Movimiento Circular, Momentun Lineal y Energía

1.
A rocket is fired vertically. At its highest point, it explodes. Which one of the following
describes what happens to its total momentum and total kinetic energy as a result of the
explosion?
Total momentum
Total kinetic energy
A.
unchanged
increased
B.
unchanged
unchanged
C.
increased
increased
D.
increased
unchanged
(1)
2.
Which of the following quantities are conserved in an inelastic collision between two bodies?
Total linear momentum of the bodies
Total kinetic energy of the bodies
A.
yes
yes
B.
yes
no
C.
no
yes
D.
no
no
(1)
3.
A ball of mass m falls from rest on to a horizontal plate and bounces off it. The magnitudes of
its velocity just before and just after the bounce are v1 and v2 respectively. The variation with
time t of the velocity v of the ball is shown below.
v
v1
t1
t2
t3
v2
The magnitude of the net force on the ball is given by which one of the following?
A.
mv1
t1
B.
mv 2
(t 3 t 2 )
C.
m( v1 v 2 )
( t 2 t1 )
D.
m( v1 + v 2 )
( t 2 t1 )
(1)
4.
Joe is standing on the surface of a frozen pond and he throws a ball horizontally. Considering
Joe and the ball together, which one of the following correctly describes the change in the
magnitude of the momentum and the change in the kinetic energy of Joe and the ball
immediately after the ball is thrown?
Magnitude of momentum of Joe and ball
Kinetic energy of Joe and ball
A.
No change
Increases
B.
Increases
Increases
C.
No change
No change
D.
Increases
No change
(1)
5.
An astronaut in outer space is holding a hammer and drifting at constant velocity. The astronaut
throws the hammer in the opposite direction to that in which she is drifting.
What change, if any, occurs in the total kinetic energy and the total momentum of the astronaut
and hammer?
Total kinetic energy
Total momentum
A.
unchanged
increased
B.
unchanged
unchanged
C.
increased
increased
D.
increased
unchanged
(1)
6.
A constant force is applied to a ball of mass m. The velocity of the ball changes from v1 to v2.
The impulse received by the ball is
A.
m(v2 + v1).
B.
m(v2 v1).
C.
m(v22 + v12).
D.
m(v22 v12).
(1)
7.
This question is about the collision between two railway trucks (carts).
(a)
Define linear momentum.

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(1)
In the diagram below, railway truck A is moving along a horizontal track. It collides with a
stationary truck B and on collision, the two join together. Immediately before the collision, truck
A is moving with speed 5.0 ms1. Immediately after collision, the speed of the trucks is v.
5 .0 m s 1
B
Im m e d ia te ly b e fo re c o llis io n
v
A
Im m e d ia te ly a fte r c o llis io n
The mass of truck A is 800 kg and the mass of truck B is 1200 kg.
(b)
(i)
Calculate the speed v immediately after the collision.

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(3)
(ii)
Calculate the total kinetic energy lost during the collision.

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(2)
(c)
Suggest what has happened to the lost kinetic energy.

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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
8.
A ball of mass 2.0 kg falls vertically and hits the ground with speed 7.0 ms 1 as shown below.
7 .0 m s 1
3 .0 m s
before
after
The ball leaves the ground with a vertical speed 3.0 ms 1.
The magnitude of the change in momentum of the ball is

A.
zero.
B.
8.0 Ns.
C.
10 Ns.
D.
20 Ns.
(1)
9.
Which of the following quantities are conserved in an inelastic collision in an isolated system of
two objects?
Linear momentum of system
Kinetic energy of system
A.
Yes
Yes
B.
Yes
No
C.
No
Yes
D.
No
No
(1)
10.
This question is about conservation of momentum and conservation of energy.

(a)
State Newtons third law.

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(1)
(b)
State the law of conservation of momentum.

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(2)
The diagram below shows two identical balls A and B on a horizontal surface. Ball B is at rest
and ball A is moving with speed V along a line joining the centres of the balls. The mass of each
ball is M.
v
B e fo re c o llis io n
During the collision of the balls, the magnitude of the force that ball A exerts on ball B is FAB
and the magnitude of the force that ball B exerts on ball A is FBA.
(c)
On the diagram below, add labelled arrows to represent the magnitude and direction of
the forces FAB and FBA.
D u rin g th e c o llis io n
(3)
The balls are in contact for a time t. After the collision, the speed of ball A is +vA and the speed
of ball B is +vB in the directions shown.
vA
A fte r th e c o llis io n
vB
A
As a result of the collision, there is a change in momentum of ball A and of ball B.
(d)
Use Newtons second law of motion to deduce an expression relating the forces acting
during the collision to the change in momentum of
(i)
ball B.
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(2)
(ii)
ball A.
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(2)
(e)
Apply Newtons third law and your answers to (d), to deduce that the change in
momentum of the system (ball A and ball B) as a result of this collision, is zero.
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(4)
(f)
Deduce, that if kinetic energy is conserved in the collision, then after the collision, ball A
will come to rest and ball B will move with speed V.
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(3)
(Total 17 marks)
11.
A stone on a string is moving in a circle as shown below.

