an indecisive council Robert O. Keohane (is Professor of International Affairs, Princeton University) 2006 http://www.garnet-eu.org/fileadmin/documents/working_papers/0906.pdf If the UN has a mixed record with respect to inclusiveness, it does poorly on decisiveness. The veto makes it impossible for the UN to authorize military action against the wishes of any of the five Permanent Members, creating the problem of deadlock that was discussed above. Members of the UN, and its agencies, often have strong incentives to avoid or downplay emerging threats.
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FACTS
1. Council composed of 15 members From the United Nations website, 2012 http://www.un.org/sc/members.asp The Council is composed of five permanent members China, France, Russian Federation, the United Kingdom and the United States and ten nonpermanent members 2. Permanent members have veto power Al Jazeera News Agency (Al Jazeera English is an international news channel with over sixty bureaus around the world that span six different continents.) 2012 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/02/201225152330761377.html The United Nations Security Council has 15 members, but only its five permanent members the United States, the United Kingdom, France, China and Russia hold the power to impose a veto on the council's resolutions. 3. 263 vetoes used Al Jazeera News Agency (Al Jazeera English is an international news channel with over sixty bureaus around the world that span six different continents.) 2012 http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/02/201225152330761377.html In total, 263 vetoes have been exercised since 1946, the year after the UN Charter was officially ratified. 4. Veto Reform Stalled A. Veto reform going nowhere Alischa Kugel (is Policy Analyst at the Friedrich Ebert Stiftungs New York office) 2009 http://tiny.cc/5tpjhw Reform is further complicated by procedural issues: some reforms can be implemented on an adhoc basis, while others, such as changes in the Councils composition and voting structure, re quire UN Charter amendments. For this, a two thirds quorum in the General Assembly (GA) which includes the permanent members of the Security Council who can block the vote with their veto is necessary. B. Veto reform gets vetod Jan Wouters (Professor of International Law & the Law of International Organizations, Director of the Institute for International Law, Leuven University) Tom Ruys (Research assistant, Institute of International Law, Leuven University) 2005 http://aei.pitt.edu/8980/1/ep9.pdf Equally unsurprising is the fact that the P5, whose concurring votes and ratifications are
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required for even the smallest amendment of the UN Charter (pursuant to articles 108 and 109) reject any limitation of the veto outright. C. Current reform debates are deadlocked because of veto Michael Moran (is foreign affairs columnist for GlobalPost & director & editor-in-chief of Renaissance Insights, a thought leadership initiative of the investment bank Renaissance Capital) May 17, 2012 http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/commentary/united-nations-veto-theveto The current reform debate is going nowhere. Search for UN Security Council reform on Google and you are ushered into a diplomatic parlor game whereby major regional powers demand permanent member status and their major regional rivals call on their vetowielding friend on the council to prevent it from ever happening.
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Security Council Veto Reform Negative Brief

SIGNIFICANCE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------23 1. Military action used without consent all the time 2. Syria A. Military intervention would trigger civilian deaths B. Syria possesses and could use chemical weapons C. Terrorists could gain chemical weapons-----------------------------------------------------24 3. Darfur A. Darfur intervention would harm civilians B. Darfur intervention would have failed C. Sudan forces not deployed due to lack of Sudanese consent 4. Kosovo did not need military intervention------------------------------------------------------------25 5. Rwanda would not have been saved through intervention SOLVENCY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------26 1. Removal of veto does not dictate action 2. Military intervention delayed A. 4-5 months needed to put troops on the ground B. Takes time to deploy troops C. Currently forces fail to meet deployment goals 3. UN peace operations not equipped to halt genocide-------------------------------------------------27 4. Sanctions ineffective A. UN sanctions have poor success rate B. Sanctions did not deter Taliban C. Very few instances where sanctions were effective-----------------------------------------28 DISADVANTAGES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------29 1. Majority Tyranny A. Veto power necessary to prevent majority tyranny B. Due to nature of members absolute veto wise C. U.S. uses veto to defend Israel D. US protected South Africa, Namibia, Nicaragua, and Vietnam 2. Military Responses---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30 A. Military responses counterproductive, escalated violence B. Military invention fraught with problems C. Honorable goals do not justify inappropriate intervention D. Using military intervention may create future violence E. Kosovo got violent due to intervention-------------------------------------------------------31 3. Veto essential
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A. Veto essential to council functioning B. Veto upholds international stability through diplomacy 4. Alternative to veto is no security council--------------------------------------------------------------32 5. Sanctions harm populace A. Sanctions increase repression through backlash B. Sanctions cause humanitarian crises C. Sanctions harm populace-----------------------------------------------------------------------33 D. Sanctions worsen problems they set out to solve
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SIGNIFICANCE
1. Military action used without consent all the time David Bosco (is a contributing writer at Foreign Policy magazine & assistant professor at American Universitys School of International Service A former Fulbright scholar, he received his law degree from Harvard Law School, a master s degree in international relations from Cambridge University, & a bachelor s degree from Harvard University) 2009 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/09/23/think_again_the_un_security_council? page=0,2 The U.N. Charter requires that any use of force that is not self-defense be cleared by the Security Council. It was for that reason that so many voices around the world -- including thenSecretary-General Kofi Annan -- declared the U.S. invasion of Iraq unlawful. The critics may be right as a matter of law, but since the organization began operating in 1946, the charters mandate has rarely been followed. Major powers (and plenty of minor ones) have taken military action again and again without the councils approval. 2. Syria A. Military intervention would trigger civilian deaths Steven Strauss (Steven Strauss is an Advanced Leadership Fellow at Harvard University Steven holds a BA from New York University & a PhD in Management from Yale University) 2012 http://www.businessinsider.com/nine-reasons-we-should-be-slow-to-militarily-intervene-insyria-2012-6#ixzz23eGz3fpY Assad is murderous, but if this escalates to a war casualties could be far worse. Over the past year, the Syrian regime murdered approximately 9,000 to 11,000 people. The death of one person is a tragedy, and the Assad regime has murdered many times over. However, people are being murdered by Assads regime in Syria at the rate of about 4050 deaths per 100,000 Syrians, per year. This is approximately the murder rate in New Orleans or Detroit. A military intervention, of any type, could end up triggering far more Syrian civilian deaths. B. Syria possesses and could use chemical weapons Steven Strauss (Steven Strauss is an Advanced Leadership Fellow at Harvard University Steven holds a BA from New York University & a PhD in Management from Yale University) 2012 http://www.businessinsider.com/nine-reasons-we-should-be-slow-to-militarily-intervene-insyria-2012-6#ixzz23eGz3fpY Syria has one of the worlds largest chemical weapons programs (an estimated fifty storage and production facilities) and some of these facilities are in heavily populated areas. The U.S. Military has estimated that it could take 75,000 U.S. ground troops to secure all of Syrias chemical weapons facilities. During the time it would take to secure these facilities, Assad could use these chemical weapons: against Israel (to trigger a regional war) against the mainland U.S., against Turkey, against his own civilian population or that of other countries.
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C. Terrorists could gain chemical weapons Steven Strauss (Steven Strauss is an Advanced Leadership Fellow at Harvard University Steven holds a BA from New York University & a PhD in Management from Yale University) 2012 http://www.businessinsider.com/nine-reasons-we-should-be-slow-to-militarily-intervene-insyria-2012-6#ixzz23eGz3fpY Syria has one of the worlds largest chemical weapons programs (an estimated fifty storage and production facilities), and some of these facilities are in heavily populated areas. The U.S. Military has estimated that it could take 75,000 U.S. ground troops to secure all of Syrias chemical weapons facilities. During the time it would take to secure these facilities, Assad could use these chemical weapons: against Israel (to trigger a regional war), against the mainland U.S., In the confusion of regime change (even in the best scenario, there will be some breakdown in controls) Chemical weapons could fall into the hands of Hezbollah, Hamas, al Qaeda or other terrorist groups. 3. Darfur A. Darfur intervention would harm civilians Daniel Levine (Assistant Professor of Public Policy, University of Maryland College Park) 2011 http://www.cissm.umd.edu/papers/files/some_concerns_about_the_responsibility_not_to_veto.pd f Though the UN has been criticized for caring too much about the consent of the Sudanese government, these worries would have been especially sharp had an intervention had to force entry over Sudanese resistance. Even at the height of the fighting, such an intervention may have brought grievous harm to civilians (though not with the same immoral intent). B. Darfur intervention would have failed Daniel Levine (Assistant Professor of Public Policy, University of Maryland College Park) 2011 http://www.cissm.umd.edu/papers/files/some_concerns_about_the_responsibility_not_to_veto.pd f Finally, we should not be too optimistic about the prospects of success of a military intervention. Darfur is a large area with poor infrastructure, difficult to access either by air or sea. Even an intervention with maximum political will and all the resources of a powerful nation behind it would likely have found ending human rights abuses there and controlling the situation difficult. The mere fact that many of the abusive forces were irregulars does not necessarily mean that they would be easy to defeat as the US experience in Iraq and the shortcomings of NATOs Kosovo campaign should demonstrate. C. Sudan forces not deployed due to lack of Sudanese consent Michael E. OHanlon (Director of Research & Senior Fellow of Foreign Policy at the Brookings Institute. Ph.D. (1991), M.A. (1988), M.S.E. (1987), A.B. (1982), Princeton University) 2006 http://www.brookings.edu/research/opinions/2006/12/21africa-ohanlon It has now been four months since the United Nations authorized the deployment of peacekeepers to Darfur to stop the killing and destruction that has so far claimed 400,000 lives. During that time, the genocide has, by most accounts, accelerated. But the United Nations will
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not send peacekeepers to the region without Sudans approval, and Sudans genocidal leaders eager to see the carnage continuerefuse to give their approval, so the U.N. force hasnt deployed. And it probably never will. 4. Kosovo did not need military intervention Daniel Levine (Assistant Professor of Public Policy, University of Maryland College Park) 2011 http://www.cissm.umd.edu/papers/files/some_concerns_about_the_responsibility_not_to_veto.pd f While Bltter and Williams imply that the UNSCs failure to authorize the NATO intervention in Kosovo should be seen as a problem that RN2V would have avoided, it is not absolutely clear that the intervention ought to have been authorized. Even supporters of the NATO campaign acknowledge that the success it had in driving Serbian forces out of Kosovo and halting abuses was costly in terms of civilian lives, displacement, and property destruction. 5. Rwanda would not have been saved through intervention Daniel Levine (Assistant Professor of Public Policy, University of Maryland College Park) 2011 http://www.cissm.umd.edu/papers/files/some_concerns_about_the_responsibility_not_to_veto.pd f Dallaire famously claimed that he could have ended the genocide in Rwanda with a few thousand more troops and a stronger mandate, a claim that has haunted many people concerned with preventing such abuses. But this may have been too optimistic; especially considering that even had political will not been lacking, it would have been difficult to deploy troops to Rwanda before the genocide spread to a much more distributed form of killing in the countryside
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SOLVENCY
1. Removal of veto does not dictate action David Bosco (is a contributing writer at Foreign Policy magazine & assistant professor at American Universitys School of International Service A former Fulbright scholar, he received his law degree from Harvard Law School, a master s degree in international relations from Cambridge University, & a bachelor s degree from Harvard University) May 17, 2012 http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/commentary/united-nationsveto-theveto And that points to another benefit of the veto power: it can be quite convenient in maintaining the fiction that someone else is keeping you from doing something you have no intention of doing in the first place. 2. Military intervention delayed A. 4-5 months needed to put troops on the ground Kofi Annan (former UN Secretary-General) 2000 http://www.globalpolicy.org/images/pdfs/1102langille.pd f Where the will is not there and the resources are not available, the UN peacekeepers will arrive late. It takes us on the average 45 months to put troops on the ground because we have no troops. The UN doesnt have an army. We borrow from our governments. So we can put on the ground the troops the governments offer. And as fast as they come, and not always with the equipment they promised. B. Takes time to deploy troops Citizens for Global Solutions (Citizens for Global Solutions has a long, proud tradition of activism going back to WW2 Global Solutions promotes its vision & mission through member activism & grassroots advocacy, the support of political candidates who share our values, program initiatives like our International Criminal Court project, research & writing conducted by our "big-picture think tank" -- the World Federalist Institute, & education & outreach efforts nationwide) 2010 http://globalsolutions.org/files/public/documents/UNEPS_CGS_One-Step-TowardsEffective- Genocide-Prevention.pdf Over the last 15 years, the U.N. has taken, on average, 46 days to begin the deployment of peacekeepers and 13 months to fully staff missions involving rapid deployment or crisis response. C. Currently forces fail to meet deployment goals Citizens for Global Solutions (Citizens for Global Solutions has a long, proud tradition of activism going back to WW2 Global Solutions promotes its vision & mission through member activism & grassroots advocacy, the support of political candidates who share our values, program initiatives like our International Criminal Court project, research & writing conducted
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by our "big-picture think tank" -- the World Federalist Institute, & education & outreach efforts nationwide) 2010 http://globalsolutions.org/files/public/documents/UNEPS_CGS_One-Step-TowardsEffective- Genocide-Prevention.pdf Over the last 15 years, the U.N. has taken, on average, 46 days to begin the deployment of authorized peacekeepers. For nine of the 15 missions examined, less than 15 percent of the authorized force was deployed in the first 90 days. And on average, the U.N. took 13 months to fully staff its authorized peacekeeping missions (see chart page 7). 3. UN peace operations not equipped to halt genocide Genocide Prevention Task Force (The Genocide Prevention Task Force was launched on November 13, 2007 & released its report to the public on December 8, 2008 It was jointly convened by the US Holocaust Memorial Museum, the US Institute of Peace & The American Academy of Diplomacy) 2008 http://www.ushmm.org/genocide/taskforce/html_report/chapter5.php While operational, UN peace operations are not equipped to prevent or halt largescale violence against civilians. The United Nations ability to organize, deploy, and manage military forces effectively is neither rapid nor comprehensive. It is overstretched, with seventeen peace operations and more than 100,000 personnel deployed, as of mid2008. Challenges such as the uneven training and equipment of the peacekeepers sent for UN missions hinder the missions capacity to operate in nonpermissive, highly hostile environments. 4. Sanctions ineffective A. UN sanctions have poor success rate Robert McMahon (Robert McMahon has covered foreign affairs since 1990 for the Associated Press, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, & CFRorg Mr McMahon has a master s degree in international relations from Tufts Universitys Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy) 2006 http://www.cfr.org/un/un-sanctions-mixed-record/p12045 Many studies have found the success rate of economic sanctions, both within the UN and without, to be poor. For many African states at war, UN sanctions, mainly in the form of arms embargoes, have had a poor track record, experts say. They cite the cases of delayed or poorly implemented sanctions against Somalia and Rwanda in the early 1990s, as well as initial efforts to halt the flow of arms into devastating civil wars in Angola and Sierra Leone. B. Sanctions did not deter Taliban Robert McMahon (Robert McMahon has covered foreign affairs since 1990 for the Associated Press, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, & CFRorg Mr McMahon has a master s degree in international relations from Tufts Universitys Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy) 2006 http://www.cfr.org/un/un-sanctions-mixed-record/p12045 Another strict UN sanctions program, against Afghanistans Taliban regime, had the country in
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a virtual diplomatic and economic straitjacket in 2000 and 2001, but did little to bend the Taliban leadership or rein in the activities of their alQaeda guests. C. Very few instances where sanctions were effective Simon Chesterman (directs the Institute for International Law & Justice at New York University School of Law)quoted by Robert McMahon (Mr McMahon has a master s degree in international relations from Tufts Universitys Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy) 2006 http://www.cfr.org/un/un-sanctions-mixed-record/p12045 What weve seen over the past decade is an effort to make sanctions smarter, but there is still no agreement that they actually can shape behavior. There are very few cases that you can point to where sanctions have worked.
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DISADVANTAGES
1. Majority Tyranny A. Veto power necessary to prevent majority tyranny Bruce Russett (Dean Acheson Professor of International Relations & Director, United Nations Studies, Yale University) March 2005 http://www.ycsg.yale.edu/core/forms/Reforming_un.pd f Veto power and provisions for supermajority voting (requiring ayes to exceed 50 percent, as in the Security Council and in the US Senate) give a minority the power to block, at the expense of the power of a simple majority to act. Such provisions are meant to protect certain rights and privileges of the minority from majority tyranny. B. Due to nature of members absolute veto wise Thomas M. Nichols (Thomas M Nichols is professor of strategy & policy & a former chairman of the Strategy & Policy Department at the US Naval War College, where he holds the Forrest Sherman Chair of Public Diplomacy He is also a senior associate of the Carnegie Council on Ethics & International Affairs, & visiting professor of political science at La Salle University) 2005 http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb6669/is_3_22/ai_n29221981/?tag=content;col1 The Security Council veto is not necessarily any worse an idea than the veto in a domestic presidential system. It slows intemperate action and allows the five permanent members the ability to act with less fear of being overtaken by resolutions of hostile intent. But it is an absolute veto and cannot be overturned. In a body whose rotating members may include some of the worlds worst regimes at any given moment, this is wise. C. U.S. uses veto to defend Israel Bloomberg (Bloomberg connects influential decision makers to a dynamic network of information, people & ideas Our strength - quickly & accurately delivering data, news & analytics through innovative technology - is at the core of everything we do With over 15,000 employees in 192 locations, we deliver business & financial information, news & insight around the world) April 16, 2012 http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2012-04-16/scrapping-un-veto-would-help-u-s-take-onrussia- china.html The U.S. with 57 solo vetoes, the next biggest user has used it 42 times since 1970 on Middle Eastern issues, mostly to beat back resolutions critical of Israel. D. US protected South Africa, Namibia, Nicaragua, and Vietnam Tarik Kafala (Official UN website) BBC News Online, 2012 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2828985.stm
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The US has vetoed 10 resolutions criticising South Africa, eight on Namibia, seven on Nicaragua and five on Vietnam. It has been the lone voice in blocking a resolution 54 times. 2. Military Responses A. Military responses counterproductive, escalated violence Daniel Levine (Assistant Professor of Public Policy, University of Maryland College Park) 2011 http://www.cissm.umd.edu/papers/files/some_concerns_about_the_responsibility_not_to_ veto.pdf But the UN has thrown its support behind some problematic operations, such as Kimia II (materially supported by the UN mission in the DRC, MONUC) and Lightning Thunder (endorsed by the president of the security council) in the DRC and the first ECOMOG operation in Liberia (retroactively endorsed in S/RES/1116/1997). None of these operations have been criticized by such consensus as Turquoise, but they have all been accused of being at least unhelpful and often of counterproductively escalating the conflict or endangering civilians in their own right. These criticisms should give us pause over a proposal that would make it easier to authorize military operations just because they are argued for in terms of responding to human rights abuses. B. Military invention fraught with problems Alex de Waal & Rakiya Omaar (Rakiya Omaar is a co-director of Africa Rights in London Alex de Waal is a co-director of Africa Rights in London) Middle East Research & Information Project (The Middle East Research & Information Project (MERIP) was established in 1971. Professor Rashid Khalidi) 1994 http://www.merip.org/mer/mer187/can-military-intervention-be-humanitarian The third level of humanitarian interventionthe use of military force in violation of sovereignty and in pursuit of humanitarian goalsis fraught with problems. It is never clean or quick. For these reasons, consideration of military humanitarian intervention should be subject to rigorous preconditions which have rarely if ever been met in practice. C. Honorable goals do not justify inappropriate intervention Daniel Levine (Assistant Professor of Public Policy, University of Maryland College Park) 2011 http://www.cissm.umd.edu/papers/files/some_concerns_about_the_responsibility_not_to_veto.pd f Given the destructiveness of military operations, this is a serious concern. We can be assured that any military intervention will lead to the loss of life, including innocent life. We therefore should not support it unless we are also quite certain that some good will come of it this is why just war theorists focus not only on just cause, but also on concerns about proportionality and likelihood of success. A war fought for a good reason that fails to accomplish its goals, or does so at a cost out of line with the value of those goals, is one we should not support even if its goals are lofty. D. Using military intervention may create future violence Daniel Levine (Assistant Professor of Public Policy, University of Maryland College Park) 2011
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http://www.cissm.umd.edu/papers/files/some_concerns_about_the_responsibility_not_to_veto.pdf Second, aside from concerns about the character of particular military forces, privileging military action at the international level risks creating a moral hazard by enhancing the credibility and power of military actors on the victims side at the expense of nonmilitary ones. If our international norms protect sovereignty up until the point at which genocide and mass atrocities occur (usually within the context of other kinds of violence) and then call forth military intervention, local nonmilitary actors may languish without international support and engaging in violence may be seen as the way to get things done. E. Kosovo got violent due to intervention Daniel Levine (Assistant Professor of Public Policy, University of Maryland College Park) 2011 http://www.cissm.umd.edu/papers/files/some_concerns_about_the_responsibility_not_to_veto.pd f Kosovo is especially instructive on this point there was a long history of nonviolent resistance to the FRY that was eroded as nonviolence failed to get results, and after the NATO bombings the violent KLA emerged as the main Kosovar leadership faction. 3. Veto essential A. Veto essential to council functioning Vijay Mehta (Vijay Mehta is president of VM Centre for Peace. He is an author & global activist for peace, development, human rights & the environment) October, 2010 http://unitingforpeace.com/resources/speeches/Reforming%20the%20UN%20for%20the%2021st %20Century-2.pdf NonCouncil UN Member States should abandon claims that the veto has become obsolete since the end of the Cold War and recognize that trying to get rid of the veto is like trying to get rid of politics. These States have to admit that the United Nations cannot function properly without the support of the worlds most powerful States. Therefore, safeguarding the essential interests of the latter States is the necessary price to pay. B. Veto upholds international stability through diplomacy David Bosco (David Bosco is assistant professor at American Universitys School of International Service) 2009 http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2009/09/23/think_again_the_un_security_counci l Each power has a unique set of interests and relationships that it seeks to protect. Even when the permanent five (P5) members can agree, they have to convince at least four of the elected council members in order to take formal action. Frustrating though it can be, that process -- of the major powers talking to each other day after day -- is one of the councils principal contributions to international stability. Through sheer repetition, the Security Council has instilled a culture of great-power consultation and compromise that may be as important to international peace as any peacekeeping mission, sanctions regime, or war crimes investigation.
