8.

1 Cell respiration
Monday, 9 July 2012 12:50 PM

Glycolysis Pyruvate oxidation Krebs cycle Electron chain transport Links to 3.7 Cell respiration

8.1.1 State that oxidation involves the loss of electrons from an element, whereas reduction involves a gain of electrons; and that oxidation frequently involves gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen, whereas reduction frequently involves losing oxygen or gaining hydrogen.
Many biochemical reactions are classed as either REDUCTION or OXIDATION OXIDATION REDUCTION

Loss of electrons Gain of electrons Gain of oxygen Loss of oxygen Loss of hydrogen Gain of hydrogen
---------------------------------------------------------------------END OF 8.1.1---------------------------------------------------------------------BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE:

Hydrogen acceptors: NAD+ --> NADH + H+ FAD --> FADH2

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide): most commonly used hydrogen carrier When substrate is oxidised by removal of 2 H atoms, NAD+ accepts e- from both atoms and proton from one resulting in NAD+ --> NADH + H+ Other H acceptors:

Oxidised Reduced
NAD+ NADP+ FAD NADH + H+ NADPH + H+ FADH2

Bonding terminology: Diphosphate: two phosphates are attached to each other

Bisphosphate: two phosphates attached to different parts of molecule

8.1.2 Outline the process of glycolysis, including phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation.

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8.1.2 Outline the process of glycolysis, including phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Phosphorylation: Glucose is a relatively unreactive molecule, reaction with ATP activates Lysis: Splitting of the 6-carbon backbone into two 3-carbon sugar phosphates Oxidation: Addition of inorganic phosphate and the removal and transfer of hydrogen ATP formation: 3-carbon sugar converted to pyruvate

8.1.3 Draw and label a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs.
General structure:

Electron micrograph:

8.1.4 Explain aerobic respiration, including the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, the role of NADH + H+, the electron transport chain and the role of oxygen. Link reaction Kreb's cycle Electron transport chain

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Link reaction: 1. Pyruvate enters matrix of mitochondrion via active transport 2. Pyruvate is decarboxylated to form the 2C acetyl group 3. Removed carbon is released as carbon dioxide (waste) 4. Acetyl group is oxidised with formation of reduced NAD+ 5. Acetyl group combines with CoA to form acetyl CoA Krebs cycle: 1. Acetyl CoA combines with a 4C oxaloacetate --> 6C citrate 2. Citrate is oxidised to form 5C. Carbon is released from the cell as carbon dioxide. NAD+ is reduced to NADH 3. 5C is oxidised and decarboxylated to form 4C. Removed C combines with O 2, released as CO2. NAD+ is reduced to NADH 4. 4C undergoes various changes --> NADH, FADH2, ATP. 4C is changed to re-form oxaloacetate 8.1.5 Explain oxidative phosphorylation in terms of chemiosmosis.

8.1.6 Explain the relationship between the structure of the mitochondrion and its function. Structure Outer membrane Matrix Cristae Function Separates contents of mitochondrion from the rest of the cell Internal cytosol-like area that contains enzymes for link reaction and Krebs cycle Tubular regions surrounded by membranes increasing surface area for oxidative phosphorylation

Inner membrane

Contains carriers for electron transport chain and ATPase for chemiosmosis

Inter-membrane space Reservoir for protons, high concentration of protons needed for chemiosmosis

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