x d ire c tio n
y d ire c tio n
P
v
Q
10
At point P, the stone of mass m has speed v in the y-direction. A quarter of a revolution later, the
stone at point Q has speed v in the x-direction.
What is the change, in the y-direction only, of the magnitude of the momentum of the stone?
A.
zero
B.
mv
C.
D.
2mv
2mv
(1)
12.
Two spheres X and Y are moving towards each other along the same straight line with momenta
of magnitude PX and PY respectively. The spheres collide and move off with momenta pX and
pY respectively, as illustrated below.
Px
PY
px
pY
B e fo re c o llis io n
A fte r c o llis io n
Which one of the following is a correct statement of the law of conservation of momentum for
this collision?
A.
PX + PY = pX + pY
B.
PX PY = pX + pY
C.
PX PY = pX pY
D.
PX + PY = pX pY
(1)
11
13.
This question is about driving a metal bar into the ground.

Large metal bars can be driven into the ground using a heavy falling object.
o b je c t
m a s s = 2 .0 1 0 3 k g
bar
m ass = 400 kg
In the situation shown, the object has a mass 2.0 103 kg and the metal bar has a mass of
400 kg.
The object strikes the bar at a speed of 6.0 m s1. It comes to rest on the bar without bouncing.
As a result of the collision, the bar is driven into the ground to a depth of 0.75 m.
(a)
Determine the speed of the bar immediately after the object strikes it.
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(4)
12
(b)
Determine the average frictional force exerted by the ground on the bar.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)
14.
This question is about driving a metal bar into the ground and the engine used in the process.
Large metal bars can be driven into the ground using a heavy falling object.
o b je c t m a s s = 2 .0 1 0 3 k g
b ar m ass = 4 0 0 k g
13
In the situation shown, the object has a mass 2.0 103 kg and the metal bar has a mass of 400
kg.
The object strikes the bar at a speed of 6.0 m s1 It comes to rest on the bar without bouncing.
As a result of the collision, the bar is driven into the ground to a depth of 0.75 m.
(a)
Determine the speed of the bar immediately after the object strikes it.
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(4)
(b)
Determine the average frictional force exerted by the ground on the bar.
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(3)
14
(c)
The object is raised by a diesel engine that has a useful power output of 7.2 kW.
In order that the falling object strikes the bar at a speed of 6.0 m s 1, it must be raised to a
certain height above the bar. Assuming that there are no energy losses due to friction,
calculate how long it takes the engine to raise the object to this height.
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(4)
The diagram below shows the relation between the pressure and the volume of the air in the
diesel engine for one cycle of operation of the engine. During the cycle there are two adiabatic
processes, an isochoric process and an isobaric process.
p ressu re
th e rm a l e n e rg y
B
A
v o lu m e
15
(d)
Explain what is meant by

(i)
an adiabatic process;
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(2)
(ii)
an isochoric process;
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(1)
(iii)
an isobaric process.
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(1)
(e)
Identify, from the diagram, the following processes.

(i)
Adiabatic processes
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(1)
(ii)
Isochoric process
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(1)
(iii)
Isobaric process
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(1)
During the process B C thermal energy is absorbed.

The diesel engine has a total power output of 8.4 kW and an efficiency of 40%. The cycle of
operation is repeated 40 times every second.
16
(f)
State what quantity is represented on the diagram by the area ABCD.

.....................................................................................................................................
(1)
(g)
Determine the value of the quantity that is represented by the area ABCD.
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(1)
(h)
Determine the thermal energy absorbed during the process B C.

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(2)
(Total 22 marks)
17
15.
The momentum of a system is conserved if

A.
no external forces act on the system.
B.
no friction forces act within the system.
C.
no kinetic energy is lost or gained by the system.
D.
the forces acting on the system are in equilibrium.

