PE Exam Review - Sanitary

Demonstration Problem Solutions

I. Demo Problem Solutions...................................................................... 2
1. Module 1 - Water Demand.............................................................. 2
2. Module 2 - Water Softening ............................................................ 5
3. Module 3 - Coagulation and Flocculation........................................ 9
4. Module 4 - Groundwater ............................................................... 13
5. Module 5 - Trickling Filters............................................................ 17
6. Module 6 - Stream Purification...................................................... 21
7. Module 7 - Sludge Digestion......................................................... 26
8. Module 8 - Landfills....................................................................... 29



Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 2

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
Demo Problem Solutions
Module 1 - Water Demand

Situation
The water district is under a mandate to provide water for a town whose current population is
19,800.

Requirements
1A) The total water use on a particular day was 4,503,000 gallons. What was the water use
expressed in gpcd?

1. Gallons per capita day:
population
gpd
gpcd =
2.
800 , 19
000 , 503 , 4
= gpcd
3. 42 . 227 = gpcd

1B) The average daily flow (in million gallons per day) at the treatment plant is given below for
each month in the year. Using this information, calculate the annual average daily flow
(AADF).

January 5.36 July 5.48
February 4.95 August 6.12
march 5.16 September 5.94
April 5.44 October 5.77
May 5.62 November 5.68
June 5.79 December 5.49

1. Average Annual Daily Flow:
12
month each for flow daily

= AADF
2.
12
80 . 66
AADF =
3. gallons million 57 . 5 = AADF

Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 3

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
1C) The average daily flow (in million gallons per day) at the treatment plant varies according
to the time of day and the time of the year. Using the information below, calculate how
much more the average water demand might be in the summer versus the winter. (Answer
in millions of gallons.)

consumption time/period multiplier
winter 0.80
summer 1.30
maximum daily 1.50 - 1.80
maximum hourly 2.00 - 3.00
early morning 0.25 - 0.40
noon 0.50 - 2.0

1. Change in average daily flow:
er w summer
ADF ADF ADF
int
=

summer summer
Multiplier ADF ADF =
24 . 7 3 . 1 57 . 5 = =
summer
ADF

er w er w
Multiplier ADF ADF
int int
=
46 . 4 8 . 0 57 . 5
int
= =
er w
ADF
2. gal mil 78 . 2 46 . 4 24 . 7 = = ADF

1D) For what demand should the water district design its water treatment facility? (Answer in
million gallons per day.)

(use the consumption/multiplier table from the previous requirement)

1.
DailyMax
Multiplier AADF Demand =
2. 8 . 1 57 . 5 = Demand
3. MGD 03 . 10 = Demand

1E) This town is expected to increase in population by 50% over the next decade. For what
future demand should the water district design its water treatment facility? (Answer in
millions of gallons.)

1. Growth Demand and Future Dem =
2. 5 . 1 03 . 10 = and Future Dem
3. MGD 05 . 15 = and Future Dem


Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 4

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
1F) How much water should the treatment facility supply for the future population (that is to say
50% population increase) if fire-fighting requirements are taken into account? (Answer in
gpcd.)

1. Calculations for meeting fire-fighting water requirements apply to water that is
stored, not to output of the water treatment plant.
2. MGD 05 . 15 = and Future Dem

Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 5

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
Module 2 - Water Softening

Situation
Water with excess hardness is unacceptable as a drinking water and will require softening.
Several methods are available to soften water. Raw water with an analysis as shown below is
to be treated using the excess lime-soda ash softening treatment. The practical limits of the
lime-soda precipitation softening process are 30 mg/l of calcium expressed as CaCO
3
and 10
mg/l of Mg(OH)
2
expressed as CaCO
3
.


mg/l
Equivalent
Weight

meq/l
mg/l as
CaCO
3

Calcium
Magnesium
Sodium
Chloride
Sulfate
Bicarbonate
Carbon dioxide
(free)
80
30
19
18
64
336
15

20.0
12.2
23.0
35.5
48.0
61.0
22.0
4.0
2.5
0.8
0.5
1.3
5.5
0.7
200
125
40
25
65
275
35

Raw Water Analysis Bar Chart

.7 0 4.0 6.5 7.3
CO
2
Ca
++
Mg
++
Na
+

HCO
3
-
SO
4
- -


Cl
-

5.5 6.8 7.3



Requirements
2A) Some source waters contain carbon dioxide. What happens to carbon dioxide when lime is
added to the water?

