To Supplement
Definition: add as a supplement to what seems insufficient
Why supplement?
Current methods dont work well Additional information provided by supplemental testing Alternative approaches to current methods More rapid testing results
3. Heterogenous populations
Part One
Inducible resistance
I N D U C T I O N
Inducible resistance
I N D U C T I O N
De-repressed or resistant
May be
Always
OR
Inducible resistance
STAPHYLOCOCCI
Macrolide
Erythromycin Clarithromycin Azithromycin
Lincosamide
Clindamycin Lincomycin
Streptogramin
QuinupristinDalfopristin Pristinamycin
E R Y T H R O M Y C I N
& C L I N D A M Y C I N
Erythromycin S R
Clindamycin Interpretation S R Organism susceptible to both Organism resistant to both May have inducible resistance
E R Y T H R O M Y C I N
& C L I N D A M Y C I N
E R Y T H R O M Y C I N
& C L I N D A M Y C I N
Inducible resistance
E R Y T H R O M Y C I N
& C L I N D A M Y C I N
E R Y T H R O M Y C I N
& C L I N D A M Y C I N
E R Y T H R O M Y C I N
& C L I N D A M Y C I N
Other methods
Agar dilution Sensitivity = 91%, specificity = 97%
Lavallee, C., et al. (2010). Performance of an Agar Dilution Method and a Vitek 2 Card for Detection of Inducible Clindamycin Resistance in Staphylococcus spp.. J. Clin. Microbiol. 48: 1354-1357
Part Two
BETA-LACTAMASES
Beta-lactamases
CLASS A: extended-spectrum beta-lactamases CLASS C: ampC beta-lactamases
CLASS B: metallo-beta-lactamases
Plasmid (acquired)
G E N E
A C Q U I S I T I O N
Chromosomal
(born with it)
beta-lactamases
ampC
ampC
Chromosomal
A M P C
E N Z Y M E S
(E. coli)
ampC
inducible
A M P C
E N Z Y M E S
chromosomal
de-repressed (always on)
inducible
plasmid genes de-repressed (always on)
CAZ
A M P C
E N Z Y M E S
IMP
CAZ
A M P C
E N Z Y M E S
IMP
A M P C
E N Z Y M E S
ampC inducers
Antibiotic
A M P C
E N Z Y M E S
ampC inhibitors
A M P C
E N Z Y M E S
beta-lactamases
SHV
TEM
CTX
usually plasmid-borne
Beta lactam
sulbactam
E S B L
clavulanic acid
tazobactam
E S B L
E S B L
antibiotic
E S B L
compete
with the beta-lactamase enzyme
E S B L
E S B L Clavulanic acid
cephalosporin
Cefotaxime
E S B L
E S B L
2 main methods
Antibiotic interactions Effect of inhibitors
MBL
KPC
Same principle
Substrate Enzyme Inhibitor
ampC
Substrate
imipenem Strong inducer.. but generally not broken down by ampC
Enzyme
Inhibitor
ampC
Substrate
imipenem
Enzyme
Inhibitor
cefoxitin
ampC
cloxacillin
ampC
cefoxitin (by itself) = small zone (disc) high MIC (dilution)
Ceftazidime
Ceftazidime 21 mm
Meropenem 17 mm
Antibiotic 1
21 mm Ceftazidime & clavulanate
Antibiotic 2
27 mm
Interpretation
Part Three
HETEROGENEOUS POPULATION
Heterogeneous
mostly susceptible
Methicillin resistance
mediated by the mecA gene
M E T H I C I L L I N
(mostly)
Oxacillin (MIC testing only) Cefoxitin (disc testing) Cefoxitin (disc testing)
often seen in: cystic fibrosis, foreign-body infections &osteomyelitis susceptibility may be difficult to test best to use pbp2a or mecA detection
Frank Kipp, Karsten Becker, Georg Peters, and Christof von Eiff. Evaluation of Different Methods To Detect Methicillin Resistance in Small-Colony Variants of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol. 2004 March; 42(3): 12771279
other methods
detection of pbp2a
M E T H I C I L L I N
reliably detected by phenotypic methods* not detected by genotypic methods for mecA may show cefoxitin (R), Oxacillin (S) phenotype in Vitek
Skov R, et al. Phenotypic detection of mecC-MRSA: cefoxitin is more reliable than oxacillin. J Antimicrob Chemother. Sep 2013. Cartwright EJP, et al. Use of Vitek 2 antimicrobial susceptibility profile to identify mecC in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 2013;51:27324.
dont have the mecA gene altered pbp (penicillin binding proteins)
Vancomycin
V A N C O M Y C I N
large molecule, diffuses slowly in agar no disc diffusion criteria for S. aureus
hVISA:
Laboratory
V A N C O M Y C I N
S. aureus isolate with susceptible vancomycin MIC but with proportion of cells with reduced vancomycin susceptibility
Howden, BP., et al. Reduced vancomycin susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus, including vancomycin-intermediate and heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate strains: resistance mechanisms, laboratory detection, and clinical implications. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 23.1 (2010): 99-139.
hVISA
V A N C O M Y C I N
hVISA
slow growing
V A N C O M Y C I N
Howden, BP., et al. Reduced vancomycin susceptibility in Staphylococcus aureus, including vancomycin-intermediate and heterogeneous vancomycin-intermediate strains: resistance mechanisms, laboratory detection, and clinical implications. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 23.1 (2010): 99-139.
hVISA
GRD strip
V A N C O M Y C I N
hVISA
Susceptibility
VSSA VSSA with increased MIC
Definition
MIC 2 (!)
Clinical
Laboratory
hVISA
VISA / VRSA
Holmes NE, et al. Relationship between vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus, high vancomycin MIC, and outcome in serious S. aureus infections. J Clin Microbiol 2012;50:254852.
No Through Road
Traditional way
Tested result Piperacillin -tazobactam Cefotaxime Ceftazidime Cefepime Reported result Piperacillin -tazobactam Cefotaxime Ceftazidime Cefepime ESBL present
S R S S
? R R R
S R S S
S R S S
Why?
Opinion!
Change susceptibility if present inducible clindamycin resistance (blood & bone) Enterobacter spp. and cephalosporin susceptible (blood) Dont know plasmid ampC ESBL KPC MBL (probably dont change tested result)
Conclusions
Standard susceptibility methods work for most organism / antibiotic combinations.
Conclusions
Supplement or MIC alone? (need more clinical evidence)
Its complicated.