(1)
16.
The velocity of a body of mass m changes by an amount v in a time t. The impulse given to
the body is equal to
A.
mt.
B.
v
.
t
C.
D.
v
.
t
mv.
(1)
18
17.
A ball is held at rest at point X and is then released. It drops on to a flat horizontal surface and
rebounds to a maximum height at point Y.
p o in t X
p o in t Y
b efo re
a fte r
Which one of the following graphs best shows the variation with time t of the momentum p of
the ball as it moves between point X and point Y?
A .
B .
p
C.
0 0
D .
p
(1)
19
18.
A small ball P moves with speed v towards another identical ball Q along a line joining the
centres of the two balls. Ball Q is at rest. Kinetic energy is conserved in the collision.
v
P
Q a t re st
Which one of the following situations is a possible outcome of the collision between the balls?
v
A . v
P
C.
B .
P
3v
v = 0
Q
D .
Q
(1)
19.
Two spheres of masses m1 and m2 are moving towards each other along the same straight-line
with speeds v1 and v2 as shown.
p o s itiv e d ire c tio n
m
The spheres collide. Which of the following gives the total change in linear momentum of the
spheres as a result of the collision?
A.
B.
m1v1 + m2v2
C.
m1v1 m2v2
D.
m2v2 m1v1
(1)
20
20.
An object of mass m is initially at rest. An impulse I acts on the object. The change in kinetic
energy of the object is
A.
I2
.
2m
B.
I2
.
m
C.
I2m.
D.
2I2m.
(1)
21.
Momentum
(a)

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(2)
21
(b)
An ice hockey puck collides with the wall of an ice rink. The puck is sliding along a line
that makes an angle of 45 to the wall.
w a ll
45
45
ic e rin k
d ire c tio n o f p u c k
b e fo re c o llis io n
d ire c tio n o f p u c k
a fte r c o llis io n
The collision between the wall and the puck is perfectly elastic.
(i)
State what is meant by an elastic collision.

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(1)
(ii)
Discuss how the law of conservation of momentum applies to this situation.

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(2)
22
(c)
The diagram below is a scale diagram that shows the vector representing the momentum
of the puck before collision.
Scale: 1.0 cm = 0.10 N s
By adding appropriate vectors to the diagram, deduce that the magnitude of the change in
momentum of the puck as a result of the collision is 0.71 N s.
(4)
(d)
The sketch-graph below shows the variation with time t of the force F exerted by the wall
on the puck.
F
The total contact time is 12 ms. Estimate, explaining your reasoning, the maximum force
exerted by the wall on the puck.
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(3)
(Total 12 marks)
22.
The engine of a rocket ejects gas at high speed, as shown below.

23
ro c k e t
h ig h s p e e d
gas
d ire c tio n o f
m o tio n o f ro c k e t
The rocket accelerates forwards because

A.
the momentum of the gas is equal but opposite in direction to the momentum of the
rocket.
B.
the gas pushes on the air at the back of the rocket.
C.
the change in momentum of the gas gives rise to a force on the rocket.
D.
the ejected gas creates a region of high pressure behind the rocket.
(1)
24
23.
A stationary metal plate is hanging freely on a string. A steel ball, travelling horizontally, hits
the plate. The speed of the ball after the collision is less than before, but still in a horizontal
direction, as shown below.
s trin g
b e fo re c o llis io n
m e ta l p la te
a fte r c o llis io n
Which one of the following gives a correct statement, with a valid reason, about the type of
collision between the ball and the plate?
Type of collision
Reason
A.
inelastic
The sphere has changed its momentum during the collision.
B.
inelastic
The sphere has lost kinetic energy during the collision.
C.
unknown
The change in momentum of the plate during the collision is unknown.
D.
unknown
The kinetic energy of the plate after the collision is unknown.

(1)
25
24.
A fan and a sail are mounted vertically on a cart that is initially at rest on a horizontal table as
shown in the diagram below.
fa n
a ir
s a il
When the fan is turned on an air stream is blown towards the right and is incident on the sail.
The cart is free to move with negligible resistance forces.
After the fan has been turned on the cart will
A.
move to the left and then to the right.
B.
remain at rest.
C.
move towards the right.
D.
move towards the left.

(1)
26
Collisions
A large metal ball is hung from a crane by means of a cable of length 5.8 m as shown below.
In order to knock down a wall, the metal ball of mass 350 kg is pulled away from the wall and
then released. The crane does not move. The graph below shows the variation with time t of the
speed v of the ball after release.
3 .0
2 .0
v / m s 1
25.
1 .0
0 .0
0 .0
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1 .0
1 .2
1 .4
t / s
The ball makes contact with the wall when the cable from the crane is vertical.
(a)
For the ball just before it hits the wall,

(i)
state why the tension in the cable is not equal to the weight of the ball;
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27
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(1)
28
(ii)
by reference to the graph, estimate the tension in the cable. The acceleration of free
fall is 9.8 m s2.
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(3)
29
(b)
Use the graph to determine the distance moved by the ball after coming into contact with
the wall.
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(2)
30
(c)
Calculate the total change in momentum of the ball during the collision of the ball with
the wall.
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(2)
31
(d)
(i)