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4. Alternative to veto is no security council David Bosco (is a contributing writer at Foreign Policy magazine & assistant professor at American Universitys School of International Service A former Fulbright scholar, he received his law degree from Harvard Law School, a master s degree in international relations from Cambridge University, & a bachelor s degree from Harvard University) May 17, 2012 http://www.globalpost.com/dispatches/globalpost-blogs/commentary/united-nationsveto-theveto Perhaps the most fundamental point about the veto is that you could not have a Security Council without it. Major powers will simply not grant an international body binding legal authority on matters of peace and security unless they are certain that it will not prejudice their interests. So the alternative to the Security Council veto is really no Security Council, or at least not in a recognizable form. 5. Sanctions harm populace A. Sanctions increase repression through backlash Ph.D candidate Reed M. Wood (PhD candidate in political science at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill) 2008 http://www.unc.edu/~rmwood/Wood_ISQ.pd f While intended as a nonviolent foreign policy alternative to military intervention, sanctions have often worsened humanitarian and human rights conditions in the target country. This article examines the relationship between economic sanctions and state-sponsored repression of human rights. Drawing on both the public choice and institutional constraints literature, I argue that the imposition of economic sanctions negatively impacts human rights conditions in the target state by encouraging incumbents to increase repression. Specifically, sanctions threaten the stability of target incumbents, leading them to augment their level of repression in an effort to stabilize the regime, protect core supporters, minimize the threat posed by potential challengers, and suppress popular dissent. B. Sanctions cause humanitarian crises Joan Kroc Institute Fellow David Cortright and professor George A. Lopez (David Cortright is a fellow at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame. George A. Lopez is a professor of government and international studies at the University of Notre Dame.) Summer 2000 http://www.worlddialogue.org/print.php?id=90 Moreover, the terrible humanitarian crisis in Iraq during the 1990s was related to, if not directly caused by, the economic stranglehold of sanctions. As the decade progressed, the increased visibility of suffering and death among Iraqi children, and the deterioration of the social situation and health-care systems in Haiti, created a palpable sense of sanctions fatigue among Security Council members, generating caution about the imposition of new sanctions and outright condemnation of sanctions by some diplomats, scholars and activists.
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C. Sanctions harm populace Joan Kroc Institute Fellow David Cortright and professor George A. Lopez (David Cortright is a fellow at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame. George A. Lopez is a professor of government and international studies at the University of Notre Dame.) Summer 2000 http://www.worlddialogue.org/print.php?id=90 Compounding the dilemma that economic success did not always produce the desired political compliance, it became clear very early in the decade that the sharpened economic bite of sanctions was wreaking havoc on the wellbeing of vulnerable populations within the targeted countries, especially in Iraq. D. Sanctions worsen problems they set out to solve Joan Kroc Institute Fellow David Cortright and professor George A. Lopez (David Cortright is a fellow at the Joan B. Kroc Institute for International Peace Studies at the University of Notre Dame. George A. Lopez is a professor of government and international studies at the University of Notre Dame.) Summer 2000 http://www.worlddialogue.org/print.php?id=90 By the decades end, it was clear that sanctions carried with them the potential for bitter irony: often imposed to prevent human rights abuse and lawlessness, sanctions sometimes strengthened the centralised control of repressive regimes. At times they also disempowered those who were opposing from within policies that were being subjected to isolation from without.
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Whistle Blower Protection

Observation 1: Facts Fact 1. United Nations whistleblower protection policy was implemented in 2006 Fact 2. Current United Nations policy replaces previous protections Observation 2: Harms Harm 1. Whistleblowers arent given adequate protection Harm 2. Whistleblowers lives are ruined Harm 3. Corruption goes unpunished Observation 3: Plan Mandates: Whistleblower protections implemented by former SG Kofi A. Annan be restored and put in place across the UN and all UN agencies. Agency & Enforcement: Any and all necessary bodies of the United Nations. Funding: No funding is required. Observation 4: Advantages 1. Whistleblower protection should be comprehensive and sweeping 2. Restored job security and safety 3. Reduced corruption
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Whistle Blower Protection Affirmative Brief

SIGNIFICANCE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36 1. Whistleblowers are treated harshly A. Whistleblowers suffer retaliation as they are not protected B. Whistleblower treated like a criminal C. 99.7% of whistleblowers not protected D. Current Secretary General is not helping the cause of whistleblowers E. Independent adjudicator ruled in favor of whistleblower----------------------------------37 2. Corruption goes unpunished A. Wasserstroms reports went ignored B. UN doesnt treat corruption correctly SOLVENCY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39 1. Whistleblower Protection Policy should be comprehensive and sweeping A. UN must implement a comprehensive policy B. Old protection policys reach was challenged in 2007 C. Secretary General should assert that it applies to all branches of the UN DISADVANTAGES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------41 1. Protecting whistleblowers ensures free speech and job protection A. UNs whistleblower protection policy was a gold standard B. Protection policy provides the best protections 2. Having better protection means more people will blow the whistle FACTS--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------41 1. Whistleblower protection policy was put in place in 2006 A. Old Secretary General implemented a whistleblower protection policy B. Whistleblower protection policy was issued in 2005 C. Protection policy took effect January 1, 2006 2. Protection policy has been rendered ineffective A. New UN Secretary Generals Policy has overridden old policy B. Whistleblower protection policy was essentially nullified in 2007-----------------------43 3. Individual Organizations set their own protections
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SIGNIFICANCE
1. Whistleblowers are treated harshly A. Whistleblowers suffer retaliation as they are not protected Reuters (Thomson Reuters is the worlds leading source of intelligent information for businesses & professionals) Chicago Tribune, 2012 http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-07-03/news/sns-rt-us-un-kosovowhistleblowerbre8621bf-20120703_1_retaliation-pristina-kosovo Wasserstrom had told the United Nations he was concerned about corporate governance in Kosovo and alleged the possibility of a kickback scheme tied to a proposed power plant and mine that involved top politicians and senior U.N. officials. Instead of being protected as a whistleblower, Wasserstrom claimed he suffered retaliation, which started with his U.N. public utility watchdog office in Kosovo being shut down and his U.N. contract not being renewed. B. Whistleblower treated like a criminal Reuters (Thomson Reuters is the worlds leading source of intelligent information for businesses & professionals) Chicago Tribune, 2012 http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-07-03/news/sns-rt-us-un-kosovowhistleblowerbre8621bf-20120703_1_retaliation-pristina-kosovo Wasserstrom quickly took a job advising Pristina airport and Kosovos telecommunications industry. This contract sparked an investigation by the United Nations, during which Wasserstrom says his passport was taken away, his car and home were searched without a warrant and he was treated like a potential criminal. C. 99.7% of whistleblowers not protected Reuters (Thomson Reuters is the worlds leading source of intelligent information for businesses & professionals) Chicago Tribune, 2012 http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-07-03/news/sns-rt-us-un-kosovowhistleblowerbre8621bf-20120703_1_retaliation-pristina-kosovo The Government Accountability Program (GAP) found that the Ethics Office has dealt with nearly 300 complaints of retaliation since it was created in 2006. A prima facie case of retaliation was found in about 2.7 percent of those cases, but relief was only recommended in one case. "So 99.7 percent of U.N. staff members who sought protection under the Secretariats whistleblower protection policy were ultimately not protected from retaliation, said Shelley Walden, GAPs international program officer. D. Current Secretary General is not helping the cause of whistleblowers George Russell (Executive Editor for Fox News) Fox News, November 11, 2011 http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/11/11/un-judges-charge-ban-ki-moon-with-powergrab- distortions-their-rulings/
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We are really concerned about the Secretary Generals proposal, said Shelley Walden, a GAP specialist who has monitored the U.N. judicial battle. If it passes, then whistleblowers will have no day in court, and little protection. The Secretary General has recently claimed that he aims to promote whistleblowing, she added, but his actions dont meet his words. E. Independent adjudicator ruled in favor of whistleblower Inter Press Service News Agency (Independent news agency on issues such as development, environment, human rights & civil society) Jun 29, 2012 http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/06/u-n-whistleblowers-muted-and-victimized/ A landmark case filed against U.N. Secretary General Ban Ki Moon by a former employee has spotlighted the dangers of whistleblowing inside the U.N. exposing a faulty accountability system. In 2007 James Wasserstrom, an ex American diplomat, drew attention to suspected cases of corruption among top U.N. officials of the U.N. Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK). Unwarranted searches of his flat and car ensued and his career as a U.N. employee came to an end. Currently U.N. officials have recourse to an anticorruption watchdog titled the Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS), an ethics office and a whistleblowing protection policy should they wish to file a complaint or claim. But these accountability mechanisms were deemed fundamentally flawed by the dispute tribunal, an independent adjudicator introduced in 2009, which has ruled in Wassertroms favor. 2. Corruption goes unpunished A. Wasserstroms reports went ignored Michelle Nichols & Susan Bustamante (Investigative Journalists) Reuters (Independent news source) July 3, 2012 http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/03/us-un-kosovowhistleblower- idUSBRE8621BF20120703 I sent him (Ban) emails along the way asking him to intervene directly, to stop his representative in Kosovo from violating rules, regulations, policies and procedures, and my legal rights. He chose to ignore me, [Wasserstrom] said. Wasserstrom said he had been told the U.N. Office of Internal Oversight Services investigated his initial allegations of corruption and misconduct in the U.N. Mission in Kosovo, but added that report never saw the light of day. B. UN doesnt treat corruption correctly Julian Borger (the Guardians diplomatic editor. He was previously a correspondent in the US, the Middle East, eastern Europe & the Balkans) Colombo Telegraph, part of The Guardian (A large, independent online news site)June 28, 2012 http://www.colombotelegraph.com/index.php/un-ethics-office-failed-to-protect-whistleblower/ I was told at some point in the whole process that the UN didnt want a culture of snitches. What has grown up instead is a culture completely insulated from reality. Its a culture of impunity. [said James Wasserstrom, a veteran American diplomat].
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SOLVENCY
1. Whistleblower Protection Policy should be comprehensive and sweeping A. UN must implement a comprehensive policy Shelley Walden (GAP International Program Associate) Government Accountability Project (The Government Accountability Projects mission is to promote corporate & government accountability by protecting whistleblowers, advancing occupational free speech, & empowering citizen activists) June 3, 2008 http://www.whistleblower.org/press/gap-op-eds/2008/307 In order to regain the trust of its staff and uphold its mission, the United Nations must create comprehensive whistleblower protections modeled on international best practices. It is essential that the organization also continue to reform its internal justice system and enforce impartial investigation practices. Failure to do so makes the UN vulnerable to future scandal, corruption and a substantial loss of credibility. B. Old protection policys reach was challenged in 2007 Shelley Walden (GAP International Program Associate) Government Accountability Project (The Government Accountability Projects mission is to promote corporate & government accountability by protecting whistleblowers, advancing occupational free speech, & empowering citizen activists) June 3, 2008 http://www.whistleblower.org/press/gap-op-eds/2008/307 This policy was put to the test in 2007, when six whistleblowers from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) the UNs global development arm came forward, believing that they would be protected. These whistleblowers allegations ranged widely, identifying UNDP misconduct in North Korea, violations of procurement regulations in a climate change mitigation project in Africa and unauthorized altering of security reports in Turkey. Last August, the UN Ethics Office reviewed one of these cases and ruled in favor of the whistleblower. In response, UNDP administrator Kemal Dervis asserted that UNDP was not subject to the jurisdiction of the UNs Ethics Office. To defend his position, Dervis explained that UNDP has, under past management, introduced human resources policies/procedures in many ways that are more modernthan many other parts andthe Secretariat. Dervis said that, as the UNDP is a voluntarily funded organization, he wanted to protect its autonomy and flexibility and make sure it was not subject to the politicization of the Secretariat. C. Secretary General should assert that it applies to all branches of the UN Shelley Walden (GAP International Program Associate) Government Accountability Project (The Government Accountability Projects mission is to promote corporate & government accountability by protecting whistleblowers, advancing occupational free speech, & empowering citizen activists) June 3, 2008 http://www.whistleblower.org/press/gap-op-eds/2008/307
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At the time of Dervis statement, however, UNDP did not have a whistleblower protection policy in place. Unfortunately, the policy that UNDP subsequently created did not match the standards of the Secretariats policy. For example, UNDP did not extend protection from retaliation to all relevant personnel. The 2005 UN policy explicitly protects any staff member, regardless of type of appointment, intern or United Nations volunteer. In contrast, the UNDP policy explicitly precludes protection for numerous categories of employees, including independent contractors working with UNDP under Special Service Agreements, UNDP staff members seconded to another agency, people employed under service contracts, volunteers and interns. SecretaryGeneral Ban Kimoon would better serve the UN if he challenges this secession and asserts that the 2005 policy be applied systemwide.
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DISADVANTAGES
1. Protecting whistleblowers ensures free speech and job protection A. UNs whistleblower protection policy was a gold standard Government Accountability Project (The Government Accountability Projects mission is to promote corporate & government accountability by protecting whistleblowers, advancing occupational free speech, & empowering citizen activists) December 20, 2005 http://whistleblower.org/press/press-release-archive/2005/355-un-issues-groundbreakingwhistleblower-policy As an interim measure, however, the organizations praise was clear. This is the gold standard for freedom of speech at international organizations, stated GAP Legal Director Tom Devine. The U.N. policy satisfies 15 out of 20 criteria in GAPs compilation of best practices for whistleblower protection. By contrast, the World Banks policy and the U.S. Whistleblower Protection Act only pass 12 of the 20 tests. B. Protection policy provides the best protections UN News Centre quoting UN spokesman Stephane Dujarric, UN News Centre, December 20, 2005 http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp? NewsID=16993&Cr=reform&Cr1 As its name makes it clear, this new policy provides protection from retaliation to those who report misconduct as well as those who cooperate in audits or investigations. This policy represents best practice from many nations and international organizations. 2. Having better protection means more people will blow the whistle Rasna Warah (investigative journalist)Fair Whistleblower, July 18, 2010 http://fairwhistleblower.ca/content/united-nations-whistleblowers-face-perilous-anduncertain- times I recently met a UN staff member who told me that he had come across incriminating evidence linking a top official with misuse of donor funding. In fact, he suspected that the money had not just been misused, but had been stolen. I asked him if he could report this to an oversight body within the UN and he told me there would be no point in doing so because he would either be fired or there would be a massive coverup on the part of the organizations financial officers, who would find a way of cooking the books to legitimize irregular movement of funds.
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FACTS
1. Whistleblower protection policy was put in place in 2006 A. Old Secretary General implemented a whistleblower protection policy Julian Borger (The Guardians diplomatic editor He was previously a correspondent in the US, the Middle East, eastern Europe & the Balkans) The Guardian (A large, independent online news site) June 27, 2012 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jun/27/un-tribunal-whistleblower-james-wasserstrom The UN has made several attempts at selfpolicing over the years, none of which proved very effective. In January 2006, after the Iraq oilforfood scandal, the then secretary general, Kofi Annan, brought in a whistleblower protection policy, giving the ethics office the job of ensuring employees were not victimised for reporting wrongdoing. B. Whistleblower protection policy was issued in 2005 Government Accountability Project (The Government Accountability Projects mission is to promote corporate & government accountability by protecting whistleblowers, advancing occupational free speech, & empowering citizen activists) August 3, 2012 http://www.whistleblower.org/program-areas/international-reform/united-nations In 2005, thenUN SecretaryGeneral Kofi Annan issued a whistleblower protection policy that was developed after months of consultation with GAP and other experts in whistleblower law. The policy established an independent Ethics Office, with staff responsible for receiving appeals for protection from whistleblowers. C. Protection policy took effect January 1, 2006 Government Accountability Project (The Government Accountability Projects mission is to promote corporate & government accountability by protecting whistleblowers, advancing occupational free speech, & empowering citizen activists) December 20, 2005 http://whistleblower.org/press/press-release-archive/2005/355-un-issues-groundbreakingwhistleblower-policy The Government Accountability Project (GAP) praised the United Nations for issuing a new standard of whistleblower protection in an antiretaliation policy released today as a Secretary Generals Bulletin. GAP, which was consulted directly regarding the policy, is hailing the protections as the benchmark for other Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs). The new protections take effect on January 1, 2006. 2. Protection policy has been rendered ineffective A. New UN Secretary Generals Policy has overridden old policy Julian Borger (The Guardians diplomatic editor He was previously a correspondent in the US, the Middle East, eastern Europe & the Balkans) The Guardian (A large, independent online news
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site) June 27, 2012 http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2012/jun/27/un-tribunal-whistleblower-james-wasserstrom However, its jurisdiction was undermined dramatically after Ban became secretary general in 2007. He allowed the management at the various funds and agencies under the UN umbrella to opt out of the ethics office after being subject to challenges by whistleblowers, and several of these bodies formed their own ethics offices under their own control. B. Whistleblower protection policy was essentially nullified in 2007 Government Accountability Project (The Government Accountability Projects mission is to promote corporate & government accountability by protecting whistleblowers, advancing occupational free speech, & empowering citizen activists) August 3, 2012 http://www.whistleblower.org/program-areas/international-reform/united-nations In November 2007 Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon issued a policy that allowed UNDP to exempt itself from the rulings of the Ethics Office and, in fact, encouraged other Funds and Programs to take the same step. This bulletin authorized the replacement of one Ethics Office with a proliferation of ad hoc internal whistleblower policies and ethics offices that lacked the autonomy needed to be effective and impartial. 3. Individual Organizations set their own protections UNJustice (Non-profit Independent International Committee for the Safeguarding of Individual Rights in the United Nations Internal Justice System) September 18, 2009 http://www.unjustice.org/news20.htm In three cases of possible retaliation for reporting unethical behavior brought to our attention, the UN Ethics Office did not grant the protection sought because it opined that the complainants did not engage in an activity protected by the Organizations whistleblower policy, and so it did not consider them on their merits.
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Whistle Blower Protection Negative Brief

SIGNIFICANCE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------44 1. United Nations has protection in place 2. Whistleblower protection improving A. GAO notes progress implementing whistleblower protection B. Current policy already considered the 'gold standard' 3. United Nations Dispute Tribunal helping whistleblowers A. UNDT is committed to protecting whistleblowers B. UNDT judge serious about recommendation------------------------------------------------45 C. UNDT judges will not tolerate failures 4. Wasserstrom case overruled DISADVANTAGES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------46 1. Whistleblowers harm national security A. Leaked documents put troops at risk B. Whistleblowers release sensitive information crucial to national security C. Wikileaks information put informants at risk E. Whistleblowers can risk lives 2. Exposing confidential info hurts diplomacy-----------------------------------------------------------47 A. Leaked documents compromise US diplomacy B. Information disclosures push other countries away & disrupt relations
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SIGNIFICANCE
1. United Nations has protection in place United Nations Ethics Office, 2012 http://www.un.org/en/ethics/protection.shtm l Under the SecretaryGenerals Bulletin on protection against retaliation (ST/SGB/2005/21) the Ethics Office protects staff from being punished for reporting misconduct or for cooperating with an official audit or investigation. This is commonly known as whistleblower protection. 2. Whistleblower protection improving A. GAO notes progress implementing whistleblower protection Government Accountability Office, November 2007 http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-08-84 The ethics office has made substantial progress in staffing its office and implementing a whistleblower protection policy, as well as some progress in developing ethics standards and collecting and analyzing financial disclosure forms. B. Current policy already considered the 'gold standard' Better World Campaign (BWC is a project of the Better World Fund, created with support from entrepreneur & philanthropist Ted Turner as part of his historic $1 billion gift in 1998 to support UN causes) Copywrite 2012 http://www.betterworldcampaign.org/issues/unreform/ The UN also put in force a whistleblower protection policy considered by the Government Accountability Project to be the gold standard among public institutions and is stronger than that of the U.S. governments. 3. United Nations Dispute Tribunal helping whistleblowers A. UNDT is committed to protecting whistleblowers Shelley Walden (Shelley Walden is International Officer for the Government Accountability Project, the nation's leading whistleblower protection & advocacy organization) 2012 http://www.whistleblower.org/blog/42-2012/2121-un-judge-asks-secretary-generalto- reassure-whistleblowersLast week, a United Nations Dispute Tribunal (UNDT) judge issued another extraordinary decision that demonstrates the Tribunals respect for whistleblowers. Like last months Wasserstrom decision, this judgment shows that UNDT the court of first instance of the twotier internal justice system through which UN employees contest violations of their rights is committed to ensuring that UN whistleblowers are protected.
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B. UNDT judge serious about recommendation Shelley Walden (Shelley Walden is International Officer for the Government Accountability Project, the nation's leading whistleblower protection & advocacy organization) 2012 http://www.whistleblower.org/blog/42-2012/2121-un-judge-asks-secretary-generalto- reassure-whistleblowersThis appears to be the first time that a UNDT judge has made such a recommendation in a whistleblower case, and the fact that it is emphasized in the text of the ruling suggests that the judge expects this recommendation to be taken seriously. C. UNDT judges will not tolerate failures Shelley Walden (Shelley Walden is International Officer for the Government Accountability Project, the nation's leading whistleblower protection & advocacy organization) 2012 http://whistleblower.org/blog/42-2012/2102-un-tribunal-issues-important-decisionfor- whistleblowers But in the meantime, the Wasserstrom decision sends a message to the Ethics Office that the judges in the new system are monitoring it and that they will not tolerate failures to properly apply the UN whistleblower protection policy. 4. Wasserstrom case overruled The Economist (The Economist online offers authoritative insight & opinion on international news, politics, business, finance, science & technology) June 2012 http://www.economist.com/node/21557728 [Wasserstrom] appealed to the UN's Ethics Office. After a yearlong investigation it ruled that Mr Wasserstrom's maltreatment was perhaps excessive, but did not count as retaliation against a whistleblower. On June 21st, after a long and costly legal battle that unearthed documents backing Mr Wasserstrom's case, the UN's new Dispute Tribunal overturned that. Without ruling on the alleged corruption, Judge Goolam Meeran, in a blistering judgment, said any reasonable reviewer would have spotted the clear conflicts in the UN's evidence and demanded, at the least, more investigation of the complainant's treatment. Now an anticorruption officer at America's embassy in Kabul, he stands to gain $1m in damages, plus costs.