1. Carbon dioxide in the water reacts with the lime to form calcium carbonate, which
will precipitate out. If there is a lot of carbon dioxide in the water, the water will be
expensive to treat. In this case you are using the lime not to soften the water, which
is your objective, but to get rid of the carbon dioxide. To treat the water in a cost-
effective manner, you might want to use an aeration process before the lime
treatment.
2. CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O


Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 6

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
2B) Complete this common lime softening equation: ? + Ca(OH)
2
2 CaCO
3
+ 2 H
2
O

1. Calcium in the form of calcium bicarbonate, one of the hard water substances you
are trying to remove, will react with the lime to form the insoluble calcium carbonate.
The calcium carbonate precipitates out of the water.
2. Ca(HCO
3
)
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
2 CaCO
3
+ 2 H
2
O

2C) What is formed from this combination? Mg(HCO
3
)
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
?

1. Magnesium, in the form of magnesium bicarbonate reacts with lime to form
magnesium carbonate. Keep in mind that magnesium carbonate is soluble. You
need to add more lime to convert the magnesium to magnesium hydroxide, which is
insoluble and will settle out.
2. Mg(HCO
3
)
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
MgCO
3
+ 2 H
2
O

2D) What would you add to remove the hardness causing a CaSO
4
product?

1. Adding soda ash to calcium sulfate will produce sodium sulfate, which does not
contribute to hardness, and calcium carbonate, which precipitates out. So, you add
soda ash to remove calcium sulfate.

2E) When magnesium sulfate reacts with lime what resulting substance does not precipitate
out?

1. Magnesium sulfate reacts with lime to form calcium sulfate and magnesium
hydroxide. The calcium sulfate does not precipitate out.
MgSO
4
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaSO
4
+ Mg(OH)
2

2. To remove the calcium sulfate you need to add soda ash, and that will precipitate
out as calcium carbonate.
CaSO
4
+ Na
2
CO
3
Na
2
SO
4
+ CaCO
3


Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 7

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
2F) Based upon the analysis of the water, how much quick lime (CaO) should you add for
softening? Assume that you are adding 35 mg/l of excess lime to accelerate the process.
(answer in lbs/million gallons)

1. Determine quantity of reactants in the water, using the milliequivalents (meq) of each
substance.
CO
2
0.7 meq
Ca(HCO
3
) 4.0 meq
Mg(HCO
3
) 1.5 meq
Mg(SO
4
) 1.0 meq
Total = 7.2 meq CaO required for the reaction
2. Use equivalent weight of CaO (28) to find mg/l of lime required

28
. 7
CaO mg/l
meq/l 2 =
202 CaO mg/l
3. Add excess lime required by problem
237 35 202 CaO mg/l = + =
1,977 8.34 237 water gal CaO/mil lb =

(to convert from mg/l to lb/mil gal)


2G) Based upon the analysis of the water, how much soda ash should you add for softening?
(answer in lbs/mil gal).

1. You need 1.0 meq/l of soda ash (Na
2
CO
3
) to react with the 1.0 meq/l of MgSO
4
in
the water.
2. The equivalent weight of soda ash is 53
mg/l soda ash = 1.0 53 = 53
53 8.34 442 lb/mil gal water

Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 8

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
2H) Calculate the amount of carbon dioxide required to neutralize excess lime and convert the
Mg(OH
2
) to Mg(CO
3
) according to the equation Ca(OH
2
) + CO
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O (answer
in mg/l).

1. - OH excess meq/l lime excess meq/l
CO weight equivalent
CO mg/l
2
2
+ =
equivalent weight CO
2
= 22
25 . 1 = =
28
CaO mg/l 35
lime excess meq
2 . 0 = =
50
Mg(OH) mg/l 10
- OH meq
2

2. 1.45 0.2 1.25
22
CO mg/l
2
= + =
3. mg/l CO
2
= 31.9

2I) Calculate the total amount of carbon dioxide required to stabilize the water by converting
residual carbonate to bicarbonate. Add carbon dioxide from the previous answer for the
total amount of carbon dioxide needed. (answer in mg/l).

1. Use this equation: CaCO
3
+ CO
2
+H
2
O = Ca(HCO
3
)
2

2. To find the amount of CO
2
required:
3
2
2
CaCO meq/l
CO weight equivalent
CO mg/l
=
6 . 0 = =
50
30
CaCO meq/l
3

2 . 13 6 . 0 22 = =
2
CO mg/l
3. Add the CO
2
requirement you found in 2H
1 . 45 9 . 31 2 . 13 = + =
2
CO mg/l

Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 9

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
Module 3 - Coagulation/Flocculation

Situation
A town of 150,000 is going to build a water treatment plant to treat surface water. The
coagulant alum (Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
14 H
2
O) is to be added to a rapid mix unit to create a concentration
of 20 mg/l. The coagulated water goes to a flocculator unit then to a clarifier.