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(2)
32
(ii)
The metal ball has lost momentum. Discuss whether the law applies to this
situation.
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(2)
33
(e)
During the impact of the ball with the wall, 12% of the total kinetic energy of the ball is
converted into thermal energy in the ball. The metal of the ball has specific heat capacity
450 J kg1 K1. Determine the average rise in temperature of the ball as a result of
colliding with the wall.
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(4)
(Total 16 marks)
34
26.
Collisions
A large metal ball is hung from a crane by means of a cable of length 5.8 m as shown below.
c a b le
c ra n e
5 .8 m
w a ll
m e ta l b a ll
35
In order to knock down a wall, the metal ball of mass 350 kg is pulled away from the wall and
then released. The crane does not move. The graph below shows the variation with time t of the
speed v of the ball after release.
3 .0
v / m s 1
2 .0
1 .0
0 .0
0 .0
0 .2
0 .4
0 .6
0 .8
1 .0
1 .2
1 .4
t / s
36
The ball makes contact with the wall when the cable from the crane is vertical.
(a)
For the ball just before it hits the wall,

(i)
state why the tension in the cable is not equal to the weight of the ball;
.........................................................................................................................
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(1)
37
(ii)
by reference to the graph, estimate the tension in the cable. The acceleration of free
fall is 9.8 m s2.
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(3)
38
(b)
Use the graph to determine the distance moved by the ball after coming into contact with
the wall.
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(2)
39
(c)
For the collision between the ball and the wall, calculate
(i)
the total change in momentum of the ball;

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(2)
40
(ii)
the average force exerted by the ball on the wall.

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(2)
41
(d)
(i)

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(2)
42
(ii)
The metal ball has lost momentum. Discuss whether the law applies to this
situation.
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(2)
43
(e)
During the impact of the ball with the wall, 12% of the total kinetic energy of the ball is
converted into thermal energy in the ball. The metal of the ball has specific heat capacity
450 J kg1 K1. Determine the average rise in temperature of the ball as a result of
colliding with the wall.
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(4)
(Total 18 marks)
44
27.
Two objects collide inelastically. For this system of two objects

A.
only momentum is conserved.
B.
only kinetic energy is conserved.
C.
both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.
D.
neither momentum nor kinetic energy are conserved.

(1)
45
28.
A net force of magnitude F acts on a body for a time t producing an impulse of magnitude Y.
Which of the following is the magnitude of the rate of change of momentum of the body?
A.
B.
Ft
C.
D.
Yt
(1)
46
29.
This question is about Newtons laws of motion, the dynamics of a model helicopter and the
engine that powers it.
(a)
Explain how Newtons third law leads to the concept of conservation of momentum in the
collision between two objects in an isolated system.
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(4)
47
(b)
The diagram illustrates a model helicopter that is hovering in a stationary position.

0 .7 0 m
0 .7 0 m
ro ta tin g
b la d e s
d o w n w a rd m o tio n o f a ir
The rotating blades of the helicopter force a column of air to move downwards. Explain
how this may enable the helicopter to remain stationary.
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(3)
48
(c)
The length of each blade of the helicopter in (b) is 0.70 m. Deduce that the area that the
blades sweep out as they rotate is 1.5 m2. (Area of a circle = r2)
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(1)
49
(d)
For the hovering helicopter in (b), it is assumed that all the air beneath the blades is
pushed vertically downwards with the same speed of 4.0 m s 1. No other air is disturbed.
The density of the air is 1.2 kg m3.
Calculate, for the air moved downwards by the rotating blades,
(i)
the mass per second;

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(2)
(ii)
the rate of change of momentum.

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(1)
50
(e)
State the magnitude of the force that the air beneath the blades exerts on the blades.
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(1)
51
(f)
Calculate the mass of the helicopter and its load.

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(2)
52
(g)
In order to move forward, the helicopter blades are made to incline at an angle to the
horizontal as shown schematically below.
While moving forward, the helicopter does not move vertically up or down. In the space
provided below draw a free body force diagram that shows the forces acting on the
helicopter blades at the moment that the helicopter starts to move forward. On your
diagram, label the angle.
(4)
53
(h)
Use your diagram in (g) to explain why a forward force F now acts on the helicopter and
deduce that the initial acceleration a of the helicopter is given by
a = g tan
where g is the acceleration of free fall.
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(5)
(i)
The helicopter is driven by an engine that has a useful power output of 9.0 102 W. The
engine makes 300 revolutions per second. Deduce that the work done in one cycle is 3.0
J.
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(1)
54
(j)
The diagram below shows the relation between the pressure and the volume of the air in
the engine for one cycle of operation of the engine.
p ressu re
A
v o lu m e
(i)
State the name given to the type of process represented by DA.