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DISADVANTAGES
1. Whistleblowers harm national security A. Leaked documents put troops at risk Statement of the Defense Department, given by Secretary Geoff Morrell, 2010 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/23/world/middleeast/23response.html Just as with the leaked Afghan documents, we know our enemies will mine this information, looking for insights into how we operate, cultivate sources and react in combat situations, even the capability of our equipment. This security breach could very well get our troops and those they are fighting with killed. B. Whistleblowers release sensitive information crucial to national security Radio Free Europe (provides objective news, analysis, & discussion of domestic & regional issues crucial to successful democratic & free-market transformations) 2010 http://www.rferl.org/content/us_wikileaks_diplomacy/2241907.html Earlier, U.S. officials condemned WikiLeaks for releasing a secret list of sites around the world that Washington considers critical to its national security. C. Wikileaks information put informants at risk Floyd Abrams (a senior partner in the firm of Cahill Gordon & Reindel LLP) December 2011 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204323904577038293325281030.html In 2010, WikiLeaks released more than 77,000 confidential U.S. military reports from Afghanistan, which included the names of over 100 Afghan sources of information, placing them at risk of retaliation by the Taliban. E. Whistleblowers can risk lives Pivikki Karhula (Researcher, Tampere University, Department of Information Studies & Interactive Media) 2011 http://www.ifla.org/files/faife/publications/spotlights/wikileaks-karhula.pdf US government reactions to WikiLeaks have hardened over time. Concerning Afghan War Diary, the Pentagon pressured WikiLeaks to return all documents. The Iraq War Logs leak in 2010 was condemned by the US and UK who suggested the disclosures put lives at risk.
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2. Exposing confidential info hurts diplomacy A. Leaked documents compromise US diplomacy PBS News' Gwen Ifill (She is the managing editor & moderator of Washington Week & a senior correspondent for the PBS NewsHour) 2010 http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/government_programs/july-dec10/ wikileaks1_11-29.html This time, a quarterofamillion diplomatic papers and cables were released or leaked to several publications. White House and State Department officials reacted strongly, warning that the disclosures put lives at risk and weakened U.S. diplomacy. B. Information disclosures push other countries away & disrupt relations Radio Free Europe (provides objective news, analysis, & discussion of domestic & regional issues crucial to successful democratic & free-market transformations) 2010 http://www.rferl.org/content/us_wikileaks_diplomacy/2241907.html U.S. officials say foreign powers are pulling back from their dealings with the U.S. government since hundreds of classified diplomatic cables were published on the WikiLeaks website.
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IMF Bailouts
Observation 1: Definitions IMF: The International Monetary Fund: a part of the United Nations which encourages international trade and gives financial help to poor countries. (Cambridge Dictionary Online) Observation 2: Facts Fact 1. Current purpose of IMF Observation 3: Harms Harm 1. Economically counterproductive Harm 2. Operationally harmful Harm 3. Taxpayers held unfairly responsible Observation 4: Plan Mandates: Loans will no longer be drawn from the International Trade Monetary Fund. Agency & Enforcement: Any and all necessary bodies of the United Nations. Funding: No funding is required Observation 5: Advantages Advantage 1. Increased effectiveness
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IMF Bailouts Affirmative Brief

SIGNIFICANCE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------51 1. Failure to prevent A. The Fund rarely prevents downturn B. Lending can create more problems C. Problems in Russia and Argentina 2. Encourages Recklessness A. Causes debt cycle B. Argentina-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------52 C. Fund encourages recklessness D. Reduces incentive to fix economy E. Constant stream of free money keeps inefficient and or bad governments in power F. Helps undermine commitment to fix the problem-------------------------------------------53 3. Counterproductive A. Make Financial crises worse B. Uncertainty caused by bailouts results in underperformance in world economy C. Argentinas economy collapsed after receiving bailouts D. The funds business model sabotages capitalism-------------------------------------------54 E. IMF creates the problems it sets out to fix F. IMFs debt policies increase poverty G. IMF loans deepened numerous crises & made them spread H. Loans to South Korea caused recession------------------------------------------------------55 4. Fosters Dependency A. The fund has created a horde of loan addicts B. Fosters a culture of dependency C. IMF loans usually become permanent D. Niger's debt has grown under IMF 5. Taxpayers stuck paying----------------------------------------------------------------------------------56 A. Taxpayers on the hook B. US Taxpayers have to pay share of $90 billion worth of lending C. US Taxpayers pay $55 billion annually 6. Funding Elitists A. IMF has fueled dictators B. IMF acts in interests of the elite---------------------------------------------------------------57 7. Bailout Mentality A. IMF has the wrong focus B. Example: Greece
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C. IMF acts as a loan shark, has enormous leverage D. Bailouts a form of corporate welfare---------------------------------------------------------58 SOLVENCY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------59 1. Advocacy A. Bailout strategy has failed B. There are better alternatives than bailouts DISADVANTAGES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------60 1. Loans do not foster growth A. No evidence that it promotes growth B. Doesnt focus long term C. Bailouts have failed to produce growth EXTRA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------61 1. Purpose & current state A. Original Mission B. IMF stated purposes C. Current Role D. Lending is only part of what the IMF does
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SIGNIFICANCE
1. Failure to prevent A. The Fund rarely prevents downturn Ylmaz Akyzv (Former Director of the Division on Globalization & Development Strategies & Chief Economist at the United Nations Conference on Trade & Development (UNCTAD) Ph.D. Economics) November 2010 http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2012/11209.pd f However, Fund lending has rarely prevented economic downturn in countries facing payments instability and crises. Such lending is often associated with procyclical policy conditionality which serves to deepen the impact of the financial crises on jobs and income. This is still the case with the IMF programs in Europe despite the flexibility claimed. B. Lending can create more problems Ylmaz Akyzv (Former Director of the Division on Globalization & Development Strategies & Chief Economist at the United Nations Conference on Trade & Development (UNCTAD) Ph.D. Economics) November 2010 http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2012/11209.pdf But more importantly, emergency lending could create more problems than it solves. When the scale is large, it can endanger the financial integrity of the IMF. It is not always easy to determine if a crisis is one of liquidity rather than insolvency. C. Problems in Russia and Argentina Ylmaz Akyzv (Former Director of the Division on Globalization & Development Strategies & Chief Economist at the United Nations Conference on Trade & Development (UNCTAD) Ph.D. Economics) November 2010 http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2012/11209.pdf Argentina and Russia ended up in default while receiving IMF support on grounds that they were facing liquidity crises, and there is no guarantee that Greece will now be able to avoid default. Since the IMF does not enjoy de jure preferred creditor status, when the scale of operations is large, it can get badly hurt in the event of a messy default and asset grab race by creditors. 2. Encourages Recklessness A. Causes debt cycle Ylmaz Akyzv (Former Director of the Division on Globalization & Development Strategies & Chief Economist at the United Nations Conference on Trade & Development (UNCTAD) Ph.D. Economics) November 2010 http://www.iadb.org/intal/intalcdi/PE/2012/11209.pd f
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Since the IMF crisis lending is effectively designed to keep countries current on debt payments to international creditors and to maintain an open capital account, it often leads to an unequal burdensharing between creditors and debtors. Commercial debt gets replaced by debt to the IMF which is often more difficult to renegotiate. Private debt gets dumped on the public sector sovereign debt invariably rises after financial crises resulting from excessive buildup of debt by the private sector. All these create moral hazard and prevent the operation of market discipline, because they allow investors and creditors to escape without bearing the full consequences of the risks they have assumed. B. Argentina Matt Kibbe (B.A. in economics. President & CEO of Freedom Works) January 26, 2011 http://www.forbes.com/2011/01/24/imf-taxpayers-greece-opinions-contributors-mattkibbe.html Take Argentina. For many years the IMF poured into the country taxpayersubsidized loans with an exceptionally low interest rate of 2.6%. After receiving IMF bailout packages of more than $40 billion, the Argentine economy collapsed. The Joint Economic Committee found that the IMF led to moral hazard problems and sustained and subsidized a bankrupt Argentine economic policy, whose collapse is now all the more serious. C. Fund encourages recklessness Matt Kibbe (B.A. in economics. President & CEO of Freedom Works) Forbes Magazine, January 26, 2011 http://www.forbes.com/2011/01/24/imf-taxpayers-greece-opinions-contributors-matt-kibbe.html The IMF recently announced plans to send $130 billion to spendthrift Ireland. It is reported that Portugal and Spain may be next in line to seek funding, followed by Italy and Belgium. The IMF has institutionalized what economists call moral hazard. It has encouraged reckless behavior by holding out the prospect of a bailout to any nation or large, politically connected bank that fails. D. Reduces incentive to fix economy Doug Bandow (senior fellow at the Cato Institute, specializing in foreign policy & civil liberties. BA economics, JD) June 27, 2011 http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/shut-down-wasteful-imf Indeed, argued economist Roland Vaubel, the prospect of cheap IMF lending is likely to generate a moral hazard by reducing the incentive to stay solvent. It would pay a potential borrower to pass the international means test. While governments rarely desire to wreck their economies, they do choose to take greater risks. E. Constant stream of free money keeps inefficient and or bad governments in power Julie Borowski (Policy Analyst at Freedom Works, She graduated Magna Cum Laude from Frostburg State University in May 2010 where she studied political science, economics & international studies) January 26, 2011 http://www.Freedom Works.org/files/1-26-11_IMF_Top_10_New.pdf The IMF has spent decades propping up some of the most repressive regimes in the world.
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Little evidence has shown that IMF loans have helped average citizens in authoritarian nations. IMF loans are a government to government transfer. Zambian economist Dr. Moyo says, A constant stream of free money is a perfect way to keep an inefficient or simply bad government in power. F. Helps undermine commitment to fix the problem Doug Bandow (senior fellow at the Cato Institute, specializing in foreign policy & civil liberties. BA economics, JD) 27, 2011 http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/shut-down-wasteful-imf The Fund's financial assistance alone is unlikely to persuade governments otherwise lacking the will to reform. Loans can, however, undermine that commitment by reducing the financial pain caused by politically popular but economically harmful policies. 3. Counterproductive A. Make Financial crises worse Matt Kibbe (B.A. in economics. President & CEO of Freedom Works) January 26, 2011 http://www.forbes.com/2011/01/24/imf-taxpayers-greece-opinions-contributors-mattkibbe.html The IMF's counterproductive efforts have made financial crises much worse. Even former Russian Deputy Prime Minister Boris Federov has stated, I strongly believe that IMF money injections in 19941998 were detrimental to the Russian economy and interests of the Russian people. Instead of speeding up reforms, they slowed them. B. Uncertainty caused by bailouts results in underperformance in world economy Representaitve Cathy McMorris Rodgers (R-Wa. Executive MBA) June 2012 http://www.breitbart.com/Big-Peace/2012/06/09/Time-to-Cut-IMFs-Credit Those who worry that revoking the $100 billion line of credit would scare the markets should remember two things. First, its actually the uncertainty caused by the endless bailouts and the fear theyll never end because of the lack of fiscal discipline which has caused the swings in the market and the underperformance of the world economy since the Great Recession officially ended in 2009. The crushing burden of debt and the fear that government debt is out of control is the main reason why this recovery has been so lackluster, in contrast to the Reagan Recovery which was led by the private sector, not government stimulus, and was much stronger. C. Argentinas economy collapsed after receiving bailouts Julie Borowski (She graduated Magna Cum Laude from Frostburg State University in May 2010 where she studied political science, economics & international studies) January 26, 2011 http://www.FreedomWorks.org/files/1-26-11_IMF_Top_10_New.pdf Nearly all of the IMFs efforts have been counterproductive. Take Argentina for example. For many years, the IMF poured taxpayersubsidized loans with an exceptionally low interest rate of 2.6 percent into the country. After receiving IMF bailout packages of more than $40 billion, Argentinas economy collapsed in 2002.
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D. The funds business model sabotages capitalism Edmund Phelps and Amar Bhide (Edmund Phelps is the winner of the 2006 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences and has a PhD in economics. Amar Bhide is a Professor of International Business at Tufts University. D.B.A., Harvard Business School) July 11, 2011 http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2011/07/10/amar-bhide-and-edmund-phelps-on-whats- wrong-with-the-imf.html The IMFs business model sabotages properly functioning capitalism, victimizing ordinary people while benefiting the elites. Do we need international agencies to enable irresponsible verging on immoralborrowing and lending? Instead of dreaming up toocleverbyhalf schemes to stumble through crises after they happen, why not just stop imprudent banks from accommodating foreign borrowing by feckless governments? E. IMF creates the problems it sets out to fix Benjamin M. Friedman (a William Joseph Maier Professor of Political Economy at Harvard University) discussing Joseph Stiglitz's book "Globilizations & its Discontents" (Stiglitz is an American economist & a professor at Columbia University) August 2002 http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2002/aug/15/globalization-stiglitzs-case/? pagination=false As a further consequence of the misguided policies that follow from this curious blend of ideology and bad economics, Stiglitz argues, the IMF itself is responsible for worseningin some cases, for actually creatingthe problems it claims to be fighting. F. IMFs debt policies increase poverty Global Exchange (Global Exchange is an international human rights organization dedicated to promoting social, economic & environmental justice since 1988) 2011 http://www.globalexchange.org/resources/wbimf/oppose The IMF's and World Bank's structural adjustment policies (SAPs) ensure debt repayment by requiring countries to cut spending on education and health; eliminate basic food and transportation subsidies; devalue national currencies to make exports cheaper; privatize national assets; and freeze wages. Such belttightening measures increase poverty, reduce countries ability to develop strong domestic economies and allow multinational corporations to exploit workers and the environment. G. IMF loans deepened numerous crises & made them spread Global Exchange (Global Exchange is an international human rights organization dedicated to promoting social, economic & environmental justice since 1988) 2011 http://www.globalexchange.org/resources/wbimf/oppose During financial crisessuch as with Mexico in 1995 and South Korea, Indonesia, Thailand, Brazil, and Russia in 1997the IMF stepped in as the lender of last resort. Yet the IMF bailouts in the Asian financial crisis did not stop the financial panicrather, the crisis deepened and spread to more countries. The policies imposed as conditions of these loans were bad medicine, causing layoffs in the short run and undermining development in the long run.
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H. Loans to South Korea caused recession Global Exchange (Global Exchange is an international human rights organization dedicated to promoting social, economic & environmental justice since 1988) 2011 http://www.globalexchange.org/resources/wbimf/oppose In South Korea, the IMF sparked a recession by raising interest rates, which led to more bankruptcies and unemployment. 4. Fosters Dependency A. The fund has created a horde of loan addicts Matt Kibbe (B.A. in economics. President & CEO of Freedom Works) January 26, 2011 http://www.forbes.com/2011/01/24/imf-taxpayers-greece-opinions-contributors-mattkibbe.html Rather than encouraging progrowth policies, IMF loans foster a culture of dependency among developing nations. It has created a horde of loan addicts. More than 70 countries have relied on IMF loans for more than 20 years, and most of these countries are left with massive debts that they cannot afford to pay, which only escalates poverty and instability. These IMF loans have distorted incentives to advance policies that spur economic growth. B. Fosters a culture of dependency Julie Borowski (She graduated Magna Cum Laude from Frostburg State University in May 2010 where she studied political science, economics & international studies) January 26, 2011 http://www.FreedomWorks.org/files/1-26-11IMFTop10New.pdf Rather than encouraging progrowth policies, IMF loans foster a culture of dependency among developing nations. Its created a horde of loan addicts. More than 70 countries have relied on IMF loans for more than 20 years. C. IMF loans usually become permanent Julie Borowski (She graduated Magna Cum Laude from Frostburg State University in May 2010 where she studied political science, economics & international studies) January 26, 2011 http://www.FreedomWorks.org/files/1-26-11IMFTop10New.pdf The Fund has failed to help countries become self-sufficient. In virtually every case, these IMF loans become permanent. University of Virginia economics Professor Leland Yeager observes that selfimportant international bureaucracies have institutional incentives to invent new functions for themselves, to expand, and to keep client countries dependent on their aid.. D. Niger's debt has grown under IMF Nick Dearden (Nick Dearden is a campaigner on global justice issues, especially the global economy & financial system He is Director of Jubilee Debt Campaign) May 2012 http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2011/nov/13/bailouts-arent-democracy-they-arent-evena- rescue Nor did a programme of austerity and liberalisation reduce debt levels any more than it is
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doing in Greece. Niger's debts continued to rise from $960m when structural adjustment started, to $1.8bn in 1990, and then, after falling off a little, an alltime high of $2.1bn in 2003. More debt meant more control by the IMF, which meant more austerity and more reforms. 5. Taxpayers stuck paying A. Taxpayers on the hook Matt Kibbe (B.A. in economics. President & CEO of Freedom Works) January 26, 2011 http://www.forbes.com/2011/01/24/imf-taxpayers-greece-opinions-contributors-mattkibbe.html In recent years the IMF has shown itself to be a prime example of our bailout culture. The fund has regularly put American taxpayers on the hook to bail out powerful banks and profligate nations with poor economic policies. B. US Taxpayers have to pay share of $90 billion worth of lending Doug Bandow (senior fellow at the Cato Institute, specializing in foreign policy & civil liberties. BA economics, JD) The CATO Institute ("Shut Down the Wasteful IMF") June 27, 2011 http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/shut-down-wasteful-imf If the IMF was only spending other people's money, then the U.S. might remain an amused bystander. But as the largest single contributor (16.67 percent, to be exact) to the Fund, American taxpayers are on the hook for a share of that organization's lending, which ran more than $90 billion last year. C. US Taxpayers pay $55 billion annually Julie Borowski (Policy Analyst at Freedom Works, She graduated Magna Cum Laude from Frostburg State University in May 2010 where she studied political science, economics & international studies) January 26, 2011 http://www.Freedom Works.org/files/1-26-11_IMF_Top_10_New.pdf U.S. taxpayers contribute an estimated $55 billion or 17.09 percent of the IMFs total funding. These hidden subsidies are not subjected to annual appropriations and they are nowhere to be found in the federal budget. 6. Funding Elitists A. IMF has fueled dictators Julie Borowski (She graduated Magna Cum Laude from Frostburg State University in May 2010 where she studied political science, economics & international studies) May 20, 2011 http://www.FreedomWorks.org/blog/jborowski/time-to-end-imf-bailouts Even worse, the IMF has a long history of fueling ThirdWorld dictators. IMF loans and bailouts are government to government transfers. A Joint Economic Committee study says that, evidence suggests that the IMF knowingly makes loans to corrupt governments while recognizing that some of its loan conditions and procedures can create circumstances promoting additional corruption. The IMF has given taxpayer funds to the Mubarak regime in Egypt and
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the Gadhafi regime in Libya. Its clear that these IMF loans have hurt the average citizen in these authoritarian nations. B. IMF acts in interests of the elite Benjamin M. Friedman (a leading American political economist, is the William Joseph Maier Professor of Political Economy at Harvard University) discussing Joseph Stiglitz's book "Globilizations & its Discontents" (is an American economist & a professor at Columbia University. He is a recipient of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences) August 2002 http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2002/aug/15/globalization-stiglitzs-case/? pagination=false Second, and more darkly, the IMF, in Stiglitzs view, systematically acts in the interest of creditors, and of rich elites more generally, in preference to that of workers, peasants, and other poor people. He sees it as no accident that the IMF regularly provides money that goes to pay off loans made by banks and bondholders who are eager to accept the high interest rates that go along with assuming riskwhile preaching the virtues of free markets as they do soalthough they are equally eager to be rescued by governments and the IMF when risk turns into reality. 7. Bailout Mentality A. IMF has the wrong focus Daniel Ben Ami (a London-based journalist & author specializing in economics & finance for more than 20 years. He has written extensively on economic development, the world economy, financial markets & investment funds) May 25, 2011 http://www.fundweb.co.uk/five-reasons-why-the-imf-should-bescrapped/1031634.article The overwhelming emphasis of IMF bailout programs is on rescuing troubled institutions rather than helping national economies return to growth. In that sense it can be seen as a kind of institutional welfare program. This is in contrast to the way the western media often presents bailouts as almost altruistic operations for the benefit of poorer countries. B. Example: Greece Edmund Phelps and Amar Bhide (Edmund Phelps is the winner of the 2006 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences and has a PhD in economics. Amar Bhide is a Professor of International Business at Tufts University. D.B.A., Harvard Business School) July 11, 2011 http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2011/07/10/amar-bhide-and-edmund-phelps-on-whats- wrong-with-the-imf.html The Greek debacle and the North African drama raise existential questions about the IMF. Responsible governments have no business borrowing vast sums from abroad, rather than from domestic sources. Thats what tinpot regimes do. And lending even more to borrowers who cant pay what they already owe? Thats what loan sharks and mafiosi do. C. IMF acts as a loan shark, has enormous leverage Global Exchange (Global Exchange is an international human rights organization dedicated to promoting social, economic & environmental justice since 1988) 2011
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http://www.globalexchange.org/resources/wbimf/oppose Since the debt crisis of the 1980's, the IMF has assumed the role of bailing out countries during financial crises (caused in large part by currency speculation in the global casino economy) with emergency loan packages tied to certain conditions, often referred to as structural adjustment policies (SAPs). The IMF now acts like a global loan shark, exerting enormous leverage over the economies of more than 60 countries. These countries have to follow the IMF's policies to get loans, international assistance, and even debt relief. Thus, the IMF decides how much debtor countries can spend on education, health care, and environmental protection. D. Bailouts a form of corporate welfare Julie Borowski (She graduated Magna Cum Laude from Frostburg State University in May 2010 where she studied political science, economics & international studies) January 26, 2011 http://www.FreedomWorks.org/files/1-26-11_IMF_Top_10_New.pdf It is impossible to create wealth through government to government transfers. The IMF merely diverts money away from taxpayers in the productive private sector and into the hands of international bureaucrats. These IMF officials redistribute wealth to benefit multinational corporations and banks. Its a form of corporate welfare.