The flocculator is 68 feet long, 31 feet wide, and 15 feet deep. It is equipped with 12-inch
paddles supported parallel to and moved by three horizontal shafts which rotate at a speed of
2.5 rpm. The radius of the paddles is 6.0 ft from the shaft, which is mid-depth of the tank. Two
paddles are mounted on each shaft, one opposite the other. The paddles are 30 feet long, so
there is a 6-in clearance on each side of the tank. The mean velocity of the water is
approximately 1/4 of the velocity of the paddles and their drag coefficient is 1.8. Assume a
water temperature of 50 degrees F, and dynamic viscosity = 2.74 x 10
-5
(lb. force)(sec)/ft
2
.

The coagulated, flocculated water enters a sedimentation basin 50 feet wide and 200 feet long
at a rate of 15 MGD. There are 1200 feet of overflow weir and the basin has a 10 foot depth.


Requirements
3A) For a complete mix basin designed to treat 15 MGD, what volume (ft
3
) is needed to
completely mix the alum with the raw water. (Common detention time is 30-60 seconds.
Use 60 seconds.)

1. time detention rate flow V
tank
=
/day ft 348 , 005 , 2
gal 7.48
ft 1
day
gal mil 15
rate flow
3
3
= = =

3
3
tank
ft 1393
s 86,400
day 1
s 60
day
ft 2,005,348
V = =


3B) At a flow of 15 MGD, how many pounds per day of alum must be applied to achieve the
required 20 mg/l of alum?

1. 20 mg/l 8.34 = 166.8 lb/mil gal
2. lb/day 2502
day
gal mil 15
gal mil
lb 166.8
=


Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 10

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
3C) Determine the velocity differential between the paddles and the water.

1. Paddle velocity:
60
2 rn
V
p

= paddle rotation speed
r = 6 ft
n = 2.5 rpm
ft/s 57 . 1
60
5 . 2 6 2
=

=

p
V
2. Velocity differential: V
d
= V
p
(1.0 0.25)

fractional difference between
paddle and water velocities

V
d
= 1.57 0.75 = 1.18 ft/s


3D) Determine the power requirements for turning the three flocculating paddles. Express your
answer in horsepower units.

1. Power:
g 2
ADV C
P
3
d D
=
C
D
(drag coefficient) = 1.8
D (density) = 62.4
g = 32.2
A (area) = LW
W = 12 in = 1 ft
L = tank width 6-in clearance on each side
= 31 1 = 30 ft
Total paddle area = 30 ft
2
3 shafts 2 paddles per shaft = 180 ft
2

2. 516
4 . 64
1.18 62.4 180 1.8
P
3
=

=
3. Power in horsepower =
550
516
= 0.94


Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 11

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
3E) Determine the hydraulic detention time, t
d
, for the flocculation unit for a flow of 15 MGD.
(Answer in minutes.)

1.
Q
V
t
d
= tank volume

flow

LWD V =
31,620 15 31 68 V = =
Q = 15 mil gal/day
2. min 7 . 22
day 1
min 1440
ft 1
gal 48 . 7
gal 15,000,000
day 1
ft 620 , 31 t
3
3
d
= =

3F) Determine the value of the mean velocity gradient, G.

1.
tank
V
P
G =
P (power) = 516
(dynamic viscosity) = 2.74 X 10
-5

V (volume of tank) = 31,620 ft
3

2.
620 , 31
516
G

=
5 -
10 2.74

3. G = 24.4


3G) Determine the mixing opportunity parameter, G
td
. Is this value within the typical range for
design of a flocculator?

1.
d t
G t G
d
=
2. s 233 , 33
min 1
s 60
22.7 24.4 G
d
t
= =
3.
4
t
10 3.32 G
d
=
4. Typical range: 10
4
10
5
, so this result is within the typical range.


Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 12

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
3H) Determine the hydraulic detention time of the sedimentation basin for a flow of 15 MGD.
(Answer in hours.)

1.
Q
V
t
d
=
LWD V =
100,000 10 50 200 V = =
Q = 15 mil gal/day
2. hr 2 . 1
day 1
hr 4 2
ft 1
gal 48 . 7
gal 15,000,000
day 1
ft 000 , 100 t
3
3
d
= =


3I) Determine the surface overflow rate for the sedimentation basin at a flow of 15 MGD.

1. Surface overflow rate =
area surface
Q

surface area = LW = 200 50 = 10,000 ft
2

2. Surface overflow rate =
2
gal/day/ft 1500
10,000
15,000,000
=


3J) Determine the weir overflow rate at the clarifier at a flow of 15 MGD.

1. Weir overflow rate =
length overflow weir
Q

2. Weir overflow rate = GPD/ft 500 , 12
ft 1200
MGD 15
=

Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 13

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
Module 4 - Groundwater

Situation
A 6-inch diameter well provides drinking water to a town. The well draws water from a 200 feet
thick aquifer at the rate of 100 gpm. The resulting cone of depression is a 2000-foot radius
from the well. The vadose zone is 50 feet thick and the drawdown at the well is 40 feet.