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(1)
(ii)
During one cycle of the engine, the gas absorbs Q1 units of thermal energy and Q2
units of thermal energy are transferred from the gas. On the diagram above, draw
labelled arrows to show these energy transfers.
(2)
(iii)
The efficiency of the engine is 60%. Using your answer to question (i), calculate
the values of Q1 and Q2.
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(3)
(Total 30 marks)
55
30.
The diagram below shows a trolley of mass 4.0 kg moving on a frictionless horizontal table with
a speed of 2.0 m s1. It collides with a stationary trolley also of mass 4.0 kg.
2 .0 m s 1
4 .0 k g
4 .0 k g
Which of the following diagrams shows a possible outcome?
A .
0 .0 m s 1
2 .0 m s 1
4 .0 k g
C.
2 .0 m s 1
4 .0 k g
4 .0 k g
0 .0 m s 1
4 .0 k g
2 .0 m s 1
B.
4 .0 k g
D .
4 .0 k g
0 .0 m s 1
4 .0 k g
4 .0 k g
(1)
31.
Momentum
(a)
State the law of conservation of linear momentum.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
A toy rocket of mass 0.12 kg contains 0.59 kg of water as shown in the diagram below.
56
h ig h -p re s s u re a ir
w a te r
n o z z le , r a d iu s 1 .4 m m
The space above the water contains high-pressure air. The nozzle of the rocket has a
circular cross-section of radius 1.4 mm. When the nozzle is opened, water emerges from
the nozzle at a constant speed of 18 m s1. The density of water is 1000 kg m3.
(i)
Deduce that the volume of water ejected per second through the nozzle is 1.1 10
4 3
m.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
57
(ii)
Deduce that the upward force that the ejected water exerts on the rocket is
approximately 2.0 N. Explain your working by reference to Newtons laws of
motion.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)
58
(iii)
Calculate the time delay between opening the nozzle and the rocket achieving liftoff.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 10 marks)
32.
Temperature, specific heat and latent heat

(a)
Outline how a temperature scale is constructed.

...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Discuss why even an accurate thermometer may affect the reliability of a temperature
reading.
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
59
(c)
(i)
Define specific heat capacity.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
The table below gives data for water and ice.
specific heat capacity of water
4.2 kJ kg1 K1
specific latent heat of fusion of ice
330 kJ kg1
A beaker contains 450 g of water at a temperature of 24C. The thermal (heat)

capacity of the beaker is negligible and no heat is gained by, or lost to, the
atmosphere. Calculate the mass of ice, initially at 0C, that must be mixed with the
water so that the final temperature of the contents of the beaker is 8.0C.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)
60
Ideal gases and heat engines

(d)
An ideal gas is contained in a cylinder by means of a piston as shown below.

c y lin d e r
id e a l g a s
p is to n
The piston is pushed quickly into the cylinder.

For the resulting change of state of the gas,
(i)
state, and explain, whether the change is isochoric, isobaric or adiabatic.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
use the molecular model of an ideal gas to explain why the temperature of the gas
changes.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(3)
61
(e)
A heat engine operates between a high-temperature source and a sink at a lower

temperature as shown below.
so u rc e
e n g in e
680J
s in k
The overall efficiency of the engine is 15%. The engine transfers 680 J of energy to the
sink.
(i)
Determine the work W done by the engine.

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
There is a gain in entropy as a result of the engine doing work W. Identify two
further entropy changes and, by reference to the second law of thermodynamics,
state how the three changes are related.
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 21 marks)
62
33.
A ball of mass M hits a wall at speed V normal to the wall. It rebounds with speed v normal to
the wall as shown below.
w a ll
V
M
v
le ft
rig h t
What is the magnitude of the change in momentum of the ball and the direction of the force that
the wall exerts on the ball?
change in momentum
direction of force
A.
M(V v)
to the right
B.
M(V v)
to the left
C.
M(V + v)
to the right
D.
M(V + v)
to the left
(1)
34.
A rocket is fired vertically into the air. When the rocket reaches its maximum height, the rocket
explodes.
What change, if any, occurs in the momentum and in the kinetic energy of the rocket during the
explosion?
momentum
kinetic energy
A.
increases
increases
B.
increases
constant
C.
constant
increases
D.
constant
constant
(1)
63
35.
This question is about momentum and energy.