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SOLVENCY
1. Advocacy A. Bailout strategy has failed Rep. Cathy McMorris Rodgers (R-Wa. Executive MBA) June 2012 http://www.breitbart.com/Big-Peace/2012/06/09/Time-to-Cut-IMFsCredit Instead of waiting on the inevitable, the European Union, the International Monetary Fund, and the Obama Administration which provided a $100 billion line of credit to the IMF, which is being used for the bailouts should rethink their Bailout Universe strategy. That strategy has failed, and a new one is needed. B. There are better alternatives than bailouts Doug Bandow (senior fellow at the Cato Institute, specializing in foreign policy & civil liberties. BA economics, JD) June 27, 2011 http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/shut-down-wasteful-imf Now the IMF has become the bailout king. There always were better alternatives to throwing cash at countries suffering economic and financial crashes: bankruptcies, debt reschedulings, and forced workouts. The common panic fomented by the Fund was rarely justified.
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DISADVANTAGES
1. Loans do not foster growth A. No evidence that it promotes growth Doug Bandow (senior fellow at the Cato Institute, specializing in foreign policy & civil liberties. BA economics, JD) June 27, 2011 http://www.cato.org/publications/commentary/shut-down-wasteful-imf The IMF famously imposes policy changes as part of its lending programs. Unfortunately, there is no evidence that the organization has effectively promoted economic growth. Even its advocates can point to few successes. B. Doesnt focus long term Daniel Ben Ami (a London-based journalist & author specializing in economics & finance for more than 20 years. He has written extensively on economic development, the world economy, financial markets & investment funds) May 25, 2011 http://www.fundweb.co.uk/five-reasons-why-the-imf-should-be-scrapped/1031634.article The overwhelming emphasis of the IMF is on promoting shortterm stability rather than long term growth. In late 2008, for example, it was part of the drive to restore stability to the global financial system. However, this was done by evading the fundamental weakness of the global economy. C. Bailouts have failed to produce growth Julie Borowski (She graduated Magna Cum Laude from Frostburg State University in May 2010 where she studied political science, economics & international studies) January 26, 2011 http://www.freedomworks.org/files/1-26-11_IMF_Top_10_New.pdf The IMF hands out lucrative contracts to politically connected corporations for construction projects funded by taxpayers. Just as weve seen in America, these taxfunded stimulus programs have failed to produce economic growth.
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EXTRA
1. Purpose & current state A. Original Mission Matt Kibbe (B.A. in economics. President & CEO of Freedom Works) January 26, 2011 http://www.forbes.com/2011/01/24/imf-taxpayers-greece-opinions-contributors-mattkibbe.html The original mission of the IMF was to temporarily assist nations with shortterm balance of payments problems under the Bretton Woods system. When that system of fixed exchange rates fell apart in the early 1970s, the IMF had no justification to continue. Instead of closing down, the fund simply redefined its mission. B. IMF stated purposes Martin a Weiss (Specialist in International Trade & Finance) June 12, 2012 http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42019.pdf The IMF has six purposes that are outlined in Article I of the IMF Articles of Agreement: promoting international monetary cooperation; expanding the balanced growth of international trade; facilitating exchange rate stability; eliminating restrictions on the international flow of capital; ensuring confidence by making the general resources of the Fund temporarily available to members; and adjusting balanceofpayments imbalances in an orderly manner. C. Current Role Rebecca M. Nelson and Jonathan E. Sanford (Analyst in International Trade & Finance (Dick K. Nanto: Specialist in Industry & Trade. Jonathan E. Sanford: Specialist in International Trade & Financ) August 27, 2010 http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41239.pdf The IMF has changed over time as the world financial system has evolved. It now provides more technical assistance to member countries on banking and finance issues. However, its principal function is still one of lending money and encouraging reform to help countries deal with balanceofpayments and financial crises. D. Lending is only part of what the IMF does IMF Website, Accessed August 20, 2012 http://www.imf.org/external/about/ourwork.htm The IMF's fundamental mission is to help ensure stability in the international system. It does so in three ways: keeping track of the global economy and the economies of member countries; lending to countries with balance of payments difficulties; and giving practical help to members.
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IMF Bailouts Negative Brief

SIGNIFICANCE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------63 1. Mission Creep is acceptable A. Mission creep is normal B. IMF actions still fulfill its purpose C. IMF developments were legally provided for D. The charter of the IMF has been amended E. The IMF charter grants broad powers--------------------------------------------------------64 2. Mission Creep is Legal A. The IMF was designed to be flexible B. The IMF has no constructionist constraints C. There is no legal argument against changes at the IMF D. The U.S. has IMF veto power-----------------------------------------------------------------65 3. Loan Repayment A. Almost all countries repay IMF loans B. IMF loans must be paid back first 4. IMF intervention does not cause further harm 5. The IMF has become more transparent----------------------------------------------------------------66 DISADVANTAGES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------67 1. Lost Funding A. IMF funds itself B. The IMF has more functions than just loans C. 20% of the IMF budget goes to technical assistance 2. Lost Revenue A. The IMF pays member countries B. The U.S. is the largest investor in the IMF--------------------------------------------------68 C. The IMF has 225 billion dollars to lend D. No member country has ever lost money via the IMF EXTRA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------69 1. IMF bailouts are loans 2. IMF funding for loans comes from member states 3. Financing is the primary function of the IMF 4. Countries do not have to join the IMF 5. There is almost no taxpayer cost to IMF loans
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SIGNIFICANCE
1. Mission Creep is acceptable A. Mission creep is normal Sarah Babb (PhD, Northwestern University: Ariel Buira He has a BA in Economics, Manchester University, a Diploma on Economic Integration, University of Paris, a Diploma for Advanced Studies in Economic Development, Manchester University, & an MA Economics, Manchester University) 2004 http://www.ehu.es/Jarriola/Docencia/SMFI/the%20case%20of%20IMF %20conditionality.pdf The issue of mission creep in international financial institutions is often treated by its critics as if it were a problem unique to these organizations in particular, attributable to perverse and unusual circumstances . For sociologists who study organizations, however, the phenomenon of mission creep is neither new nor unusual B. IMF actions still fulfill its purpose Robert Hockett (Fellow & Tutor in Law, Yale Law School. B.A., J.D., University of Kansas M.A., Oxford University LL.M., J.S.D., Yale Law School) Cornell Law Review, 2002 http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1061&context=lsrp_papers It is thus now only natural for an institution concerned with global financial and exchange rate stability and ultimately with sustained global economic growth to concern itself with the structural, financeregulatory conditions that concern investors and currencytraders. C. IMF developments were legally provided for Robert Hockett (Fellow & Tutor in Law, Yale Law School. B.A., J.D., University of Kansas M.A., Oxford University LL.M., J.S.D., Yale Law School) Cornell Law Review, 2002 http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1061&context=lsrp_papers This article argues further, and legally perhaps more crucially, that these developments were foreseen by the founders of the Fund at least as abstract possibilities and were legally provided for in the Fund's Articles of Agreement, particularly as amended. D. The charter of the IMF has been amended John W. Head (Professor of Law, University of Kansas. Before starting an academic career, Mr. Head served as legal counsel to both the Asian Development Bank & the International Monetary Fund) Kansas Law Review 2004 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1317070 The IMF's members radically amended the IMF Charter accordingly, and the IMF's operations were correspondingly reduced. However, when the 1982 debt crisis broke out (upon the announcements by Mexico and Brazil that they would no longer be able to service their debt obligations), the IMF took a lead role that has set the stage for its operations ever since.
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E. The IMF charter grants broad powers John W. Head (Professor of Law, University of Kansas. Before starting an academic career, Mr. Head served as legal counsel to both the Asian Development Bank & the International Monetary Fund) Kansas Law Review 2004 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1317070 But Hockett rebuts the mission creep claim on several grounds, including the fact that the pertinent IMF Charter provisions are quite broad in their formulationthe result, Hockett explains, of an intentional effort by the persons drafting it to incorporate a good deal of creative ambiguity into the [Charter's] final draft in order to provide for future contingencies and to secure agreement. I find Hockett's analysis unassailable; from a legal perspective, the mission creep criticism fails. 2. Mission Creep is Legal A. The IMF was designed to be flexible Robert Hockett (Fellow & Tutor in Law, Yale Law School. B.A., J.D., University of Kansas M.A., Oxford University LL.M., J.S.D., Yale Law School) Cornell Law Review, 2002 http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1061&context=lsrp_papers As for the Articles, their ready amenability to teleological flexibility is hardly surprising. First of all, the Fund was originally envisaged as a sort of institutionalized medium or forum through or at which trading nations whose finance ministers actually would set the institution's course could collaborate over the long term in responding to global financial challenges that, by their very nature, are not susceptible to detailed anticipation. B. The IMF has no constructionist constraints Robert Hockett (Fellow & Tutor in Law, Yale Law School. B.A., J.D., University of Kansas M.A., Oxford University LL.M., J.S.D., Yale Law School) Cornell Law Review, 2002 http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1061&context=lsrp_papers The Fund is thus free of all strict constructionist restraints on the interpretation of its own charter save those that its members principally its largest contributing members impose politically over time. C. There is no legal argument against changes at the IMF Robert Hockett (Fellow & Tutor in Law, Yale Law School. B.A., J.D., University of Kansas M.A., Oxford University LL.M., J.S.D., Yale Law School) Cornell Law Review, 2002 http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1061&context=lsrp_papers These complaints appear to be grounded more in typical past practices, economic naivete, wrongheaded theory, or sovereign suspicion than in law or in fact. New circumstances call for new measures, and have inspired such measures throughout the Fund's history. If such measures are justifiable both under the Fund's Articles of Agreement and by reference to the exigencies of a new global financial economy to which states and international organizations long have been expected to respond pragmatically, then that is legally an end to the matter.
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D. The U.S. has IMF veto power Martin A. Weiss (Specialist in International Trade & Finance) Congressional Research Service, June 12, 2012 http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42019.pd f Since voting shares are based on financial contributions, the large U.S. voting share provides the United States veto power over major decisions at the IMF. 3. Loan Repayment A. Almost all countries repay IMF loans Kenneth Rogoff (Rogoff received a BA & MA from Yale University summa cum laude in 1975, & a PhD in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1980 He is currently the Thomas D Cabot Professor of Public Policy & Professor of Economics at Harvard University) September 2002 http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2002/09/rogoff.ht m The first inconvenient fact is that IMF loans have had a stubborn habit of being repaid in full. Although some countries have gone into arrears, almost all have eventually repaid the IMF: the actual realized historical default rate is virtually nil. If we live in a world where virtually all countries will always repay their IMF loans in full, the IMF moral hazard theory is a bust, at least in its most worrisome form. B. IMF loans must be paid back first Rebecca M. Nelson, (Coordinator Analyst in International Trade & Finance) Dick K. Nanto (Specialist in Industry & Trade )Jonathan E. Sanford (Specialist in International Trade & Finance) Martin A. Weiss (Specialist in International Trade & Finance,Congressional Research Service,) August 27, 2010 http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41239.pdf The IMF, like the other international financial institutions, enjoys a de facto preferred creditor status; member governments grant priority to repayment of their obligations to the IMF over other creditors. In the case of the Greece loan, IMF loans would be repaid prior to all other creditors. Financing from European countries will be junior to the IMFs loan and will have the same status as existing Greek debt. 4. IMF intervention does not cause further harm John W. Head (Professor of Law, University of Kansas. Before starting an academic career, Mr. Head served as legal counsel to both the Asian Development Bank & the International Monetary Fund.) Kansas Law Review 2004 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1317070 Second, even if it were to be accepted, for the sake of argument, that countries adopting IMF prescribed policies have taken a nosedive economically, it is illogical to conclude simply from this fact that IMFprescribed policies caused the nosedive. For one thing, as one scholar points out, such a conclusion is particularly troublesome because of the problem of defining the
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counterfactual; in other words, determining what would have happened in the absence of [an IMFprescribed] program 5. The IMF has become more transparent John W. Head (Professor of Law, University of Kansas. Before starting an academic career, Mr. Head served as legal counsel to both the Asian Development Bank & the International Monetary Fund.) Kansas Law Review 2004 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1317070 Over the past three years in particular, the IMF has undertaken an impressive project to provide more information on its operations. For example, between January 2001 and March 2003, information was published on Executive Board action in over eighty percent of all Article IV consultations, the Letters of Intent for 93 percent of countries requests for (or review of) the use of IMF resources were released, and 57 percent of standalone reports on IMFsupported programs were published.
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DISADVANTAGES
1. Lost Funding A. IMF funds itself Rebecca M. Nelson (Coordinator Analyst in International Trade & Finance) Dick K. Nanto (Specialist in Industry & Trade )Jonathan E. Sanford (Specialist in International Trade & Finance) and Martin A. Weiss (Specialist in International Trade & Finance, Congressional Research Service) August 27, 2010 http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41239.pdf The IMF funds its own internal budget from income earned through its lending program. B. The IMF has more functions than just loans John W. Head (Professor of Law, University of Kansas. Before starting an academic career, Mr. Head served as legal counsel to both the Asian Development Bank & the International Monetary Fund.) Kansas Law Review 2004 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1317070 The IMF does more than just make loans. Two other activities in particular warrant mention: surveillance and technical assistance. Although surveillance can take several forms, the most important form is that of country surveillance. The IMF conducts regular consultations, normally once a year, with each member country about its economic and financial policies. C. 20% of the IMF budget goes to technical assistance Martin A. Weiss (Specialist in International Trade & Finance) Congressional Research Service, June 12, 2012 http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42019.pd f Access to technical assistance is one benefit of IMF membership, accounting for about 20% of the IMFs annual operating budget. The IMF provides technical assistance in its core areas of expertise: macroeconomic policy; tax and revenue policies; expenditure management; exchange rates; financial sector sustainability; and economic statistics. 2. Lost Revenue A. The IMF pays member countries Rebecca M. Nelson (Coordinator Analyst in International Trade & Finance) Dick K. Nanto (Specialist in Industry & Trade )Jonathan E. Sanford (Specialist in International Trade & Finance) and Martin A. Weiss (Specialist in International Trade & Finance, Congressional Research Service) August 27, 2010 http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41239.pdf The IMF charges its borrowers a rate of interest roughly equivalent to the price that major
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governments around the world pay to borrow funds, and it pays its member countries interest when it uses their quota resources to fund its loans. B. The U.S. is the largest investor in the IMF The Official IMF Website, Current as of at least 2011 http://www.imf.org/external/about/quotas.htm Each member country's quota broadly reflects the size of its economy: the larger a country's economy in terms of output and the larger and more variable its trade, the larger its quota tends to be. For example, the world's biggest economy, the United States, has the largest quota in the IMF. C. The IMF has 225 billion dollars to lend Rebecca M. Nelson, (Coordinator Analyst in International Trade & Finance) Dick K. Nanto (Specialist in Industry & Trade )Jonathan E. Sanford (Specialist in International Trade & Finance) Martin A. Weiss (Specialist in International Trade & Finance,Congressional Research Service) August 27, 2010 http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41239.pdf As of July 15, 2010, the IMF has about $225.5 billion dollars immediately available to lend. This figure is the IMFs oneyear forward commitment capacity (FCC), which measures the IMFs ability to make new nonconcessional resources available to members over the next 12 months. D. No member country has ever lost money via the IMF Rebecca M. Nelson (Coordinator Analyst in International Trade & Finance) Dick K. Nanto (Specialist in Industry & Trade )Jonathan E. Sanford (Specialist in International Trade & Finance) and Martin A. Weiss (Specialist in International Trade & Finance,Congressional Research Service) August 27, 2010 http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R41239.pdf The IMFs membership as a whole bears any risk from lending to Greece, but, in its entire history, no member of the IMF has experienced a loss from providing resources to the IMF, either by lending to the IMF or through the payment of quota subscriptions.
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EXTRA
1. IMF bailouts are loans Kenneth Rogoff (Rogoff received a BA & MA from Yale University summa cum laude in 1975, & a PhD in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1980 He is currently the Thomas D Cabot Professor of Public Policy & Professor of Economics at Harvard University) September 2002 http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2002/09/rogoff.htm It is an article of faith among many IMF critics that industrial country taxpayers bear the costs of IMF loansthe critics call them bailouts"to countries in crisis. 2. IMF funding for loans comes from member states John W. Head (Professor of Law, University of Kansas. Before starting an academic career, Mr. Head served as legal counsel to both the Asian Development Bank & the International Monetary Fund) Kansas Law Review 2004 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1317070 Where does the IMF get the money to make its loans? Mainly from a pool of resources formed by its members subscriptions to the IMF's capital. 3. Financing is the primary function of the IMF Martin A. Weiss (Specialist in International Trade & Finance) Congressional Research Service, June 12, 2012 http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42019.pd f Notwithstanding its macroeconomic surveillance, the IMF is perceived as an institution that primarily provides temporary financing to troubled economies. 4. Countries do not have to join the IMF John W. Head (Professor of Law, University of Kansas. Before starting an academic career, Mr. Head served as legal counsel to both the Asian Development Bank & the International Monetary Fund) Kansas Law Review 2004 http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1317070 First, states are under no legal obligation to accept the conditions of an IMF loan, for the simple reason that they are under no legal obligation to seek such a loan in the first placeor, for that matter, to become or remain IMF members. 5. There is almost no taxpayer cost to IMF loans Kenneth Rogoff (Rogoff received a BA & MA from Yale University summa cum laude in 1975, & a PhD in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1980 He is currently the Thomas D Cabot Professor of Public Policy & Professor of Economics at Harvard University) September 2002 http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2002/09/rogoff.ht m
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What is the cost to shareholder taxpayers of an IMF bailout"? Let's take Jeanne and Zettelmeyer's estimate of a 5 percent default rate. Suppose the typical emerging market country receives an IMF loan of 10 percent of GDP (Korea and Mexico, both considered massive bailouts, each received less than 5 percent of GDP) Assuming the recipient accounts for 1 percent of global GDP (as the largest emerging market countries do), then the cost of the IMF loan subsidy amounts to only 1/2 of one 10,000th of global GDP.
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UNMIK
Observation 1: Definitions UNMIK: The United Nations Mission in Kosovo. (UnmikOnline org) Observation 2: Facts Fact 1. UNMIK costs $44 million a year Fact 2. No active role Fact 3. UNMIK has done more harm Kosovo than good Observation 3: Harms Harm 1. Funding wasted Observation 4: Plan Mandates: Terminate the United Nations Mission in Kosovo. Agency & Enforcement: Any and all necessary bodies of the United Nations. Funding: No funding is required Observation 5: Advantages Advantage 1. Conservation of funding
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UNMIK Affirmative Brief

SIGNIFICANCE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------74 1. Calls increasing for UNMIK to end A. EU says UNMIK is no longer needed in Kosovo B. Both the Serbs & the Albanians want UNMIK to go away 2. Past human rights abuses A. Inhumane detention B. Contradicts UNMIKs own regulation to prevent abuses C. No way to respond to abuses------------------------------------------------------------------75 3. Abusive power A. Tyrannical form of government B. The Special Representative of the Secretary General is too powerful 4. Law and Order A. UNMIK has failed in providing law & order B. UNMIK distorted justice system--------------------------------------------------------------76 DISADVANTAGES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------77 1. Economy will be fine A. Kosovo is a growing and stable country B. Economy is growing 2. Kosovo will remain secure A. Security situation in Kosovo is stable B. There are no outside threats to Kosovo 3. Ready for independence---------------------------------------------------------------------------------78 A. Kosovo will get full sovereignty in September B. Kosovo is ready to be independent C. Kosovo is recognized as an independent state by 91 states 4. EULEX is sufficient in fighting corruption A. EULEX effective against corruption B. EULEX supplementing locals in fight against corruption EXTRA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------80 1. UNMIKs role has diminished A. UNMIK no longer has an active role B. UNMIK relinquished duties to EULEX C. Kosovo is taking more control from UNMIK D. The EU now overseeing police, courts, and customs E. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon says UNMIK's role is being reduced
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F. UNMIK has become obsolete------------------------------------------------------------------81 2. Background to conflict 3. Kosovos independence A. Although Kosovo declared independence, Serbia doesnt recognize their autonomy B. Kosovo secession is justified------------------------------------------------------------------82 4. UNMIK Facts and Figures A. UNMIK's budget from 2011-2012 B. UNMIKs staff as of 30 June 2012 C. Money spent on UNMIK from 1999-2004 D. In 2007, UNMIK costed $240 million E. Former military & police force of UNMIK in Kosovo-------------------------------------83 4. EULEX staff numbers
SIGNIFICANCE
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1. Calls increasing for UNMIK to end A. EU says UNMIK is no longer needed in Kosovo Vjosa Musliu, Balkan Insight (the leading news site covering the Western Balkans Region) April 2009 http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/ep-kosovo-doesn-t-need-unmik-any-more Doris Pack, head of the European Parliament's delegation for the West Balkans, made the comments after a meeting with Kosovo Prime Minister Hashim Thaci. The European mission in Kosovo, EULEX, declared itself fully operational at a ceremony on Monday. [Doris] Pack, [head of the European Parliaments delegation for the West Balkans] said, We need EULEX all around Kosovo and have agreed that we dont need UNMIK any more.". B. Both the Serbs & the Albanians want UNMIK to go away Andrew MacDowall, business new europe (the only English-language publication that covers all 30 of the countries of "new Europe" Central, Eastern & Southeast Europe, as well as the former Soviet Union) August 2012 http://www.bne.eu/story3865 More recently, the UN's Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo has been regarded by many Serbs as violating their country's sovereignty and is unpopular even among the ethnic Albanian community, as the slogan UNMIK go home daubed on many a Kosovan wall indicates. 2. Past human rights abuses A. Inhumane detention Adam Day (JD/MALD Candidate, Boalt Hall School of Law/The Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy) Wisconsin International Law Journal, 2012 http://hosted.law.wisc.edu/wordpress/wilj/files/2012/02/wiener.pdf UNMIKs detentions violated generally accepted human rights law in various ways. In the case of Moses Omweno, for example, UNMIK held a defendant incommunicado for four days in Kenya, in violation of Kenyan domestic law, then brought him to Kosovo and detained him again without ever informing him of his rights under any body of law. B. Contradicts UNMIKs own regulation to prevent abuses Adam Day (JD/MALD Candidate, Boalt Hall School of Law/The Fletcher School of Law & Diplomacy) Wisconsin International Law Journal, 2012 http://hosted.law.wisc.edu/wordpress/wilj/files/2012/02/wiener.pdf In the case of Shaban Beqiri and Xhemal Sejdiu, UNMIK overrode a Kosovo judges order to release the suspects and detained them for a further nine months, in direct contravention of UNMIKs own regulation giving the local judges the sole power to order detention and release. C. No way to respond to abuses Sarah Ringler (earned her master s degree in International Relations at Berlins Free University in 2010) 2010
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http://www.aspaonline.org/global/page41.html In 2000, the Ombudsperson Institution in Kosovo (OIK) was established with the mandate to investigate alleged human rights abuses by local public and UNMIK administrators)...Thus, although the creation of OIK has been a consequential act of institution building for overseeing human rights violations, it lacks any muscle to tackle such offenses and additionally cannot act upon human rights violations committed by international administrators, which continue to have a strong presence in Kosovo. 3. Abusive power A. Tyrannical form of government Jrgen Friedrich, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law (a much sought-after forum for essays in international law related to the UN) 2005 http://www.mpil.de/shared/data/pdf/pdfmpunyb/friedrich_9_225_293.pdf The structure of UNMIK did not correspond to important standards of democratic governance and rule of law. As can be seen in this paper, it entailed virtually no separation of power. In particular, it lacked a means of judicial control of the executive, as well as a procedure to at least challenge UNMIK legislation through the courts. Similarly, lack of accountability of UNMIK and, to a lesser extent, of KFOR not only conflicts with basic standards of human rights, but contrasts with basic standards of democratic governance and the rule of law. No democratic state government in the world accords itself immunity from any responsibility as does UNMIK. B. The Special Representative of the Secretary General is too powerful Jrgen Friedrich, Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law (a much sought-after forum for essays in international law related to the UN) 2005 http://www.mpil.de/shared/data/pdf/pdfmpunyb/friedrich_9_225_293.pdf The SRSG has the power not only to appoint, but also to remove any judge or prosecutor from office, a power which he retains as ultimate authority even under the Constitutional Framework. As there exist no safeguards against these decisions, the executive is able to control the judiciary, which is incompatible with the requirements of an independent and impartial tribunal as required under fair trial guarantees of international human rights law. 4. Law and Order A. UNMIK has failed in providing law & order New Kosovo Report (a non-profit information portal about Kosovo/a & its neighbors providing reliable & free information on the internet geared towards foreign audiences) September 2008 http://www.newkosovareport.com/200809281257/Politics/mayor-unmik-hasfailed-in- mitrovica.html UN Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) has failed in Mitrovica and the closure as soon as possible of this mission will positively affect the development of the northern Kosovo city, said in an interview for Radio Free Europe, the mayor of Mitrovica Municipality, Bajram Rexhepi.