Requirements
4A) If the water table is the upper boundary of the aquifer and is free to move up and down,
the aquifer is called:

1. When water is free to move up and down the aquifer, the aquifer is called an
unconfined aquifer. The phreatic zone, or water table, is the fluctuating upper
boundary of an unconfined aquifer. By contrast, water in a confined or artesian
aquifer is trapped by rock and dense soil, and does not move freely up and down.


4B) The water that can be removed from an aquifer is referred to as:

1. Not all water can be removed from an aquifer. Sometimes water is trapped by rock
or dense soil, so it can't be pumped to the surface. Water trapped in an aquifer is
called specific retention. The opposite of specific retention is specific yield, which is
water that can be removed from an aquifer. Porosity is a measure of the void space
in soils or fractured rock. Hydraulic conductivity indicates the resistance to flow of
water through soil.


Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 14

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
4C) Determine the coefficient of permeability, K, for the aquifer. Assume that it is an
unconfined aquifer.

1. Use the Dupuit Equation:
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
w
o
e
w o
r
r
h h K
Q
log
) (
2 2

2. Solve for K:
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
w
o
e
w o
r
r
h h
Q
K log
) (
2 2

Q = 100 gpm = 0.223 cfs
h
o
(aquifer depth) = 200 ft
h
w
(h
o
drawdown) = 200 40 = 160 ft
r
o
(well radius of influence) = 2000 ft
r
w
(pipe radius of influence) = 0.25 ft
3.
|
.
|

\
|

=
25 . 0
2000
log
) 160 200 (
223 . 0
2 2 e
K

4.
5
10 43 . 4

= K


Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 15

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
4D) Due to growth of the town, the need for water will increase to 200 gpm. Determine the
resulting drawdown.

1. Drawdown = h
o
- h
w

Use the Dupuit Equation and solve for h
w
:
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
w
o
e
w o
r
r
h h K
Q
log
) (
2 2

Q = 200 gpm = 0.446 cfs
h
o
(aquifer depth) = 200 ft
K = 4.43 X 10
-5

r
o
(well radius of influence) = 2000 ft
r
w
(pipe radius of influence) = 0.25 ft

|
.
|

\
|

=

25 . 0
2000
log
) 200 ( 10 43 . 4 14 . 3
446 . 0
2 2 5
e
w
h


2 4
10 39 . 1 56 . 5 0 . 4
w
h

=
106 =
w
h
2. Drawdown = 200 106 = 94 ft


Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 16

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
4E) What would be the impact on the drawdown if the well was enlarged from 6 diameter to
12 diameter for a 200 gpm demand?

1. Drawdown = h
o
- h
w

Use the Dupuit Equation and solve for h
w
:
|
|
.
|

\
|

=
w
o
e
w o
r
r
h h K
Q
log
) (
2 2

Q = 200 gpm = 0.446 cfs
h
o
(aquifer depth) = 200 ft
K = 4.43 X 10
-5

r
o
(well radius of influence) = 2000 ft
r
w
(pipe radius of influence) = 0.5 ft

|
.
|

\
|

=

5 . 0
2000
log
) 200 ( 10 43 . 4 14 . 3
446 . 0
2 2 5
e
w
h


2 4
10 39 . 1 56 . 5 699 . 3
w
h

=
116 =
w
h
2. Drawdown = 200 116 = 84 ft
Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 17

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
5. Trickling Filters

Situation
A municipal wastewater with a BOD
5

(20 C)
of 250 mg/l and suspended solids at 300 mg/l is
treated with a primary clarifier which removes 35% BOD
5(20C)
and 60% suspended solids. The
average flow rate is 4 MGD with a peak flow rate of 8 MGD. Assume an effluent BOD
5(20C)
of
30 mg/l.

Requirements
5A) Determine the depth of two parallel primary clarifiers based on an average overflow rate of
1000 gpd/ft
2
for each clarifier and a peak overflow rate of 2500 gpd/ft
2
with a hydraulic
detention time of 2.0 hours.