(a)
Define impulse of a force and state the relation between impulse and momentum.
definition:
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
relation:
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
By applying Newtons laws of motion to the collision of two particles, deduce that
momentum is conserved in the collision.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(5)
64
(c)
In an experiment to measure the speed of a bullet, the bullet is fired into a piece of
plasticine suspended from a rigid support by a light thread.
24cm
b u lle t
speed V
p la s tic in e
The speed of the bullet on impact with the plasticine is V. As a result of the impact, the
bullet embeds itself in the plasticine and the plasticine is displaced vertically through a
height of 24 cm. The mass of the bullet is 5.2103 kg and the mass of the plasticine is
0.38 kg.
65
(i)
Ignoring the mass of the bullet, calculate the speed of the plasticine immediately
after the impact.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Deduce that the speed V with which the bullet strikes the plasticine is about
160 m s1.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 11 marks)
66
36.
This question is about momentum and energy.

(a)
Define impulse of a force and state the relation between impulse and momentum.
definition
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
relation
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
By applying Newtons laws of motion to the collision of two particles, deduce that
momentum is conserved in the collision.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(5)
67
(c)
In an experiment to measure the speed of a bullet, the bullet is fired into a piece of
plasticine suspended from a rigid support by a light thread.
24cm
b u lle t
sp eed V
p la s tic in e
The speed of the bullet on impact with the plasticine is V. As a result of the impact, the
bullet embeds itself in the plasticine and the plasticine is displaced vertically through a
height of 24 cm. The mass of the bullet is 5.2103 kg and the mass of the plasticine is
0.38 kg.
(i)
Ignoring the mass of the bullet, calculate the speed of the plasticine immediately
after the impact.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
68
(ii)
Deduce that the speed V with which the bullet strikes the plasticine is about
160 m s1.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Estimate the kinetic energy lost in the impact.

............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
(3)
69
(d)
Another bullet is fired from a different gun into a large block of wood. The block remains
stationary after impact and the bullet melts completely. The temperature rise of the block
is negligible. Use the data to estimate the minimum impact speed of the bullet.
mass of bullet
specific heat capacity of the material of the bullet
latent heat of fusion of the material of the bullet
melting point of the material of the bullet
initial temperature of bullet
= 5.3103 kg
= 130 J kg1 K1
= 870 J kg1
= 330C
= 30C
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(5)
(Total 19 marks)
70
37.
Two trolleys P and Q, are connected by a rubber band. They are at rest on a horizontal surface.
The mass of Q is twice that of P. The trolleys are pulled apart so that the band is stretched and
are then released.
magnitude of initial acceleration of trolley P

The ratio magnitude of initial acceleration of trolley Q is
A.
1
4.
B.
1
2.
C.
1.
D.
2.
(1)
38.
An impulse I acts on a body of mass m that is initially at rest. What is the distance moved by the
body in a time t after the impulse has been delivered?
A.
It
m
B.
Im
t
C.
I
m
D.
It
(1)
71
39.
This question is about momentum.

(a)
Define
(i)
linear momentum.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
impulse.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
In a ride in a pleasure park, a carriage of mass 450 kg is travelling horizontally at a speed

of 18 m s1. It passes through a shallow tank containing stationary water. The tank is of
length 9.3 m. The carriage leaves the tank at a speed of 13 m s 1.
1 8 m s1
w a te r-ta n k
1 3 m s 1
c a rria g e , m a s s 4 5 0 k g
9 .3 m
As the carriage passes through the tank, the carriage loses momentum and causes some
water to be pushed forwards with a speed of 19 m s 1 in the direction of motion of the
carriage.
(i)
For the carriage passing through the water-tank, deduce that the magnitude of its
total change in momentum is 2250N s.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
72
(ii)
Use the answer in (b)(i) to deduce that the mass of water moved in the direction of
motion of the carriage is approximately 120 kg.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Calculate the mean value of the magnitude of the acceleration of the carriage in the
water.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(c)
For the carriage in (b) passing through the water-tank, determine

(i)
its total loss in kinetic energy.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
73
(ii)
the gain in kinetic energy of the water that is moved in the direction of motion of
the carriage.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(d)
By reference to the principles of conservation of momentum and of energy, explain your

answers in (c).
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 15 marks)
40.
This question is about linear motion.