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Regarding the latest report by the International Crisis Group which warns that the division of the city could be deepened, Rexhepi said that ICG has raised some serious concerns critical of UNMIK mission, which has not done enough to maintain law and order and has tolerated parallel structures to run in the city, which according to him is a a bad signal. B. UNMIK distorted justice system Marek Nowicki (former international ombudsman in Kosovo. An International lawyer) Vreme magazine (Vreme magazine is an independent liberal weekly from Belgrade) 2006 http://kosovo.net/news/archive/2006/September_16/1.html There are two kinds of problems involved, Nowicki told Vreme, One is the problems of everyone who lives in Kosovo, the other are specific problems of the nonAlbanian population. The first problem is the nonfunctioning of the justice system, which we can call legal chaos because there is still no justice system, no one knows what laws are in effect, and you have no one to ask what law should be applied in a concrete situation.
DISADVANTAGES
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1. Economy will be fine A. Kosovo is a growing and stable country Petrit Selimi (Deputy Foreign Minister, Republic of Kosovo) Financial Times (one of the worlds leading business news & information organisations) June 2012 http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/071a99de-b64a-11e1-8ad0-00144feabdc0.html#axzz21auBu8v7 The Republic of Kosovo is one of the most important contributors to peace and progress in the Balkans. It is the country with the highest gross domestic product growth in the eurozone (5.5 per cent in 2011) and the lowest debt in Europe (almost none). B. Economy is growing Report of the Secretary-General on the United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo, January 2012 http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/ %7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3- CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Kos%20S %202012%2072.pdf Kosovos low degree of integration into the global goods and financial markets has kept its economy largely unaffected by financial turbulence in the Euro area. Continued growth in imports, tax revenues and credit to the private sector were recorded by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) during 2011. IMF estimated gross domestic product growth in Kosovo in 2011 at 5 per cent, but forecasts a lower rate of some [at] 4 per cent for 2012. 2. Kosovo will remain secure A. Security situation in Kosovo is stable Tanjug (Serbian National News Agency) May 2012 http://www.tanjug.rs/news/45119/security-situation-in-kosovo-delicate--butstable.htm Lt General Ljubisa Dikovic, Serbian Armed Forces (VS) Chief of General Staff, and KFOR Commander Major General Erhard Drews stated in Belgrade on Wednesday that the security situation in KosovoMetohija is delicate, but stable. B. There are no outside threats to Kosovo B92 (a national television network in Belgrade) January 2010 http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2010&mm=01&dd=02&nav_id=64202 The security situation in Kosovo is very stable and there are no threats from abroad, KFOR commander, German General Markus Bentler said. According to Bentler, the security situation in Kosovo is very stable and there are no threats to the people of Kosovo. "There have been some small clashes in northern [Kosovska] Mitrovica, but in general the situation is calm, Bentler said in an interview for Radio Deutsche Welle. 3. Ready for independence A. Kosovo will get full sovereignty in September AFP (Agence France-Presse) (a global news agency delivering fast, in-depth coverage of the
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events shaping our world) July 2012 http://www.thejournal.ie/kosovo-independence-sovereign-serbia-507209-Jul2012/ THE INTERNATIONAL STEERING Group overseeing Kosovos independence has decided that the territory will acquire full sovereignty in September. Austrian Foreign Minister Michael Spindelegger said the international supervision ends as of today, following a meeting in Vienna of the 25nation ISG, which includes several EU states besides Austria as well as Turkey and the United States. In January, the ISG had announced that Kosovo had made such progress that the supervised independence could be lifted by the end of the year. B. Kosovo is ready to be independent Fatos Bytyci, Reuters, July 2012 http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/02/us-kosovo-independence-idUSBRE8610RE20120702 The 25member International Steering Group, including the United States and major EU powers, said at a meeting in Vienna that Kosovo could now walk on its own feet without supervision although ethnic clashes and tensions with Serbia have been rising in the past months. They said the International Civilian Office (ICO), which oversees Kosovo's independence under Dutch diplomat Pieter Feith, would close in September. However, the European Union police and justice mission, known as EULEX, and a 6,000strong NATO peacekeeping force will remain deployed. C. Kosovo is recognized as an independent state by 91 states Fatos Bytyci, Reuters, July 2012 http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/02/us-kosovo-independence-idUSBRE8610RE20120702 Kosovo's independence has been recognized by 91 states, mainly Western countries, but not by Russia, China and Serbia. 4. EULEX is sufficient in fighting corruption A. EULEX effective against corruption BalkanInsight (the leading news site covering the Western Balkans Region) 2012 http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/eulex-fights-back-to-critics Nicholas Hawton, head of EULEXs Press Office, said the aim is to challenge the view that nothing has been done to fight corruption. There have been 33 verdicts in major, highlevel corruption cases and... those found guilty include judges, police officers, government officials and politicians. These are not insignificant facts. said Hawton. B. EULEX supplementing locals in fight against corruption BalkanInsight (the leading news site covering the Western Balkans Region) 2012 http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/eulex-fights-back-to-critics EULEX deals with highlevel, complicated and time consuming cases. But the vast majority of work in the fight against corruption is carried out by the local authorities. EULEX can only
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tackle a fraction of the problem. But we are doing it together and in support of the local authorities. said Hawton [head of EULEXs Press Office].
EXTRA
1. UNMIKs role has diminished
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A. UNMIK no longer has an active role Economist Magazine, March 2012 http://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2012/03/electionsserbia After the Kosovo war in 1999, resolution 1244 established the UN administration in Kosovo, known as UNMIK. Since Kosovo's declaration of independence in 2008 UNMIK no longer plays an active role, but it does still exist. B. UNMIK relinquished duties to EULEX Andrew MacDowall (One of the worlds leading business news & information organisations)Financial Times, July 2012 http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2012/07/24/ban-ki-moon-in-kosovo-at-best-a-reminder-of-thecountrys-problems/ He is, on paper at least, visiting Kosovo to check up on the UNs presence there. This is in fact rather insignificant these days, as the UN mission in Kosovo, UNMIK, handed over most of its responsibilities to the EU mission (EULEX) and to Kosovar authorities. UNMIK now largely serves to inform UN headquarters of goingson in the region. C. Kosovo is taking more control from UNMIK Robert McMahon (Editor of the Council on Foreign Relations's website) Council on Foreign Relations (an independent, nonpartisan membership organization, think tank, & publisher) July 2008 http://www.cfr.org/nation-building/pitfalls-un-nation-building/p10829#p5 The United Nations mission (UNMIK) ran the Serbian province [Kosovo] as a virtual protectorate from 1999 until its independence declaration in February 2008. Backed by NATO led forces and international peacekeepers, the UN mission has generally retained stability but local Kosovar officials moved to assume more control of UN functions in June 2008. D. The EU now overseeing police, courts, and customs BBC News, December 2008 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7772548.stm The UN will leave Kosovo after more than a decade in charge, retaining only a small political role. Eulex is the EU's biggestever mission and will operate across all of Kosovo. The 1,900 international officials will be supported by about 1,100 local staff. The EU will oversee the running of the police, the courts and the customs service. E. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon says UNMIK's role is being reduced B92 (a national television network in Belgrade) July 2012 http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2012&mm=07&dd=14&nav_id=81270 When asked what the current role of the UNMIK is, Ban said that the UNMIK's mandate would
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be continued in line with the UN SC Resolution 1244, but in the interim period EULEX was taking on a greater role, while the UNMIK's role was being reduced. F. UNMIK has become obsolete. B92 (a national television network in Belgrade) March 2009, http://www.b92.net/eng/news/politics-article.php?yyyy=2009&mm=03&dd=17&nav_id=57886 According to him [the Kosovo foreign minister, Skender Hyseni], UNMIK has almost no powers, while there is also the EU mission, EULEX. "A[t] the UN Security Council session, we will demand that the UNMIK mission be abolished. We will continue to closely cooperate with the UN, but in a completely different format to the UNMIK mission until now, he told Pritina's RTK television outlet on Monday. Hyseni also stated that UNMIK is now obsolete, with almost all of its powers transferred to Kosovo's institutions and EULEX, and that for this reason he believes this UN mission has no reason to exist. 2. Background to conflict Harvard Law Review, 2011 http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol124_kosovo_declaration_of_independence.pd f Kosovo is a former autonomous province of Yugoslavia contained within Serbia with a population consisting of approximately ninety percent ethnic Albanians. In 1989, Serbia revoked Kosovos autonomy, leading Kosovo to declare independence and various armed groups to launch attacks under the banner of the Kosovo Liberation Army. In response, the Serb government initiated repressive actions and policies including employment discrimination, arbitrary detention and torture, rape, summary executions, and ethnic cleansing leading to a vast refugee crisis. In 1999, NATO intervened with a bombing campaign against Serbia, which resulted in the Serb government withdrawing security forces and Security Council Resolution 1244 bringing Kosovo under U.N. and NATO administration. 3. Kosovos independence A. Although Kosovo declared independence, Serbia doesnt recognize their autonomy Julie Kim & Steven Woehrel (Specialist in International Relations Foreign Affairs, Defense, & Trade Division & Specialist in European Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, & Trade Division) Congressional Research Service, May 2, 2008 http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL31053_20080502.pdf Close to nine years after NATO intervened militarily in the southern Serbian province of Kosovo, Kosovo declared itself an independent and sovereign state on February 17, 2008. The event marked a new stage in, but not the end of, international concern and engagement in the western Balkan region. Serbia strenuously objects to and does not recognize Kosovos independence. B. Kosovo secession is justified Harvard Law Review, 2011 http://www.harvardlawreview.org/media/pdf/vol124_kosovo_declaration_of_independence.pd f
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Kosovo clearly has suffered a denial of fundamental rights that serves as a foundation of a strong case for secession. Kosovo enjoyed a history of substantial autonomy in a federation that subsequently dissolved, but Serb authorities revoked that autonomy and denied the Kosovar people the right to participate in their own government; years of brutal repression justified the Kosovars fear that they could never enjoy safety, let alone political participation, under Serb rule. 4. UNMIK Facts and Figures A. UNMIK's budget from 2011-2012 The UN's official website, Date not specified http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unmik/facts.shtm l Approved budget (1 July 2011 30 June 2012): $44,914,800. B. UNMIKs staff as of 30 June 2012 The UN's official website, Date not specified http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/unmik/facts.shtm l 15 total uniformed personnel 9 military liaison officers 6 police officers 148 international civilian personnel* 217 local staff* 2 6 UN Volunteers * Note: Statistics for international and local civilians are as of 31 March 2012. C. Money spent on UNMIK from 1999-2004 Sally McNamara (Senior Policy Analyst in European Affairs in the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom) Heritage Foundation, April 2007 http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2007/04/the-united-states-should-welcome-a-newera- for-kosovo#_ftnref2 The cost of Kosovo's reconstruction and recovery from June 1999 through 2004 was a whopping $2.76 billion, and more than 16,000 NATO troops are still deployed there. D. In 2007, UNMIK costed $240 million Sally McNamara (Senior Policy Analyst in European Affairs in the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedomenior Policy Analyst in European Affairs in the Margaret Thatcher Center for Freedom) Heritage Foundation, April 2007 http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2007/04/the-united-states-should-welcome-a-newera- for-kosovo#_ftnref2 The U.N. operation in Kosovo (UNMIK) costs a staggering $240 million a year and has
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fostered a debilitating culture of dependency. Without clarity on Kosovo's final status, meaningful reform and progress will not occur. E. Former military & police force of UNMIK in Kosovo Peter Bouckaert (senior researcher for emergencies at Human Rights Watch) Human Rights Watch, July 2004 http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources / 62D22D26C4EF638585256EDD006C62E7-hrw-s%26m-26jul.pdf As of December 2003, UNMIK had 3,752 international police officers in Kosovo, including 2,422 civilian police (CIVPOL), 975 members of Special Police Units (SPUs) and 355 border police. 4. EULEX staff numbers Report of the European Union High Representative for Foreign Affairs & Security Policy to the Secretary-General on the activities of the European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo, January 2012 http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/ %7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3- CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Kos%20S %202012%2072.pdf EULEX is currently comprised of 2,531 staff (1,377 international and 1,154 local staff) engaged to support the Missions executive and monitoring, mentoring and advising tasks as it works to strengthen Kosovo institutions.
UNMIK Negative Brief

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SIGNIFICANCE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------85 1. Human rights continue to be violated 2. Not recognized as independent A. Kosovo not recognized by Russia, Seberia, & many others B. Some countries reject Kosovos independence C. Although Kosovo declared independence, Serbia doesnt recognize their autonomy 3. Ethnic tension---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------86 A. Conflict still exists in Kosovo B. Tensions unresolved & periodically boil over C. Ethnic tensions not a thing of the past D. Head of OSCE expresses concern over recent violence 3. Economic crisis still a problem-------------------------------------------------------------------------87 A. Highest unemployment rate in Western Balkans B. Kosovos citizens are the poorest in Europe C. Kosovo lacks infrastructure to compete economically D. Kosovo economy historically bad & worse today 4. UNMIK is important-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------88 A. UNMIK should continue to implement its mandate B. UNMIK still has an important role DISADVANTAGES----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------89 1. UNMIK cooperation vital to stability 2. UNMIK helps human rights A. Serbia: UNMIK can help in area of protection B. UNMIK can help protect cultural heritage 3. UNMIK crucial to peace negotiations A. Serbia: UN mission essential to cooperation B. Serbia: UNMIK still relevant------------------------------------------------------------------90 4. UNMIK ties together other programs
SIGNIFICANCE
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1. Human rights continue to be violated The Republic of Serbia (Statement by Jelena Plakalovi, Attach, speaking on behalf of Serbia) May 10, 2012 http://www.un.int/serbia/Statements/128.pdf In this connection, having in mind that basic human rights of non-Albanian population in Kosovo continue to be violated, it is necessary to maintain every post in the Mission dealing with the status and needs of that population. 2. Not recognized as independent A. Kosovo not recognized by Russia, Seberia, & many others F. William Engdahl (earned a degree in politics from Princeton University (USA), & graduate study in comparative economics at the University of Stockholm Mr Engdahl has lectured in economics at the Rhein-Main University in Germany & is a Visiting Professor in Economics at Beijing University of Chemical Technology)April 2012 http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=30262 Kosovo is not recognized as a legitimate state by either Russia or Serbia or over one hundred other nations. B. Some countries reject Kosovos independence Steven Woehrel (Specialist in European Affairs) March 13, 2012 http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RS21721.pdf The United States recognized Kosovos independence on February 18, 2008. At present, 88 countries have recognized Kosovo. Of the 27 EU countries, 22 have recognized Kosovo, including key countries such as France, Germany, Britain, and Italy. Five EU countriesGreece, Cyprus, Slovakia, Romania, and Spainhave expressed opposition to Kosovos independence. C. Although Kosovo declared independence, Serbia doesnt recognize their autonomy Julie Kim & Steven Woehrel (Specialist in International Relations Foreign Affairs, Defense, & Trade Division & Specialist in European Affairs Foreign Affairs, Defense, & Trade Division) May 2, 2008 http://assets.opencrs.com/rpts/RL31053_20080502.pdf Close to nine years after NATO intervened militarily in the southern Serbian province of Kosovo, Kosovo declared itself an independent and sovereign state on February 17, 2008. The event marked a new stage in, but not the end of, international concern and engagement in the western Balkan region. Serbia strenuously objects to and does not recognize Kosovos independence. 3. Ethnic tension
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A. Conflict still exists in Kosovo Tony Karon (Tony Karon is a senior editor at TIME, where he has covered international conflicts in the Middle East, Asia, & the Balkans since 1997) 2011 http://world.time.com/2011/07/27/new-violence-in-kosovo-could-pose-a-quandary-for-nato/ #ixzz216wW5F4h But while Libya has dragged on twice as long and isnt over yet, a week of violent clashes in northern Kosovo involving the ethnicAlbanian Kosovar government, its ethnic Serb minority, and some of the 10,000 NATO troops still deployed there may be a sign that hotheads on both sides sense an opportunity to rewrite the outcome of the 1999 war. B. Tensions unresolved & periodically boil over Embassy of Switzerland in Kosovo, April 25 2012 http://www.sec-chamber.ch/bilder/pdf/EconomicReportKosovo2012.pdf While ethnic Albanians, comprising over 90 % of Kosovos population, overwhelmingly support independent statehood, the Serbmajority communities in northern Kosovo have rejected the legitimacy of the government of Kosovo and its institutions. The situation remains unresolved politically and, as a result, has led to the periodic outbreak of localized tension. C. Ethnic tensions not a thing of the past Andrew MacDowall (MA (Hons.) Social & Political Sciences, Fitzwilliam College, University of Cambridge), March 2012 http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2012/0329/Ethnic-violence-belies-Balkans-peace More than a decade after the conflict in the Balkans was brought to an end, a spate of violent incidents in the southern Balkans show that the ethnic and national tensions that erupted so disastrously in the 1990s are not a thing of the past. D. Head of OSCE expresses concern over recent violence Civil- Military Fusion Center (Introduced in 2008 as an experiment by NATO Allied Command Transformation in Norfolk, Virginia, the CFC has since transitioned to a core capability within Allied Command Operations (ACO) in Europe) February 2012 http://goo.gl/T96aF The Head of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Mission in Kosovo has expressed concern over recent security incidents affecting the Kosovo Serb community in the Gjilan/Gnjilanc region of eastern Kosovo, according to a OSCE press release. His concerns involved several recent arsons targeting Kosovo Serbowned properties.
3. Economic crisis still a problem
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A. Highest unemployment rate in Western Balkans Linda Karadaku (reporter for the Southeast European Times) 2012 http://setimes.com/cocoon/setimes/xhtml/en_GB/features/setimes/audio_story/2012/02/09/ audio_story-05 Kosovo's unemployment rate is about 45%, the highest in the Western Balkans. The unemployed in Kosovo are mainly young people, women, and those with limited education. B. Kosovos citizens are the poorest in Europe Bureau of European & Eurasian Affairs (part of the U.S. Department of State, charged with implementing U.S. foreign policy & promoting U.S. interests in Europe & Eurasia) January 11, 2012 http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/100931.htm Kosovo's citizens are the poorest in Europe, with an average annual per capita income of approximately $3,300. With roughly 45% of the population unemployed, according to official figures, migration and black market activity are key concerns. Most of Kosovo's population lives in rural towns outside of the capital, Pristina. Inefficient, nearsubsistence farming is common, the result of small plots, limited mechanization, and lack of technical expertise. C. Kosovo lacks infrastructure to compete economically Embassy of Switzerland in Kosovo, April 25 2012 http://www.sec-chamber.ch/bilder/pdf/EconomicReportKosovo2012.pdf Kosovo does not have a competitive and export friendly economy, nor does it have the infrastructure it needs to attract foreign investors. It moreover suffers from inefficient institutions, has a highly defective legal and judicial system, and it is unable to provide jobs to the large young population. Corruption is rampant, and organized crime is a lucrative business area. D. Kosovo economy historically bad & worse today F. William Engdahl (Earned a degree in politics from Princeton University (USA), & graduate study in comparative economics at the University of Stockholm) April 2012 http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=30262 Membership into the EU for Kosovo would be welcoming another failed state, something which may not bother US Secretary Clinton, but which the EU at this juncture definitely can do without. Best estimates place unemployment in the country at as much as 60%. That is not just Third World level. The economy was always the poorest in Yugoslavia and today it is worse.