1.
clarifiers 2
d
area surface
t flow daily
depth

=
Find surface area for average and peak flows, than use the larger number
clarifiers both for ft 4000
1000
4,000,000
overflow average
flow daily
SA
2
ave
= = =
clarifiers both for ft 3200
2500
8,000,000
overflow peak
flow peak
SA
2
peak
= = =
2.
day
hr gal 2000
4000
2 4,000,000
depth =

=
3. ft 1 . 11
gal 7.48
ft 1
hr 24
day 1
day
hr gal 2000
depth
3
= =


Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 18

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
5B) The wastewater from the primary clarifiers is to be treated using one of two identical
parallel trickling filters. Use the National Research Council equation to determine the
required diameters for the two low rate trickling filters. Assume a depth of 6 feet for the
trickling filters.
1. Use the surface-area equation to find the diameter:
4
2
d
SA

=

D
V
SA =
Use the National Research Council equation to find Volume:
VF
W
E
0085 . 0 1
1
+
=

2
2
1
1
0085 . 0
|
.
|

\
|

=
E
F
W
V
W (BOD loading) = pounds of BOD
5
coming into the filters after
passing through the clarifiers (which remove 35% of BOD
5
from
raw water)
filters into going lbm/day 5421 ) 35 . 0 1 ( 34 . 8
250
4 = =
l
mg
MGD W

To find the filter efficiency, we need to know how much BOD
5

goes into the filters, and how much comes out. 30 mg/l come
out of the filter. 250 mg/l is the BOD
5
content of raw water, and
the clarifiers remove 35%.
250 - 35% = 162 mg/l BOD
5
going into the filters
Filter efficiency: 815 . 0
162
30 162
=

= E
Wastewater does not recirculate, so F = 1

3
2
2
2
ft 056 , 331
acre
ft 43,560
ft - acre 60 . 7
1
815 . 0
1
1
0085 . 0 5421
= =
|
.
|

\
|

= V
176 , 55
6
056 , 331
= = =
D
V
SA ft
2
for both filters, or 27,588 ft
2
for one filter
2.
4
588 , 27
2
d
=
3. ft 187 = d
Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 19

2003 SmartPros Ltd.


5C) Determine the required depth of the two secondary clarifiers operating in parallel if the
design average overflow rate is 600 gpd/ft
2
and the peak overflow rate is 1000 gpd/ft
2
. The
hydraulic detention time is 4 hours.

1.
clarifiers 2
d
area surface
t flow daily
depth

=
Find surface area for average and peak flows, than use the larger number
clarifiers both for ft 6667
600
4,000,000
overflow average
flow daily
SA
2
ave
= = =
clarifiers both for ft 8000
1000
8,000,000
overflow peak
flow peak
SA
2
peak
= = =
2.
day
hr gal 2000
8000
4 4,000,000
depth =

=
3. ft 1 . 11
gal 7.48
ft 1
hr 24
day 1
day
hr gal 2000
depth
3
= =


Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 20

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
5D) Determine the required diameters of the two low rate trickling filters, K=0.175, using the
Velz equation instead of the NRC equation. Assume the removable portion of the loaded
BOD
u
is 90% with no recirculation, and a BOD
u
loading rate of 20 lb per 1000 ft
3
per day.

1.
4
2
d
SA

=
BOD
u
received/day = BOD
u
loading rate SA D
Use the Velz equation to find depth:
p
KD
d
L
L
=10
L (removable portion of incoming BOD
u
) = 162 0.90 = 146 mg/l
L
d
(portion of BOD
u
that remains after trickling) = 30 - (0.10 162) = 14
K = 0.175

p
D 175 . 0
10
146
14
=

p
D = 175 . 0 096 . 0 log
ft 8 . 5 =
p
D
5,421 = 20 lb/1000 ft
3
/day SA 5.8
SA = 46,733 ft
2
for both clarifiers, or 23,367 ft
2
for one.
2.
4
367 , 23
2
d
=
3. d = 173 ft


5E) The BOD
5
removal efficiency of two parallel low-rate trickling filters is 80%. Assuming a
10% BOD
5
removal by the primary clarifier what is the overall BOD
5
removal by the
combined primary clarifiers and trickling filters?

1. Primary clarifiers remove 10% of BOD
5
. Trickling filters remove 80% of the
remaining 90%.
2. 0.10 + 0.80 0.90 = 82% total BOD
5
removal.

Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 21

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
Module 6 - Steam Purification

Situation
A city of 25,000 treats its domestic wastewater at an activated sludge treatment plant (ASTP)
and discharges treated effluent into a receiving stream. The water coming into the ASTP has a
BOD
5
of 300. The effluent from the treatment plant is discharged at a velocity of 1.0 feet per
second through a 24-inch diameter pipe that flows full. The dissolved oxygen of the effluent is
3.0 mg/l. The receiving stream has a flow of 15 cubic feet per second, a summer temperature
above the ASTP outfall of 15 degrees C and a dissolved oxygen concentration of 9.0 mg/l. The
BOD
5
of the stream above the ASTP is 2 mg/l and the ASTP effluent BOD
5(20C)
is 30 mg/l.

Requirements
6A) Determine the flow rate in million gallons per day from the ASTP.