A car moves along a straight road. At time t = 0 the car starts to move from rest and oil begins to
drip from the engine of the car. One drop of oil is produced every 0.80 s. Oil drops are left on
the road. The position of the oil drops are drawn to scale on the grid below such that 1.0 cm
represents 4.0 m. The grid starts at time t = 0.
d ire c tio n o f m o tio n
1 .0 c m
74
(a)
(i) State the feature of the diagram above which indicates that, initially, the car is
accelerating.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
On the grid above, draw further dots to show where oil would have dripped if the
drops had been produced from the time when the car had started to move.
(2)
(iii)
Determine the distance moved by the car during the first 5.6 s of its motion.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
75
(b)
Using information from the grid above, determine for the car,
(i)
the final constant speed.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
the initial acceleration.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
41.
Two spheres of masses m1 and m2 are moving towards each other along the same straight-line
with speeds v1 and v2 as shown.
The spheres collide. Which of the following gives the total change in linear momentum of the
spheres as a result of the collision?
A.
B.
m1v1 + m2v2
C.
m1v1 m2v2
D.
m2v2 m1v1
(1)
42.
Two satellites of equal mass, S1 and S2, orbit the Earth. S1 is orbiting at a distance r from the
v
Earths centre at speed v. S2 orbits at a distance 2r from the Earths centre at speed 2 . The
ratio of the centripetal force on S1 to the centripetal force on S2 is
76
A.
1
8.
B.
1
4.
C.
4.
D.
8.
(1)
43.
A satellite orbits the Earth at constant speed as shown below.
s a te llite
E a rth
(a)
Draw on the diagram

(i)
an arrow labelled F to show the direction of the gravitational force of the Earth on
the satellite.
(ii)
an arrow labelled V to show the direction of the velocity of the satellite.

(2)
77
(b)
Although the speed of the satellite is constant, it is accelerating. Explain why it is

accelerating.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(c)
Discuss whether or not the gravitational force does work on the satellite.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 7 marks)
44.
This question is about a wind turbine.

Air of density and speed v passes normally through an area A.
(a)
Deduce that the kinetic energy of the air passing through the area per unit time is given by
the expression
kinetic energy per unit time =
1
2
Av 3 .
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................
(2)
78
Air of constant density 1.2 kg m3 is incident at a speed of 9.0 m s1 on the blades of a wind
turbine. The turbine blades are each of length 7.5 m. The air passes through the turbine without
any change of direction. Immediately after passing through the blades, the speed of the air is 5.0
m s1 as illustrated below.
w in d s p e e d
9 .0 m s
w in d s p e e d
5 .0 m s
tu rb in e b la d e s
The density of air immediately after passing through the blades is 2.2 kg m 3. The turbine and
generator have an overall efficiency of 72%.
(b)
Calculate
(i)
the power extracted from the air by the turbine;

.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
.........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
the electrical power generated.

.........................................................................................................................
(1)
(Total 5 marks)
79
45.
Which one of the following graphs best represents the variation of the kinetic energy, KE, and
of the gravitational potential energy, GPE, of an orbiting satellite with its distance r from the
centre of the Earth?
A .
B.
E n e rg y
K E
E n e rg y
K E
0
G PE
C .
r
G PE
D .
E n e rg y
G PE
E n e rg y
K E
0
r
G PE
K E
(1)
80
46.
A particle P is moving in a circle with uniform speed. Which one of the following diagrams
correctly shows the direction of the acceleration a and velocity v of the particle at one instant of
time?
a
A .
B .
v
C .
D .
(1)
47.
The centripetal force that causes a car to go round a bend in the road is provided by
A.
the force produced by the car engine acting on the wheels.
B.
the friction between the tyres and the road.
C.
the weight of the car.
D.
the force exerted by the driver on the steering wheel.

(1)
81
48.
This question is about the kinematics and dynamics of circular motion.

(a)
A car goes round a curve in a road at constant speed. Explain why, although its speed is
constant, it is accelerating.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
In the diagram below, a marble (small glass sphere) rolls down a track, the bottom part of which
has been bent into a loop. The end A of the track, from which the marble is released, is at a
height of 0.80 m above the ground. Point B is the lowest point and point C the highest point of
the loop. The diameter of the loop is 0.35 m.
A
m a rb le
0 .8 0 m
0 .3 5 m
g ro u n d
The mass of the marble is 0.050 kg. Friction forces and any gain in kinetic energy due to the
rotating of the marble can be ignored. The acceleration due to gravity, g = 10 ms2.
Consider the marble when it is at point C.
82
(b)
(i)
On the diagram opposite, draw an arrow to show the direction of the resultant force
acting on the marble.
(1)
(ii)
State the names of the two forces acting on the marble.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(iii)
Deduce that the speed of the marble is 3.0 ms1.

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
83
(iv)
Determine the resultant force acting on the marble and hence determine the
reaction force of the track on the marble.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 12 marks)
49.
The centripetal force F acting on a particle of mass m that is travelling with linear speed v along
the arc of a circle of radius r is given by
v2
A.
F = mr
B.
F = mv2r.
C.
F = mr2v.
mv 2
D.
F=
.
(1)
84
50.
A point mass is moving in a horizontal circle with a velocity of constant magnitude v. At one
particular time, the mass is at P. A short time later, the mass is at Q, as shown below.
Which vector diagram correctly shows the change in velocity v of the mass during this time?
A .
B.
v
C.
D .
v
v
(1)
85
51.
This question is about circular motion.