4. UNMIK is important
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A. UNMIK should continue to implement its mandate Vinay Kumar (Minister, Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations at the Security Council briefing on UNMIK) May 14, 2012 http://www.un.int/india/2012/ind2022.pdf In conclusion, we encourage UNMIK to continue to implement its mandate in status neutral manner in strict accordance with resolution 1244 and other relevant decisions of the Security Council. This will help us realize the hope of the Secretary General that the trends of tension and confrontation which have become discernible in the last year will gradually subside and the positive trends of dialogue will strengthen. To that end, leaders on both sides should exercise their leadership in a manner in which tension may be reduced and which can promote a climate conducive to dialogue and mutual understanding. B. UNMIK still has an important role M-Magazine (a unique, daily online publication in Albanian, Serbian & English, with a fully mixed publication team) August 21, 2012 http://www.m-magazine.org/en/Kosovo/The-end-of-supervised-independence-but-not-ofUN- mission-2982 On the other hand, UNMIK spokesman Olivier Salgado said that despite of many changes in the field, UNMIK continues to have an important role in Kosovo.
DISADVANTAGES
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1. UNMIK cooperation vital to stability The Republic of Serbia (Statement by Jelena Plakalovi, Attach, speaking on behalf of Serbia) May 10, 2012 http://www.un.int/serbia/Statements/128.pdf We believe that it is necessary for UNMIK to function more actively than it has been the case so far. If UNMIKs role and capacity cannot be strengthened, we must make sure that they are not reduced either, particularly in connection with its functions in accordance with the statusneutral framework, based on Security Council Resolution 1244 which defines its mandate. In this context, we wish to point out that the sensitivity of the situation and the events in the field fully justify the active presence and intensive engagement of the Mission. Also, its close cooperation with KFOR and EULEX is vital for providing security and stability in Kosovo and Metohija. 2. UNMIK helps human rights A. Serbia: UNMIK can help in area of protection The Republic of Serbia (Statement by Jelena Plakalovi, Attach, speaking on behalf of Serbia) May 10, 2012 http://www.un.int/serbia/Statements/128.pdf It is also important that UNMIK functions more efficiently and more proactively in the fulfillment of its duties of protection of minorities, particularly since the situation in this regard in Kosovo is far from satisfactory. B. UNMIK can help protect cultural heritage Vinay Kumar (Minister, Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations at the Security Council briefing on UNMIK) May 14, 2012 http://www.un.int/india/2012/ind2022.pdf We urge UNMIK to continue to prioritize adequate protection of Serbian religious and cultural heritage in Kosovo, particularly in view of the significant resistance that has been noted in the Kosovo Albanian population against legislative measures and their implementation aiming at the protection of Serb cultural and religious sites and the gap between the commitments made by the Kosovo authorities in this area and their implementation. 3. UNMIK crucial to peace negotiations A. Serbia: UN mission essential to cooperation The Republic of Serbia (Statement by Jelena Plakalovi, Attach, speaking on behalf of Serbia) May 10, 2012 http://www.un.int/serbia/Statements/128.pdf The continued presence of the United Nations mission remains a crucial factor, requiring adequate staffing and financing. Its statusneutral approach remains the only acceptable
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framework within which all of us can work together in order to improve the lives of ordinary people in Kosovo. B. Serbia: UNMIK still relevant The Republic of Serbia (Statement by Jelena Plakalovi, Attach, speaking on behalf of Serbia) May 10, 2012 http://www.un.int/serbia/Statements/128.pdf At the outset, let me reiterate the strong support of my country to the important role of UNMIK and the necessity of continuous active engagement of the United Nations in the province of Kosovo and Metohija in ensuring security, stability and respect for human rights, as mandated by UNSCR 1244. 4. UNMIK ties together other programs M-Magazine (a unique, daily online publication in Albanian, Serbian & English, with a fully mixed publication team) August 21, 2012 http://www.m-magazine.org/en/Kosovo/The-end-of-supervised-independence-but-not-ofUN- mission-2982 On the other hand, UNMIK spokesman Olivier Salgado said that despite of many changes in the field, UNMIK continues to have an important role in Kosovo. He said that UN Security Council Resolution 1244 represents the basis for the role of UNMIK and other international missions such as EULEX, KFOR and OSCE also operate in the framework of this resolution.
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Financial Disclosure
Observation 1: Definitions Financial Disclosure Statement: A document giving financial details about a person or company to the government, investors, banks, etc. (The Cambridge Business English Dictionary) Observation 2; Facts Fact 1. The current environment fosters corruption Observation 3: Harms Harm 1. U.N. officials are not required to make public financial disclosure statements Observation 4: Plan Mandates: All annual financial disclosure forms submitted to the U.N. ethics office will be made public on the existing disclosure web-site within 60 days of their reception by the U.N. ethics office. Agency & Enforcement: Any and all necessary bodies of the United Nations. Funding: No additional funding is required. Observation 5: Advantages Advantage 1. Greater accountability Advantage 2. Greater transparency
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Financial Disclosure Affirmative Brief

SIGNIFICANCE-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------93 1. Decreased corruption A. Asset disclosure is un undervalued tool B. Finical disclosure helps fight corruption C. Public disclosure combats illicit profits 2. Greater accountability A. Financial disclosure increases accountability B. Lack of disclosure harms accountability-----------------------------------------------------94 3. Greater Transparency A. The U.N. should make information public B. Transparency boosts disclosure effectiveness exponentially SOLVENCY-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------96 1. Voluntary disclosure system in place A. The ethics office has a review system in place B. All filing is done electronically C. The U.N. has a dedicated website for disclosure 2. Advocates A. Bret Schaefer B. U.S. delegation to the U.N.--------------------------------------------------------------------97 EXTRA-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------98 1. Current disclosure policies A. Disclosure is currently voluntarily B. Current financial disclosures are confidential C. Only 4,065 U.N. staff members are required to disclose D. Only 90 officials have made public disclosures E. Current public disclosures contain almost no information---------------------------------99 F. List of staff members currently required to disclose G. Officials can chose if their finances will be made public H. The U.N. has been urged to change its disclosure policies I. The U.N. has failed to reform-----------------------------------------------------------------100 2. The current environment fosters corruption A. The U.N. has a culture of secrecy B. Example of embezzlement of 1.5 million dollars C. 630 million dollars in fraud have been discovered in 3 years----------------------------101 D. The U.N. ended its anti-fraud task force E. Official corruption must be addressed
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SIGNIFICANCE
1. Decreased corruption A. Asset disclosure is un undervalued tool The World Bank (The banking arm of the United Nations) Public Office, Private Interests Accountability through Income & Asset Disclosure, 2012 http://www1.worldbank.org/finance/star_site/documents/PublicPrivateInterests/PublicOffice- Private-Interests.pdf The potential for IAD [Income and Asset Disclosure] systems to contribute to broader anticorruption efforts, such as national and international financial investigations and prosecutions, international asset recovery efforts, the prosecution of illicit enrichment, and the identification of politically exposed persons (PEPs) is as yet largely untapped. B. Finical disclosure helps fight corruption The World Bank (The banking arm of the United Nations) Public Office, Private Interests Accountability through Income & Asset Disclosure, 2012 http://www1.worldbank.org/finance/star_site/documents/PublicPrivateInterests/PublicOffice- Private-Interests.pdf For the purposes of enforcement, requiring that public officials declare their income and assets can generate a valuable source of information for financial or corruption investigations, and can provide probatory evidence of undeclared or illicit income in prosecutions where underlying acts of corruption may be difficult to prove. C. Public disclosure combats illicit profits Alexandra Haberhson (Alexandra has a PhD in Cultural Studies from Georgetown University) March 7, 2012 http://blogs.worldbank.org/psd/will-financial-disclosure-by-public-officials-mean-less-corruption Requiring that public officials submit a signed declaration of their income, assets and business interests is on the face of it an intuitively simple way of ensuring that they think twice about seeking to profit illicitly from their public duties, or of allowing private interests to influence, appear to influence, or otherwise conflict with their official responsibilities. Fear of detection is the motivating force; a reminder of ethical obligations, and assistance in fulfilling them, the encouragement. 2. Greater accountability A. Financial disclosure increases accountability The World Bank (The banking arm of the United Nations) Public Office, Private Interests Accountability through Income & Asset Disclosure, 2012 http://www1.worldbank.org/finance/star_site/documents/PublicPrivateInterests/PublicOffice-
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Private-Interests.pdf IAD [income and asset disclosure] systems require that public officials declare their income, assets, and financial interests. They are intended to prevent and help detect the use of public office for private gain, and to help build a climate of integrity in public administration. As a corruption prevention mechanism, an IAD system can provide timely and muchneeded guidance to officials about the principles and behaviors of ethical conduct in public office, and remind them that their behavior is subject to scrutiny. It also provides a means for monitoring inconsistencies or irregularities in officials declared income and assets, and for detecting and avoiding potential conflicts of interest before they occur. B. Lack of disclosure harms accountability Brett Schaefer (Schaefer received his master's degree in international development from the School of International Service at American University in Washington, DC. He worked at the Pentagon as an assistant for international criminal court policy from March 2003 to March 2004) Heritage Foundation, February 3, 2011 http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/2011/02/united-nations-urgent-problems-thatneed- congressional-action The unwillingness of the SecretaryGeneral to require even a minimum level of public financial disclosure for highlevel U.N. officials undermines accountability and, considering U.N. privileges and immunities, inhibits the ability of national authorities to investigate alleged crimes and wrongdoing. 3. Greater Transparency A. The U.N. should make information public Inga-Britt Ahlenius (former Under-Secretary-General for United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS)) End of Assignment Report, July 14th 2010 http://ipsterraviva.net/uploads/UN/UN/report.Pdf The United Nations is a publicly funded organization: it should provide its stakeholders the Member States, and ultimately the citizens and taxpayers of the world access to OIOS reports. In such discussions I suggested that, rather than devoting attention to concerns about the Transparency Resolution, efforts should be made to implement the request by the General Assembly that the Secretariat implement a policy on public access to documentation. B. Transparency boosts disclosure effectiveness exponentially Alexandra Habershon (Alexandra has a PhD in Cultural Studies from Georgetown University) March 7, 2012 http://blogs.worldbank.org/psd/will-financial-disclosure-by-public-officials-mean-less-corruption Public access to disclosure information can exponentially enhance an agencys ability to provide credible scrutiny. Despite the squeamishness and debate that public access can generate, there are examples from around the world of workable approaches to providing public access to certain categories of information so as to address the perceived safety risks and privacy concerns
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of officials and yet leverage the benefits of public access. Moreover, providing access to compliance statistics and other related data sends a strong signal that an agency is serious about fulfilling its mandate, without typically engendering too much squeamishness.
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SOLVENCY
1. Voluntary disclosure system in place A. The ethics office has a review system in place United Nations Ethics Office, 2012 http://www.un.org/en/ethics/verification.shtml Each year, a small percentage of the total number of Financial Disclosure Programme participants is randomly selected for the verification process, in addition to the regular review process. Those randomly chosen are asked to provide thirdparty documentation for all items that they have disclosed. These additional documents are requested in order to verify the accuracy and completeness of information disclosed by participants. B. All filing is done electronically United Nations Ethics Office, 2012 http://www.un.org/en/ethics/filing.shtm l Participating staff members are required to submit their statements online, using the efiling system. Paper forms and submissions by email or other means, including PDFs, are not accepted. To access the online filing system, covered staff members use a personal password generated from the system and their index number. The information provided by staff is encrypted to preserve confidentiality. The financial disclosure system can be accessed online. C. The U.N. has a dedicated website for disclosure The United Nations Policy on Voluntary Public Disclosure by UN staff members of Financial Disclosure & Declaration of Interest Statements, 2012 http://www.un.org/sg/ethicalstandards/PublicDisclosure.pdf All statements released for public disclosure will be posted on the SecretaryGeneral's homepage on www.un.org/sg/ within the section Ethical Standards. 2. Advocates A. Bret Schaefer Brett Schaefer (Schaefer received his master's degree in international development from the School of International Service at American University in Washington, He worked at the Pentagon as an assistant for international criminal court policy from March 2003 to March 2004) Heritage Foundation, February 3, 2011 http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/2011/02/united-nations-urgent-problems-thatneed- congressional-action The U.N. needs more transparency, accountability and independent oversight, and the U.S. should insist on them. To address these problems, Congress should: Demand that the U.N. adopt a rule mandating that U.N. officials publicly disclose in some detail their financial disclosure
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reports and permitting law enforcement authorities access to the full financial disclosure information upon formal request. B. U.S. delegation to the U.N. The United Sates Delegation to the UN, January 20, 2012 http://usun.state.gov/briefing/statements/182296.htm Though sustained intensive diplomacy in support of these efforts already has led to important reforms, it remains too difficult for the public, press and member states to access budget, financial and audit information, especially among the diverse UN funds and programs. Audits and reports by UN funds and programs should be online and available to the public; we applaud recent commitments toward this goal and will push for full implementation by the end of 2012. Meetings of the key budgetary and other committees should be webcast live. And there should be enhanced public financial disclosure by senior officials across the UN system.
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EXTRA
1. Current disclosure policies A. Disclosure is currently voluntarily Brett Schaefer (Schaefer received his master's degree in international development from the School of International Service at American University in Washington, DC He worked at the Pentagon as an assistant for international criminal court policy from March 2003 to March 2004) Heritage Foundation, February 3, 2011 http://www.heritage.org/research/lecture/2011/02/united-nations-urgent-problems-thatneed- congressional-action U.N. financial disclosure requirements on U.N. staff above a certain level were adopted in 2006. Most U.N. employees subject to disclosure requirements submit their forms, and summaries are posted online. However, public disclosure of financial interests is entirely voluntary. B. Current financial disclosures are confidential United Nations Ethics Office, 2012 http://www.un.org/en/ethics/disclosure.shtml The disclosure statements of covered filers are confidential and will be used only by the SecretaryGeneral, the Ethics Office or by offices or persons specifically authorized in writing by the SecretaryGeneral. C. Only 4,065 U.N. staff members are required to disclose United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services, Audit Report on the Financial Disclosure Program, June 3. 2011 http://usun.state.gov/documents/organization/179507.pdf The FDP has seen an annual increase in the number of staff members participating in the program since its inception in 2005. In 2006 1,704 staff members participated in the program. In 2010, the number of participants increased to 4,065 staff members who were required to file either a financial disclosure or declaration of interest statement; an increase of approximately 140 per cent from 2006. D. Only 90 officials have made public disclosures Fox News, November 7, 2011 http://www.foxnews.com/world/2011/11/07/un-senior-officials-reluctant-to-disclosefinancial- relationships-and-assets/ Using an official list of the 185 topranking officials in the United Nations, Fox News has calculated that just fewer than halfabout 90have made the voluntary disclosure statements urged by Ban five years ago.
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E. Current public disclosures contain almost no information Claudia Rosett (She is journalist-in-residence at the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies, a policy institute based in Washington, D.C.Rosett an MBA at the University of Chicago in 1981) Forbes Magazine, November 15, 2010 http://www.forbes.com/sites/claudiarosett/2010/11/15/the-deepening-mysteries-of-u-nfinancial- disclosure/ Some of the more forthcoming officials do choose to disclose slightly more than merely a refusal to disclose. Even then, its done in a format so abbreviated and generic that it provides almost no information. The U.N.s entire public disclosure form runs to a single page, with no actual dollar amounts listed. Ban himself, for instance, filled out a form for 2009 which says his assets consist of an apartment and two lots of land in South Korea. What are these worth? Theres no clue. F. List of staff members currently required to disclose The United Nations, 2012 http://www.un.org/sg/PublicDisclosure.shtml Staff members are required to complete and submit their confidential financial disclosure or declaration of interest statement on an annual basis (every March) in respect of the previous calendar year. The following categories of staff are required to participate in the program: All staff members at Director level (or L/6) and above; All staff members who are procurement officers, or whose principal duties are the procurement of goods and services for the UN; All staff members whose principal duties relate to the investment of the assets of the UN, the UN Joint Staff Pension Fund or of any accounts for which the UN has fiduciary or custodial responsibility; All staff members who have direct access to confidential procurement or investment information; and, All staff members of the Ethics Office. G. Officials can chose if their finances will be made public Claudia Rosett (She is journalist-in-residence at the Foundation for the Defense of Democracies, a policy institute based in Washington, D.C.Rosett earned an MBA at the University of Chicago in 1981) Forbes Magazine, November 15, 2010 http://www.forbes.com/sites/claudiarosett/2010/11/15/the-deepening-mysteries-of-u-nfinancial- disclosure/ Top U.N. officials are supposed to render up information inhouse about their finances. This is done in ways so confidential that even the U.N.s Ethics Office, which administers the program, is not privy to the details. Senior staffers are then allowed to choose for themselves whether any information at all about their finances will be released to the public H. The U.N. has been urged to change its disclosure policies Inga-Britt Ahlenius (former Under-Secretary-General for United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS)) End of Assignment Report, July 14th 2010 http://ipsterraviva.net/uploads/UN/UN/report.Pdf
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We advised the Secretariat to learn from experiences of Member States that were in the process of establishing increased access to information in their administration; we mentioned Chile and the UK. It seems that the project has come to a complete halt. As a matter of fact, nothing has changed as to transparency. The General Assembly is still awaiting the report from the SecretaryGeneral on increased access to documentation, one very important part of transparency. I. The U.N. has failed to reform Foundation for the Defense of Democracies (FDD is a non-partisan institution focusing on national security & foreign policy. Members of its leadership council include R. James Woolsey Chairman of FDD, Fmr. Director of the CIA, Judge Louis J. Freeh Fmr. Director of the FBI, Sen. Joseph Lieberman U.S. Senator (I-CT), Robert 'Bud' McFarlane Fmr. National Security Advisor,) February 2011 http://www.defenddemocracy.org/united-nations-corruption-and-the-need-for-reform/ The U.N. has failed to reform. Following the OilforFood scandal, in which the U.N. profited from and covered up for billions in Baghdad kickbacks and corruption, the U.N. in 2006 promised greater transparency, accountability, an end to Peacekeeper rape, the elimination of redundant mandates, and a more ethical culture. SecretaryGeneral Ban KiMoon arrived in office in 2007 promising to restore trust and calling for a systemwide audit. None of these things has been accomplished. 2. The current environment fosters corruption A. The U.N. has a culture of secrecy Inga-Britt Ahlenius (former Under-Secretary-General for United Nations Office of Internal Oversight Services (OIOS)) End of Assignment Report, July 14th 2010 http://ipsterraviva.net/uploads/UN/UN/report.Pdf The culture of the Organization is traditionally one of secrecy. Such secretiveness serves us poorly, it only serves to feed rumors, gossip and finally distrust within the organization and between the organization and its external stakeholders, including the media. B. Example of embezzlement of 1.5 million dollars Uvindu Kurukulasuriya (Visiting Fellow - London School Of Economics & Political Science) The Sunday Leader, 2012 http://www.thesundayleader.lk/2012/04/01/usd-1-6-million-un-corruption-files/ Documents obtained by The Colombo Telegraph show how United Nations funds were paid to three Sri Lankan companies which were physically not contactable. US$ 1.57 million (Approximately Rs. 167,000,000.00 valuation 2008) was paid to supply companies which the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations could not contact. The FAO in Sri Lanka purchased project deliveries for the Northern and Eastern Provinces of Sri Lanka to a value exceeding US$ 1.5 million from three suppliers, namely, Dev Trades, A. F. Associates and YCO Farm. These suppliers could not be found in their given registered addresses and were not present at the given addresses. Two FAO staff members Niranjala Gunaraj, Finance Assistant,
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and Thevarajah Vaigunthan, National Project Officer, both attached to the FAO Emergency Unit, collected the payments on behalf of these three companies. C. 630 million dollars in fraud have been discovered in 3 years Colum Lynch (Lynch received a bachelor's degree from the University of California, Berkeley, in 1985 & a master's degree from Columbia University's Graduate School of Journalism in 1987) Washington Post, October 21, 2008 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/20/AR2008102003277.html? hpid=sec-world A U.N. task force has uncovered five new cases of corruption, fraud and mismanagement involving $20 million in contracts throughout the international body, according to the unit's annual report to the U.N. General Assembly and sources familiar with the findings. The cases in the U.N. Procurement Task Force's report, which will be formally presented to U.N. members Thursday, span air charter services in Congo, office supplies in Kenya, consulting jobs in Greece and payroll services at the New York headquarters. They are the latest cases in a threeyear investigation into U.N. purchasing that has exposed more than $630 million in contracts tainted by fraud, corruption or mismanagement at the United Nations. D. The U.N. ended its anti-fraud task force Steve Stecklow (Adjunct professor at Boston University & Pulitzer prize winner) Wall Street Journal, January 8, 2009 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123138018217563187.html The United Nations hasn't renewed funding for a special task force that uncovered about $630 million in alleged contract fraud, and efforts to retain some of its investigators have been delayed following objections from the Russian government. E. Official corruption must be addressed The World Bank (The banking arm of the United Nations) Public Office, Private Interests Accountability through Income & Asset Disclosure, 2012 http://www1.worldbank.org/finance/star_site/documents/PublicPrivateInterests/PublicOffice- Private-Interests.pdf When public officials plunder public assets, they degrade institutions, derail economic development, and deprive poor citizens of essential human services. Clearly, the abuse of public office for private gain is a serious crime that must be addressed in order to restore justice and preserve citizens trust in public institutions.