1. Flow: VA Q =
V = 1.0 ft/s

2
2
ft 14 . 3
` 4
= =
d
A


2. MGD 2.03 gpd 294 , 029 , 2
day 1
s 400 , 86
ft 1
gal 48 . 7
s 1
ft 14 . 3
3
3
= = = Q


6B) Determine the temperature of the stream-effluent mixture immediately below the ASTP
outfall if the effluent temperature is 68 degrees F.

1. The temperature of the mix is the weighted average of the temperatures of the
stream and effluent.

e s
e e s s
mix
Q Q
Q T Q T
T
+
+
=
) 32 (
9
5
= F T
e

C T
e
o
20 ) 32 68 (
9
5
= =
C T
mix
o
9 . 15
14 . 3 15
14 . 3 20 15 15
=
+
+
=


Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 22

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
6C) Determine the BOD
5
of the stream-effluent mixture immediately below the ASTP outfall.

1. The BOD
5
content of the mix is the weighted average of the BOD
5
contents of the
stream and effluent.

e s
e e s s
mix
Q Q
Q BOD Q BOD
BOD
+
+
=
5 5
5

mg/l 8 . 6
14 . 3 15
14 . 3 30 15 2
5
=
+
+
=
mix
BOD


6D) Determine the Ultimate BOD (BOD
u
) of the stream-effluent mixture below the ASTP outfall
if the stream deaeration above the ASTP outfall, k
d
, during the summer period (T = 15
degrees C) is 0.15 per day and the laboratory k
d
is 0.10 for both the stream and the
effluent.

1. The BOD
u
content of the mix is the weighted average of the BOD
u
contents of the
stream and effluent.

e s
e e u s s u
mix u
Q Q
Q BOD Q BOD
BOD
+
+
=

) 5 ( 10 . 0
5
u
10 1
BOD
BOD

= (0.10 is deoxygenation rate and 5 is reaction time (days))

mg/l 9 . 2
10 1
2
BOD
) 5 ( 10 . 0
u
s
=

=


mg/l 44
10 1
30
BOD
) 5 ( 10 . 0
u
e
=

=


mg/l 10
14 . 3 15
14 . 3 44 15 9 . 2
BOD
mix u
=
+
+
=


Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 23

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
6E) If the stream velocity is 0.25 feet per second, and the reaeration coefficient, k
r20
, is 0.25
per day, determine the dissolved oxygen in the stream 25 miles below the outfall. Assume
a oxygen saturation level of 10 mg/l for water that is 15.9 C.

1.
t sat t
D DO DO =
DO
sat
= 10 mg/l
Use Streeter-Phelps equation to find D
t
:
( ) ( )
t k
a
t k t k
d r
u d
t
r r d mix
D
k k
BOD k
D

+
|
|
.
|

\
|

= 10 10 10
mg/l 10 =
mix u
BOD
16 . 0 15 . 0 047 . 1
15 9 . 15
= =

d
k
23 . 0 25 . 0 016 . 1
20 9 . 15
= =

r
k
days 1 . 6
s 86,400
day 1
mile 1
ft 5280
ft 25 . 0
s mile 25
velocity
distance
= = = t
D
a
= DO
sat
- DO
mix

DO for the mix is the weighted average of DO for the stream
and effluent
mg/l 8
14 . 3 15
14 . 3 3 15 9
=
+
+
=
+
+
=
e s
e e s s
mix
Q Q
Q DO Q DO
DO
D
a
= 10 - 8 = 2 mg/l
( ) ( )
) 1 . 6 ( 23 . 0 1 . 6 23 . 0 1 . 6 16 . 0
10 2 10 10
16 . 0 23 . 0
10 16 . 0

+
|
.
|

\
|

=
t
D
D
t
= 1.59 mg/l
2. mg/l 41 . 8 59 . 1 10 = =
t
DO


6F) What treatment level was achieved at the ASTP to achieve the dissolved oxygen level at
mile 25?

1. Treatment level is the difference between BOD
5
content of the incoming water and
the effluent, expressed as a proportion.
90 . 0
300
30 - 300
= or 90%


Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 24

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
6G) If the minimum allowable dissolved oxygen downstream of the outfall is 5.0 mg/l, what
level of treatment is required at the ASTP?

1. Start by finding D
c

D
c
= D
sat
- DO
c

D
c
= 10 - 5 = 5 mg/l
2. Use the equation for D
c
to solve for BOD
u


c d
t k
u
r
d
c
BOD
k
k
D

= 10
3. The equation has two unknowns, so use trial and error values of BOD
u
, plug them
into the equation for t
c
, then plug BOD
u
and t
c
into the equation for D
c
until you find
a D
c
less than 5.0.