A linear spring of negligible mass requires a force of 18.0 N to cause its length to increase by
1.0 cm.
A sphere of mass 75.0 g is attached to one end of the spring. The distance between the centre of
the sphere M and the other end P of the unstretched spring is 25.0 cm, as shown below.
P
2 5 .0 c m
The sphere is rotated at constant speed in a horizontal circle with centre P. The distance PM
increases to 26.5 cm.
(a)
Explain why the spring increases in length when the sphere is moving in a circle.
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(2)
(b)
Determine the speed of the sphere.

.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
.....................................................................................................................................
(4)
(Total 6 marks)
52.
Points P and Q are at distances R and 2R respectively from the centre X of a disc, as shown
below.
86
Q
P
2R
R
X
The disc is rotating about an axis through X, normal to the plane of the disc. Point P has linear
speed v and centripetal acceleration a. Which one of the following is correct for point Q?
Linear speed
Centripetal acceleration
A.
B.
2a
C.
2v
2a
D.
2v
4a
(1)
53.
This question is about linear motion.

1 .0 c m
87
(a)
(i) State the feature of the diagram above which indicates that, initially, the car is
accelerating.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(2)
(iii)
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
88
(b)
(i)

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
54.
This question is about linear and circular motion.

1 .0 c m
(a)
(i)
State the feature of the diagram above which indicates that, initially, the car is
accelerating.
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(ii)
(2)
(iii)
...........................................................................................................................
89
...........................................................................................................................
(1)
(b)
(i)

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)

...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
90
(c)
The car then turns a corner at constant speed. Passengers in the car who were sitting
upright feel as if their upper bodies are being thrown outwards.
(i)
Identify the force acting on the car, and its line of action, that enables the car to
turn the corner.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(2)
(ii)
Explain why the passengers feel as if they are being thrown outwards.
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................
(3)
(Total 13 marks)
91
55.
A brick is placed on the surface of a flat horizontal disc as shown in the diagram below. The disc
is rotating at constant speed about a vertical axis through its centre. The brick does not move
relative to the disc.
Which of the diagrams below correctly represents the horizontal force or forces acting on the
brick?
(1)
92

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1.

Total kinetic energy

Total kinetic energy of the bodies

Kinetic energy of Joe and ball

Define linear momentum.

Calculate the speed v immediately after the collision.

Calculate the total kinetic energy lost during the collision.

Suggest what has happened to the lost kinetic energy.

The ball leaves the ground with a vertical speed 3.0 ms 1.

The magnitude of the change in momentum of the ball is

Kinetic energy of system

This question is about conservation of momentum and conservation of energy.

State Newtons third law.

State the law of conservation of momentum.

As a result of the collision, there is a change in momentum of ball A and of ball B.

A stone on a string is moving in a circle as shown below.

This question is about driving a metal bar into the ground.

Explain what is meant by

Identify, from the diagram, the following processes.

During the process B C thermal energy is absorbed.

State what quantity is represented on the diagram by the area ABCD.

Determine the thermal energy absorbed during the process B C.

The momentum of a system is conserved if

no external forces act on the system.

no friction forces act within the system.

no kinetic energy is lost or gained by the system.

the forces acting on the system are in equilibrium.

State the law of conservation of momentum.

State what is meant by an elastic collision.

Discuss how the law of conservation of momentum applies to this situation.

The engine of a rocket ejects gas at high speed, as shown below.

The rocket accelerates forwards because

the gas pushes on the air at the back of the rocket.

The sphere has changed its momentum during the collision.

The sphere has lost kinetic energy during the collision.

The change in momentum of the plate during the collision is unknown.

The kinetic energy of the plate after the collision is unknown.

move to the left and then to the right.

move towards the right.

move towards the left.

For the ball just before it hits the wall,

State the law of conservation of momentum.

For the ball just before it hits the wall,

the total change in momentum of the ball;

the average force exerted by the ball on the wall.

State the law of conservation of momentum.

Two objects collide inelastically. For this system of two objects

only momentum is conserved.

only kinetic energy is conserved.

both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved.

neither momentum nor kinetic energy are conserved.

The diagram illustrates a model helicopter that is hovering in a stationary position.

the mass per second;

the rate of change of momentum.

Calculate the mass of the helicopter and its load.

State the name given to the type of process represented by DA.

Which of the following diagrams shows a possible outcome?

State the law of conservation of linear momentum.

Temperature, specific heat and latent heat

Outline how a temperature scale is constructed.

Define specific heat capacity.

The table below gives data for water and ice.