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Financial Disclosure Negative Brief

SIGNIFICANCE------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------103 1. Disclosure already happening A. Financial disclosure program already in place B. Disclosure forms already being reviewed by external firm C. UN already allows and encourages voluntary public disclosure D. 99% of senior advisors declare their assets as accountability increases 2. Uncommon to make all disclosures public----------------------------------------------------------104 SOLVENCY------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------105 1. Full public disclosure may not be viable 2. Disclosure doesnt work A. Public disclosure programs are deceptively difficult to implement B. Financial corruption is difficult to actually stop C. Disclosures arent foolproof D. Truth of disclosures hard to verify----------------------------------------------------------106 3. Disclosures not useful for crime detection DISADVANTAGES---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------107 1. Public disclosure viewed as violation of privacy 2. Financial disclosure is costly 3. Public disclosures sacrifice privacy and security
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SIGNIFICANCE
1. Disclosure already happening A. Financial disclosure program already in place The United Nations http://www.un.org/sg/ethicalstandards/PublicDisclosure.pd f The primary purpose of the UN financial disclosure program is to ensure that potential conflicts of interest arising from staff members financial holdings, private affiliations or outside activities can be identified, and advice provided as to how best to manage any potential conflicts of interests in the best interests of the UN. B. Disclosure forms already being reviewed by external firm The United Nations http://www.un.org/sg/ethicalstandards/PublicDisclosure.pdf The General Assembly mandated that the statements submitted each year should be confidentially reviewed by an external financial firm. PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (PwC) was awarded this contract following an international public tender and evaluation procedure held in 2006. The financial statements received by PwC are handled in a strictly confidential manner and are not seen by any other United Nations Staff member, including the staff of the Ethics Office. C. UN already allows and encourages voluntary public disclosure The United Nations Ethics Office http://www.un.org/en/ethics/voluntary.shtml Since 2007, both the Secretary-General and Deputy Secretary-General have made public their financial disclosure statements reviewed under the Financial Disclosure Program. While public disclosure is not a requirement of the FDP [financial disclosure program), the Secretary-General has encouraged his senior officials at the grades of Under Secretary-General and Assistant Secretary-General to follow his lead and voluntarily make public their confidential financial disclosure statements. The Secretary-General considers public disclosure to be an important voluntary initiative as it assures the general public and Member States that UN staff members in the discharge of their official duties will not be influenced by any consideration associated with their private interests. D. 99% of senior advisors declare their assets as accountability increases Secretary General Ban Ki Moon, January 2011 http://www.un.org/sg/offthecuff/?nid=1669 Now 99 percent of senior advisors of the United Nations have declared their financial assets publicly on the website. And in terms of accountability, again for the first time in UN history, I have signed, with all the senior advisors above the rank of Assistant Secretary-General, a full
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personal compact. Senior advisors, unlike in the previous days, have to identify their priorities and they have to be accountable at the end of the year, whether they have met their priorities. 2. Uncommon to make all disclosures public The Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative (The Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative is a partnership between the World Bank Group & the United Nations Office on Drugs & Crime that supports international efforts to end safe havens for corrupt funds) The World Bank, November 2009 http://www1.worldbank.org/finance/star_site/documents/income_assests/ADincomeasset.pdf A recent study of AD [asset disclosure] practices in 175 sample countries revealed that less than a third make all disclosures available to the public.
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SOLVENCY
1. Full public disclosure may not be viable The United Nations http://www.un.org/sg/PublicDisclosure.shtm l Please note that given the multi-cultural environment of the UN and the often security sensitive locations where UN staff are either working or come from, full public disclosure may not always be a viable or sensible option for certain staff members. 2. Disclosure doesnt work A. Public disclosure programs are deceptively difficult to implement Alexandra Habershon (A consultant with the Stolen Asset Recovery (StAR) Initiative & the World Bank's Public Sector & Governance group) The World Bank, March 2012 http://blogs.worldbank.org/psd/will-financial-disclosure-by-public-officials-mean-lesscorruption Requiring that public officials submit a signed declaration of their income, assets and business interests is on the face of it an intuitively simple way of ensuring that they think twice about seeking to profit illicitly from their public duties, or of allowing private interests to influence, appear to influence, or otherwise conflict with their official responsibilities. Fear of detection is the motivating force; a reminder of ethical obligations, and assistance in fulfilling them, the encouragement. In practice, however, this deceptively straightforward idea is very challenging to implement. B. Financial corruption is difficult to actually stop Alexandra Habershon (A consultant with the Stolen Asset Recovery (StAR) Initiative & the World Bank's Public Sector & Governance group) The World Bank, March 2012 http://blogs.worldbank.org/psd/will-financial-disclosure-by-public-officials-mean-lesscorruption The skeptics out there will rightly affirm that a determined official will find ways of concealing illicit gains. That the disclosure agency may be hard pressed to verify the accuracy of declarations, whether because of banking or tax secrecy laws, the lack of property, business and other registries, limited public access, or their own limited resources. They might add that the enforcement of sanctions is bedeviled by delays in the courts or other factors borne of the local environment. Finally, they would caution that the agency charged with this task must also steer a course through the inhibiting political straits of anti-corruption enforcement. C. Disclosures arent foolproof The Organization for Economic Co-operation & Development (The OECD provides a forum in which governments can work together to share experiences & seek solutions to common problems) OECD iLibrary, 2011 www.oecd.org/dataoecd/40/6/47489446.pdf In most systems, questions remain open as to the extent to which the disclosed
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information is an accurate representation of the wealth and income of public officials. D. Truth of disclosures hard to verify The Organization for Economic Co-operation & Development (The OECD provides a forum in which governments can work together to share experiences & seek solutions to common problems) OECD iLibrary, 2011 www.oecd.org/dataoecd/40/6/47489446.pdf A related concern is to establish not only that the statement contains accurate data, but also that the wealth of the official can be reasonably accounted for by legal sources of income. 3. Disclosures not useful for crime detection The Organization for Economic Co-operation & Development (The OECD provides a forum in which governments can work together to share experiences & seek solutions to common problems) OECD iLibrary, 2011 www.oecd.org/dataoecd/40/6/47489446.pdf Overall the conclusions of Richard Messick are corroborated by answers to questionnaires submitted for this study. Returning to the previously mentioned issue of crime detection, only two countries out of 14 affirmed that the declarations served as evidence of a criminal offence (or at least served as grounds for filing a crime notice). Several pointed out that information was missing, but that is also indicative of uncertainty as to whether the declarations are useable for purposes of crime detection.
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DISADVANTAGES
1. Public disclosure viewed as violation of privacy The Organization for Economic Co-operation & Development (The OECD provides a forum in which governments can work together to share experiences & seek solutions to common problems) OECD iLibrary, 2011 www.oecd.org/dataoecd/40/6/47489446.pdf Pointing to an example, an earlier SIGMA paper mentioned the serious weight given to privacy concerns in the United Kingdom, where according to a text already quoted earlier there is the reluctance to require the disclosure of personal and family income and assets and the publication of such declarations. The UK has no general requirements to declare income and assets, and the reason for this is to avoid the invasion of privacy that these requirements imply (OECD/SIGMA, 2007). Such reluctance is by no means peculiar to that country alone. 2. Financial disclosure is costly The Organization for Economic Co-operation & Development (The OECD provides a forum in which governments can work together to share experiences & seek solutions to common problems) OECD iLibrary, 2011 www.oecd.org/dataoecd/40/6/47489446.pdf It is axiomatic that running a public officials declaration system represents an administrative burden and involves costs. While these costs are typically mentioned among the disadvantages of the system (Messick, 2009, p. 7), more seldom is it said just how costly the system is. The questionnaire data show that few countries know the cost of implementing the declaration system that of completing and submitting the statements, or those incurred by the controlling institutions. This is true especially often in those cases where the implementing unit in charge of declarations is a part of a larger agency, e.g. the tax administration. The situation seems to confirm the perception that public officials declarations have been introduced mostly as a reaction to various political concerns, rather than based on cost/benefit considerations. 3. Public disclosures sacrifice privacy and security The Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative (The Stolen Asset Recovery Initiative is a partnership between the World Bank Group & the United Nations Office on Drugs & Crime that supports international efforts to end safe havens for corrupt funds) The World Bank, November 2009 http://www1.worldbank.org/finance/star_site/documents/income_assests/ADincomeasset.pdf Although citizen privacy is accepted in some countries as a fundamental individual right, privacy rights may hinder the effectiveness of certain aspects of disclosure systems, particularly those that lack rigorous verification procedures and, therefore, depend all the more on public scrutiny for effective enforcement. As a result, a successful disclosure framework faces the challenge of striking a sensible balance between enabling public scrutiny to assist in the fight against corruption and protecting the privacy of those required to declare their wealth.In many
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contexts, concerns about invasion of privacy are coupled with officials concerns about personal security.
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Abolish UNICEF
Observation 1: Definitions UNICEF: Abbreviation for United Nations Children's Fund: a department of the United Nations whose aim is improving children's health and education, especially in poor countries. (Cambridge Dictionary Online) Observation 2: Harms Harm 1. Lack of transparency within UNICEF Harm 2. UNICEF harms children Harm 3. UNICEF indirectly funds terrorists Observation 3: Plan Mandates: Terminate UNICEF. Agency & Enforcement: Any and all necessary UN bodies. Funding: No funding is required Observation 4: Advantages Advantage 1. Less children harmed Advantage 2. No longer indirectly funding terrorists
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UNICEF Affirmative Brief

SIGNIFICANCE------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------112 1. Lack of transparency A. UNICEF fails financial audit B. UNICEF's audit gets it 'gross failure' designation C. Good accountability and no transparency 2. Harms rather than helps children A. UNICEF efforts are at times obstacles B. Adoption criteria causes children to languish----------------------------------------------113 C. Poses threat to children as a result of adoption policies D. Adoption policy violated children's rights 3. Supports child abusing nations A. Such nations reside on UNICEF board B. Supports Iran, world leader in juvenile executions----------------------------------------114 C. Supports Korea 4. Funds summer camps that educate in terror A. Children instructed in terrorism B. Encouraged to be suicide bombers C. Funds summer camps ran by HAMAS------------------------------------------------------115 D. Education in terror funding E. Funding camps that promote hate and intolerance 5. Focuses on diversity instead of helping children 6. UNICEF has repeatedly indirectly funded terrorism-----------------------------------------------116 A. UNICEF raised aid for Gaza through proliferation-prone bank B. UNICEF puts funds in terrorist affiliated banks C. UNICEF puts itself in harms' way with funds in banks D. Even if bank funds spent well, not acceptable---------------------------------------------117 7. UNICEFs efforts have proven a hindrance A. Johns Hopkins study finds the UNICEF actually hurt death-rates B. UNICEF slows improvement C. UNICEF ineffective in Somalia D. UNICEF involved in covering for Hussein------------------------------------------------118 E. UNICEF keeps children from loving parents F. Foster care often not there in countries of need EXTRA------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------119 1. Mandate extended indefinitely in 1953, becomes permanent part of UN 2. Active in over 190 countries
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3. Procures billions of dollars worth of supplies 4. Voluntarily funded
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SIGNIFICANCE
1. Lack of transparency A. UNICEF fails financial audit Wendy Wright (Wendy Wright is the Interim Executive Director for the Catholic Family & Human Rights Institute (C-FAM) in New York she has met with heads of state, advised international & congressional leaders)January 2012 http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/unicef-unfpa-fail-independent-audit-billions-inreserves- millions-unaccount/ A confidential audit of UNICEF and UNFPA found gross failures in transparency and surprisingly billions of dollars of unspent cash. Both agencies refused to disclose information on staff costs and travel. The auditor found that donors have little knowledge regarding the ultimate destiny of funds. B. UNICEF's audit gets it 'gross failure' designation Wendy Wright (Wendy Wright is the Interim Executive Director for the Catholic Family & Human Rights Institute (C-FAM) in New York she has met with heads of state, advised international & congressional leaders)January 2012 http://www.lifesitenews.com/news/unicef-unfpa-fail-independent-audit-billions-inreserves- millions-unaccount/ Details on UNICEFs overhead were lacking, and scraps of information on expenditures make it difficult to track use of funds from headquarters down to the ultimate beneficiaries on the ground. It, too, could not account for expenditures within countries, which is the majority of its spending, earning a designation of gross failure. C. Good accountability and no transparency Department of International Development (We are a department of the British Government, led by a cabinet minister DFID set out to make global development a national priority & promote it to audiences in the UK & overseas) 2011 http://www.dfid.gov.uk/Documents/publications1/mar/unicef.pdf While it has good accountability processes UNICEF is some way short of best practice in transparency. 2. Harms rather than helps children A. UNICEF efforts are at times obstacles Dave Kopel (is research director of the Independence Institute, in Golden, Colorado) 2007 http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/222642/tricked-unicef/dave-kopel As for the actual needs of children, UNICEF is sometimes an obstacle to progress. For example, UNICEF has been pressuring Guatemala to stop allowing intercountry adoptions. That is,
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UNICEF would prefer a child to languish in a Guatemalan orphanage rather than be adopted by a loving family in the United States. B. Adoption criteria causes children to languish Dave Kopel (David Kopel, associate policy analyst, is research director at the Independence Institute & adjunct professor of Advanced Constitutional Law at Denver University, Sturm College of Law) 2010 http://www.volokh.com/2010/12/06/unicef-harms-children/ In brief: UNICEF has been at the forefront of pressuring national governments to set up so many hurdles as to make international adoption rare and extremely timeconsuming. The result is that children languish in miserable, hellish orphanages for years. During the critical early months and years in which interaction with loving parents is essential to a childs normal brain development, the children are neglected and left in squalor. C. Poses threat to children as a result of adoption policies Elizabeth Bartholet (Morris Wasserstein Professor of Law, & Child Advocacy Program Faculty Director, Harvard Law School) 2009 http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3228398/IA-GlPol72409.pdf?sequence=2 The real threat to international adoption and to children is posed by UNICEF and others who claim they are not against international adoption, but simply for regulatory reform. Arguments against abuses, and for childrens heritage rights sound reasonable to many. But the UNICEF positions would if accepted radically limit childrens opportunities for finding nurturing homes. D. Adoption policy violated children's rights Dave Kopel (is research director of the Independence Institute, in Golden, Colorado) citing Elizabeth Bartholet (Harvard Law Professor) 2010 http://www.opposingviews.com/i/beware-unicef-harms-children-aidsterrorists UNICEF has been at the forefront of pressuring national governments to set up so many hurdles as to make international adoption rare and extremely timeconsuming. The result is that children languish in miserable, hellish orphanages for years. During the critical early months and years in which interaction with loving parents is essential to a childs normal brain development, the children are neglected and left in squalor. According to Bartholet, all this is a violation of international treaties about the rights of children, which one might expect UNICEF, of all entities, to be especially scrupulous about obeying. 3. Supports child abusing nations A. Such nations reside on UNICEF board Dave Kopel (is research director of the Independence Institute, in Golden, Colorado) 2007 http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/222642/tricked-unicef/dave-kopel UNICEFs executive board includes China (whose forced abortion policy is neither prolife, nor prochoice, nor prochild) and Bhutan (where children are among the many victims of the
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regimes human rights abuses). UNICEF has doled out unaccountable money to the North Korean regime. B. Supports Iran, world leader in juvenile executions Claudia Rosett (Claudia Rosett is journalist-in-residence with the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, & heads its Investigative Reporting Project. She is widely recognized as a ground- breaking reporter) 2011 http://pjmedia.com/claudiarosett/a-halloween-boo-to-unicef/?singlepage=true Over and over, UNICEF partners with thug regimes, rationalizing that this is necessary in order to deliver aid to deprived children. But UNICEF is prone to becoming so enthusiastic in its partnering that it ends up promoting precisely the dictators and thugs who cause so much suffering among children in the first place. Earlier this month, UNICEF handed out a regional award for childrens broadcasting in the Middle East and North Africa. The winner? Iran. Yes, the same Iran that leads the world in juvenile executions. C. Supports Korea Claudia Rosett (Claudia Rosett is journalist-in-residence with the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, & heads its Investigative Reporting Project. She is widely recognized as a ground- breaking reporter) 2011 http://pjmedia.com/claudiarosett/a-halloween-boo-to-unicef/?singlepage=true To this, I can add some further items, such as UNICEFs announcement on its own web site that, partners being an essential aspect of UNICEFs work, its main partner in North Korea is the North Korean government. That would be the same North Korean government whose totalitarian and utterly selfserving policies have resulted in the stunting and starving to death of millions of North Koreans a great many of those victims being children. 4. Funds summer camps that educate in terror A. Children instructed in terrorism The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) (Now the nation's premier civil rights/human relations agency, ADL fights anti-Semitism & all forms of bigotry, defends democratic ideals & protects civil rights for all) September 9, 2002 http://www.adl.org/PresRele/IslME_62/4153_62.asp At the summer camps, children were encouraged to learn how to play a role in terrorist attacks, learn how to shoot guns and were given instruction in how to blow up Israeli buses and settlements. B. Encouraged to be suicide bombers Dave Kopel (an Associate Policy Analyst with the Cato Institute, in Washington; and adjunct Professor of Advanced Constitutional Law at the Universtiy of Denver's Sturm College of Law.) 2007 http://www.nationalreview.com/articles/222642/tricked-unicef/dave-kopel
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UNICEF has been a major financier of Palestinian summer camps which encourage children to become suicide bombers. C. Funds summer camps ran by HAMAS Debbie Schlussel (Schlussels unique expertise on radical Islam/Islamic terrorism & a host of other issues make her a popular speaker & television & radio news talk show guest, both nationally & internationally She is a University of Michigan graduate & holds both Law & MBA degrees from the University of Wisconsin) 2010 http://www.debbieschlussel.com/15625/haiti-islamic-relief-the-scientologists/ UNICEF sends a good deal of money to summer camps and youth programs run by HAMAS, and at which Palestinian kids are trained to support Islamic terrorism and antiSemitism. You cannot be sure that a single dollar you send to UNICEF will actually go to Haiti, instead of those efforts. And even if it does, money is a fungible good. Any dollar you send to UNICEF helps free a dollar from Haiti relief to go to the Palestinian extremist indoctrination programs for kids. D. Education in terror funding The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) (Now the nation's premier civil rights/human relations agency, ADL fights anti-Semitism & all forms of bigotry, defends democratic ideals & protects civil rights for all) September 9, 2002 http://www.adl.org/PresRele/IslME_62/4153_62.asp The AntiDefamation League (ADL) today expressed extreme concern with recent reports detailing the education in terror Palestinian children were receiving at summer camps organized by the Palestinian Authority, Hamas and Islamic Jihad, among others. According to the reports, UNICEF funded a number of these camps. E. Funding camps that promote hate and intolerance The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) (Now the nation's premier civil rights/human relations agency, ADL fights anti-Semitism & all forms of bigotry, defends democratic ideals & protects civil rights for all) September 9, 2002 http://www.adl.org/PresRele/IslME_62/4153_62.asp Summer camp, where children traditionally participate in singalongs and color wars, has been warped by the Palestinians into a sickening display of hatred and intolerance, said Abraham H. Foxman, ADL National Director. We are extremely concerned by these reports, particularly since they detail that some of these camps were funded by UNICEF, an organization that has traditionally sought to improve the welfare of children. 5. Focuses on diversity instead of helping children Stephen Frank (Stephen Frank is a long-time political consultant, working for Richard Nixon for President in 1960, Goldwater in 1964 and Reagan for Governor in 1966. He now is the editor of California Political News and Views) October 31, 2011 http://capoliticalnews.com/2011/10/31/help-a-terrorist-support-unicef/
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For a summing up, it ought to be enough to note that among the 36 member states on UNICEFs executive board is China where the one-child policy has led to staggering numbers of sexselective abortions, and in some cases, the killing of baby girls. Because the UN values geographic diversity, rather than moral integrity, in parceling out seats on its governing boards, UNICEFs executive board also includes Somalia, Sudan, Belarus, Russia, and Cuba. 6. UNICEF has repeatedly indirectly funded terrorism A. UNICEF raised aid for Gaza through proliferation-prone bank Claudia Rosett (Claudia Rosett is journalist-in-residence with the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, & heads its Investigative Reporting Project. She is widely recognized as a ground- breaking reporter) 2011 http://pjmedia.com/claudiarosett/a-halloween-boo-to-unicef/?singlepage=true Then there are such items as UNICEFs solicitation of funds in 2009 via an Iranian bank, Bank Melli, which is blacklisted by the U.S. Treasury for its role in Irans proliferation rackets. UNICEF in that case was raising money for aid to Gaza, which is controlled by the Iranian backed terrorists of Hamas. One might suppose there are better ways to help children than to funnel money to a terroristcontrolled enclave via a proliferationprone Iranian bank. Apparently, UNICEF didnt see it that way. B. UNICEF puts funds in terrorist affiliated banks Claudia Rosett (Claudia Rosett is journalist-in-residence with the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, & heads its Investigative Reporting Project. She is widely recognized as a ground- breaking reporter) 2009 http://www.forbes.com/2009/09/02/united-nations-unicef-iran-opinions-columnists-claudiarosett.html The most recent U.N. move, Security Council Resolution 1803, passed in March 2008, calls upon all U.N. member states to exercise vigilance over the activities of financial institutions in their territories with all banks domiciled in Iran. This resolution highlights two Iranian state owned banks as nuclear proliferators: Bank Saderat and Bank Melli. You might, then, suppose the U.N. itself would steer clear of at least these two banks. But in the case of Bank Melli, think again. The U.N. Children's Fund, better known as UNICEF, has been keeping an account at Iran's U.N.flagged Bank Melli, and using that account not only for funds to be spent inside Iran, but to collect money for transfer to U.N. operations in terroristcontrolled Gaza. C. UNICEF puts itself in harms' way with funds in banks Claudia Rosett (Claudia Rosett is journalist-in-residence with the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, & heads its Investigative Reporting Project. She is widely recognized as a ground- breaking reporter) 2009 http://www.forbes.com/2009/09/02/united-nations-unicef-iran-opinions-columnists-claudiarosett.html
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In sum, UNICEF has been offering itself as a conduit for funds between terroristsponsoring, U.N.sanctionsviolating Iran and terroristcontrolled Gaza, via a bank that the U.N. itself has specifically flagged as prone to illicit nuclear proliferation activities. D. Even if bank funds spent well, not acceptable Claudia Rosett (Claudia Rosett is journalist-in-residence with the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, & heads its Investigative Reporting Project. She is widely recognized as a ground- breaking reporter) 2009 http://www.forbes.com/2009/09/02/united-nations-unicef-iran-opinions-columnists-claudiarosett.html But even if we assume that all funds flowing through the UNICEF account with Bank Melli have been for purely benevolent aims, the mere use of this bank by a U.N. agency sends a disturbing message. It signals that the U.N. is oddly casual about its own sanctions resolutions. An arm of the U.N. utilizing Bank Melli should be inconceivable, says one American former national security official. 7. UNICEFs efforts have proven a hindrance A. Johns Hopkins study finds the UNICEF actually hurt death-rates BBC News (The BBC is the world's leading public service broadcaster) January 2010 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8455444.stm A UN programme to combat child deaths from disease in West Africa has failed, a Johns Hopkins University study says. Unicef spent $27m (17m) rolling out vaccinations, vitamin A pills and bed nets to protect against malaria from 2001 to 2005 in areas of 11 countries. The researchers studied parts of Ghana, Mali and Benin and said children often survived better outside the UN scheme. B. UNICEF slows improvement BBC News (The BBC is the world's leading public service broadcaster) January 2010 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8455444.stm The study, published in the British medical journal Lancet, claimed that child deaths fell by 13% in areas of Benin targeted by UNICEF. But in areas of the country where the programme was not introduced, the death rate dropped by almost 25%. In Mali the researchers found death rates fell by 24% in districts where the Unicef programme was set up, but 31% elsewhere in the country. C. UNICEF ineffective in Somalia Ali Osman (Ali Osman is a columnist for Hiiran Online, a Somalian news outlet) July 22, 2010 http://www.hiiraan.com/op4/2010/july/15274/failure_of_un_agencies.aspx United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) for Somalia acts the de facto Somali Ministry of Health (MOH). Funding from donor nations for health, education, nutrition, shelter are under the UNICEF Somalia office. They have done an extremely poor job in doing something in this area.