(

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
| +

=
d
r
u d
o d o r u d
d r
c
k
k
BOD k
D k D k BOD k
log
k k
1
t
4.
BOD
u
t
c
D
c

10 1.69 3.73
20 1.99 6.68
15 1.89 5.20
14 1.86 4.919

5. Now, find the BOD
u
for the effluent when the BOD
u mix
is 14

e s
e e u s s u
mix u
Q Q
Q BOD Q BOD
BOD
+
+
=

14 . 3 15
14 . 3 15 9 . 2
14
+
+
=
e u
BOD

mg/l 67 =
e
u
BOD
6. Find the treatment level that will produce a BOD
u
of 67 by subtracting it from the
beginning BOD
u
of 300.
BOD
5
= BOD
u
(1 10
-0.10(5)
)
45.8 mg/l = 67 (1 10
-0.10(5)
)
85 . 0
300
8 . 45 300
=

or 85% treatment level

Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 25

2003 SmartPros Ltd.

6H) At what point below the outfall will the minimum dissolved oxygen be observed? Answer
in miles.

1. Mile point for minimum DO is velocity times the critical time:
miles
ft 5,280
mile
day 1
s
days
s
ft
61 . 7
1 400 , 86
86 . 1
25 . 0
=
Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 26

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
Module 7 - Sludge Digestion

Situation
A 30 MGD wastewater treatment plant provides primary and secondary treatment to domestic
wastewater for a town of 300,000. The raw wastewater suspended solids are 200 mg/l and the
BOD
5 (20C)
is 250 mg/l. The primary clarifier removes 60% of the suspended solids and 50 mg/l
of BOD
5
and the secondary clarifier removes 50% of the suspended solids. The effluent from
the wastewater treatment plant contains 20 mg/l BOD
5
. The sludge pumped daily to the
digesters contains 4% solids, 65% of which are volatile. Digestion at 90 F reduces the volatile
solids by 60% producing methane gas having a heat value of 600 BTU per cubic foot of
digested sludge at a rate of 15 cubic feet per pound of volatile material destroyed. All the
methane gas generated by digestion is used as fuel to heat the digesters and exchanges heat
from the engine jacket at 75% efficiency.

Requirements
7A) Determine the amount of solids removed by the primary clarifier each day.

1. You need the volume of water that is treated each day, the concentration of
suspended solids in the water, and the removal rate of the clarifier to find how much
of solids are removed each day.
34 . 8 60 . 0
mg 200
MGD 30 solids removed =
l

30,024 lb of solids/day are removed


Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 27

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
7B) Determine the total amount of solids produced each day by the treatment plant. Assume a
yield coefficient of 95 lb suspended solids per lbm of BOD
5
utilized.

1. Total solids produced = solids from primary clarifier + solids from secondary clarifier
Solids from 1
st
clarifier 30,000 lb/day
Solids from 2
nd
clarifier = (solids going in + solids produced inside)
removal rate of 2
nd
clarifier
Solids going in = raw water solids (1 removal rate of 1
st
)
Solids going in = 200 0.40 = 80 mg/l
Solids produced inside = 0.50 BOD
5
removed by 2
nd
clarifier
BOD
5
removed = raw BOD
5
BOD
5
removed by 1
st
effluent BOD
5

BOD
5
removed = 250 50 20 = 180 mg/l
Solids produced inside = 0.50 180 = 90 mg/l
Solids from 2
nd
clarifier = (80 + 90) 0.50 = 85 mg/l
85 30 MGD 8.34 = 21,267 lb/day 21,000 lb/day
2. Total solids produced = 30,000 + 21,000 = 51,000 lb/day


7C) Determine the amount of volatile solids sent to the digester each day.

1. Amount sent to digester = total solids produced percent volatile solids
2. Amount sent to digester = 51,000 0.65 = 33,150 33,200 lb/day


7D) Determine the amount of volatile solids digested each day.

1. Volatile solids digested = solids sent to digester percent removed by digestion
2. Volatile solids digested = 33,200 0.60 = 19, 920 19,900 lb/day


7E) How much heat is produced each day by digestion of the volatile solids if heat is captured
from the engines at a 75% efficiency? Answer in BTU/day.

1. Heat produced = solids digested rate of methane produced BTU equivalent
2. Heat produced = 19,900 15 600 = 179,100,000 BTU/day


Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 28

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
7F) If the specific heat of sludge is 1.0 BTU per lbm per F, how much heat would be required
to raise the temperature of the sludge from 45 F to 90 F? Answer in BTU/hour.

1. re temperatu
content solids
produced solids total
Required Heat =
2. BTU/hr 625 , 390 , 2
F lb
BTU 1
hr 24
day 1
F 45
0.04
1
day
lb 51,000
Required Heat = =
o
o



7G) If the digester loses 10 million BTU per hour of heat through the side wall and roof, how
much supplementary heat will be needed to maintain the digestion process at 90 F?
Answer in BTU/hour.