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UNICEF is coming short in supporting the most critical needs for children; education, nutrition and health. D. UNICEF involved in covering for Hussein Claudia Rosett (Claudia Rosett is journalist-in-residence with the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, & heads its Investigative Reporting Project. She is widely recognized as a ground- breaking reporter) 2009 http://www.forbes.com/2009/09/02/united-nations-unicef-iran-opinions-columnists-claudiarosett.html One recent highprofile example was the 19962003 OilforFood program in Iraq. In that case, in the name of good works, the U.N.UNICEF includedultimately served as both cover and partner for Saddam Hussein in his sanctionsbusting network of illicit finance. E. UNICEF keeps children from loving parents Dave Kopel (is research director of the Independence Institute, in Golden, Colorado) 2010 http://www.opposingviews.com/i/beware-unicef-harms-children-aids-terrorists But when you donate to UNICEF, some of your money is helping to keep neglected and helpless children separated from parents who would give them the love and the care that they need. F. Foster care often not there in countries of need Elizabeth Bartholet (Morris Wasserstein Professor of Law, & Child Advocacy Program Faculty Director, Harvard Law School) 2009 http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/3228398/IA-GlPol72409.pdf?sequence=2 Preferences for what UNICEF calls permanent family or foster care are similarly dangerous. UNICEFs argument is that such care could preserve childrens birth and national heritage links. But foster care doesnt exist as a meaningful option in most sending countries unparented children are instead relegated to orphanages.
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EXTRA
1. Mandate extended indefinitely in 1953, becomes permanent part of UN The Official UNICEF Website, 2012 http://www.unicef.org/about/who/index_history.html 1953UNICEF becomes permanent part of the UN. The UN General Assembly extends UNICEFs mandate indefinitely. 2. Active in over 190 countries The Official UNICEF Website, 2012 http://www.unicef.org/about/who/index_introduction.htm l We are active in more than 190 countries and territories through country programmes and National Committees. 3. Procures billions of dollars worth of supplies The Official UNICEF Website, 2012 http://www.unicef.org/about/who/index_introduction.htm l UNICEF procures and supplies over 5,000 products to address the needs of children. In 2011, UNICEF procured $2.14 billion worth of supplies from all over the world, ensuring high quality and good value through fair and open procurement. 4. Voluntarily funded The Official UNICEF Website, 2012 http://www.unicef.org.uk/UNICEFs-Work/Our-mission/How-were-funded/ UNICEF receives no funding from the UN budget. We rely entirely on voluntary donations to fund our vital work for children and their rights.
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UNICEF Negative Brief

SIGNIFICANCE------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------122 1. Financial accountability A. UNICEF has a sound financial system B. UNICEF has effective auditing means in place C. UNICEF meets financial standards 2. African Hopkin's study 'misinterpreted' 3. Effective responses to emergencies-------------------------------------------------------------------123 A. UNICEF responds effectively to crises B. UNICEF in touch with relevant cultural issues 4. Terrorism A. Summer Camps: UNICEF has learned from their mistakes B. Summer Camp funding is indirect C. Bank Melli funds are insignificant-----------------------------------------------------------124 4. Adoption policies only strict when necessary 5. UNICEF has a proven track record DISADVANTAGES---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------125 1. International vaccinations A. UNICEF measles campaign was a success B. UNICEF achieves tangible results with medication distribution C. 747 million dollars were spent on vaccines in 2010 2. Humanitarian purposes A. UNICEF is important for humanitarian purposes B. UNICEF has given lifesaving food to over 40,000 children in Chad-------------------126 3. Education A. UNICEF to provide education and train teachers in Africa B. UNICEF helps with school sanitation C. UNICEF education success in Gambia-----------------------------------------------------127 D. UNICEF provides for schools in Sierra Leone 4. UNICEF affords unique access A. UNICEF has more access to countries B. UNICEF can work in fragile situations 5. UNICEF key player in developing children's rights------------------------------------------------128 6. Cash Transfers A. Cash transfers have the potential to be the most efficient type of aid B. Around 30% of UNICEF's expenditures are on cash grants
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C. Cash Transfers help economies D. Cash transfers have a positive impact on education & healthcare E. Cash transfers help the fight against malnutrition-----------------------------------------129
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SIGNIFICANCE
1. Financial accountability A. UNICEF has a sound financial system Department of International Development (We are a department of the British Government, led by a cabinet minister) 2011 http://www.dfid.gov.uk/Documents/publications1/mar/unicef.pdf UNICEF has clear criteria for allocating core resources and has good processes in place for audit, risk and accountability. UNICEF is committed to better financial management and is in the process of rolling out a new financial system. B. UNICEF has effective auditing means in place Australian Multilateral Assessment of UNICEF (Report by the Australian government on UNICEF) March 2012 http://www.ausaid.gov.au/partner/Documents/unicefassessment.pdf UNICEF has effective audit, risk and accountability processes in place. For example, in Bangladesh, it transparently and appropriately handled a case of misuse of funds at districtlevel, fully recovering the funds and taking legal action against a staff member. UNICEF carries out corporate audits that comply with international standards and internal financial audits provide objective information to its executive board. C. UNICEF meets financial standards UNICEF's Official United States Website, Copyrite 2012 http://www.unicefusa.org/donate/give-withconfidence.html The U.S. Fund for UNICEF meets the Better Business Bureau's Wise Giving Alliance's Standards for Charity Accountability. This years Charity Navigator report found that the U.S. Fund for UNICEF meets the highest financial standards for charities, ensuring that 90.5 cents out of every dollar donated goes to help children. We spend just 6.5 cents on fundraising costs, and 2.8 cents on administration. Those figures mean that we received Charity Navigators top scores for our low administration and fundraising expenses (10 out of a possible 10 in each category). 2. African Hopkin's study 'misinterpreted' BBC News (The BBC is the world's leading public service broadcaster. Its mission is to enrich people's lives with programmes that inform, educate & entertain) January 2010 http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8455444.stm The UN agency's Mickey Chopra told the BBC it was a misinterpretation to say the programme had failed. "The programme always was about encouraging governments... to put these interventions in place all over the country, he said. "And we showed that coverage of things like vaccinations, vitamin A pills and bed nets did increase all over the countries after the programme had started. "So the fact that we succeeded in increasing coverage of these interventions across
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the whole country which in turn meant that the whole country showed improvement is a success of the programme not a failure." 3. Effective responses to emergencies A. UNICEF responds effectively to crises Australian Multilateral Assessment of UNICEF (Report by the Australian government on UNICEF) March 2012 http://www.ausaid.gov.au/partner/Documents/unicefassessment.pdf UNICEF has demonstrated effective emergency response capacities. For example, it responded to Cyclone Nargis in Burma within three days. Countrylevel feedback from Indonesia found that all stakeholders viewed UNICEF as consistently delivering strong, tangible development results, particularly in Indonesias Papua province. B. UNICEF in touch with relevant cultural issues Australian Multilateral Assessment of UNICEF (Report by the Australian government on UNICEF) March 2012 http://www.ausaid.gov.au/partner/Documents/unicefassessment.pdf Fieldlevel responses indicate that UNICEF is highly responsive to gender, disability and environment issues. The Delivering as One approach also emphasises the incorporation of 4. Terrorism A. Summer Camps: UNICEF has learned from their mistakes Lawrence Solomon (Executive Director of Energy Probe (A Canadian NGO); Regular writer for the National Post, His writing has also appeared on CBS News & in the Wall Street Journal) October 28, 2006 http://urbanrenaissance.probeinternational.org/2006/10/28/unicef-same-old-tricks-no-treats/ Abroad, UNICEF has learned from its embarrassment of recent years, when it was discovered to have funded summer camps in Palestine that inspired children to become terrorists. B. Summer Camp funding is indirect Lawrence Solomon (Executive Director of Energy Probe (A Canadian NGO); Regular writer for the National Post, His writing has also appeared on CBS News & in the Wall Street Journal) October 28, 2006 http://urbanrenaissance.probeinternational.org/2006/10/28/unicef-same-old-tricks-no-treats/ UNICEF doesnt directly fund terrorist organizations, Omar Abdi, director of UNICEF Pakistan, told Dateline, an Australian documentary program earlier this year. Instead UNICEF does so indirectly, by funneling its contributions through local Pakistani NGOs, which then use the money to fund terroristrun schools. [The children] have a right to be educated, Abdi says. So here is another [organization] that is providing that education to them. We cannot deny to give them supplies to give to those kids.
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C. Bank Melli funds are insignificant Claudia Rosett (Claudia Rosett is journalist-in-residence with the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, & heads its Investigative Reporting Project. She is widely recognized as a ground- breaking reporter) 2009 http://www.forbes.com/2009/09/02/united-nations-unicef-iran-opinions-columnists-claudiarosett.html At UNICEF headquarters in New York, a spokesman says there is nothing untoward about the agency using Bank Melli. He says the Melli account has been in use since 2004, and serves as a collection point for incountry private donations. Throughput in 2008, he said, involved a relative pittance of $30,000, and donations so far this year have totaled $137,460, which includes $18,500 for the Gaza Appeal. 4. Adoption policies only strict when necessary Pat Wingert (Award-Winning Reporter & Newsweek Correspondent) 2012 http://www.thedailybeast.com/newsweek/2008/01/26/when-there-s-no-place-likehome.html [Alexandra] Yuster, [a senior adviser in the childprotection section] insists that UNICEF never pressures countries to tighten their adoption regulations, and in fact gets involved only when asked. That was the case in 2006 in Liberia, when the government requested an investigation after intercountry adoptions began to rise. Of the several hundred adoptions done in a year, she says, they identified 50 that qualified as relinquishments under false pretenses. In some cases, unsophisticated parents were led to believe that they would lose custody only temporarily, or would one day join their child in the West. Without good data, she acknowledges, it's hard to know how common such abuses are globally. But unfortunately, they are not rare, and there seems to be evidence that they are on the rise, she says. When the surface is scratched, violations can often be found. 5. UNICEF has a proven track record Agnes van Ardenne (Dutch minister for Development Cooperation) December 2006 http://www.unicef.org/media/media_37867.html UNICEF has a proven track record in innovation and working with local community organizations. We know our investment will bring us much closer to achieving the Millennium Development Goals, especially those on Education for all boys and girls.
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DISADVANTAGES
1. International vaccinations A. UNICEF measles campaign was a success Emily Temple (Emily Temple is a reporter for the university of Wisconsins Millennium Development goal awareness project, an International Student Services project) 2011 http://iss.wisc.edu/mdgap/mdgap_pdf/UNICEF%20Engages%20in%20Successful%20Measles %20Campaign.pdf One such professional is Maya van den Ent, who holds dual degrees in pharmacy and public health. Her work with UNICEF has focused on the Measles vaccine campaign, which has been one of the great success stories for reducing the under-five mortality rateUNICEFs efforts in the Measles vaccine program have been successful in reducing the number of children who die from Measles each year from 800,000 in 2000 to 164,000 in 2008. Ms. van den Ent also emphasizes that 20% of the decrease in under-five mortality between 1990 and 2000 is due to the Measles vaccine. B. UNICEF achieves tangible results with medication distribution Australian Multilateral Assessment of UNICEF (Report by the Australian government on UNICEF) March 2012 http://www.ausaid.gov.au/partner/Documents/unicefassessment.pdf An Age of Opportunity report shows that UNICEF delivers strong, tangible development results. Its achievements in 2009 and 2010 include the vaccination of close to 170 million children against measles, support for the reintegration of 28 000 children from conflictaffected countries and the delivery of more than 574 million vitamin A capsules in 2009 to ward off blindness and bolster the immune system. C. 747 million dollars were spent on vaccines in 2010 Donald G McNeil Jr, New York Times, May 2011 http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/28/health/28vaccine.htm l Unicef paid $747 million for vaccines last year, buying over two billion doses for 58 percent of the worlds children. 2. Humanitarian purposes A. UNICEF is important for humanitarian purposes Department of International Development (We are a department of the British Government, led by a cabinet minister) 2011 http://www.dfid.gov.uk/Documents/publications1/mar/unicef.pdf UNICEF has a critical role in delivering international development and humanitarian objectives.
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B. UNICEF has given lifesaving food to over 40,000 children in Chad Chris Tidey, Central Emergency Response Fund (is a humanitarian fund established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2006 to enable more timely & reliable humanitarian assistance to those affected by natural disasters & armed conflicts) 2012 http://www.unocha.org/cerf/node/1150 In response to the crisis, the UN Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF) has allocated US $1 million to the UN Childrens Fund (UNICEF) to treat 90,000 children with severe acute malnutrition. Earlier this year, CERF allocated $6 million to three UN agencies to reduce food insecurity and acute malnutrition among children under age 5 in Chad. Currently, 223 UNICEF nutrition centres are operational due to the significant support from CERF, says UNICEF Chad Representative Bruno Maes. CERF has helped UNICEF deliver lifesaving food aid to more than 40,000 children admitted for severe acute malnutrition in the country. 3. Education A. UNICEF to provide education and train teachers in Africa euronews (is the leading international news channel covering world news from a European perspective) June 2011 http://www.euronews.com/2011/06/13/unicef-supports-schools-around-the-world/ The UNICEF Schools for Africa programme aims to improve education for around one million students. UNICEF provides care centres for orphans and vulnerable children, and access to clean drinking water and toilets.It also gives additional training to 27,000 teachers. B. UNICEF helps with school sanitation Rachel Marcus, Paola Pereznieto, Erin Cullen & Patrick Carter, Overseas Development Institute (Britain's leading independent think tank on international development & humanitarian issues) 2012 http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2012/4/20%20improving%20well %20being %20children/progress%20in%20child%20wellbeing%20report Improving school sanitation is a strategically important area for investment. It reduces the likelihood of infections being spread at school and of children falling sick with waterborne illnesses (see Case Study 4 from the Philippines); together with hygiene education, it can help to build hygienic practices among the next generation; and lack of school toilets is also a major impediment to school attendance, particularly for adolescent girls. Data from countries where UNICEF is active show a positive trend over the past 10 years. Progress is slow, however, particularly in the poorest and least developed countries, although more rapid than in those with UNICEF engagement than in those without (see Figure 11). C. UNICEF education success in Gambia Crispin Grey-Johnson (Crispin Grey-Johnson is the Permanent Representative of The Gambia to the United Nations. Previously Ambassador to the United States, he also served in Africa as Ambassador to Liberia and Cte d'Ivoire) 2003 http://scholar.google.com/scholar? start=10&q=UNICEF+success&hl=en&as_sdt=0,19
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The result has been a much-improved rate of transition into senior secondary education from 12 per cent in 1994 to about 65 per cent today. In 1994, there were only 16,000 students enrolled in secondary schools throughout the country. Today, that figure is close to 40,000The Bretton Woods institutions, and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) in particular, have been at the forefront in assisting The Gambia meet the financial requirements for the implementation of the programmes. D. UNICEF provides for schools in Sierra Leone Rachel Marcus, Paola Pereznieto, Erin Cullen & Patrick Carter, Overseas Development Institute (Britain's leading independent think tank on international development & humanitarian issues) 2012 http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/events/2012/4/20%20improving%20well %20being %20children/progress%20in%20child%20wellbeing%20report The child welfare committees were so successful that they were formalised in Sierra Leone under the Child Rights Act of 2007. War Child and other CPCom partners provided recreation and psychosocial healing for affected children. UNICEF, as the focal partner of the Ministry for Social Welfare, provided teaching, learning and recreational materials to schools in lieu of fees for over 3,000 children, and reintegrated 1,414 girl mothers who had not been included in the original DDR programme (Committee on the Rights of the Child, 2006). 4. UNICEF affords unique access A. UNICEF has more access to countries Joanne Fritz, PhD (She holds a PhD in American Studies from St Louis University She attended the Leadership Program in Higher Education at Harvard University Fritz has belonged to & held leadership positions in professional associations such as PRSA, NSFRE, CASE & IABC) Copyright 2012 http://nonprofit.about.com/od/fordonors/tp/globalpovertygiving.ht m Long a leader in its focus on children, UNICEF continues to work on a myriad of fronts across the globe to improve the lives of children. UNICEF is part of the United Nations and thus has access to countries unlike any other organization. B. UNICEF can work in fragile situations Australian Multilateral Assessment of UNICEF (Report by the Australian government on UNICEF) March 2012 http://www.ausaid.gov.au/partner/Documents/unicefassessment.pdf UNICEF is highly experienced working in fragile states, with an incountry reach typically far beyond other multilateral and bilateral partners. While UNICEF does not have specific guidance for working in fragile states, it has related guidance on working on complex emergencies, humanitarian situations and postconflict and postdisaster situations.
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5. UNICEF key player in developing children's rights Australian Multilateral Assessment of UNICEF (Report by the Australian government on UNICEF) March 2012 http://www.ausaid.gov.au/partner/Documents/unicefassessment.pdf UNICEF plays a very valuable role in developing norms and standards on a range of childrens development and rights issues. 6. Cash Transfers A. Cash transfers have the potential to be the most efficient type of aid Susanne Jaspars & Paul Harvey; with Claudia Hudspeth & Lauren Rumble, Overseas Development Institute (Britain's leading independent think tank on international development & humanitarian issues) October 2007 http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/libraries/cash-vouchers/cash-transfers-uniceffull.pdf Cash transfers have the potential to be more costefficient than inkind distribution, because they avoid the costs of procurement, transport and storage of bulky commodities associated with inkind assistance. However, cash transfers are not always more costefficient as this depends on the price of goods that people can purchase in local markets compared with the costs of aid agency procurement and transport. B. Around 30% of UNICEF's expenditures are on cash grants Susanne Jaspars & Paul Harvey; with Claudia Hudspeth & Lauren Rumble, Overseas Development Institute (Britain's leading independent think tank on international development & humanitarian issues) October 2007 http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/libraries/cash-vouchers/cash-transfers-uniceffull.pdf Increasingly, cash grants to NGOs and governments are part of UNICEFs response; about 30 per cent of UNICEFs expenditure is now on cash grants to governments or NGOs. A large proportion of supplies are purchased locally, for example cooking sets, blankets and hygiene kits. C. Cash Transfers help economies Susanne Jaspars & Paul Harvey; with Claudia Hudspeth & Lauren Rumble, Overseas Development Institute (Britain's leading independent think tank on international development & humanitarian issues) October 2007 http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/libraries/cash-vouchers/cash-transfers-uniceffull.pdf Cash transfers can have important multiplier effects beyond the direct impact on the households receiving the cash. Cash projects can boost local economies and trade particularly when the cash is used to buy goods that are produced locally. D. Cash transfers have a positive impact on education & healthcare Susanne Jaspars & Paul Harvey; with Claudia Hudspeth & Lauren Rumble, Overseas Development Institute (Britain's leading independent think tank on international development &
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humanitarian issues) October 2007 http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/libraries/cash-vouchers/cash-transfers-uniceffull.pdf Emergency cash transfers in Zambia protected school attendance in a year when the poorest would otherwise have had to withdraw their children from school. It also enabled better access to health care. E. Cash transfers help the fight against malnutrition Susanne Jaspars & Paul Harvey; with Claudia Hudspeth & Lauren Rumble, Overseas Development Institute (Britain's leading independent think tank on international development & humanitarian issues) October 2007 http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/libraries/cash-vouchers/cash-transfers-uniceffull.pdf Cash can have an impact on all underlying causes of malnutrition food insecurity, the health environment, and the social and care environment although cash alone will not be sufficient to address malnutrition. Cash improves access to food both in terms of quantity and quality; for example through improving dietary diversity (Harvey and Marongwe, 2006; Cole, 2006; Sharma, 2006).
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