1.
input heat extra heat generated bacteria
temp to heat heat lost
E
+
+
=
2.
input heat extra BTU M 7.47
BTU M 2.39 BTU/hr M 10
0.75
+
+
=
3. extra heat input = 9.05 million BTU/hr to maintain the digestion process at 90 F


Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 29

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
Module 8 - Landfills

Situation
A town of 10,000 is planning to adopt a method of disposing of the solid waste (refuse)
generated by the town. If the town chooses to use a landfill as the chosen method, a square 50
acre site is available at the edge of town. The per capita solid waste generation rate is 1200
lbm per capita year. It is estimated that the final in-place density of the well-compacted refuse
will be 1000 lbm per yd
3
. The refuse would be applied and compacted in 24 inch lifts. The
landfill height would be limited to 25 feet. The side walls would have a 2:1 horizontal to vertical
slope.

Requirements
8A) Which of the refuse disposal methods available to the town would not be an appropriate
choice?

1. Three of the methods, landfilling, incineration, and composting would be appropriate
choices. Wet oxidation however, would not be appropriate because it's designed for
treating sludge.


8B) What minimum depth of daily cover is common for a landfill operation?

1. Each day you should cover the day's landfill refuse with dirt. The dirt protects the
refuse from rodents, birds, and wind. If the dirt's too shallow, it won't be an effective
barrier. If the dirt's too deep, it'll take up space that you want to use for refuse. Six
inches of dirt is the normal daily cover.


8C) The final cap for a sanitary landfill should have a minimum cover of how many inches?

1. When a section of a landfill is full, you must cover it with a thick layer of dirt to
permanently seal it before you use the site for other purposes. If this final layer of
dirt's too shallow, it won't be an effective seal. If the dirt's too deep, you'll have a
minimal return for the cost and effort it takes to lay the extra dirt. 24 inches of dirt is
the normal final cap for a landfill.


Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 30

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
8D) If the town decides to adopt the landfill method to dispose of refuse, what volume in acre-
feet would be available on the 50-acre site with a required 100 feet buffer at the edge of
the site and an allowable height of 25 feet.

1. Find the length and width at the base of the site in ft
50 acres 43,560 ft
2
/acre = 2,178,000 ft
2

length of 1 side = ft 1476 000 , 178 , 2 =
dimensions at base = 1476 ft 100 ft buffer on each side = 1276 X 1276 ft
2. Find the length and width at the top of the site in ft

50 25


1276
(elevation view)

Landfill is 25-ft high; slope is 2:1, so base of each side triangle is 50 ft
Dimensions at top = 1276 50 ft on each side = 1176 X 1176
3. Find volume of center square section
V = LWH = 1176 1176 25 = 34,574,400 ft
3

4. Find volume of 4 triangular sides
V = bhL
V = 50 25 1176 = 735,000 ft
3
for one side
735,000 4 sides = 2,940,000 ft
3

5. Find volume of 4 pyramidal corners
V = 1/3 A
b
h
V = 1/3 50 50 25 = 20,833 ft
3
for 1 corner
20,833 4 corners = 83,333 ft
3

6. Sum all the volumes for the total landfill volume
V = 34,574,400 + 2,940,000 + 83,333 = 37,597,333 ft
3

37,597,333 ft
3
/ 43,560 ft
2
= 863 acre-ft


Demonstration Problem Solutions Sanitary and Environmental Engineering 31

2003 SmartPros Ltd.
8E) What is the estimated useful life (in years) of the landfill if the population of the town does
not change? Assume a daily cover of 6 inches.

1.
landfill annual
landfill
V
V
yrs =

24
30
V V
place in landfill annual
= (to account for soil cover)

density refuse
generation refuse
V
place in
=
capita/yr per refuse population generation refuse =
refuse generation = 10,000 12,000 = 12,000,000

3
place in
yd 000 , 12
1000
12,000,000
V = =

3
landfill annual
yd 000 , 15
24
30
12,000 V = =
2. years
ft
yd
yd 15,000
ft 37,597,333
yrs
3
3
3
3
93
27
1
= =


8F) If the town adopts a recycle program after using the landfill for 10 years, and the program
reduces the solid waste generation by 5%, what is the remaining life expectancy of the
landfill?

1. Find volume of refuse after 10 years
V
10 yrs
= 15,000 10 = 150,000 yd
3

2. Find reduced annual volume of refuse
V
reduced
= 15,000 0.95 = 14,250 yd
3

3. Total landfill volume equals the volume of refuse for the first ten years plus the
reduced volume of refuse for n remaining years.
1,392,474 yd
3
= 150,000 + 14,250 n
n = 87 years remaining landfill life